Relevant bibliographies by topics / Evasion

Academic literature on the topic 'Evasion'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Evasion"

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Huls, Erica. "Vraagontwijking Van Manlijke en Vrouwelijke Politici en Niet-politici." In gesprek 78 (January 1, 2007): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.78.04hul.

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News interviews play an important role in the way the formation of opinions. The details of this type of interaction have been studied quite recently by a number of scholars. In this study observational categories for evasive conversational behaviour, as proposed by these researchers, are applied to interviewees differing in gender and political activity. Its main question is: do interviewees of different gender and political commitment differ in their evasive reactions to questions? The data consist of 32 10-minute clips from interviews broadcast on Dutch TV or radio in 2003, 2004 and 2005. In the analysis, four different types of evasion were distinguished: 1 Evasion by changing the discourse roles. Interviewees can avoid answering questions by adopting behaviour typical of the interviewer role, such as posing counter questions, listening actively instead of speaking, or changing the agenda of the interview. 2 Evasion by playing with the rules for turn taking, for example, by interrupting the interviewer. 3 Evasion by couching the answer in avoiding terms or by being polite and indirect. 4 Evasion by questioning the question (its relevance, appropriateness or formulation), questioning a presupposition or giving a non-answer. Not surprisingly, the results show that politicians are more evasive than non-politicians. Less predictably, however, they also show that males are more evasive than females. The effect of gender is not as strong as that of political activity. When comparing male and female politicians, it turns out that both groups are often evasive, but make use of different means. Female non-politicians use evasions remarkably infrequently.
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Guo, Xinxin, An Guo, and Suping Zhao. "Null-Space-Based Multi-Player Pursuit-Evasion Games Using Minimum and Maximum Approximation Functions." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 3729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223729.

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In this article, pursuit and evasion policies are developed for multi-player pursuit–evasion games, while obstacle avoidance and velocity constraints are considered simultaneously. As minimum and maximum approximation functions are both differentiable, pursuit and evasion objectives can be transformed into solving the corresponding differential expressions. For obstacle avoidance, a modified null-space-based approach is designed, which can ensure that all pursuers and evaders of pursuit–evasions are safe to minimize pursuit objective and maximize evasion objective, respectively. Rigorous theoretical analyses are provided to design constrained pursuit and evasion policies with obstacle avoidance. Finally, the performance of proposed policies is demonstrated by simulation results in 3-dimensional space.
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Giarrizzo, Victoria, and Juan Sebastián Sibori. "La inconsistencia de la moral tributaria : El caso de los moralistas evasores." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 10 (June 1, 2010): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i10.641.

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La evasión tributaria es un fenómeno complejo. No existen causas ni soluciones únicas. Sin embargo, un factor determinante es la moral del contribuyente. Si bien el cumplimiento fiscal es un deber ciudadano, una de las cuestiones que se plantean cuando se explora la evasión en los países con incumplimiento tributario, es cuál es el grado de moral tributaria en esa sociedad, surgiendo preguntas como: ¿la evasión fiscal ocurre por la ausencia de moral tributaria o a pesar de la existencia de moral tributaria? Este trabajo explora la moral tributaria en la sociedad argentina, presentando evidencia sobre el grado de moral de los contribuyentes y destacando cómo un porcentaje mayoritario de la población entiende el incumplimiento fiscal como una acción incorrecta pero a pesar de ello, evade. Así, mientras la evidencia muestra que en los países con alto cumplimiento tributario la moral tributaria es elevada, no siempre ocurre el caso inverso. Sociedades con elevada moral tributaria pueden convivir con elevados niveles de evasión, irrumpiendo en escena un grupo de 'Moralistas Evasores'.<br /><br />The tax evasion is a complex phenomenon. There are neither single causes nor single solutions. Nevertheless, a determinant factor is the taxpayer's morality. Although the tax compliance is a civic duty, one of the questions that appears when the evasion is explored in the countries with substantial levels of evasion, is the degree of tax morality in those countries. Some questions arise such as: Does tax evasion happen for the absence of tax morality or spite of it? This paper explores the tax morality in Argentina, presenting evidence of a level of tax morality and emphasizing how an important part of the population understands evasion as an incorrect action, but even thought they evade. In so doing, while the evidence shows that in countries with high tax payment the tax morality is high, but it does not happen the other way round. Countries with high tax morality can coexist with high levels of evasion, appearing a group of 'Moralist Evaders'.
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Ochoa León, Martha. "Elusión o evasión fiscal / Tax avoidance or evasion." RICEA Revista Iberoamericana de Contaduría, Economía y Administración 3, no. 5 (November 21, 2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23913/ricea.v3i5.19.

