Journal articles: 'Evasive Manoeuvres'

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Ahmad, Sharon. "Evasive manoeuvres." Nature Reviews Microbiology 5, no. 9 (September 2007): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1735.

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Ahmad, Sharon. "Evasive manoeuvres." Nature Reviews Immunology 7, no. 9 (September 2007): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2157.

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Szlapczynski, Rafal, Przemyslaw Krata, and Joanna Szlapczynska. "A Ship Domain-Based Method of Determining Action Distances for Evasive Manoeuvres in Stand-On Situations." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3984962.

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A ship encounter can be considered safe if neither of ships’ domains (defined areas around ships) is intruded by other ships. Published research on this includes optimising collision avoidance manoeuvres fulfilling domain-based safety conditions. However, until recently there was no method, using ship’s domain to determine exact moment when a particular collision avoidance manoeuvre can still be successfully performed. The authors have already proposed such method for give-way encounters. In the paper, documenting continuation of the research, another kind of scenarios is considered. This paper is focused on situations where the own ship is the stand-on one and the target is supposed to manoeuvre. The presented method uses a ship’s dynamics model to compute distance necessary for a manoeuvre successful in terms of avoiding domain violations. Additionally, stability-related phenomena and their impact on possible manoeuvres in heavy weather are taken into account. The method and applied models are illustrated in a series of simulation results. The simulations cover various examples of stand-on situations, including encounters in heavy weather conditions. Discussed manoeuvres may be limited to course alteration or may combine turns with speed reduction.

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Happee, Riender, Christian Gold, Jonas Radlmayr, Sebastian Hergeth, and Klaus Bengler. "Take-over performance in evasive manoeuvres." Accident Analysis & Prevention 106 (September 2017): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.017.

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Tseng, HE, J. Asgari, D. Hrovat, P. van der Jagt, A. Cherry, and S. Neads. "Evasive manoeuvres with a steering robot." Vehicle System Dynamics 43, no. 3 (March 2005): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042311042000266775.

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Graffstein, Jerzy. "The Influence of Airplane’s Dynamics and Its’ State of Flight on Safety of an Evasive Manoeuvre Performed to Avoid Moving Obstacles." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 26, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_243/33.

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The exact identification of essential factors affecting the course of evasive manoeuvre, that has been computed to avoid a collision with moving obstacles, is necessary to ensure a safe passing by a moving obstacle. At the same time, during the evasive manoeuvre the pre-defined separation between the airplane and obstacles is required. The matter of presented work is defined as the analysis of influence of factors on execution of anti collision manoeuvre taking into account deformation of flight trajectory and changes of time histories of distance from the airplane to detected obstacles. Attention has been focused on internal interactions, resulting from the essential changes of the airplane’s behaviour. Discussion has been illustrated by selected results of computer simulations, executed for typical manoeuvres performed to avoid obstacles, while affected by adverse impacts of selected factors. The appropriate guidelines have been proposed, that should counteract these adverse effects on realisation of computed manoeuvre.

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Evdokimenkov, Veniamin N., Dmitriy A. Kozorez, and Lev N. Rabinskiy. "Unmanned aerial vehicle evasion manoeuvres from enemy aircraft attack." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2021-0009.

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Abstract One of the most important problems associated with the combat use of unmanned aerial vehicles remains to ensure their high survivability in conditions of deliberate countermeasures, the source of which can be both ground-based air defence systems and fighter aircraft. For this reason, the study and optimization of evasive manoeuvres of an unmanned aerial vehicle from an enemy aircraft attack remains relevant. Based on the game approach, the authors of this paper propose an algorithm for guaranteeing control of the trajectory of an unmanned aerial vehicle, which ensures its evasion from an enemy air attack. The study of the influence of tactically significant indicators of the manoeuvrability of an unmanned aerial vehicle on the effectiveness of the evasion manoeuvre was carried out. The model predictions are presented, reflecting the degree of influence of unmanned aerial vehicle manoeuvring capabilities on achieving a positional advantage when solving the problem of evading air enemy attack.

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Stone, Louise. "Evasive manoeuvres from bacteria in urinary tract infection." Nature Reviews Urology 11, no. 9 (August 19, 2014): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2014.201.

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Johnsson, Carl, and Aliaksei Laureshyn. "Identification of evasive manoeuvres in traffic interactions and conflicts." Traffic Safety Research 3 (September 20, 2022): 000012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55329/erqd8683.

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The study presents a simple and easy to implement method for detection of the evasive action start in traffic interactions. The method is based on comparison of the studied trajectory with a reference set of ‘unhindered’ trajectories, interpreting the start of evasive action as the moment when no more similarities can be found. The suggested algorithm performs well for primary interactions when road users arrive in an unhindered state. It fails, however, in case of secondary interactions. Explorative application of the method on a large dataset of normal and conflict traffic situations concludes that traffic conflicts occur more frequently in secondary interactions, presumably due to higher cognitive load on the involved road users. Despite the limitations, the method can be used both for the safety studies based on traffic conflicts and for more general quantification and visualisation of the road user behaviour.

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Dawson, J. W., W. Kutsch, and R. M. Robertson. "Auditory-evoked evasive manoeuvres in free-flying locusts and moths." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 190, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-003-0474-3.

