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1
Ratner, Svetlana, Liliya Nazarova, Kasiya Kirdasinova, and Anna Karapetyan. Circular model of economic growth: experience, opportunities and barriers. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1893194.
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The concept of a circular (or circular/closed cycle) economy is quite new for the Russian scientific literature on economics and management. Having originated initially in countries experiencing serious resource constraints and (or) acute environmental problems, a few months ago it seemed to be a curious idea for Russia, allowing in the long term to achieve simultaneous preservation and even an increase in economic growth rates without the concomitant increase in the expenditure of natural resources and the inevitably associated increase in the burden on the environment. However, the dramatically changed economic situation due to unprecedented sanctions pressure, the freezing of the country's financial resources and the destruction of a huge number of production chains forces us to take a fresh look at the concept of a circular economy and shift the focus of research on its possible practical applications from environmental aspects to such topical economic aspects as creating new jobs, products and services, preserving the quality of life of the population while decrease in purchasing power, etc. A feature of the monograph is the focus on new opportunities for economic growth that the circular economy provides, even in conditions of severe resource (including financial) constraints.
It is intended for students, masters, postgraduates, researchers, as well as practitioners from the field of management with modern circular business models and methods of organizing production and consumption processes according to the circular type.
2
Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. The Broad Patterns of Population Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0002.
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Compared with England, Scotland had slower population growth in every decade from 1851 to 2011. In the second half of the twentieth century growth was slower than in any other part of Western Europe. Within Scotland, there were marked differences in population change in different regions; only Lothian experienced growth in every half-century. Strathclyde, having grown fastest to 1911, slowed to 1961 then fell rapidly to 2011, a quite different pattern from any other major staple industry region of Europe. Scottish regional change was very different from England’s. Scotland had no region which at any time matched the growth of the English south-east. It had also no twentieth-century manufacturing region to compare with the English midlands. Scotland’s rural regions never matched the growth patterns of East Anglia and the English south-west.
3
Grimshaw, Damian, Anthony Rafferty, and Matt Whittaker. Inequality and Inclusive Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0011.
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This chapter sets out how inequality and household incomes evolved in the United Kingdom in recent decades and the extent to which different periods saw very different outcomes in that regard. The very sharp increase in inequality seen in the early/mid-1980s was followed by broad stability, but still meant that inequality has been at a substantially higher level since then than through the preceding decades. Substantial growth in real incomes was seen over the period from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s, though fluctuating within those years, but wages and household incomes flatlined in the years coming up to the economic Crisis and were significantly hit by it. Prospects for the future are even more concerning in light of recent price inflation, further cuts to working-age benefits in prospect, and the impact of Brexit.
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Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Disruptive Technologies Driving Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0014.
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Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, technologies have had a disruptive impact on business and society. The proliferations of technology-based start-ups in the last decade are significant change agents for job creators and creators of business environments. Marginal improvements are creating disruption and new business models by building upon the disruptive power of technology. Mobile phones have become an extension of our arm with an average person checking it 150 times a day. These amazing changes are not the beginning and are certainly not the end. The primary change driver has been technology and today things are changing even faster. This is beginning to drive a reduction in poverty, an increase in labor standards, greater access to consumer goods, and the facilitation of cultural exchange. Cost-of-living improvement is, on a grander scale, staging for a brave new world of peace.
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McQuinn, Kieran, and Karl Whelan. Europe’s Long-Term Growth Prospects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0011.
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Even before the financial crisis of 2007/8, there were questions about Europe’s long-term growth prospects. Since the mid-1990s, Euro area productivity growth had been falling behind that of the United States. Using data for the period 1970–2006, authors identified declining European rates of total factor productivity growth and weaker capital accumulation as areas for concern. Updating this earlier analysis, authors find that growth prospects for the euro area have deteriorated further; that Europe’s demographics are also contributing to a decline in the workforce. Thus a long-term projection for euro area GDP based on unchanged policies is provided and there is discussion about the possible impacts of certain structural reforms including unemployment rates, pensions, and the successful implementation of a significantly wider programme of regulatory reform aimed at boosting growth. Even with the successful adoption of these measures, the European economy is still likely to continue to grow at a slower pace.
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Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Legal Socialization across the Life Course. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.003.0003.
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Every developing child goes through a series of stages associated with childhood and adolescence. This is the focus of chapter 3. To some extent development is an invariant progression shaped by cognitive and biological growth, and the capacities and limits that exist at any stage of individual growth. At the same time, the progression reflects the unique experience of each individual over their life course, particularly with nonlegal and legal authority figures. Beyond that, every child grows up during a particular period in history that has particular events such as the war in Vietnam or the 9/11 terror attacks, which create a unique social climate and produce common concerns and outlooks among the members of a particular age cohort. These common elements have been widely discussed in popular writing that has sought to distinguish among the silent generation, baby boomers, generation X, millennials, and generation Z.
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Kirchman, David L. Microbial growth, biomass production, and controls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0008.
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Soon after the discovery that bacteria are abundant in natural environments, the question arose as to whether or not they were active. Although the plate count method suggested that they were dormant if not dead, other methods indicated that a large fraction of bacteria and fungi are active, as discussed in this chapter. It goes on to discuss fundamental equations for exponential growth and logistic growth, and it describes phases of growth in batch cultures, continuous cultures, and chemostats. In contrast with measuring growth in laboratory cultures, it is difficult to measure in natural environments for complex communities with co-occurring mortality. Among many methods that have been suggested over the years, the most common one for bacteria is the leucine approach, while for fungi it is the acetate-in ergosterol method. These methods indicate that the growth rate of the bulk community is on the order of days for bacteria in their natural environment. It is faster in aquatic habitats than in soils, and bacteria grow faster than fungi in soils. But bulk rates for bacteria appear to be slower than those for phytoplankton. All of these rates for natural communities are much slower than rates measured for most microbes in the laboratory. Rates in subsurface environments hundreds of meters from light-driven primary production and high organic carbon conditions are even lower. Rates vary greatly among microbial taxa, according to data on 16S rRNA. Copiotrophic bacteria grow much faster than oligotrophic bacteria, but may have low growth rates when conditions turn unfavorable. Some of the factors limiting heterotrophic bacteria and fungi include temperature and inorganic nutrients, but the supply of organic compounds is perhaps most important in most environments.