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Elusión o Evasión Fiscal, figuras que encontramos dentro del Derecho Tributario, derecho que regula las normas y principios para la obtención de la contribuciones, como el ingreso más importante que un Estado requiere para realizar su actividad económica, la cual se enfoca en el bienestar común de una sociedad, vertida primordialmente en Educación, Seguridad, y Salud, por lo tanto, a mayores recursos, mejores Programas.
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Chikha, Elisabeth. "Evasion." Hommes et Migrations 1145, no. 1 (1991): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/homig.1991.1699.

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Burmester, Brent, and Joanna Scott-Kennel. "Hide and seek: evasion and search as FDI motivation." critical perspectives on international business 15, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-07-2018-0064.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to argue for inclusion of evasive foreign direct investment (FDI) into search-based motivation typologies in international business. Design/methodology/approach Critically reassessing academic literature and using anecdotal evidence, the authors augment the theory of FDI motivation with the concept of evasion. Findings Evasive FDI is a firm-level response to denial-of-privilege by a state. Divergence of policy environments between home and host prompts relocation or international expansion of productive assets and often the affectation of ‘foreignness’ by the multinational enterprise (MNE). The role of responsibility evasion via FDI is understood in the research literature, mainly because of an emphasis on search-based motives and a failure to distinguish between escape and evasion. International business research is vulnerable to mis-identification of FDI motive which consequently distorts its strategic and policy implications. Originality/value The argument for inclusion of evasive FDI serves to augment the established, yet asymmetrically focussed typology of search FDI, demonstrating that evasion is conceptually and analytically distinguishable from search. Further, an augmented typology lends accuracy and insight to research into the reconfiguration strategies of MNEs and legitimation of the international business discipline itself, providing researchers with a more comprehensive account of FDI causation and offering new research paths.
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Krasniqi, Fatmire, and Gezim Jusufi. "Tax evasion as a criminal offense in developing countries: Some perception from business organizations." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 6, no. 4, special issue (2022): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv6i4sip12.

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A reduced budget negatively affects the socio-economic development of developing countries. The research problem lies in analyzing the views of 200 Kosovar taxpayers of business organizations, regarding the impact of fiscal evasion on socio-economic development. The purpose of this research is to analyze the views of business organizations regarding weak penalties for tax evasion in Kosovo, tax rates in Kosovo, tax authority in Kosovo, and their impact on the level of fiscal evasion in Kosovo. The methodology of this paper is based on descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and ANOVA. The contribution of this paper lies in the fact that it is one of the first papers that has theoretically addressed tax evasion and its impact on the socio-economic development of Kosovo, therefore, this is where the relevance of this study lies. So, as the research of Abdixhiku, Krasniqi, Pugh, and Hashi (2017), this paper also provided evidence related to tax evasive behavior of Kosovo business organizations. The main findings of the research show that the level of taxes affects the level of tax evasion, so the perceptions of business organizations are that the current level of taxes affects the growth of fiscal evasion, which is harmful to the socio-economic development of developing countries. Tax evasion is a criminal offense against the economy (Ameyaw, Addai, Ashalley, & Quaye, 2015). This activity has a devastating effect on the state budget (Omodero, 2019). In conclusion, it can be affirmed that the level of taxes for Kosovo’s organizations should be reviewed with the aim of reducing the current level of fiscal evasion.
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Baldwin, Louise A., Nenad Bartonicek, Jessica Yang, Sunny Z. Wu, Niantao Deng, Daniel Roden, Chia-Ling Chan, et al. "Abstract P1-04-04: Dna barcoding reveals ongoing immunoediting of clonal cancer populations during metastatic progression and in response to immunotherapy." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P1–04–04—P1–04–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p1-04-04.