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Pedersen, Egil, Kinzo Inoue, and Masanori Tsugane. "Simulator Studies on a Collision Avoidance Display that Facilitates Efficient and Precise Assessment of Evasive Manoeuvres in Congested Waterways." Journal of Navigation 56, no. 3 (August 26, 2003): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463303002388.

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This paper is based on two articles by the authors that were published in the March and September 2002 issues of the Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation.The collision risk to multiple targets and identification of feasible evasive manoeuvres can be assessed simultaneously in true motion by judging the tip of own ship's velocity vector in relation to the display of cone-shaped collision danger regions to acquired targets. Simulator test programmes composed of scenarios with various traffic densities and different speed ranges of own ship have been carried out in order to evaluate the performance of this collision avoidance display versus ARPA (true and relative motion) displays. Experienced navigators and maritime university students with license participated as test subjects. It is shown that the proposed display is capable to facilitate more homogeneous, precise and safe evasive manoeuvres than utilising conventional judgement techniques. The superiority increases with the excess speed of own ship, traffic density and complexity.

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Barbieri, Nilson, Rubem Penteado de Melo, Key Fonseca de Lima, and Gabriel de Sant’Anna Vitor Barbieri. "Dynamical analysis of B-train vehicle combination with liquid cargo." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (March 21, 2019): 3871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019838127.

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In this work, a combination of B-train type vehicle is dynamically analysed through lateral movement at low speed manoeuvre known as Lane Change Manoeuvre. The analyses were conducted for a vehicle with liquid loads of 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% capacity. The analyses involve adjusting the steer angle through an objective function taking into account the numerical and experimental lateral acceleration of the tractor vehicle. The movement of the liquid (slosh) during the manoeuvres are approximated using the software Pasimodo and trammel pendulum. Considering the upper surface of the liquid inside the tank as a straight line, it is possible to obtain the centre of gravity variation and the moment of inertia through polynomial adjustments. In this way, it is possible to analyse numerically the behaviour of the vehicle with liquid load in a curved trajectory. To obtain modal parameters, the operational modal analysis technique is used. With the applied methodology, it was possible to find good agreement between the numerical and experimental values of the acceleration signals in four different positions in the vehicle combination. Through the analyses of the vehicle with fluid in movement, it was possible to verify a great variation of load in the wheels due to transfer of load of the vehicle travelling by curved trajectories or due to evasive manoeuvres. This is a critical condition that can lead the vehicle to rollover condition. The experimental data were obtained for the vehicle at constant speed (between 30 and 40 km/h) and under these conditions, the vehicle is considered stable by analysing the eigenvalues.

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Tresilian, James R., Guy M. Wallis, and Craig Mattocks. "Initiation of evasive manoeuvres during self-motion: a test of three hypotheses." Experimental Brain Research 159, no. 2 (October 2, 2004): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-1994-y.

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Jiménez, Felipe, José Naranjo, Oscar Gómez, and José Anaya. "Vehicle Tracking for an Evasive Manoeuvres Assistant Using Low-Cost Ultrasonic Sensors." Sensors 14, no. 12 (November 28, 2014): 22689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s141222689.

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Suzuki, Keita, Satoshi Nagai, Koichi Iwai, Takuo Furukawa, and Masahiro Takemura. "How does the situation before a tackle influence a tackler’s head placement in rugby union?: application of the decision tree analysis." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 2021): e000949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000949.

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ObjectivesTacklers need to decide where to place their head based on the evasive manoeuvres of the ball-carrier and positional relationship with the ball-carrier before tackle. Therefore, it is difficult for tacklers to improve incorrect head placement at the moment of contact. Moreover, the characteristics prior to tackle have a relationship with the tackler’s head placement. However, how situations lead to incorrect head placement remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify pre-contact situations that lead to incorrect head placement by using decision tree analysis.MethodsTackles leading to concussions were used to identify events that provoked injury using the video recordings of matches. Injury-free tackle was used as a control. All tackles were classified according to head placements and coded from seven pre-contact factors configured aspect of both tacklers and ball-carriers.ResultsThree situations that led to incorrect head placement were identified. Evasive manoeuvres implemented by the ball-carrier significantly contributed to the head placement at the time of contact.ConclusionOur findings suggest that tacklers should keep their heads up to identify the movements of the ball-carrier, which might lead to tackling the head on the correct side at the moment of tackling and decrease the risk of tackler-related concussions.

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Wakefield, Andrew, Emma L. Stone, Gareth Jones, and Stephen Harris. "Light-emitting diode street lights reduce last-ditch evasive manoeuvres by moths to bat echolocation calls." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 8 (August 2015): 150291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150291.

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The light-emitting diode (LED) street light market is expanding globally, and it is important to understand how LED lights affect wildlife populations. We compared evasive flight responses of moths to bat echolocation calls experimentally under LED-lit and -unlit conditions. Significantly, fewer moths performed ‘powerdive’ flight manoeuvres in response to bat calls (feeding buzz sequences from Nyctalus spp.) under an LED street light than in the dark. LED street lights reduce the anti-predator behaviour of moths, shifting the balance in favour of their predators, aerial hawking bats.

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Lenart, Andrzej S. "Analysis of Collision Threat Parameters and Criteria." Journal of Navigation 68, no. 5 (March 26, 2015): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000223.

