Academic literature on the topic 'Evaporator treatment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Evaporator treatment"
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Guinn, Gerald R. "Field Test Evaluation of Solar-Heated Evaporators." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930000.
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The cost of disposal of liquid industrial waste is of intense concern to all industrial waste generators, but especially so to smaller generators which are penalized by the economy of scale. As a last resort to on-site treatment or recycling, the smaller generator is forced to depend upon commercial waste disposal at costs approaching $6.00 per gallon. The use of solar energy to evaporate water from aqueous wastes is a potentially viable alternative if the contaminants are salts having low volatility. This paper describes a field test conducted with a small solar evaporator installed in a machine shop. A naturally vented, basin-type evaporator was used to evaporate water from a spent plating solution used to anodize aluminum. Measured evaporation data validated performance predictions made earlier using TRNSYS and TMY weather data. The data also indicated that accepted correlation models for predicting performance of solar stills underpredict evaporator performance by about 20 percent.
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Zhuang, Pengyu, Hanyu Fu, Ning Xu, Bo Li, Jun Xu, and Lin Zhou. "Free-standing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membrane for salt-rejecting solar desalination via size effect." Nanophotonics 9, no. 15 (September 10, 2020): 4601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0396.
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AbstractInterfacial solar vapor generation has revived the solar-thermal-based desalination due to its high conversion efficiency of solar energy. However, most solar evaporators reported so far suffer from severe salt-clogging problems during solar desalination, leading to performance degradation and structural instability. Here, we demonstrate a free-standing salt-rejecting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membrane serving as an efficient, stable, and antisalt-fouling solar evaporator. The evaporation rate of the membrane reaches up to 1.27 kg m−2 h−1 (solar–thermal conversion efficiency ∼79%) under one sun, out of 3.5 wt% brine. More strikingly, due to the tailored narrow interlayer spacing, the rGO membrane can effectively reject ions, preventing salt accumulation even for high salinity brine (∼8 wt% concentration). With enabled salt-antifouling capability, flexibility, as well as stability, our rGO membrane serves as a promising solar evaporator for high salinity brine treatment.
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McKeough, Paterson, and Leena Fagernäs. "Further Evaporation and Final Treatment of Process-Water Concentrates." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0691.
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The study is part of a longer-term effort aimed at developing a separate treatment process for evaporation-concentrates of paper-mill process waters. This article deals with research on the two key processing steps; namely, the further evaporation and the final treatment of the concentrates. In laboratory experiments, various feed waters, including several different TMP filtrates, were evaporated to high dry-solids contents. The condensates recovered in most experiments contained relatively small amounts of organic matter. The extent of vapourisation of organic acids, relative to water, increased somewhat with increase in dry-solids content. Two TMP concentrates from large-scale evaporation plants were further concentrated in a pilot-scale forced-circulation evaporator. Viscosity was the factor limiting the extent of concentration. Using an evaporation temperature of about 80°C, the maximum dry-solids contents achieved with the two different concentrates were about 45 wt% and about 60 wt%, respectively. Fouling of heat-transfer surfaces was observed with both concentrates. A techno-economic evaluation of final-treatment options for alkali-rich concentrates is under way. According to intermediate results, molten-phase combustion processes would not require support fuel once the dry-solids content of TMP concentrate exceeds about 50 wt%. The aim of future work is to optimise the overall treatment process.
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Lee, Woo Su, Moon Yong Park, Xuan Quang Duong, Ngoc Vi Cao, and Jae Dong Chung. "Effects of Evaporator and Condenser in the Analysis of Adsorption Chillers." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081901.