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Haggard, Stephan, and Myung-Koo Kang. The Politics of Growth in South Korea. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.22.
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This article examines the political origins of South Korea’s rapid economic development in the 1960s and 1970s, with emphasis on the enduring effects of the developmental state era. It begins by considering developments since 1980, including the influence of democratization, the causes and consequences of the financial crisis of 1997–1998, and the market-oriented reforms pursued by the government in the wake of the crisis. It then discusses the legacy of the developmental state era in the coverage of the welfare state, along with the liberalization of the Korean economy beginning in the 1980s. The article documents South Korea’s transition into a market economy, marked by reforms in the financial sector and corporate governance, as well as reforms in foreign direct investment and even labor markets. Finally, it appraises a number of challenges that the Korean political economy must deal with, including growing economic and social polarization, inequality, and the social policy agenda.
9
Smithers, Andrew. Productivity and the Bonus Culture. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836117.001.0001.
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Living standards in the UK and the US are in danger of falling. In the past change has brought disruption with the offsetting reward of higher living standards from growth. Today we have disruption without reward. The resulting voter dissatisfaction encourages populist policies which threaten even worse outcomes. The decline in growth has weakened the standing of liberal democracy both at home and internationally. The decline is entirely due to poor productivity combined with an unfavourable change in demography. The UK and the US have changed from having a demographic surplus in which the working population grew faster than the total population to a demographic deficit. Before living standards grew faster than productivity they now grow more slowly. Faster immigration could change demography, but voters are likely to press for less. To avoid falling living standards we must increase the rate at which productivity improves. Faster productivity does not only depend on technology. We can improve it by encouraging more investment. Growth depends on Total Factor Productivity (“TFP”), for which current consensus estimates are based on a faulty model which has induced pessimism about our ability to encourage more growth. The book sets out a revised and superior model of TFP which demonstrates that the weakness in productivity is the result of the bonus culture and suggests ways by which this can be changed so that investment is encouraged and growth returns.
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Codogno, Lorenzo, and Giampaolo Galli. Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866806.001.0001.
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Abstract The book draws lessons on the importance of rewarding merit for economic growth by analysing Italy’s decline over the past few decades. Connections rather than merit are a long-standing feature of Italian elites, even in the corporate sector. This became a significant problem when Italy could no longer grow through low wages, imitation, devaluation, and public debt, and faced the challenges of becoming a frontier knowledge-based open economy. The book uses international comparisons over many aspects of society, from social capital to governance, the role of the public sector, efficiency of the judiciary, education, gender and social inequality, social mobility, corporate standards, financial structures, and more to evaluate Italy’s performance. It argues that the arrogance of mediocracy is more damaging than that of meritocracy. Also, the former is more likely to facilitate the rise of populism. Studying Italy’s case can be helpful to many other countries: Italy was the country of economic miracle after WWII, and it is still an advanced economy and a member of the G7 club. Until the 1960s, it seemed destined to catch up with the best-performing countries. Then the growth engine stopped, its debt skyrocketed, and Italy became the weak link in the Eurozone, possibly endangering its very survival.
11
Sana, Ashish Kumar, Bappaditya Biswas, Samyabrata Das, and Sandeep Poddar. Sustainable Strategies for Economic Growth and Decent Work: New Normal. Lincoln University College, Malaysia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/book.2022sseg.
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Almost every country throughout the globe has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The virus's propagation has a disastrous effect on both human health and the economy as a whole. The COVID-19 global recession is the worst since World War II ended. According to the IMF's April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report, the global economy declined by 3.5 percent in 2020, 7 percent drop from the 3.4 percent growth predicted in October 2019. While almost every IMF-covered nation saw negative growth in 2020, the decline was more extreme in the world's poorest regions. The global supply system and international trade of all countries, including India, were affected by the nationwide lockdown in India and around the world to stop the pandemic from spreading. Since the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global business climate. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant public health and economic problems in South Asian countries and the worst impacted being India, Bangladesh and Pakistan in recent years. The nationwide lockdown adopted by the countries was effective in slowing down the spread of the coronavirus in South Asia, but it came at a substantial financial and social cost to society. Manufacturing activities in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines have shrunk sharply. Tourism, trade and remittances, and all major sources of foreign money for South Asian countries, have been substantially impacted. The COVID-19 spread has had a significant influence on global financial markets. The international financial and energy markets substantially dropped as the number of cases began to rise globally, primarily in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Iran, and South Korea along with South Asian countries. Reduced travel has had a substantial impact on service businesses such as tourism, hospitality, and transportation. According to IMF, (space required after,) 2020 South Asian economies are likely to shrink for the first time in 4 decades. The pandemic has pushed millions into poverty and widened income and wealth disparities because of premature deaths, workplace absenteeism and productivity losses. A negative supply shock has occurred with manufacturing and productive activity decreasing due to global supply chain disruptions and factory closures. This resulted in a severe short-term challenge for policymakers, especially when food and commodity prices rise, exacerbating economic insecurity. Failure to achieve equitable recovery might result in social and political unrest, as well as harsh responses from governments that have been less tolerant of dissident voices in recent years. Almost every area of the Indian economy is being ravaged by the pandemic. But the scope and degree of the damage vary from sector to sector within each area. One of the worst-affected areas in India is the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. Apart from MSMEs, Agriculture and Agro-based industries, Banking companies and NBFCs and Social Sectors are also in jeopardy. The pandemic creates turmoil in the Capital Market and Mutual Funds industry. India's auto manufacturing and its ancillary sectors were badly hit during the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown measures were adopted and the situation continued to remain subdued for many quarters. It is still uncertain whether this recession will have long-term structural ramifications for the global economy or will have only short-term financial and economic consequences. Additionally, the speed and the strength of the healing may be crucially dependent on the capability of the governments to accumulate and roll out the COVID-19 vaccines. In the context of the pandemic and its devastating impact on the Indian economy, an edited volume is proposed which intends to identify and analyse the footfalls of the pandemic on various sectors and industries in India. The proposed edited volume endeavours to understand the status, impact, problems, policies and prospects of the agricultural and agro-based industries, Banking and NBFCs, MSMEs, Social Sector, Capital Market and Mutual Funds during the pandemic and beyond. The proposed volume will contain research papers/articles covering the overall impact of the pandemic on various sectors, measures to be adopted to combat the situation and suggestions for overcoming the hurdles. For this, research papers and articles will be called from academicians, research scholars and industrialists having common research interests to share their insights relating to this area. It is anticipated that the volume will include twenty to twenty-five chapters. An editorial committee will be constituted with three chief editors and another external editor to review the articles following a double-blind review process to assure the quality of the papers according to the global standards and publisher's guidelines. The expected time to complete the entire review process is one month, and the publication process will start thereafter. The proposed volume is believed to be having significant socio-economic implications and is intended to cater to a large audience which includes academicians, researchers, students, corporates, policymakers, investors and general readers at large.