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Abstract As cancers develop and spread they must continually evade immune destruction. Understanding mechanisms of immune evasion in cancer is clinically significant as demonstrated with the successes of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Breast cancer is known to be highly immune evasive and responds poorly to the current immunotherapies, indicating alternative immune pathways must be targeted. We hypothesise that there are unidentified genetic mechanisms that enable immune evasion in breast cancer. We aim to uncover and target these mechanisms to sensitise immune evasive breast cancer cells to immune destruction in the context of immunotherapy treatment. DNA barcoding technology offers a new approach to understanding immune evasion. By stably integrating a unique DNA barcode sequence into each cell, we can study clonal immune evasion in vivo. Using this technology, we identified cancer cell clones from the 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cell line that are highly enriched in lung metastases following treatment with combination immunotherapy (anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1). We isolated these specific immune evasive clones and established them as clonal cell lines. We have identified stark clonal differences in both PD-L1 and MHC I expression at both the RNA and protein level, and shown that MHC I expression is only partially controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, immune evasive subclones co-cultured with stimulated T cells resulted in less activated T cells than their less evasive counterparts. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of these clones has identified a gene signature that is strongly associated with decreased survival in both the METABRIC and TCGA cohorts. We have demonstrated ongoing immunoediting in the 4T1 model in vivo, both during metastasis and immunotherapy treatment. We have also identified subclonal populations of cells within a single tumour utilising different mechanisms of immune evasion. RNA sequencing has revealed a gene signature strongly associated with poor survival of basal-like breast cancer in two cohorts. Further pathway-level analysis of the resulting gene signature is required to elucidate the drivers of this aggressive and immune evasive phenotype. By targeting newly identified mechanisms of immune evasion in combination with current immunotherapies, we hope to improve the long-term survival of breast cancer patients. Citation Format: Louise A Baldwin, Nenad Bartonicek, Jessica Yang, Sunny Z Wu, Niantao Deng, Daniel Roden, Chia-Ling Chan, Ghamdan Al-Eryani, Damien J Zanker, Belinda S Parker, Alexander Swarbrick, Simon Junankar. Dna barcoding reveals ongoing immunoediting of clonal cancer populations during metastatic progression and in response to immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-04.
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Mohammed Elsabagh, Mostafa. "Evading Evasion." Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal, no. 1 (November 25, 2018): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i1.1910.

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The CRISPR-Cas9 system has paved the way for realizing gene-editing, but its main weakness lies in its potential for off-target effects. Studies into phages reveal that they express “anti-CRISPR” proteins which if harnessed, could provide us with the solution to this lack of control.
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Gilbert, Miriam, and A. P. Riemer. "Thematic Evasion." Shakespeare Quarterly 36, no. 3 (1985): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2869727.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evasion"

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Pasolini-Fédida, Cathy. "Evasion fiscale internationale." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE0006.

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L'évasion fiscale internationale consiste pour le contribuable à utiliser les failles des systèmes juridiques et non d'en violer les règles. Cette pratique n'est possible que grâce à l'existence des paradis fiscaux. En cernant les caracteristiques de ces pays à régimes fiscal privilégié, nous constatons que certains présentent des avantages pour les personnes physiques, tels que Monaco ou Andorre, et d'autres pour les personnes morales, tels que Jersey ou les Bahamas. Chaque paradis fiscal a sa spécificité et leur utilisation est savamment maniée par les contribuables qui en sont clients. Ainsi, deux méthodes essentielles permettent l'évasion fiscale : il s'agit tout d'abord d'une stratégie fiscale mise en place au sein d'un groupe de sociétés entrainant la manipulation des prix de transfert. La seconde méthode consiste en la création d'une société intermédiaire, dont le type le plus repandu est la société holding. Bien entendu, la répression des abus est nécessaire. Elle se situe au niveau législatif, avec notamment la maitrise des transferts de bénéfices à l'etranger. Mais cette lutte est également présente au niveau international, grâce à la création de nombreuses conventions fiscales bilatérales et multilatérales, ayant pour modèle la convention de l'organisation pour la coopération et le développement en Europe.
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Sennoga, Edward Batte. "Essays on Tax Evasion." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/18.