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In a survey of the literature from the last 20 years, 20% of the numerical models used to analyze the performance of adsorption chillers assumed the evaporator and condenser were ideal, with a fixed evaporation temperature and condenser temperature, and ignored interactions between the adsorption bed and evaporator/condenser. Even when the interaction with the evaporator and condenser was included, the other 80% of studies modeled the adsorption bed based on the LPM (lumped parameter method), which ignores the geometry effect and contact resistance of the bed, and thus reduces the accuracy of the analysis. As a consequence, these earlier numerical studies overestimated the system performance of the adsorption chiller. In this study, we conducted a refined numerical approach which avoids these limitations, producing estimates in close agreement with experimental results. Compared with our approach, the models with ideal treatment of evaporator and condenser overestimated COP (coefficient of performance) and SCP (specific cooling power) by as much as 16.12% and 24.64%, respectively. The models based on LPM overestimated COP and SCP by 22.82% and 11.28%, compared to our approach.
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Shevtsov, A. A., S. A. Shevtsov, and V. A. Koshelev. "Resource-saving thermodynamic cycles in liquid hydrocarbon fuel storage technology." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-201-206.
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Resource-saving thermodynamic cycles for material and energy flows in the technology of storing liquid hydrocarbon fuel in tanks using a vapor compression heat pump are proposed, which reduce the loss of fuel resulting from evaporation. The heat pump is equipped with a two-section evaporator, the working and reserve sections of which alternately operate in condensation and regeneration modes, respectively. Vapors of hydrocarbon fuel from the tank are discharged to the evaporator section operating in condensation mode. The water contained in the fuel vapor condenses on the heat ex-change surface in the form of an ice crust, and the condensed fuel separated from the water is discharged into an interme-diate tank and returned to the storage tank. The condensation heat of the refrigerant in the condenser is used to heat the intermediate coolant, which is sent to defrost the section of the evaporator operating in the regeneration mode. After this section, the spent intermediate coolant is returned to the condenser in the closed thermodynamic cycle mode. The water formed during defrosting is sent to the biological treatment stage. Thus, real conditions are created for increasing the ener-gy efficiency and environmental safety of the technology for storing liquid hydrocarbon fuel in tanks with maximum con-densation of the vapors resulting from evaporation.
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Ferguson, John F., and Mark M. Benjamin. "Studies of Anaerobic Treatment of Sulfite Process Wastes." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0009.
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A series of laboratory studies of treatment of sulfite process wastes constitute a case study of application of high rate anaerobic biological treatment. Sulfite evaporator condensate (SEC) was evaluated in batch and continuous flow studies to find the efficiency of treatment that was possible and the conditions suitable for treatment. The role of sulfur and neutralization in the process were especially significant. Caustic extraction stage bleaching wastes (CE) were also studied for their use in neutralizing the evaporator condensate. Toxicity effects requiring dilution were found, but both CE and SEC can be treated, removing most of the BOD in a high rate process at detention times believed suitable for commercial application.
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Kiyokawa, Tomohiro, Takaaki Tokutomi, Ichirou Umeda, and Hiroshi Ougiya. "Anaerobic Treatment of KP Evaporator Condensates with UASB Process." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 64, no. 6 (2010): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.64.648.
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Ye, Aiqian, Harjinder Singh, Michael W. Taylor, and Skelte G. Anema. "Interactions of fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk in a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 4 (November 2004): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029904000512.
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The changes in milk fat globules and fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk using a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator were examined. The effects of heat treatment of milk at 95 °C for 20 s, prior to evaporation, on fat globule size and the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were also determined. In both non-preheated and preheated whole milk, the size of milk fat globules decreased while the amount of total surface proteins at the fat globules increased as the milk passed through each effect of the evaporator. In non-preheated samples, the amount of caseins at the surface of fat globules increased markedly during evaporation with a relatively small increase in whey proteins. In preheated samples, both caseins and whey proteins were observed at the surface of fat globules and the amounts of these proteins increased during subsequent steps of evaporation. The major original MFGM proteins, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, PAS 6 and PAS 7, did not change during evaporation, however, PAS 6 and PAS 7 decreased during preheating. These results indicate that the proteins from the skim milk were adsorbed onto the fat globule surface when the milk fat globules were disrupted during evaporation.
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Robertson, Lindsay J., and Alan J. Baldwin. "Process integration study of a milk powder plant." Journal of Dairy Research 60, no. 3 (August 1993): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900027679.