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In this paper collision threat parameters such as the distance at closest point of approach and time to the closest point of approach are derived and analysed for special cases and features; collision criteria are analysed for limitations. A new collision threat parameter - time to safe distance - is proposed and its different applications to collision avoidance are presented. Time to safe distance can replace time to the closest point of approach, as it gives a safer time in a dangerous situation. It can be applied in Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPAs) to detect dangerous objects and to display possible evasive manoeuvres.

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Soudbakhsh, D., and A. Eskandarian. "Comparison of linear and non-linear controllers for active steering of vehicles in evasive manoeuvres." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 226, no. 2 (August 26, 2011): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651811414503.

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This paper presents different control approaches to perform an evasive collision avoidance manoeuvre using active steering. Linear and non-linear controllers to control the combined lateral and longitudinal motion of the vehicle using predefined trajectories are compared. A proportional–derivative controller, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR), and two different sliding-mode controllers (SMC) were developed. The second SMC model includes an additional velocity error term, which augments the model with a steering actuator term. The controllers were implemented on a bicycle model and a 17 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) vehicle model. The results showed that all controllers perform similarly in controlling the trajectory of the bicycle model. However, in implementation on the non-linear full vehicle dynamics model, the LQR and SMCs provided similar position tracking, but the two SMCs performed better in minimizing the yaw (directional) error at the end of the trajectory. However, at a higher velocity, SMC2 resulted in a more stable manoeuvre than SMC1.

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Salcedo, H., M. Fenton, M. Hickey, and R. Blake. "Energetic consequences of flight speeds of foraging red and hoary bats (Lasiurus borealis and Lasiurus cinereus; Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.11.2245.

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We used Doppler radar readings of the flight speeds of foraging, lactating female Lasiurus borealis (N=826) and Lasiurus cinereus (N=544) to test morphologically based predictions about their flight performance. Both species flew at speeds (V=6.7 and 7.7 m s-1, respectively) that differed significantly from predicted minimum power speed (Vmp; 4.0 and 5.08 m s-1, respectively) or predicted maximum range speed (Vmr; 5.25 and 6.69 m s-1, respectively), perhaps reflecting the active pursuit of moths performing evasive manoeuvres. Estimates of costs of flight and lactation are combined with data on prey size together with encounter and capture rates to illustrate the energetic benefits accruing to these species when they forage in concentrations of insects.

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Sadraei, E., R. Romano, S. Advani, A. H. Jamson, P. Chappell, G. Markkula, A. Bean, and E. R. Boer. "Understanding Cue Utility in Controlled Evasive Driving Manoeuvres: Optimizing Vestibular Cues for Simulator & Human Abilities." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 19 (2016): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.601.

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Schubert, Christoph. "I haven’t spoken to him about it." Certainty and Uncertainty in Dialogue 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2014): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.4.1.04sch.

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White House press briefings have the function of providing journalists with first-hand information on present activities of the US-American administration. The Press Secretary, currently Jay Carney, mainly draws on indirect reportative evidentialiy, referring to recent utterances by the President. However, owing to the often critical and persistent inquiries by investigative journalists based on counter-evidentiality, the Press Secretary frequently resorts to evasive manoeuvres. Moreover, he commonly refuses to use logical inferencing in his function as a mouthpiece of the government, since speculations might be potentially harmful when given to the press. Thus, the present paper investigates the possibilities and limitations of evidentiality in this interview genre from a discourse-analytical perspective on the basis of an online archive of transcripts.

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Graffstein, Jerzy. "Flight Trajectory from the Selected Class of Automatically Controlled Evasive Manoeuvres in Case of a Moving Obstacle." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 20, no. 4 (December 29, 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_222/15.

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Shima, T., and O. M. Golan. "End-game guidance laws for dual-control missiles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 219, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441005x7249.

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New guidance laws derived for a dual-control missile are studied. Their performance is compared with that of a conventional guidance system with flight control that distributes the commands among the two control channels. A Monte Carlo simulation study is performed where the target executes random evasive manoeuvres. The interceptor, represented by linear high-order manoeuvring dynamics with bounded forward and aft controls, acquires noisy measurements and uses a state estimator. Using the single-shot kill probability as a performance criterion, the superiority of the new guidance and control architecture is shown. It is also shown that the best performance is obtained by the bounded controls differential game guidance law. Sensitivity to the selection of the interceptor first-order time constant, a design parameter in the guidance law derivation, is also investigated.

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Johnson, David M. s. "Aristippus at the Crossroads: The Politics of Pleasure in Xenophon’s Memorabilia." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 26, no. 2 (2009): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000151.

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In two passages from Xenophon’s Memorabilia, Socrates refutes Aristippus, first by a rather brutal brand of Realpolitik (2.1), then by refusing to answer Aristippus’ questions about the good and the beautiful (3.8). This article argues that the nasty politics that emerge in Memorabilia 2.1 are not Socratic, but rather the natural consequence of Aristippean hedonism. Political considerations of another sort drive Socrates’ tactics in Memorabilia 3.8, where his evasive manoeuvres are driven by his desire to avoid a direct confrontation with hedonism. ocrates’ own views are hedonistic in some sense, as revealed by his otherwise irrelevant discussion of pleasing home plans and altar sites at the end of 3.8, but Socrates does not wish to reveal as much to companions lacking his self-control. Socrates’ treatment of Aristippus has as much to do with politics as with pleasure.