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Essay one develops and tests a revenue-maximizing tax structure model. This model represents one of the first attempts to evaluate and compare the responsiveness of various tax instruments to tax evasion within a tax revenue maximization framework. We use data from both the OECD and East African countries and estimation is via a seemingly unrelated regression model. The GDP share of agricultural income is used as an instrument to correct for the simultaneity between tax revenue shares and tax evasion. Our findings indicate that tax evasion increases the tax authority’s reliance on consumption taxes vis-à-vis taxes on income, suggesting that diverse tax instruments respond differently to tax evasion, and as such the choice of a revenue-maximizing tax structure is influenced by the amount of revenue lost through tax evasion. Essay two analyzes the incidence of tax evasion in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy using a computable general equilibrium model. This essay incorporates the element of uncertainty in an individual’s decision to evade so as to account for the uncertainty of returns to the tax evader. We also allow for varying degrees of competi¬tion or entry across sectors in the economy to examine how much of the tax advantage is retained by the initial evaders and how much is shifted via factor and commodity price changes. Our simulation results show that the evading households’ post-evasion welfare is only 0.68-3.40 percent higher than the post-tax welfare if it had fully complied with taxes. The simulation results further reveal that the evading household keeps 77.1-83.2 percent of this initial increase in welfare, while 16.8-22.9 percent of this initial gain is competed away as a result of increased competition and entry into the informal sector. The compliant households’ welfare increases by 58.8-101.7 percent with increased competition in the informal sector. Therefore, if we construe the changes in consumer welfare as an overall indicator of the gains and/or losses from tax evasion, then the evading household only benefits marginally and this advantage diminishes with increased entry or competition in the informal sector.
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Close, Helen Judith. "Immune evasion in glioma." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16103/.

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain cancer and the current prognosis for patients is poor. New therapies are required that target the invasive cells that are characteristic of GBM. GBM is infiltrated by immune cells but, as with other cancers, immune evasion pathways minimise productive anti-tumour immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells are able to recognise and kill tumour cells and are being developed for the immunotherapy of other cancers. The aim of this work was to analyse the interaction between human NK cells and GBM cells in vivo and in vitro, as a prerequisite to future NK cell based immunotherapy of GBM. Analysis of the cell surface phenotype for GBM infiltrating NK and T cells revealed that the tumour microenvironment exerts localised immune evasion mechanisms which downregulate activation receptors and upregulate inhibitory receptors. The interaction of NK cells with patient-derived GBM stem cells, which are thought to be responsible for recurrent disease, was investigated in vitro. A high-throughput, multiplex flow cytometry-based screen of tumour cells revealed the expression of a number of cell surface molecules that regulate NK cell activation. Furthermore, GBM cells were more susceptible to NK cell lysis in vitro compared to a non-cancerous neural progenitor cell line, revealing specificity in the NK cell response. Furthermore, this screen identified potential mechanisms by which GBM might evade immune surveillance in vivo. Targeting these pathways and restoring functional immune surveillance provides a potential route for future immunotherapy of this disease. However, GBM patients often experience cerebral oedema and are treated with immunosuppressive corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone; this induces a similar immunosuppressed phenotype to that observed with the GBM infiltrating NK cells, and inhibits their lytic function. Gene expression profiling identified the transcription factor c-Myc as a key regulator of NK cell activation and as a hub for the immunosuppressive action of steroids and the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β. The demonstration that therapeutic steroids target the same pathway as TGF-β and induce immunosuppression has important implications for the use of steroids in patients undergoing immunotherapy.
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Rossi, Antonio <1996&gt. "The Evasion of Emotions." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18402.