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SummaryA study was undertaken of the heat exchange possible in a milk powder plant consisting of milk treatment, a four-effect evaporator fitted with a thermovapour recompressor and a spray drier fitted with a fluidized bed secondary drier. The study utilized the techniques of process integration analysis and grand composite curve matching. Of particular interest was the optimum utilization of vapours within the evaporator. It was shown that with a minor redesign of the evaporator, and utilization of some vapour in the milk treatment section of the plant, a 6% reduction in total energy consumption of the milk powder plant was possible. If heat exchange between inlet and outlet air of the spray drier was not considered practical, preheating spray drier air with vapour from the evaporator resulted in a 10% reduction in energy consumption. Other minor heat exchange possibilities were also revealed. It was concluded that the use of vapour from the evaporator, and increased steam consumption in the evaporator, may lead in some designs to decreased plant thermal energy consumption overall. As well as the process integration study, formulae are presented for calculating the change in thermal economy of an evaporator when vapour is extracted for use in other sections of the plant. The use of process integration studies needs to be given consideration in overall design of energy-intensive dairy plant.
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Smith-Kayode, O., S. A. O. Adeyemi, Remi Aribisala, Funke Bogunjoko, and G. N. Elemo. "OPTIMISATION OF SOLIDS RECOVERY IN CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE (COJ) PROCESSING." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 537c—537. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.537c.
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Conventional procedure for producing concentrated orange juice through evaporation often causes thermally induce gelation with difficulties in raising brix to optimum level. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mixed pectinase treatment on solids extraction, recovery and pulp wash from selected sweet orange fruit cultivars. Enzyme use level, depectinization time were varied and pertinent rheological parameters determined on concentrate samples towards standardising quality control protocols. The enzyme treatment improved juice circulation in the climbing film evaporator and solids content raised to ≥ 60 Brix.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evaporator treatment"
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Bérubé, Pierre. "High temperature biological treatment of foul evaporator condensate for reuse." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0028/NQ48606.pdf.
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Thorbjörnsson, Ludvig. "Utnyttjande av spillvärme och minskade behov av köpt el i biltvättar : En undersökning av Berners miljötvättar i Östersund och Sundsvall." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84827.
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Berners är en stor aktör inom försäljning och service av bilar och transportfordon i Jämtland och Västernorrland. På sina anläggningar i Sundsvall och Östersund tillhandahåller Berners bland annat biltvättar och rekond och dessa verksamheter ger upphov till stora utsläpp av vatten och kemikalier. För att minska utsläppen har Berners installerat indunstarrening, som är en reningsteknik som bygger på att smutsigt tvättvatten förångas och farliga partiklar faller ur. Med den här tekniken elimineras nästan alla kemikalieutsläpp och ungefär 90 procent av tvättvattnet återanvänds. Indunstarrening kräver mycket energi i form av el som i dagsläget köps in. Reningstekniken ger även upphov till spillvärme i både luft och vatten som i dagsläget inte utnyttjas. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka potentiella förbättringsåtgärder för Berners biltvättar, för att göra de befintliga och eventuella framtida anläggningar bättre. Detta genom att undersöka möjligheterna av att utnyttja spillvärme och minska behovet av köpt el, genom egenproduktion av el med solceller. Målet är att genom detta ta fram underlag för Berners när de ska besluta om eventuella förändringar av de befintliga tvättarna samt vid byggnation av nya anläggningar. Underlaget ska bestå av resultat för minskade energibehov, minskade utsläpp, minskade behov av köpt el och livstidsbesparingar för förbättringsåtgärderna. I arbetet undersöktes tre olika förbättringsåtgärder. Installation av FTX-ventilation för att värma ingående luft till en angränsande lokal med utgående luft från det rum där indunstaren är placerad, installation av en plattvärmeväxlare för att värma vätskan i en radiatorkrets med utgående destillat från indunstaren samt installation av solceller för att minska behovet av köpt el till indunstaren. Monokristallina-, polykristallina- och tunnfilmssolceller samt olika storlekar av installerad area undersöktes. Minskade energibehov beräknades för FTX och VVX, minskade behov av köpt el beräknades för solceller och minskade utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter samt livstidsbesparingar beräknades för alla tre förbättringsåtgärderna. Resultaten visar på att en kombination av att installera FTX, VVX och polykristallina solceller genererar de största livstidsbesparingarna och de största utsläppsminskningarna. Installation av en plattvärmeväxlare för att ta vara på spillvärme i destillat är den enskilt bästa åtgärden för att minska energibehovet. Berners kan vid installation av en eller flera av de olika förbättringsåtgärderna minska energibehoven och utsläppen från biltvättarna, minska behovet av köpt el samtidigt som de kan spara pengar.Berners is a major player in the sale and service of cars and transport vehicles in Jämtland and Västernorrland. At its facilities in Sundsvall and Östersund, Berners provides, among other things, car washes and auto reconditioning and these operations give rise to large discharges of water and chemicals. To reduce emissions, Berners has installed evaporator treatment, which is a treatment technique based on the evaporation of dirty washing water and the fallout of dangerous particles. With this technology, almost all chemical emissions are eliminated and approximately 90 percent of the washing water is reused. Evaporator cleaning requires a lot of energy in the form of electricity that is currently purchased. The treatment technology also gives rise to waste heat in both air and water, which is currently not used. The purpose of the work is to investigate potential improvement measures for Berner's car washes, to make the existing and possible future facilities better. This is done by investigating the possibilities of utilizing waste heat and reducing the need for purchased electricity, through own production of electricity with solar cells. The goal is to thereby produce a basis for Berners when they are to decide on any changes to the existing washes and when building new facilities. The basis shall consist of results for reduced energy needs, reduced emissions, reduced need for purchased electricity and lifetime savings for the improvement measures. The work examined three different improvement measures. Installation of FTX- ventilation to heat the incoming air to an adjacent room with outgoing air from the room where the evaporator is located, installation of a plate heat exchanger to heat the liquid in a radiator circuit with outgoing distillate from the evaporator and installation of solar cells to reduce the need for bought electricity for the evaporator. Monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells as well as different sizes of installed area were investigated. Reduced energy needs were calculated for FTX and VVX, reduced needs for purchased electricity were calculated for solar cells and reduced emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents as well as lifetime savings were calculated for all three improvement measures. The results show that a combination of installing FTX, VVX and polycrystalline solar cells generates the largest lifetime savings, as well as the largest emission reductions. Installing a plate heat exchanger to take advantage of waste heat in distillates is the single best measure to reduce energy needs. When installing one or more of the various improvement measures, Berners can reduce the energy needs and emissions from the car washes and reduce the need for purchased electricity, while at the same time saving money.
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Johansson, Per-Erik. "Solar powered water treatment : Examining solar evaporation as a sustainable water treatment method in rural areas in Ghana." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30012.