12
Gaither, Milton. Religion and Homeschooling. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.15.
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Homeschooling as a self-consciously oppositional political movement emerged in the 1970s and 1980s among counterculturalists on both the left and the right due to a mix of historical trends, including the growth of suburbs, feminism, political polarization, and public school bureaucratization and secularization. In its early stages the movement saw cooperation between Christian conservatives and secular leftists, who worked together to relax homeschooling laws in every US state. By the late 1980s, however, a schism had developed and the much larger group of religious conservatives took control of the movement. Though very conservative Protestants continue to dominate the public face of the movement, in recent years homeschooling has grown increasingly common among a wide range of Americans. The historic antagonism between homeschooling and public education is also fading, as many hybrid forms have emerged that blur the boundaries between home and school.
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Villela, André. The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.3.
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For most of the nineteenth century the Brazilian economy grew roughly in line with population expansion. As a result, increases in per capita incomes were modest at best and, even then, were visible mostly in the second half of the century. As the empire came to a close and the republic was ushered in, several obstacles that had previously stood in the way of faster growth were gradually overcome and modern economic growth set in. This chapter discusses the main factors accounting for this story of no/low economic growth, followed by faster per capita income increases from the turn of the nineteenth century onward. Inevitably, in such a complex story as that of economic growth over such a long period, social, political, and demographic factors will be combined with those more strictly “economic” to provide a more comprehensive account of the historical developments under examination.
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Piatkowski, Marcin. Will Poland’s Success Continue? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789345.003.0009.
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In this chapter I discuss Poland’s growth prospects and analyze long-term projections produced by international institutions. I argue that Poland should continue to grow and converge with the West at least until 2030 and achieve around 80 per cent of its level of income. This would be the highest relative level of income and quality of life in Poland’s history. The country’s true Golden Age would flourish. After 2030, however, convergence is likely to slow and might even reverse unless further reforms are implemented. I then discuss how much economists understand about what makes countries grow. I assert that we know much less than we think we know. I briefly review various challenges of moving from economic theory to economic practice. I also look at the pros and cons of international economic rankings, arguing that they play an important role by ‘naming and shaming’ countries into reforms, but their power is often overappreciated.
15
Berg, Maxine. Luxury, the Luxury Trades, and the Roots of Industrial Growth: A Global Perspective. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0009.
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Luxury and its discontents have become key areas of debate on our social condition in the late twentieth and early years of the twenty-first century. Luxury has become the common parlance of advertising and branding. It is part of the upscaling of consumer aspirations, and a turning away from the mass consumerism that underpinned consumer society from the 1960s to the 1980s. Aspirations are associated with luxury and designer goods, with lifestyle choices of affluence and distinction. Manufacturers give nearly every category of good they produce a premium brand; their products signal distinction and the pursuit of status. This phenomenon of upscaling, branding, and status-seeking through consumer goods has intensified dramatically since the 1980s, but it has also been with us a very long time. This article presents a global perspective on luxury, the luxury trades, and the roots of industrial growth. It examines luxury and consumption in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, social science theory and luxury, luxury's historical context, the debates over luxury goods, luxury and the global economy, and global export ware.
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Nolan, Brian. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0001.
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This chapter sets out the central challenge facing rich countries, on which this volume is focused: how to restore inclusive economic growth and prosperity. It describes how rising inequality in the rich countries over recent decades is now widely seen as undermining growth and even more so the living standards and prospects of ordinary working families. It reviews key themes in the debate about why inequality has been rising, and why this should be such a central concern. The chapter then outlines the approach taken in this book, which is to examine in depth the experiences of ten rich countries, posing the same set of questions about what has happened to inequality and ordinary living standards over recent decades, and why. The aim is to learn from these varying experiences, analysed through a common lens, about how inclusive growth can best be supported.
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Hube, Bernhard, and Oliver Kurzai. Candida species. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0011.