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Since 1950s, starting with Schmölders’ publication, it has been ascertained that behavioural aspects have consequences on tax evasion, tax compliance and tax morale. Most of the researches in this field have focused on two aspects: explaining how tax behaviours are affected by individuals’ situation and by their social contest, and creating the microstructured datatsets required for such analysis. Following the tradition, this thesis will firstly presents an analysis on the psychological framework used to explain tax related behaviours, in particular with respect to tax evasion reporting by fellow citizen. In this study, citizens’ sentiment towards the local and national level administration is proxied through sentiment indexes based on geolocated twitter data. Secondly, it uses a dataset from the website evasori.info: who gathers anonymous reports from people which record illegal fiscal events as, for example, not emitted fiscal documents. It also records tax evaded amounts, economic sector, geolocalization of the event and even if the report ended with a signalling to the Italian tax police called Guardia di Finanza. The aim of the thesis is to investigate if there exists dependencies between spatial, social, demographic variables and the probability to report the aforementioned facts given that the illicit has actually happened and the reporter knew the existence of the website. This study will highlight the active role played by citizens tax behaviour and explain which factors affect their choice of signalling the event to the tax police. In addition, this study will explore changes in the reported tax evasion events, and their amounts, through time and space. To catch the essence of cultural and economic differences among different areas of Italy, three italian provinces will be analysed: Rome, Milan and Naples. The timespan taken in consideration brings together three governments: Monti’s, Renzi’s and Conte I’s ones. The empirical model will consist of a logit regression, in order to obtain indicators of how much individuals of different areas have different propensions to report illegal tax evasion behaviours to the tax police.
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Althorpe, Nicola Jayne. "Plasmid-mediated restriction evasion mechanisms." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30313.

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Plasmid ColIb-P9 (Incll) encodes mechanisms which allow it to avoid destruction by type I and type II restriction enzymes during transfer by conjugation between strains of Escherichia coli. A genetic system was developed to analyse these mechanisms. The system relied on measuring Collb-mediated rescue of the restriction-sensitive plasmid R751 (IncPp) from destruction by EcoKI (type I) and EcoRI (type II). One Collb mechanism was known to involve a plasmid-encoded antirestriction gene known as ardA, the product of which is active against type I enzymes. Tests for alleviation of EcoKI restriction of R751, showed strong protection by a co-transferring Collb (Ard+) plasmid, slight protection when Collb was resident in the recipient and no effect when Collb was immobilised in the donor by removal of its nic site. Hence, expression of ardA is activated in the recipient cell following transfer no detectable transfer of the ArdA protein occurs from the donor to the recipient. The ardA gene is found in the leading region of Collb, which is defined as the first segment of the plasmid to enter the recipient cell during conjugation. Nucleotide sequencing of 11.7 kb of this region identified ten open reading frames. Furthermore, the region also contains three dispersed repeat sequences homologous to a novel single-stranded DNA promoter described by Masai and Arai (1997, Cell 89, 897-907). It is proposed that these secondary structures form in the transferring T-strand of Collb and function as promoters for transcription of genes encoded on the unique plasmid strand transferred during conjugation. Another mechanism, which acts independently of ardA, alleviates restriction of both type I and type II enzymes in the recipient in second or subsequent rounds of transfer. Two separate mechanisms appear to be operating since alleviation of type I restriction occurs in trans and is constitutive. In contrast, alleviation of type II restriction is by a czs-acting mechanism. The 'substrate saturation' hypothesis, whereby increasing amounts of transferred DNA saturates the restriction system (Read et al. 1992, Mol Microbiol 6, 1933-1941) is ruled out by data presented.
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Odeberg, Jenny. "Human cytomegalovirus immune evasion strategies /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-126-8.

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Gmyrin, A. A. "Criminological characteristics of tax evasion." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41673.

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In scientific research and practice, various instruments are used for the disclosure of the content of the crime, which include, for example, criminal law,forensic and criminological characteristics, each of which reveals the content of the subject matter of the study (crime, criminal activity) from its own special point of view. With regard to the criminal legal characteristic, it is of great importance for a complete and objective assessment of the act committed, as well as for determining the boundaries and scope of application of the criminal law.
In scientific research and practice, various instruments are used for the disclosure of the content of the crime, which include, for example, criminal law,forensic and criminological characteristics, each of which reveals the content of the subject matter of the study (crime, criminal activity) from its own special point of view. With regard to the criminal legal characteristic, it is of great importance for a complete and objective assessment of the act committed, as well as for determining the boundaries and scope of application of the criminal law.
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Li, Dongxu. "Multi-player pursuit-evasion differential games." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164738831.

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Turner, Sean C. "Essays on Crime and Tax Evasion." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/64.