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Since the currently used method of supplying clean drinking water to the Ghanaian population consists of selling water sachets of 0.5 liter, there is a major ecological problem due to plastic contamination of the environment. The relatively high water price of buying these sachets also causes economic problems for a large portion of the population.To reduce the consumption of plastic as well as the resulting environmental contamination and the financial burden on low-income citizens, which represents a greater portion of the population, a new method for solar-powered water was evaluated as a sustainable water treatment method in rural areas in Ghana.To test this method a prototype was constructed, based on a combination of the principles of solar desalination plants and common solar collectors, and was tested on site in Ghana.This thesis consists of a field study and a computer simulation. The field study in turn consists of an investigative and experimental study in which the investigative portion sought to find the possibilities and costs of constructing more plants in on site. This is of great importance for getting a clear picture of what economic impact the plant has on the sustainable development.In the experimental study the prototypes treatment capacity was examined, regarding Coliform bacteria, arsenic, iron, and chloride as well as its effect on the pH level of the water. The study also examined how much water the prototype can produce in a day and, in conjunction with the investigative study, to what extent this could reduce the use of plastic bags.The simulation part of the thesis examined possible improvement of the prototype and evaluated the influence of various factors on its overall effectiveness.The study showed that the prototype, which measures 92x68x18cm, where able to produce about 3 liters of drinking water per day (equivalent to 6 sachets of water) and managed to remove all measured contaminants from the treated water, without any change in the pH value.Då den i nuläget vanligaste metoden att distribuera rent dricksvatten i Ghana består av försäljningen av vattenpåsar á 0,5 liter, finns det stora ekologiska problem till följd av plastkontaminering av miljön. Det relativt höga vattenpriset som tillkommer av att köpa vatten på påse orsakar även ekonomiska problem för en stor del av befolkningen.För att minska konsumtionen av plast såväl som den resulterande föroreningen av miljön och den ekonomiska belastningen på befolkningen, undersöktes en ny solvärmedriven metod för vattenrening som en möjlig hållbar vattenreningsmetod i landsbygdsområden i Ghana.För att utvärdera denna metod konstruerades en prototyp, baserad på en kombination av principerna bakom soldrivna avsaltningsanläggningar och vanliga solfångare, som testades på plats i Ghana.Examensarbetet består av en fältstudie och simuleringsdel. Fältstudien består i sin tur av en undersökande och en experimentell studie, där den undersökande delen såg över möjligheterna och kostnaderna av att konstruera fler anläggningar på plats. Detta är av stor vikt för att få en klar bild över vilka ekonomiska effekter anläggningen har på den hållbara utvecklingen.I den experimentella studien testades prototypens reningsförmåga med avseende på koliforma bakterier, arsenik, klorid och järn samt dess effekt på vattnets pH värde. Det undersöktes även hur mycket vatten prototypen kan producera under en dag, och i samband med den undersökande studien, hur mycket detta skulle kunna minska användandet av plastpåsar.Simuleringsdelen av arbetet genomfördes för att undersöka möjliga förbättringsåtgärder av prototypen samt utvärderat olika faktorers inverkan på prototypens effektivitet.Studien visade att prototypen, som mäter 92x68x18cm, kunde producera ca 3 liter dricksvatten per dag (motsvarande förbrukningen av 6 påsar vatten) och klarade att rena vattnet från alla undersökta föroreningar, utan någon förändring av vattnets pH värde.
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MCCORKEL, MIA, Chandra Khatri, Ritika Mohan, and Elizabeth Pedersen. "TREATMENT OF CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT WATER: REVERSE OSMOSIS AND EVAPORATION POND BRINE DISPOSAL." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192552.
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Kesler, Megan Kathleen. "Mitigation of Undesirable Flavor in Kefir Intended for Adjuvant Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565357220348372.
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Bjerke, Helene. "Removal of boron from silicon by slag treatment and by evaporation of boron from slag in hydrogen atmosphere." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19341.