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Most pathogenic Candida species are members of the microbiota, but also cause superficial or invasive infections. C. albicans is predominant, followed by C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. C. albicans is polymorphic and grows as yeast, pseudohyphae, or hyphae. The cell wall has multiple functions in pathogenesis. Metabolism and nutrient up-take strategies facilitate growth in multiple niches within the host. Drug resistance is an intrinsic property of C. glabrata and C. krusei, but can be developed by C. albicans and other Candida species during antifungal therapy. Pathogenicity mechanisms include host cell attachment, invasion, and destructive activities; immune evasion; and biofilm production. A disbalanced microbiota and impaired immunity favour superficial infections, and disturbance of the mucosal barriers, together with compromised immunity, enables Candida to invade the human bloodstream and cause invasive infection. Even with antifungal therapy (e.g. azoles or echinocandins), disseminated candidiasis has a high mortality (40–50%).
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Howard, Gary C. The Biology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687724.001.0001.
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Death is not just the last event of life. Death is interwoven into our growth, development, protection against disease, and more. It foreclosed evolutionary pathways, thus shaping all life. And it involves fascinating questions. How do we define life and death? How do we know when a person is dead? Why do we age and can we do anything about it? Will medical advances continue to extend human life span and even defeat death? Death also involves a host of ethical questions. Most amazingly, living organisms evolved systems to use death to their advantage. The death of specific cells refines our immune system, gives us fingers, allows fruit to drop from trees, and tadpoles to become frogs. Even single-celled organisms use “quorum sensing” to eliminate some cells to ensure the overall survival of the colony in harsh environments. Death is far more than dying, and this book looks at how death is part of life at every level, including cells, tissues, organisms, and populations.
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Shirakawa, Masaaki. Tumultuous Times. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300258974.001.0001.
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The Japanese economy, once the envy of the world for its dynamism and growth, lost its shine after a financial bubble burst in early 1990s and slumped further during the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. It suffered even more damage in 2011, when a severe earthquake set off the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. However, the Bank of Japan soldiered on to combat low inflation, low growth, and low interest rates, and in many ways it served as a laboratory for actions taken by central banks in other parts of the world. This book provides a rare insider's account of the workings of Japanese economic and monetary policy during this period and how it challenged mainstream economic thinking.
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Triana, Yago Quiñones. A sociedade exponencial: Ensaio sobre o fim da humanidade. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-509-5.
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We live today in the Exponential Society. It has arrived already, we are part of it and it brings us several challenges as a species. Including that of not extinguishing us. We must and can make the Exponential Society not the last type of human society on our planet. Human activities have been experiencing an extraordinary acceleration relatively recently: production, consumption, population, pollution, indiscriminate use of water are growing exponentially. This means that this growth is not only continuous and constant, but that the rates of such growth are drastically increasing. In addition to the fact that not all of these processes are positive – pollution for example – there is a limit that we cannot forget: our planet. Here is a basic and dramatic contradiction: how can a species that tends to grow limitlessly survive if it basically depends on limited resources? The risks of the Exponential Society are among us, and the threats increase, of course, exponentially as well. Current ecological responses, sustainable initiatives such as recycling, do not offer fundamental changes if the logic that sustains the Exponential Society does not change. But, even if the situation seems inexorable, the change of course is not necessarily in the hands of the powerful or in the global decision-making centers. We are all part of the Exponential Society and that is why we have an impact on it. Transforming it is a matter of conscience, number and will.
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Choudhury, Cyra Akila. Transnational Commercial Surrogacy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.38.
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With the emergence of assisted reproductive technologies, particularly in vitro fertilization, gestational surrogacy in which an woman can be hired to gestate the child of commissioning parents has grown into a multimillion dollar industry. While many countries prohibit surrogacy, others permit and some even allow women to charge for the service of gestation on a commercial basis. This article addresses the regulation of transnational surrogacy and the related legal conflicts that arise in cross-border agreements particularly in commercial contracts It starts with a brief exploration of the surrogacy industry and growth. It then goes on to describe and analyze some of the legal frameworks that affect surrogacy contracts. The article proceeds to discuss some of the most prominent cross-border controversies to highlight that these conflicts tend to arise from a lack of international or transnational regulation on parentage and citizenship. Finally, the article explores the proposals for international regulation and the prospects of solving some of the more difficult legal problems that have arisen from transnational surrogacy.
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Kantorovitz, Shmuel, and Ami Viselter. Introduction to Modern Analysis. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849540.001.0001.
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Abstract This book explores this developer’s dilemma or ‘Kuznetsian tension’ between structural transformation and income inequality. Developing countries are seeking economic development—that is, structural transformation—which is inclusive in the sense that it is broad-based and raises the income of all, especially the poor. Thus, inclusive economic growth requires steady, or even falling, income inequality if it is to maximize the growth of incomes at the lower end of the distribution. Yet, this is at odds with Simon Kuznets hypothesis that economic development tends to put upward pressure on income inequality, at least initially and in the absence of countervailing policies. The book asks: what are the types or ‘varieties’ of structural transformation that have been experienced in developing countries? What inequality dynamics are associated with each variety of structural transformation? And what policies have been utilized to manage trade-offs between structural transformation, income inequality, and inclusive growth? The book answers these questions using a comparative case study approach, contrasting nine developing countries while employing a common analytical framework and a set of common datasets across the case studies. The intended intellectual contribution of the book is to provide a comparative analysis of the relationship between structural transformation, income inequality, and inclusive growth; to do so empirically at a regional and national level; and to draw conclusions from the cases on the varieties of structural transformation, their inequality dynamics, and the policies that have been employed to mediate the developer’s dilemma.
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Amarullah, Amarullah, Mardhiana Mardhiana, Willem Willem, and Nurul Chairiyah. Dasar Agronomi. Syiah Kuala University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52574/syiahkualauniversitypress.217.