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This dissertation consists of three essays addressing two issues related to crime and tax evasion. The first essay investigates the relationship between property and violent crime with law enforcement expenditures. The second essay examines the market structure in transition economies and the effects on firm-level tax evasion. The third essay investigates the incidence of tax evasion in a general equilibrium framework. The topics in all three essays are linked by their focus on criminal or illegal behavior. The essays also answer questions related to developing sound governmental policy and decision-making. Chapter one attempts to identify the impact on crime of increasing law enforcement expenditures. We examine the specific channels the public has to influence crime (e.g., the level of expenditures, the number of police officers), to determine what role, if any, they may play in influencing crime rates for property crime and for violent crime. Conclusions in previous research are equivocal, and often do not adequately address the obvious simultaneity of crime and enforcement efforts. We use the Arellano-Bond system GMM estimation method to control for this simultaneity. Results from our preferred GMM estimation method show clearly that increases in law enforcement expenditures help reduce crime rates; other methodologies typically give results that are not robust. The second chapter extends previous empirical work evaluating the determinants of tax evasion by firms in which tax evasion may be similar to a tax advantage under the law. This chapter contributes to the tax evasion literature by identifying market structures in which it may be easier to evade or where high levels of evasion take place. Results indicate that fighting corruption is still an important factor in determining the level of evasion. However, the data also suggests a long run situation in which the tax advantage of evasion has been replicated and competed away; more competitive markets have lower levels of evasion whereas monopolistic markets have higher levels of evasion. Further, tax evasion will occur in more service oriented industries. Chapter three develops and calibrates a general equilibrium model to investigate how tax evasion affects the incidence of taxes. Previous tax incidence work has considered tax evasion; however little has been done considering the distributional impact of tax evasion. There may be cases in which individuals, other than evaders, indirectly benefit or lose from tax evasion. This work contributes to the literature by clearly linking the individual or firm decision to evade to a general equilibrium analysis of tax evasion using microeconomic foundations. Including evasion decisions in tax incidence analysis has implications for both tax policy and enforcement agency decision making, and is an important step toward understanding how evasion affects the whole economy.
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Solis, Mayra. "Immune evasion mechanisms by HIV-1." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103531.