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Background and objective: Removal of boron is one of the main challenges in the purification of metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si) for solar cells and a simple low cost method is therefore needed. Boron removal by slag treatment is today regarded as the most promising method, but the efficiency of the refining method is relatively low. Slag refining as a method for boron removal can be improved by optimization of the slag composition by changing the components and/or the composition of the slag. Another method for improving the slag refining efficiency is to remove boron containing species from the slag by evaporation. The aim of this work is to study the refining properties of the Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 slag and the CaO-SiO2-TiO2 slag, respectively. Furthermore, the possibility of evaporating boron from a CaO-SiO2 slag when refined in a hydrogen containing atmosphere will be investigated. Methods: In all, 12 experiments were performed at 1600˚C for determination of the distribution- and mass transfer coefficient of boron in the Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 and CaO-SiO2-TiO2 slag, respectively. In the study of boron evaporation from CaO-SiO2 slag in hydrogen atmosphere 14 experiments were performed. Boron evaporation was investigated in the temperature range 1500-1600˚C, the refining time was 0-6 hours and the slag/silicon mass ratio was varied between 0.25 and 1.5. Results: The distribution- and mass transfer coefficient of boron in the Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 (29%-23%-48%) slag was found to be 1.9 and 2.3x10-6 m/s, respectively. The amount of TiO2 in the CaO-SiO2-TiO2 slag was found to rapidly decrease due to reduction of TiO2 by Si. The distribution- and mass transfer coefficients found for the system were therefore not the same as for the original system. A decrease in the boron content in the slag was observed with increasing refining time in a hydrogen atmosphere at 1600˚C. This indicated that boron evaporated from the system, but the evaporation rate was found to be low. Temperature was not found to significantly influence the evaporation rate of boron in the temperature range 1500-1600˚C. When varying the slag/silicon mass ratio, a considerable increase in the refining efficiency compared to conventional slag refining was observed for the lower slag/silicon mass ratios. The effect diminished for the higher slag/silicon mass ratios. Conclusion: The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 slag evaluated in this thesis were shown to be in the same range as comparable slags in previous studies. In the CaO-SiO2-TiO2 slag most of the TiO2 was reduced during the refining process which makes it difficult to use this compound as a part of a slag for refining of silicon. When slag refining was performed in a hydrogen atmosphere the refining efficiency compared to conventional slag refining was shown to increase.
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Ottosson, Oscar. "CFD Simulation of Urea Evaporation in STAR-CCM+." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160484.
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Diesel engines produce large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOX) while running. Nitrogen oxides are highly toxic and also contribute towards the formation of tropospheric ozone. Increasingly stringent legislation regarding the amount of nitrogen oxides that are allowed to be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles has forced manufacturers of diesel-engines to develop after-treatment systems that reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. One of the main components in such a system is selective catalytic reduction (SCR), where nitrogen oxides are reduced to diatomic nitrogen and water with the help of ammonia. A vital part of this process is the spraying of a urea-water-solution (UWS), which is needed in order to produce the reducing agent ammonia. UWS spraying introduces the risk of solid deposits (such as biuret, ammelide and ammeline) forming in the after-treatment system, should the flow conditions be unfavourable. Risk factors include high temperatures, but also low dynamics and high thickness of the resulting liquid film that forms as the UWS spray hits the surfaces of the after-treatment system. It is thus essential that manufacturers of SCR after-treatment systems have correct data on how much UWS that should be sprayed into the exhaust for any given flow condition. Experimental tests are thoroughly used to assess this but are very expensive and are thus limited to prototype testing during product development. When assessing a wider range of concepts and geometries early on in the product development stage, simulation tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used instead. One of the most computationally heavy processes to simulate within a SCR after-treatment system is the UWS spray and its interaction with surfaces inside the after-treatment system, where correct prediction of the formation of solid deposits are of great importance. Most CFD models used