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Pearce, Leesa A., Anthony S. Leicht, Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano, Wade H. Sinclair, and Carl T. Woods. "The type and variation of evasive manoeuvres during an attacking task differ across a rugby league development pathway." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1834490.

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Romey, William L., Magenta M. Miller, and Jose M. Vidal. "Collision avoidance during group evasive manoeuvres: a comparison of real versus simulated swarms with manipulated vision and surface wave detectors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20140812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0812.

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Coordinated group motion has been studied extensively both in real systems (flocks, swarms and schools) and in simulations (self-propelled particle (SPP) models using attraction and repulsion rules). Rarely are attraction and repulsion rules manipulated, and the resulting emergent behaviours of real and simulation systems are compared. We compare swarms of sensory-deprived whirligig beetles with matching simulation models. Whirligigs live at the water's surface and coordinate their grouping using their eyes and antennae. We filmed groups of beetles in which antennae or eyes had been unilaterally obstructed and measured individual and group behaviours. We then developed and compared eight SPP simulation models. Eye-less beetles formed larger diameter resting groups than antenna-less or control groups. Antenna-less groups collided more often with each other during evasive group movements than did eye-less or control groups. Simulations of antenna-less individuals produced no difference from a control (or a slight decrease) in group diameter. Simulations of eye-less individuals produced an increase in group diameter. Our study is important in (i) differentiating between group attraction and repulsion rules, (ii) directly comparing emergent properties of real and simulated groups, and (iii) exploring a new sensory modality (surface wave detection) to coordinate group movement.

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Özlem, Şirin, Yiğit Can Altan, Emre N. Otay, and İlhan Or. "Grounding Probability in Narrow Waterways." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463319000572.

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The Strait of Istanbul is one of the world's busiest, narrowest and most winding waterways. As such, there is a high grounding probability for vessels. Although a number of grounding probability models exist, they have been deemed unsuitable by local maritime experts, due to their insufficient stopping distance criteria for narrow waterways. Thus, there is a need for a new model. This paper proposes a two-component grounding probability model that multiplies the geometric grounding probability (calculated with a kinematic-based model) with the causation probability (calculated with a specially designed Bayesian network). The geometric probability model is improved in terms of stopping distance parameters and the Bayesian network is crafted for narrow waterways. The model is then deployed with pre-determined parameters within the Strait of Istanbul to run risk analysis scenarios. The results, validated with actual grounding records, show that the causation probability is the key component for quantifying the probability of grounding in narrow waterways. If navigated without frequent evasive manoeuvres, grounding would be almost inevitable. Although this study focuses on the Strait of Istanbul, the proposed approach can be applied to research into grounding probability of vessels navigating through other waterways.

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Doll, Dietrich, Ville Vänni, Lauri Handolin, K. Fortounis, B. Fyntanidou, and B. Monzon. "Don’t Lose Your Heart to a Car. Extracorporeal Ejection of the Heart by Forceful Upward Thoraco-abdominal Blunt Trauma in Human and Animal." Albanian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 4, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32391/ajtes.v4i2.115.

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The traumatic extracorporeal ejection of a beating heart has not been witnessed and reported in the literature previously, to our knowledge. Here we present two cases of vehicle accidents leading to this fatal injury, both in a rabbit and a human. Case 1. One late evening in June, in the land of the midnight sun, a young man was driving to his favourite fishing river for a spot of trout fishing in a remote part of Eastern Finland. While driving his aged Nissan Almera at 60 km/h down a dusty gravel road on this dusky night, suddenly a young male rabbit jumped onto the road and appeared in the beam of his headlights. Despite the man’s evasive manoeuvres, the rabbit was struck by the left front corner of the car. After hitting the brakes and the car eventually coming to a standstill, the young man went to inspect the animal he had hit…. In conclusion, we present that in a very rare constellation of forceful blunt trauma to the chest, the heart can be completely avulsed and ejected from the body in human as in animals. Larger prospective and randomised studies are probably not needed to confirm these findings. Just be careful – it is possible to lose your heart to a car.

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Jönsson, Mikael, Lynn Ranåker, P. Anders Nilsson, and Christer Brönmark. "Foraging efficiency and prey selectivity in a visual predator: differential effects of turbid and humic water." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 12 (December 2013): 1685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0150.

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Predators exert strong regulating forces on lower trophic levels through predation. As most fish are visual foragers, visual conditions in the water may alter the strength of this regulation. We evaluated effects of turbidity and humic water on foraging efficiency and prey-size selectivity in Northern pike (Esox lucius) feeding on roach (Rutilus rutilus). Encounter rates decreased in both turbid and humic water but were not counteracted by increased searching activity. Capture success was unaffected by turbidity but was nonlinearly affected by humic water by being high in clear and highly humic water but low in less humic water. In highly humic water, the visual range approached pike’s strike distance and, together with its cryptic colours, pike may have initiated its attack before the prey detected it, limiting the possibility for prey evasive manoeuvres. Prey-size selectivity towards small prey in clear water disappeared in turbid water but was maintained in humic water. Owing to its optical properties, turbidity degrades the quality of the visual information more through scattering than humic water does through absorption. We show that the effect of visual degradation on foraging depends on the cause of visual degradation, which has not previously been acknowledged in the visual foraging literature.