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The world of agriculture promises development prospects both from the point of view of region, commodity and cultivation technology. The urgency of Agronomy is to recognize, understand the ins and outs of plants, and their breeding activities. Furthermore, food crops, plantations, fruit, vegetables, spices, and even flowers require a proper and adequate technique of propagation of planting material and growing media for plants to grow and develop into production. Modern plant cultivation technology with all its developments has become a practical plant management option such as tabulampot, hydroponics, silviculture and aeroponics also requires knowledge and skills, all of which are summarized and presented in "Basic Agronomy". Books with rich knowledge and benefits for humans and their lives, described in simple and easy-to-understand language, related to the history of agriculture and agronomy, the origin and distribution center of plants, conditions for growth and reproduction, cultivation techniques, harvest and post-harvest, technological developments. cultivation. The existence of this book is expected to answer people's curiosity about the world of agriculture, especially plant cultivation, from the selection of commodities, planting materials and growing media, planting to maintenance and even harvesting and post-harvest handling.
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Sumner, Andy. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792369.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sets out the rationale for the book, the existing literature, the intended contribution of the book, the methodology, and analytical approach taken in the book and the structure of the book. The chapter introduces the ‘developer’s dilemma’ at the core of the book. Specifically, how are developing countries to address the tension between economic development and structural change, putting upward pressure on income inequality and the need for inclusive growth to provide social stability to capital accumulation, which requires steady or even falling income inequality to spread the benefits of economic growth more broadly. It is argued that South East Asia is a region of interest for understanding the developer’s dilemma as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand achieved structural change with more or less steady inequality up to a point.
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Cheibub, José Antonio, and James Raymond Vreeland. Modernization Theory. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.26.
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This article examines the link between economic development and democracy. Drawing on modernization theory, it considers whether democracy is more likely to emerge in a country that modernizes economically. After discussing various criticisms against modernization theory, the article reviews statistical evidence to determine whether economic modernization gives rise to democracy. It argues that the correlation between economic development and democracy stems from the survival of democracy and that a poor authoritarian regime is not likely to turn into a democracy even if it receives economic assistance, either in the form of foreign aid or access to markets through trade. The article highlights the correlation between economic level and survival, rather than between economic growth and survival, noting that economic growth can be helpful only if it is sustained.
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Levien, Michael. Peasants in a Knowledge Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859152.003.0006.
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While real estate speculation differentiated Rajpura’s dispossessed farmers, this chapter shows that knowledge-intensive growth was so exclusionary for almost everyone that it made single-cropped agriculture and livestock rearing look attractive. Rajpura’s farmers lacked the requisite cultural capital for inclusion in the SEZ’s IT/ITES industry. A small minority received low-paying and insecure work as gardeners, security guards, janitors, and drivers through contractors. For almost no families did these jobs make up for lost agricultural assets. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and corporate social responsibility programs were ineffective substitutes for land, leaving many to wish they had it back. This non-labor-intensive and exclusionary growth helps to explain why ownership of even small agrarian assets—the semiproletarian condition—assumes such importance for farmers in contemporary India.
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Winters, Ken C., and Ann Becher-Ingwalson. Adolescent Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190678487.001.0001.
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Abstract Adolescents differ from adults physiologically, cognitively, and emotionally. This is a unique developmental period, characterized by a time of dramatic change in the life of every person in every corner of the world. The relatively uniform growth of childhood is suddenly shifted to an increase in the speed of growth and is characterized by rapid physical and psychological changes. It is important for emerging professionals who wish to work with this population to be familiar with the developmental issues and current trends in adolescent substance use and mental health disorders. Despite improvements in prevention and treatment services, adolescent substance abuse and co-existing disorders continue to be a major public health problem. Adolescent Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders is a textbook on adolescent substance abuse and co-existing mental and behavioral disorders aimed at students seeking a degree or certificate as an addiction counselor. The book’s 13 chapters consist of an Introduction and three sections: Adolescent Development, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Interventions and Treatment. Each chapter includes core content, side-bar points of interest, summary highlights, discussion questions, and recommendations for more digging and curiosity. Several chapters include case vignettes. A learner’s test question bank is also provided.
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Goldstone, Jack A. Population Movements and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.277.
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Population movements can affect security in a variety of ways. Aside from altering a society’s overall balance of population and physical resources, they exert a considerable influence on the institutions of society—the state, elite recruitment and social status, the military, labor organizations and peasant villages—in a way that undermines political and social order. The consequences of population movements for security can also be seen in differential population growth and migration, differential aging of different populations, and issues of resource allocation and climate change. The work of T. R. Malthus in the early nineteenth century advanced the argument that more people would put an undesirable burden on societies, and weaken them. Julian Simon turned the Malthusian argument on its head with his claim that people were the “ultimate resource,” and that the more people were around to work on solving the globe’s problems, the more likely it was that powerful solutions would be found. The debate between Malthusians, represented by Paul Ehrlich, and Cornucopians, represented by Simon, from the 1960s to the 1990s was primarily about the impact of population on economic growth. In the 1990s, a new direction emerged in the debate on population and security. This was the argument that population growth would lead to local shortages of critical resources such as farmland, water, and timber, and that these could trigger internal conflicts and even civil wars. These conflicts arise only where states and economies are relatively weak and unable to respond to population growth.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Comparing the Four Main Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0009.
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No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
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Lin, Justin Yifu, and Célestin Monga. Beating the Odds. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192338.001.0001.
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Countries that ignite a process of rapid economic growth almost always do so while lacking what experts say are the essential preconditions for development, such as good infrastructure and institutions. This book uses this paradox to explain what is wrong with mainstream development thinking—and to offer a practical blueprint for moving poor countries out of the low-income trap regardless of their circumstances. The book begins with an observation of the increasingly globalized world economy in which technological development allows the use of factors of production in locations that maximize returns and utility, and countries gain mutually by trading with each other if their strategies focus on comparative advantage. The prospects for sustained and inclusive growth are even greater for low-income economies that enjoy the benefits of backwardness. The book advocates implementing viable strategies to capture new opportunities for industrialization, which can enable low-income economies to set forth on a dynamic path of structural change and lead to poverty reduction and prosperity. It concludes with an evaluation of lessons from development thinking and experience and identifies the main reasons why past intellectual and policy frameworks failed to yield the expected results. It then offers a pragmatic blueprint for allowing low-income countries to ignite and sustain economic growth without preconditions.