for this purpose hold a relatively good level of accuracy and are utilized throughout the whole industry where SCR aftertreatment is applied. Despite this, these models are limited in the fact that they are only able to cover timescales in the scope of seconds to minutes while using a tolerable amount of computational power. However, the time spectrum for solid deposit formation is minutes to hours. Scania is one of Sweden’s biggest developers of SCR after-treatment, with the technology being incorporated directly into its silencers. AVL Fire is the main UWS spray simulation tool for engineers at Scania at the moment. One major drawback of using AVL Fire for UWS spray simulations is that it is deemed too time-consuming to set up new cases and too unstable during simulation, which makes it too costly in terms of expensive engineering hours. This project has investigated the potential of using STAR-CCM+ for UWS spray simulations at Scania instead. A standard method has been evaluated, as well as parameters that will prove useful in further investigations of a potential speedup method. The studied method in STAR-CCM+ is easy to setup and the simulation process is robust and stable. Various other perks come from using STAR-CCM+ as well, such as: a user-friendly interface, easy and powerful mesh-generation and great post-process capabilities. Several different parameters have been investigated for their impact on the studied method, such as mesh refinement of the spray injector area and the number of parcels injected every time-step through the spray injector (simply put the resolution of the spray). A possible speedup by freezing the momentum equations when allowed and lowering the amount of inner iterations has also been investigated. A handful of operating conditions have been studied for two different geometries. The attained simulation results display correlations with physical measurements, but further assessment for identifying the risk of solid deposit needs to be performed on the studied cases to assess the full accuracy of solid deposit prediction of the studied method. Recommendations for future work includes fully implementing and evaluating the speedup method available for spray simulations in STAR-CCM+ as well as directly comparing how the accuracy and performance of the method relates to that of the method used in AVL Fire for spray simulations.Dieselmotorer producerar under körning stora mängder kväveoxider (NOx). Kväve-oxider är starkt giftiga föreningar som även bidrar till att öka mängden marknära ozon. Allt strängare lagstiftning gällande mängden kväveoxider som får släppas ut från fordon med dieselmotorer har lett till att tillverkare av dieselmotorer blivit tvingade att utveckla efterbehandlingssystem som renar avgasen från motorn. En av huvudkomponenterna i ett sådant system idag är selective catalytic reduction (SCR; på svenska selektiv katalytisk reduktion), där kväveoxider omvandlas till kvävgas och vatten med hjälp av ammoniak. För att producera ammoniak används en lösning av urea och vatten (t.ex. AdBlue®), som introduceras till efterbehandlingssystemet via spray. Denna process har dock en stor nackdel, då det under omvandlingsprocessen kan finnas risk för klumpbildning av ämnen som biuret, ammelid och ammelin ifall flödesförhållandena är ogynnsamma. Riskfaktorer för klumpbildning inkluderar höga temperaturer samt låg dynamik och hög tjocklek för den vätskefilm som bildas när sprayen med urea-lösning kommer i kontakt med ytor i efterbehandlingssystemet. Det är därför av stor vikt för tillverkare av efterbehandlingssystem som använder SCR att känna till hur mycket urealösning som kan sprayas in för varje givet flöde. Experimentella tester används till stor del för att utvärdera detta, men är väldigt dyra och kan endast göras för ett fåtal prototyper under en produkts utveckling. För att kunna utvärdera ett större antal koncept och geometrier tidigare i utvecklingsstadiet av en ny produkt används därför ofta datorkraft med simuleringsverktyg som CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). En av de mest beräkningstunga processerna att simulera i ett efterbehandlingssystem med SCR är sprayandet av urea-lösning och dess interaktion med ytor, där korrekta förutbestämmelser av huruvida det finns risk för klumpbildning eller inte är av stor betydelse. De flesta CFD modeller som används i detta syfte har förhållandevis god noggrannhet och används i stor utsträckning i den bransch där efterbehandling med SCR tillämpas. Däremot är dessa modeller begränsade i att de endast kan åstadkomma simuleringar (med en acceptabel mängd datorkraft) som sträcker sig i tidsintervallet sekunder till minuter. Bildningen av klump är dock en process som kan ta upp till flera timmar. Scania är en av Sveriges största tillämpare av SCR, då tekniken används i de efterbehandlingssystem som finns inbyggda i tillverkarens ljuddämpare. Scania använder främst AVL Fire för simulering av spray med urea. AVL Fire anses dock vara för tidskrävande vid skapelsen av nya simuleringsfall och för instabilt under simulering. Detta projekt har därför undersökt möjligheten att använda STAR-CCM+ för simulering av spray med urea hos Scania. Den metod