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Plavc, Gaber, and Primoz Strojan. "Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy in definitive treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: review of current clinical trials." Radiology and Oncology 54, no. 4 (October 11, 2020): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2020-0060.

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AbstractBackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents as locally advanced disease in a majority of patients and is prone to relapse despite aggressive treatment. Since immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown clinically significant efficacy in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC), a plethora of trials are investigating their role in earlier stages of disease. At the same time, preclinical data showed the synergistic role of concurrently administered radiotherapy and ICIs (immunoradiotherapy) and explained several mechanisms behind it. Therefore, this approach is prospectively tested in a neoadjuvant, definitive, or adjuvant setting in non-R/M HNSCC patients. Due to the intricate relationship between host, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, each of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. In this narrative review we present the biological background of immunoradiotherapy, as well as a rationale for, and possible flaws of, each treatment approach, and provide readers with a critical summary of completed and ongoing trials.ConclusionsWhile immunotherapy with ICIs has already become a standard part of treatment in patients with R/M HNSCC, its efficacy in a non-R/M HNSCC setting is still the subject of extensive clinical testing. Irradiation can overcome some of the cancer’s immune evasive manoeuvres and can lead to a synergistic effect with ICIs, with possible additional benefits of concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of this combination is not robust and details in trial design and treatment delivery seem to be of unprecedented importance.

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Thevenon, Herve, and Gerit Pfuhl. "Discrepancies in the spiking threshold and frequency sensitivity of nocturnal moths explainable by biases in the canonical auditory stimulation method." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 172404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172404.

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The auditory stimulation method used in experiments on moth A cell(s) is generally believed to be adequate to characterize the encoding of bat echolocation signals. The stimulation method hosts, though, several biases. Their compounded effects can explain a range of discrepancies between the reported electrophysiological recordings and significantly alter the current interpretation. To test the hypothesis that the bias may significantly alter our current understanding of the moth's auditory transducer characteristics, papers using the same auditory stimulation method and reporting on either spiking threshold or spiking activity of the moth's A cells were analysed. The consistency of the reported data was assessed. A range of corrections issued from best practices and theoretical background were applied to the data in an attempt to re-interpret the data. We found that it is not possible to apply a posteriori corrections to all data and bias. However the corrected data indicate that the A cell's spiking may (i) be independent of the repetition rate, (ii) be maximum when detecting long and low-intensity pulses and (iii) steadily reduce as the bat closes on the moth. These observations raise the possibility that a fixed action pattern drives the moths' erratic evasive manoeuvres until the final moment. In-depth investigations of the potential bias also suggest that the auditory transducer's response may be constant for a larger frequency range than thought so far, and provide clues to explain the negative taxis in response to the searching bats' calls detection.

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Brecht, Michael, Robert Naumann, Farzana Anjum, Jason Wolfe, Martin Munz, Carolin Mende, and Claudia Roth-Alpermann. "The neurobiology of Etruscan shrew active touch." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1581 (November 12, 2011): 3026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0160.

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The Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus , is not only the smallest terrestrial mammal, but also one of the fastest and most tactile hunters described to date. The shrew's skeletal muscle consists entirely of fast-twitch types and lacks slow fibres. Etruscan shrews detect, overwhelm, and kill insect prey in large numbers in darkness. The cricket prey is exquisitely mechanosensitive and fast-moving, and is as big as the shrew itself. Experiments with prey replica show that shape cues are both necessary and sufficient for evoking attacks. Shrew attacks are whisker guided by motion- and size-invariant Gestalt-like prey representations. Shrews often attack their prey prior to any signs of evasive manoeuvres. Shrews whisk at frequencies of approximately 14 Hz and can react with latencies as short as 25–30 ms to prey movement. The speed of attacks suggests that shrews identify and classify prey with a single touch. Large parts of the shrew's brain respond to vibrissal touch, which is represented in at least four cortical areas comprising collectively about a third of the cortical volume. Etruscan shrews can enter a torpid state and reduce their body temperature; we observed that cortical response latencies become two to three times longer when body temperature drops from 36°C to 24°C, suggesting that endothermy contributes to the animal's high-speed sensorimotor performance. We argue that small size, high-speed behaviour and extreme dependence on touch are not coincidental, but reflect an evolutionary strategy, in which the metabolic costs of small body size are outweighed by the advantages of being a short-range high-speed touch and kill predator.

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Chua, Kie Hian, Savio Coutinho, Aizad Norahim, and Dimitrios Konovessis. "Development of Recommendations for Digital Testing of MASS Navigation Safety prior to Sea Trials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2311, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2311/1/012025.