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Lin, Yi-min. Rule Bending for the Necessary Evil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190682828.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 investigates the strategies of local officials in places where the sales growth strategy faltered in the early years of reform. An alternative strategy was to tolerate and even facilitate the expansion of private business beyond centrally set limits, as illustrated by the much-studied case of Wenzhou in Zhejiang province. Echoing the prevailing view on the important role of entrepreneurship in early privatization, the chapter goes further to investigate how and why local entrepreneurial forces survived Maoism in the peculiar local setting, and how their interplay with extraordinary economic hardship developed into both a driving force for local policy change and a shield against the political risks that had to be contained. This re-examination of the case material also sheds light on why Wenzhou was an “aberration” and why many “laggard” regions in public-enterprise-led growth did not actively promote private business before centrally initiated ownership restructuring.
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Rotberg, Robert. Things Come Together. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190942540.001.0001.
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Africa was falling apart. But now it is coming together, and Africa and Africans are achieving greatness. The twenty-first century is significant for every African. In Things Come Together, Robert Rotberg extols the successes and explains the struggles. Rotberg is one of the world’s foremost authorities on African politics and society, and in this book he synthesizes his knowledge of the continent into a concise overview of the current state of Africa and where it is headed. To that end, Rotberg considers Africa’s myriad peoples as contributors in their separate nations to the continent’s ultimate destiny.The continent is experiencing explosive population growth and rapidly urbanizing. How are African states managing this epochal shift? He looks at how Africa’s nations are governed, ranging from states with autocratic kleptocrats to democratized regimes that have made progress in achieving economic growth and battling corruption. He then turns to African economies, looking at growth levels, productivity, and persistent corruption. He concludes by covering the effects of war, health care, wildlife management, varieties of religious belief, education, technology diffusion, and the character of both city and village life in this ever-evolving region. Throughout this sweeping work, Rotberg deftly moves readers across the continent, from Nigeria to South Africa, from Kenya to Uganda, to name but a few. While there are cross-continent commonalities related to governance, demographics, and economic performance, he shows the unique national variations of who and what is African.
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Kirchman, David L. The ecology of viruses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0010.
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In addition to grazing, another form of top-down control of microbes is lysis by viruses. Every organism in the biosphere is probably infected by at least one virus, but the most common viruses are thought to be those that infect bacteria. Viruses come in many varieties, but the simplest is a form of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. The form of nucleic acid can be virtually any type of RNA or DNA, single or double stranded. Few viruses in nature can be identified by traditional methods because their hosts cannot be grown in the laboratory. Direct count methods have found that viruses are very abundant, being about ten-fold more abundant than bacteria, but the ratio of viruses to bacteria varies greatly. Viruses are thought to account for about 50% of bacterial mortality but the percentage varies from zero to 100%, depending on the environment and time. In addition to viruses of bacteria and cyanobacteria, microbial ecologists have examined viruses of algae and the possibility that viral lysis ends phytoplankton blooms. Viruses infecting fungi do not appear to lyse their host and are transmitted from one fungus to another without being released into the external environment. While viral lysis and grazing are both top-down controls on microbial growth, they differ in several crucial respects. Unlike grazers, which often completely oxidize prey organic material to carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients, viral lysis releases the organic material from hosts more or less without modification. Perhaps even more important, viruses may facilitate the exchange of genetic material from one host to another. Metagenomic approaches have been used to explore viral diversity and the dynamics of virus communities in natural environments.
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Fischer, Pascal, and Christoph Houswitschka, eds. Jüdische und arabische Erinnerungen im Dialog. Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956507229.
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The Jewish-Canadian and Arab-American writers and professors of literature George Ellenbogen (*1934) and Evelyn Shakir (1938–2010) were life companions. In both their memoirs, the authors tell stories of neighborhood, enriching encounters and their search for roots. George grows up in the Jewish immigrant quarter of Montreal, goes to McGill University, and later travels to the places of his ancestors, the destroyed world of the shtetl. In her Boston childhood, Evelyn is perceived as an Arab who does not entirely belong. As visiting professor in Arab countries, however, her students see her as an American. The memoirs, three related articles, and an interview with George Ellenbogen raise basic questions of belonging and otherness, cultural location and the pursuit of mutual understanding and respect. The volume also appeals to teachers who want to turn their lessons into contact zones in which different cultures and perspectives collide and enter into mutual dialogue. With contributions by George Ellenbogen; Pascal Fischer, Christoph Houswitschka; Sally Michael Hanna; John Kinsella; Margueritte Murphy; Evelyn Shakir (†); Brigitte Wallinger-Schorn
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Haq, Khadija, ed. Policies for Government Controls in Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0004.
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The chapter contends that even though a considerable measure of government controls may be inevitable for national planning in an underdeveloped economy (Pakistan in the 1960s in this context), most of the controls in practice are ineffective or inefficient due to a lack of administrative resources on the part of the government. The essence of successful controls for economic growth is to control only the key decisions in the economy, leaving their day to day working to the market.
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Shelov, Steven P., ed. Your Baby’s First Year - (Spanish edition) - El Primer Año De Su Bebe. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581105421.
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The Spanish-language edition of the best-selling Your Baby’s First Year. Covering everything from preparing for childbirth to baby’s first steps, this easy-to-use format addresses parents' medical worries, safety concerns, well-baby questions, and so much more. There’s even a month-to-month guide to growth, behavior, and development for baby’s first year. It’s state-of-the-art advice from the AAP, and, it’s an ideal gift for Spanish-speaking parents and moms-to-be.
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Shroff, Gautam. The Intelligent Web. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646715.001.0001.