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Induction of the innate immune response by viral pathogens is characterized by a rapid production of Type I interferons (IFNβ/α). Recognition of viral components by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), initiates multiple intracellular signalling cascades that culminate in the activation of the transcription factor NF-B and the interferon regulatory factors-3 and 7 (IRF-3 and IRF-7). As a consequence, these events lead to the production of immunoregulatory molecules, including Type I IFNs, pro-inflammatory cytokines and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), resulting in the inhibition of virus replication. Throughout evolution, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the innate immune response for their own benefit. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), the etiological agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been shown to evade the innate immune response, resulting in disease progression. Thus, understanding the distinct mechanisms by which HIV-1 modulates TLRs and RLRs signaling pathways will ultimately lead to the development of novel strategies to inhibit HIV-1 replication and propagation. Studies have indicated that TLRs that signal via NF-B enhance HIV-1 replication. However, TLR4 stimulation triggers both NF-B and the IFN pathway and thus may have inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication. Our first study was aimed at better understanding the role of TLR4 in HIV-1 replication. Therefore, we first characterized IRF-3 and IRF-7 activation following TLR4 stimulation. Our results demonstrate that the non-canonical TBK1 and IKKε are activated with distinct kinetics resulting in the activation of IRF-3 and subsequent induction of Type I IFNs. Thus, activation of the IFN pathway via TLR4 stimulation can provide a novel strategy to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Our second study sought to further delineate the different signaling pathways activated by HIV-1. Accordingly, transcriptional changes induced by distinct HIV-1 subtypes in immature dendritic cells were examined by microarray analysis. Our findings demonstrate that during the late phase of HIV-1 infection, a subset of genes is differentially regulated by the subtypes. In addition, this study highlights the important role of immature dendritic cells in HIV-1 replication and dissemination. Finally, given the importance of RLRs in the recognition of RNA viruses, the objective of the final study was aimed at investigating the evasion mechanisms employed by HIV-1 to counteract the initial antiviral response. Our results reveal that HIV-1 RNA is detected by the cytosolic receptor RIG-I. However, the HIV-1 viral protease sequesters RIG-I to the lysosomes and thus inhibits RIG-I-mediated antiviral response. Overall, the research presented in this thesis provides new avenues for developing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies to combat HIV-1/AIDS.
L'induction de la réponse immunitaire innée par des pathogènes viraux est caractérisée par une production rapide des interférons de Type I (IFNβ/α). Les Toll-like (TLR) ou RIG-like (RLR) récepteurs détectent divers composants viraux induisant multiples voies de signalisation intracellulaire impliquées dans l'activation du factor de transcription-NF-B- ainsi que des facteurs de régulation de l'interféron-3 et -7 (IRF-3 et IRF-7). Ces évènements mènent à la synthèse de molécules immunorégulatrices, tel que les interférons (IFN) de Type I, les cytokines pro-inflammatoires et les gènes stimulés par l'IFN (ISG), qui jouent un rôle important dans l'inhibition de la réplication virale. Au cours de l'évolution, les virus ont développé des stratégies pour contrer la réponse immunitaire innée afin de se répliquer. Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1(VIH-1), l'agent infectieux du syndrome de l'immunodéficience acquise (SIDA), échappe à la réponse immunitaire innée, ce qui favorise la progression de la maladie. Par conséquent, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels le VIH-1 module les voies de signalisation des TLR et des RLR pourrait mener au développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour empêcher la réplication et donc la propagation du VIH-1. Des études ont démontré que les TLR qui signalent par l'intermédiaire de NF-B augmentent la réplication du VIH-1. Cependant, la stimulation du TLR4 déclenche à la fois la voie de signalisation de NF-B et celle des IFN, pouvant avoir ainsi des effets inhibiteurs sur la réplication du VIH-1. L'objectif de notre première étude était de comprendre le rôle du TLR4 dans la réplication du VIH-1. Par conséquent, nous avons caractérisé la voie d'activation des IRF-3 et IRF-7 suite à la stimulation du TLR4. Nos résultats démontrent que les kinases non-canoniques TBK1et IKKε sont activées avec une cinétique distincte ayant pour conséquence l'activation de l'IRF-3 et l'induction subséquente des IFN de type I. Par conséquent, l'activation de la voie de signalisation des IFN par la stimulation du TLR4 pourrait offrir une nouvelle stratégie pour inhiber la réplication du VIH-1. Notre deuxième étude a eu pour but de définir les différentes voies de signalisation activées par le VIH-1. Les changements transcriptionels induits par les différents sous-types du VIH-1 dans les cellules dendritiques immatures ont été examinés par analyse de microréseaux. Nos résultats démontrent que pendant la phase tardive de l'infection VIH-1, un ensemble de gènes est différemment régulé par les différents sous-types du VIH-1. En plus, cette étude accentue le rôle important des cellules dendritiques immatures dans la réplication et la dissémination du VIH-1. En conclusion, étant donné l'importance des RLR dans la reconnaissance des virus à ARN, l'objectif de la dernière étude a été d'étudier les mécanismes d'évasion utilisés par VIH-1 pour contrer la réponse antivirale innée. Nos résultats démontrent que l'ARN du VIH-1 est détecté par le récepteur cytosolique RIG-I. Cependant, une protéine du VIH-1 -la protéase- séquestre le récepteur RIG-I dans les lysosomes et empêche l'activation de la réponse antivirale initié par le récepteur RIG-I. De façon générale, la recherche présentée dans cette thèse propose de nouvelles avenues pour développer des stratégies préventives et thérapeutiques afin de combattre le VIH-1/SIDA.
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Books on the topic "Evasion"

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Sagan, Françoise. Evasion. Sutton: Severn House, 1993.

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Collective, CrimethInc Workers', ed. Evasion. Atlanta, GA: CrimethInc., 2003.

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Sagan, Françoise. Evasion. Bath [England]: Chivers, 1993.

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Jedrasik, Jean-Pierre. Evasion. Paris: La Pensee Universelle, 1986.

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Sagan, Françoise. Evasion. London: Allison & Busby, 1994.

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Sagan, Françoise. Evasion. Hampton, N.H: Curley Large Print, 1993.

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Sagan, Françoise. Evasion. New York: Severn House, 1993.

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Larbi, Hanane. Evasion d'ingenu. Rabat]: Editions Bouregreg, 2011.

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Innes, William I. Tax evasion. 2nd ed. Scarborough, Ont: Carswell, 1995.