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Abstract For Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), a key area that has seen active development is in the use of autonomous capabilities for vessel navigation and control. This can range from a simple use case of waypoint navigation, which takes into account bathymetry and navigation markers, to complex collision avoidance scenarios where the autonomous systems are required to detect, evaluate and execute evasive manoeuvres based on time and spatially varying dynamic behaviour of other vessels. In Singapore, it has been identified that there is a need to carry out accurate digital testing of MASS navigation safety before sea trials. This is where a vessel developer is required to demonstrate that the MASS is able to carry out the sea trials safely, and to stress test high risk scenarios that may not be practicably tested in the sea trials. A study has been carried out to develop recommendations for the digital testing, which takes into consideration the need for accurate representation of the actual MASS being built, as well as the verification of the autonomous navigation algorithm’s capabilities to safely control the vessel in real-world scenarios. Based on the study, a three-stage framework is proposed. Firstly, the accuracy of the digital model in representing the dynamic responses of the actual vessel is verified and any discrepancy with benchmark data is to be quantified. Secondly, tests are carried out to ascertain that the autonomous navigation algorithm is able to control (virtually) the dynamically-accurate vessel from one point to another, taking into account the real-world environmental loads. Lastly, the ability of the autonomous navigation algorithm in carrying out collision detection and avoidance is verified. As part of the study, a review of the current state-of-art and engagement with the industry has been carried out. These details are described in this paper.

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Harman, Erika. "Evasive Manoeuvers: Inquisitio and the Lollards." Yearbook of Langland Studies 32 (January 2018): 127–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.yls.5.116150.

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Poll, D. I. A. "On the relationship between non-optimum operations and fuel requirement for large civil transport aircraft, with reference to environmental impact and contrail avoidance strategy." Aeronautical Journal 122, no. 1258 (December 2018): 1827–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.121.

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ABSTRACTThe general problem of determining cruise fuel burn is addressed by considering the variation of the product of engine overall efficiency and airframe lift-to-drag ratio, (ηoL/D), with Mach number and lift coefficient. This quantity is the aerothermodynamic determinant of fuel burn rate. Using a small amount of real aircraft data and exploiting normalisation, it is found that near universal relationships exist between the key variables. With this major simplification, an analytic, near exact solution is derived in which the aircraft-related input data are reduced to just three parameters, namely the optimum value of (ηoL/D) and the lift coefficient and Mach number combination at which it occurs. These are quantities that are either available from open information sources or can be estimated using established analytic methods. By introducing models of the take-off and climb and the descent and landing phases, the method is extended to provide accurate trip fuel estimates.It is shown that there is an ideal flight level (IFL) at which the fuel consumption rate is a minimum for all speeds in the normal cruise operating range. Furthermore, the IFL at the end of cruise is approximately the same for all aircraft, whilst the IFL at the beginning of cruise depends, primarily, on the distance to be flown. There is little dependence on the size of the aircraft, or its take-off mass.In the context of the ‘fuel-based’ assessment of operational inefficiency, the method is further developed to determine the sensitivity of the trip fuel requirement to changes in the operational parameters governed by air traffic management (ATM). The result is two simple equations. These are used to estimate the current ATM fuel burden. At the global level, this is about 20% with more than half being attributable to flights of less than 1,200 km.Finally, the method is used to estimate the fuel burn penalty associated with reducing contrail formation by simply avoiding those regions of the atmosphere that are supersaturated with respect to ice. If the aircraft is at the IFL when avoiding action is required, flying below the supersaturated region minimises the additional fuel use. Even when multiple evasive manoeuvres are needed, the additional trip fuel requirement is expected to be less than 0.5%.

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Chen, Jian, Qilun Zhao, Zixuan Liang, Peng Li, Zhang Ren, and Yongjun Zheng. "Fractional Calculus Guidance Algorithm in a Hypersonic Pursuit-Evasion Game." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10897.

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<p class="p1">Aiming at intercepting a hypersonic weapon in a hypersonic pursuit-evasion game, this paper presents a fractional calculus guidance algorithm based on a nonlinear proportional and differential guidance law. First, under the premise of without increasing the complexity degree of the guidance system against a hypersonic manoeuvering target, the principle that the differential signal of the line-of-sight rate is more sensitive to the target manoeuver than the line-of-sight rate is employed as the guidelines to design the guidance law. A nonlinear proportional and differential guidance law (NPDG) is designed by using the differential derivative of the line-of-sight rate from a nonlinear tracking differentiator. By using the differential definition of fractional calculus, on the basis of the NPDG, a fractional calculus guidance law (FCG) is proposed. According to relative motions between the interceptor and target, the guidance system stability condition with the FCG is given and quantitative values are also proposed for the parameters of the FCG. Under different target manoeuver conditions and noisy conditions, the interception accuracy and robustness of these two guidance laws are analysed. Numerical experimental results demonstrate that the proposed guidance algorithms effectively reduce the miss distance against target manoeuvers. Compared with the NPDG, a stronger robustness of the FCG is shown under noisy condition.</p>

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Arikere, Adithya, Derong Yang, Matthijs Klomp, and Mathias Lidberg. "Integrated evasive manoeuvre assist for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles." Vehicle System Dynamics 56, no. 10 (January 12, 2018): 1577–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2017.1423091.

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Orbach, Dara N., Jane M. Packard, Theresa Kirchner, and Bernd Würsig. "Evasive behaviours of female dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) during exploitative scramble competition." Behaviour 152, no. 14 (2015): 1953–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003310.