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As we use the Web for social networking, shopping, and news, we leave a personal trail. These days, linger over a Web page selling lamps, and they will turn up at the advertising margins as you move around the Internet, reminding you, tempting you to make that purchase. Search engines such as Google can now look deep into the data on the Web to pull out instances of the words you are looking for. And there are pages that collect and assess information to give you a snapshot of changing political opinion. These are just basic examples of the growth of "Web intelligence", as increasingly sophisticated algorithms operate on the vast and growing amount of data on the Web, sifting, selecting, comparing, aggregating, correcting; following simple but powerful rules to decide what matters. While original optimism for Artificial Intelligence declined, this new kind of machine intelligence is emerging as the Web grows ever larger and more interconnected. Gautam Shroff takes us on a journey through the computer science of search, natural language, text mining, machine learning, swarm computing, and semantic reasoning, from Watson to self-driving cars. This machine intelligence may even mimic at a basic level what happens in the brain.
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Girard, Thierry, and Thomas Erb. Fetal and neonatal physiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0004.
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Knowledge of fetal and neonatal physiology is a prerequisite for physicians involved in the care for mother and child during pregnancy and fetal surgery as well as for the care of a newborn. This chapter focuses on essential aspects of fetal growth, and respiratory and cardiovascular physiology including the complex transition from intra- to extrauterine life. In essence, this transition involves every organ system and knowledge of the most important aspects is a prerequisite to understanding pathophysiology of this transition. Key points regarding the nervous system, nociception, metabolism, that is, fluid homeostasis, kidneys, and liver, and the integumentary system are also addressed.
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Haq, Khadija, ed. Human Destiny Is a Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0026.
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In this chapter, Haq outlines his optimistic outlook for global world order. For him the end of the Cold War had opened up many more choices for the global community. For the first time global military spending was seen to be declining every year. He saw potential to reallocate ODA aid funds, which were previously tilted in favour of cold war allies. For Haq the challenge is to link economic growth as the means to human development as an objective. He stresses on the need to reform institutions of global governance to translate globalization into opportunities for people.
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Lohse, K. Russell. Mexico and Central America. Edited by Mark M. Smith and Robert L. Paquette. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0003.
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This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in Mexico and Central America. Slaves (and people of African descent generally) played a far greater role in both Mexico and Central America than previously assumed or acknowledged. Although a minority of the population in most areas, black and mulatto slaves provided the bulk of the workforce in several key colonial industries. Even as a small minority of labourers, slaves often occupied critical roles in production as skilled workers and supervisors. By the late seventeenth century, creoles outnumbered Africans in Mesoamerica, and by the mid-eighteenth century, most slaves in the region were mulattos. By then, the recovery of the Indian population and the phenomenal growth of the mestizo and free mulatto populations throughout Mexico and Central America gradually eliminated the need for slave workers in most regions. Abolition in the 1820s resulted not just from the growth of the free population, nor from the commitment of creole patriots to Enlightenment ideals, but in part from the slaves' own efforts at liberating themselves.
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Kwon, Hyeong-ki. Changes by Competition. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866060.001.0001.
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By tracing historically the evolution of Korean state-led capitalism and comparing it with other economies, this book criticizes prevalent theories including neoliberalism, the developmental state, and institutionalism, while proposing a theoretical alternative focusing on endogenous changes and institutional adaptability through elite competition within the state. Unlike the arguments of the neoliberals, the state can still play an active role in reconstituting the national economy in globalization. The Korean state successfully fosters economic growth by nurturing industrial commons even in globalization, rather than change toward a neoliberal free market system. In order to better account for sustainable economic growth over a long time, this book emphasizes institutional adaptability through elite competition, rather than offering neoliberal celebrations of the free market and the statist emphasis on the stringent Weberian state. The Korean economy, as well as the East Asian developmental state (DS) economies, could have sustainable development over a long period, not because of an apparent and standardized growth formula, or because of some institutional elements of a stringent Weberian state, but because they have adjusted their methods and strategies of development through competition among elites inside and outside the state, as new challenges, never met with an apparent solution, have continuously emerged. In order to better account for the evolution of state-led developmentalism in Korea, as well as in other countries, this book proposes changes by competition among elites within as well as outside the state, which causes changes in developmentalism and more flexible adjustments in new contexts.
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Koser, Khalid. 1. Why migration matters. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198753773.003.0001.
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One in every 35 people in the world today is an international migrant, but migration affects far more people than just those who migrate. It has important social, economic, and political impacts at home and abroad. ‘Why migration matters’ shows why the topic of migration is important in the modern world. Migration began when Homo erectus and Homo sapiens moved out from the Rift Valley and colonized Eurasia, a process that has continued for centuries after. There are numerous opportunities for international migration with migrants contributing to economic growth as well as the social and cultural spheres of life. There are also challenges and some concerns, but are they all legitimate?
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White, Robert E. Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.001.0001.
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In recent years, viticulture has seen phenomenal growth, particularly in such countries as Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Chile, and South Africa. The surge in production of quality wines in these countries has been built largely on the practice of good enology and investment in high technology in the winery, enabling vintners to produce consistently good, even fine wines. Yet less attention has been paid to the influence of vineyard conditions on wines and their distinctiveness-an influence that is embodied in the French concept of terroir. An essential component of terroir is soil and the interaction between it, local climate, vineyard practices, and grape variety on the quality of grapes and distinctiveness of their flavor. This book considers that component, providing basic information on soil properties and behavior in the context of site selection for new vineyards and on the demands placed on soils for grape growth and production of wines. Soils for Fine Wines will be of interest to professors and upper-level students in enology, viticulture, soils and agronomy as well as wine enthusiasts and professionals in the wine industry.
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Crowley, Stephen. Putin's Labor Dilemma. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756276.001.0001.