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Evasion: Nouvelles. Port-au-Prince, Haïti: Editions des Antilles, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Evasion"

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Puissant, Susanne Christine. "Evasion." In Irony and the Poetry of the First World War, 27–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230234215_2.

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David, Fátima, and Rute Abreu. "Tax Evasion." In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2497–503. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_302.

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Balashov, Aleksey, and Anna Sanina. "Tax Evasion." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 5861–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_318.

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Balashov, Aleksey, and Anna Sanina. "Tax Evasion." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_318-1.

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Patsko, Valerii, Sergey Kumkov, and Varvara Turova. "Pursuit-Evasion Games." In Handbook of Dynamic Game Theory, 951–1038. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44374-4_30.

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Patsko, Valerii, Sergey Kumkov​, and Varvara Turova. "Pursuit-Evasion Games." In Handbook of Dynamic Game Theory, 1–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27335-8_30-1.

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Patsko, Valerii, Sergey Kumkov, and Varvara Turova. "Pursuit-Evasion Games." In Handbook of Dynamic Game Theory, 1–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27335-8_30-2.

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Slusher, R. E., A. La Porta, and B. Yurke. "Backaction Evasion Experiments." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 70–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74951-3_8.

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Powers, C., V. DeFilippis, D. Malouli, and K. Früh. "Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 333–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_19.

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Kemme, David M., Bhavik Parikh, and Tanja Steigner. "International Tax Evasion." In The Routledge Handbook of Comparative Economic Systems, 538–60. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003144366-33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Evasion"

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Sun, Andrew, and Hugh Liu. "Multi-Pursuer Evasion." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6647.

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Spirakis, P., and B. Tampakas. "Distributed pursuit-evasion." In the thirteenth annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/197917.198191.

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Xu, Li, Zhenxin Zhan, Shouhuai Xu, and Keying Ye. "An evasion and counter-evasion study in malicious websites detection." In 2014 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cns.2014.6997494.

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Zhu, Jiagang, Wei Zou, and Zheng Zhu. "Learning Evasion Strategy in Pursuit-Evasion by Deep Q-network." In 2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8546182.

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Bulazel, Alexei, and Bülent Yener. "A Survey On Automated Dynamic Malware Analysis Evasion and Counter-Evasion." In the 1st Reversing and Offensive-oriented Trends Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3150376.3150378.

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Liang, Bin, Miaoqiang Su, Wei You, Wenchang Shi, and Gang Yang. "Cracking Classifiers for Evasion." In WWW '16: 25th International World Wide Web Conference. Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883060.

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Zatezalo, Aleksandar, Dusan Stipanovic, Raman K. Mehra, and Khanh Pham. "Constrained orbital intercept-evasion." In SPIE Defense + Security, edited by Khanh D. Pham and Joseph L. Cox. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2050678.

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MERZ, A. "Noisy satellite pursuit-evasion." In Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1987-2319.

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Wu, Miaomiao, and Yun Li. "Adversarial mRMR against Evasion Attacks." In 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489246.

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Robin, Cyril, and Simon Lacroix. "Failure anticipation in pursuit-evasion." In Robotics: Science and Systems 2012. Robotics: Science and Systems Foundation, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15607/rss.2012.viii.046.

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Reports on the topic "Evasion"

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Alstadsæter, Annette, Niels Johannesen, and Gabriel Zucman. Tax Evasion and Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23772.

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Engel, Eduardo M. R. A., and James Hines. Understanding Tax Evasion Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6903.

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Eagle, James N., and Alan R. Washburn. Cumulative Search-Evasion Games (CSEGs). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207571.

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Slemrod, Joel, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. Tax Avoidance, Evasion, and Administration. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7473.

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Besley, Timothy, Anders Jensen, and Torsten Persson. Norms, Enforcement, and Tax Evasion. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25575.

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Crocker, Keith, and Joel Slemrod. Corporate Tax Evasion with Agency Costs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10690.

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Giovannini, Alberto. International Capital Mobility and Tax Evasion. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2460.

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Poterba, James. Tax Evasion and Capital Gains Taxation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2119.

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Higbee, Charles W. Evasion and Recovery: Combatant CINC's Dilemma. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada377944.

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Washburn, Alan R. More on Cumulative Search Evasion Games. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada243840.

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