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When males engage in scramble competition, are females non-evasive recipients of male coercion or evasive? Small groups of male dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) engage in exploitative (non-interference) scramble competition for access to oestrous females near Kaikoura, New Zealand. We conducted behavioural sequence analyses of videos of 48 mating groups with continuous records and focal individual follows of females. We determined (1) the frequency and type of behaviours (non-evasive vs. evasive), (2) the variation in simple transition probabilities of behaviours leading to a copulatory position associated with female resistance and non-resistance and (3) the variation in female responses to male behaviours throughout focal follows. Females exhibited frequent active evasive manoeuvers following male behaviours. Copulation sequences were highly variable and most complex when terminated by females. Females altered responses to male signals, one aspect of mate choice potentially favouring male endurance.

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Sharma, Amit, Brij B. Gupta, Awadhesh Kumar Singh, and V. K. Saraswat. "Orchestration of APT malware evasive manoeuvers employed for eluding anti-virus and sandbox defense." Computers & Security 115 (April 2022): 102627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102627.

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Yeoh, Peter. "Tax Efficient and Tax Secrecy Destinations: Legal, Okay or Not?" Business Law Review 39, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2018009.

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Summary This article examines revelations of the Panama Papers and Paradise Papers that suggest the controversial roles of offshore financial centres for tax avoidance, tax evasion, and money laundering manoeuvers. It follows through with a review of suggested remedial responses.

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Petersen, Andrew, and Rod Barrett. "Postural stability and vehicle kinematics during an evasive lane change manoeuvre: A driver training study." Ergonomics 52, no. 5 (May 2009): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130802419495.

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Graffstein, Jerzy. "The Avoiding Manoeuvre Against Aggregated Group of Obstacles Moving Around the Airplane." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_239/5.

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Successful avoidance of a mid air collision with moving obstacles depends on solutions of some most essential problems, e.g.: quick detection of an obstacle, verification whether detected obstacle is a critical one and making right decision on evasive manoeuvre. This decision – making process requires an appropriate identification of a threat’s nature, including whether detected obstacles should be treated as one aggregated group. Aggregation of obstacles moving in short distance one to the other is a typical case. The paper addresses also the case of inclusion the obstacle to the group objects moving in longer distances one to the other. The algorithm used for deciding whether a moving obstacle should be added to (aggregated with) a given group has been presented. A method for computing its characteristic parameters has been presented too. Selected scenarios of avoiding the aggregated group of moving obstacles have been simulated and results obtained illustrates problems considered.

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Vestre, Arnstein, Azzeddine Bakdi, Erik Vanem, and Øystein Engelhardtsen. "AIS-based near-collision database generation and analysis of real collision avoidance manoeuvres." Journal of Navigation 74, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 985–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463321000357.

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AbstractEconomic and technological development has increased the amount, density and complexity of maritime traffic, which has resulted in new challenges. One challenge is conforming to the distinct evasion manoeuvres required by vessels entering into near-collision situations (NCSs). Existing rules are vague and do not precisely dictate which, when and how collision avoidance manoeuvres (CAMs) should be executed. The automatic identification system (AIS) is widely used for vessel monitoring and traffic control. This paper presents an efficient, scalable method for processing large-scale raw AIS data using the closest point of approach (CPA) framework. NCSs are identified to create a database of historical traffic data. Important features describing CAMs are defined, estimated and analysed. Applications on a high-quality real-world data set show promising results for a subset of the identified situations. Future applications may play a significant role in the maritime regulatory framework, navigation protocol compliance evaluation, risk assessment, automatic collision avoidance, and algorithm design and testing for autonomous vessels.

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Graffstein, Jerzy. "An evasive manoeuvre, automatically controlled to avoid the one of a group of many obstacles moving in a vicinity of flying airplane." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4065.

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Detection of a collision threat and an appropriate decision on passing by an obstacle are necessary for solving the problem of collision avoidance in case of aircraft motion within the airspace. In the article a method for detecting a threat of collision with the obstacle is presented for the case of many moving objects appearing within the neighbourhood of the aircraft. The analysis of an algorithm for making a preliminary decision on avoiding a collision with more than one moving obstacle was carried out. The shape of a class of evasive trajectories was proposed, and its reliability was proved. Numerical simulations of flight were completed for the considered type of aircraft in aforementioned conditions. The scope of these simulations covered all phases of obstacle avoiding manoeuvre, including a return to a straight-line part of flight trajectory pre-planned before the start. Automatycznie sterowany manewr omijania jednej spośród grupy przeszkód poruszających się w otoczeniu lecącego samolotu Streszczenie: Do rozwiązania problemu unikania przeszkód przez poruszający się samolot w przestrzeni powietrznej niezbędne jest wykrycie zagrożenia kolizji oraz podjęcie właściwej decyzji o sposobie ominięcia przeszkody. W artykule przedstawiono sposób wykrywania niebezpieczeństwa zderzenia z przeszkodą dla przypadku, gdy w otoczeniu samolotu znajduje się wiele ruchomych obiektów. Przeprowadzono analizę algorytmu podejmowania wstępnych decyzji o sposobie unikania kolizji z więcej niż jedną ruchomą przeszkodą. Zaproponowano kształt klasy trajektorii manewru omijania i potwierdzono jej wykonalność na drodze symulacji numerycznej. Wykonano symulację numeryczną lotu przyjętego typu samolotu we wspomnianych warunkach. Zakres tych symulacji obejmował wszystkie fazy manewru omijania przeszkody, włącznie z powrotem do prostoliniowego odcinka lotu, stanowiącego fragment trasy zaplanowanej przed startem. Słowa kluczowe: unikanie przeszkód, systemy antykolizyjne, symulacja komputerowa, dynamika lotu

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Pyatakov, E. N. "Features of calculating the parameters of evasion manoeuvre for locally independent control of the process of ship's passing." Science and Education a New Dimension V(148), no. 16 (December 25, 2017): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-nt2017-148v16-24.