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This book investigates how the fear of labor protest has inhibited substantial economic transformation in Russia. Vladimir Putin boasts he has the backing of workers in the country's industrial heartland, but as economic growth slows in Russia, reviving the economy will require restructuring the country's industrial landscape. At the same time, doing so threatens to generate protest and instability from a key regime constituency. However, continuing to prop up Russia's Soviet-era workplaces, the book suggests, could lead to declining wages and economic stagnation, threatening protest and instability. The book explores the dynamics of a Russian labor market that generally avoids mass unemployment, the potentially explosive role of Russia's monotowns, conflicts generated by massive downsizing in “Russia's Detroit” (Tol'yatti), and the rapid politicization of the truck drivers movement. Labor protests currently show little sign of threatening Putin's hold on power, but the manner in which they are being conducted point to substantial chronic problems that will be difficult to resolve. The book demonstrates that the Russian economy must either find new sources of economic growth or face stagnation. Either scenario — market reforms or economic stagnation — raises the possibility, even probability, of destabilizing social unrest.
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Dietz, William H., and Loraine Stern, eds. Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581106312.
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Nutrition: What Every Parent Needs to Know, 2nd Edition, gives parents all the information and strategies they need to meet the dietary needs of children from birth through adolescence, as well as the facts about standards of weight and height; eating disorders and special dietary needs, alternative diets and supplements; allergies; dealing with outside influences such as grandparents, neighbors, and television; and concerns over food safety. This new second edition provides updated growth charts and the new USDA MyPlate model for healthy eating, as well as updated information on topics such as: BPA, Breastfeeding, Constipation, Fish, mercury, Omega-3 fatty acids, Hiding foods, Obesity, Organic Foods, Physical activity, Picky eaters, Sodium, Vitamins, and much more.
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Koser, Khalid. 3. Migration and globalization. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198753773.003.0003.
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‘Migration and globalization’ shows how international migration is an important dimension of globalization. Growing developmental, demographic, and democratic disparities provide powerful incentives to move and the segmentation of labour markets in richer countries is creating increasing demand for migrant workers there. Migration has been facilitated by revolutions in communications and transport; the development of migration networks; and the establishment of rights and entitlements for migrant workers. The growth of a migration industry adds further momentum to international migration, even where it is not officially permitted. There are more reasons and additional means to migrate than ever before.
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Woodruff, Paul. The Garden of Leaders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883645.001.0001.
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I derive an account of what future leaders should learn from an understanding of leadership as the ability to induce others to follow in a context of freedom—without the use of force or incentives. Such leadership is needed in every walk of life and in every profession; it is inherently ethical, but it needs to take into account the frequent ugliness of the human situation. This is an account of leadership for all seasons. From this I propose a curriculum for general education of all students in higher education, including literature, history, philosophy, social science, and communication skills—all presented in a way to support the growth of students toward leadership. In addition, I propose new ways of thinking about education outside the classroom, through sports and other organizations. I end with recommendations for teaching methods that are conducive to the development of students as leaders, especially teamwork assignments that give students opportunities to evaluate their own leadership.
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Youde, Jeremy. Global Health Governance in International Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813057.001.0001.
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In the 1980s, health was a marginal issue on the international political agenda, and it barely figured into donor states’ foreign aid allocation. Within a generation, health had developed a robust set of governance structures that drove significant global political action, incorporated a wide range of actors, and received increasing levels of funding. What explains this dramatic change over such a short period of time? Drawing on the English School of international relations theory, this book argues that global health has emerged as a secondary institution within international society. Rather than being a side issue, global health now occupies an important role. Addressing global health issues—financially, organizationally, and politically—is part of how actors demonstrate their willingness and ability to help realize their moral responsibility and obligation to others. In this way, it demonstrates how global health governance has emerged, grown, and persisted—even in the face of global economic challenges and inadequate responses to particular health crises. The argument also shows how English School conceptions of international society would benefit from expanding their analytical gaze to address international economic issues and incorporate non-state actors. The book begins by building a case for using the English School to understand the role of global health governance before looking at global health governance’s place in international society through case studies about the growth of development assistance for health, the international response to the Ebola outbreak, and China’s role within the global health governance framework.
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Golubev, A. V. Agri-food import substitution through the prism of agricultural sustainability. Publishing house of the Russian state agrarian University UN-TA im. K. A. Timiryazeva, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0235-2494-2022-8-2-8.
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The difficult geopolitical situation has exacerbated the problem of agri-food import substitution, in which Russia has made obvious progress in recent years. However, the increasing volumes of agricultural production do not mean further dynamics of the industry development. On the contrary, a number of fundamental growth factors in some cases do not provide even simple reproduction. Thus, the natural fertility of the soil has been steadily declining over the past decades, the material and technical base of agriculture is not updated in sufficient volume, the wages of farmers are significantly lower than the average level in the economy, many enterprises of the industry are credited, the disparity of prices for agricultural and industrial products is increasing. These contradictions between the growth of output and the reproductive abilities of the agricultural sector of the economy cannot last forever. Therefore, a transition to sustainable agricultural development is necessary, assuming that the current needs of society are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. To do this, Russia has key capabilities that allow the conversion of available energy resources into food production on a planetary scale, which, in addition to the source of economic prosperity, strengthens the geopolitical influence of our country.
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Pacchioni, Gianfranco. Publish or perish. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799887.003.0004.
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How many new papers are published each year? Based on the analysis of De Solla Price, from 1960 till more recent evaluations, an exponential growth rate has led to 2–2.4 million new publications annually. According to the latest estimates, the total number of existing articles doubles every 8–9 years. Why is this? There are various reasons, some positive, some not. One is the increased number of collaborations between scientists, as well as the case of hyper-collaborations, where some papers list thousands of authors. But the main reason is the constant pressure to produce papers, leading to the notion of ‘publish or perish’. This chapter also discusses cases of misconduct, stories of plagiarism, and some quantitative data about how diffuse plagiarism is.