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Lex, Cornelia, Andrés Eduardo Rojas, Haymo Niederkofler, and Arno Eichberger. "Evaluation of the potential of active powertrain, braking and steering systems based on in-wheel motors to improve the effectiveness of an evasive manoeuvre assistant." International Journal of Powertrains 2, no. 2/3 (2013): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2013.054153.

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McHenry, M. J., K. E. Feitl, J. A. Strother, and W. J. Van Trump. "Larval zebrafish rapidly sense the water flow of a predator's strike." Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (March 25, 2009): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0048.

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Larval fishes have a remarkable ability to sense and evade the feeding strike of a predator fish with a rapid escape manoeuvre. Although the neuromuscular control of this behaviour is well studied, it is not clear what stimulus allows a larva to sense a predator. Here we show that this escape response is triggered by the water flow created during a predator's strike. Using a novel device, the impulse chamber, zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) larvae were exposed to this accelerating flow with high repeatability. Larvae responded to this stimulus with an escape response having a latency (mode=13–15 ms) that was fast enough to respond to predators. This flow was detected by the lateral line system, which includes mechanosensory hair cells within the skin. Pharmacologically ablating these cells caused the escape response to diminish, but then recover as the hair cells regenerated. These findings demonstrate that the lateral line system plays a role in predator evasion at this vulnerable stage of growth in fishes.

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Krata, Przemysław, and Jakub Montewka. "Assessment of a critical area for a give-way ship in a collision encounter." Archives of Transport 34, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1169212.

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Evasive action in ship-ship encounter has to be carried out on time and in line with the international convention on collision regulation – COLREG. The convention not only includes a set of rules defining types of relations between encountering ships but also indicates appropriate action to be taken in a given encounter. One of such encounters is crossing, where, in case of a collision situation, a give-way ship has to take an appropriate action in due time. However, a stand-on vessel is also given an opportunity to manoeuver, if it is made clear to her that the other ship is not fulfilling her obligations. However, it is difficult to specify, at which point in time in the course of an encounter, the stand-on ship has to take an action in order to avoid collision. It is understandable, as this parameter depends on numerous factors, both endogenous (e.g. ship characteristics, her maneuverability), and exogenous (e.g. type of encounter, weather conditions). Therefore in this paper we make an attempt towards the definition of the critical area for a maneuver of a stand-on ship, in the situation where the give-way vessel does not take an action. This is determined with the use of a hydrodynamic model of ship motion, and series of simulations conducted for several types of encountering ships under various conditions. Once determined, the critical area demarcates the no-go area around the own ship, where any other ships on collision courses must not enter. Otherwise a collision cannot be avoided by an action of one ship alone.

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Ranatunga∗, S. R., and S. P. Kumarawadu∗. "COOPERATIVELY CONTROLLED COLLISION EVASIVE EMERGENCY MANOEUVRES." Control and Intelligent Systems 36, no. 4 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/journal.201.2008.4.201-1974.

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Brighton, Caroline H., Katherine E. Chapman, Nicholas C. Fox, and Graham K. Taylor. "Attack behaviour in naive gyrfalcons is modelled by the same guidance law as in peregrine falcons, but at a lower guidance gain." Journal of Experimental Biology 224, no. 5 (March 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.238493.

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ABSTRACT The aerial hunting behaviours of birds are strongly influenced by flight morphology and ecology, but little is known of how this relates to the behavioural algorithms guiding flight. Here, we used GPS loggers to record the attack trajectories of captive-bred gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) during their maiden flights against robotic aerial targets, which we compared with existing flight data from peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). The attack trajectories of both species were well modelled by a proportional navigation (PN) guidance law, which commands turning in proportion to the angular rate of the line-of-sight to target, at a guidance gain N. However, naive gyrfalcons operate at significantly lower values of N than peregrine falcons, producing slower turning and a longer path to intercept. Gyrfalcons are less manoeuvrable than peregrine falcons, but physical constraint is insufficient to explain the lower values of N we found, which may reflect either the inexperience of the individual birds or ecological adaptation at the species level. For example, low values of N promote the tail-chasing behaviour that is typical of wild gyrfalcons and which apparently serves to tire their prey in a prolonged high-speed pursuit. Likewise, during close pursuit of typical fast evasive prey, PN will be less prone to being thrown off by erratic target manoeuvres at low guidance gain. The fact that low-gain PN successfully models the maiden attack flights of gyrfalcons suggests that this behavioural algorithm is embedded in a guidance pathway ancestral to the clade containing gyrfalcons and peregrine falcons, though perhaps with much deeper evolutionary origins.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Evasive Manoeuvres'

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