i STAR-CCM+ som utvärderats är enkel att använda då nya simuleringsfall ska skapas, samtidigt som den är robust och stabil under simulering. Relevanta parametrar för en potentiell uppsnabbningsmetod har också undersökts. STAR-CCM+ i sin helhet är användarvänligt, där verktyget för att skapa och generera mesh är enkelt att använda såväl som kraftfullt när mer avancerade operationer krävs. Möjligheterna för postprocessing är väldigt smidiga för transienta förlopp, vilket är ett stort plus för simuleringar med urea-spray, vars injektion och resulterande processer är väldigt transienta skeenden i sig. Flera olika parametrar har undersökts, för att granska hur stor påverkan de har på prestandan och noggrannheten hos den studerade metoden. Två av dessa är tätheten av beräkningsnoder i den region där spray-munstycket är placerat samt antalet paket med urea-vatten lösning som injiceras varje tidssteg via spray-munstycket. En möjlig uppsnabbning av metoden, som går ut på att frysa ekvationerna för bevarelse av rörelsemängd (eng - momentum equations) när det är tillåtet och samtidigt minska antalet inre iterationer för varje tidssteg, har också undersökts. Ett flertal olika flödesförhållanden har också undersökts för två olika geometrier. De erhållna resultaten tyder på korrelation med data från fysiska experiment. Dock bör ytterligare hydrodynamiska utvärderingar tillämpas för att ordentligt kunna redogöra för hur väl STAR-CCM+ kan användas för att förutse risken för klump- bildning i en spray-process med urea-vatten lösning. Framtida arbete borde fokusera på att utvärdera den uppsnabbningsmetod som finns för spray-simuleringar i STAR-CCM+, samt direkt jämföra hur väl metodens noggrannhet och prestanda står sig gentemot den metod som används i AVL Fire för spray-simuleringar.
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Haglund, Adam. "Reduction of hydrogen embrittlement on Electrogalvanized Ultra High Strength Steels." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - Ångström, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236603.
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Ultra-high strength steels is known to be susceptible for hydrogen embrittlement at very low concentrations of hydrogen. In this thesis three methods to prevent or reduce the hydrogen embrittlement in martensitic steel, with tensile strength of 1500 MPa, were studied. First, a barrier layer of aluminium designed to prevent hydrogen to enter the steel, which were deposited by vacuum evaporation. Second, a decarburization process of the steels surface designed to mitigate the induced stresses from cutting. Last, a hydrogen relief treatment at 150°C for 11 days and 200°C for 4 days, to reduce the hydrogen concentration in the steel. The effect of the hydrogen embrittlement was analyzed by manual measurements of the elongations after a slow strain rate testing at 5*10-6 mm/s, and the time to fracture in an in-situ constant load test with a current density of 1.92 mA/cm2 in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution. The barrier layer showed an increase in time to fracture, but also a decrease in elongations. The decarburized steel had a small increase in the time to fracture, but not enough to make it a feasible process. The hydrogen relief treatment showed a general decrease in hydrogen concentrations, but the elongation measurements was irregular although with a tendency for improvement. The simplicity of the hydrogen relief treatment makes it an interesting process to reduce the influence of hydrogen embrittlement. However, more investigations are necessary.
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Dumont, George Pierre Jr. "The use of carbonation and fractional evaporative crystallization in the pretreatment of Hanford nuclear wastes." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24716.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Committee Chair: Dr. Ronald W. Rousseau; Committee Member: Dr. Amyn S, Teja; Committee Member: Dr. Wm. James Frederick Jr.
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Srichantra, Arunee. "Studies of UHT-plant fouling by fresh, recombined and reconstituted whole milk : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Engineering." Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/961.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of preheat treatments on fouling by fresh whole milk (FWM), recombined whole milk (RCB) and reconstituted whole milk (Recon) in the high-temperature heater of indirect UHT plants. Various preheat treatments prior to evaporation during milk powder manufacture were applied to skim milk powder (SMP, 75 °C 2 s, 85 °C, 155 s and 95 °C, 155 s) and whole milk powder (WMP, 95 °C, 33 s). These preheat treatments were so-called “evaporator preheat treatments”. Skim milk powder (SMP) and whole milk powder (WMP) were derived from the same original batch of pasteurised FWM to remove the effects of the variation in milk composition between different milk batches. These SMPs were recombined with anhydrous milk fat and water to prepare RCB, and WMPs were reconstituted with water to prepare Recon. Then, (homogenized) FWM, RCB and Recon were subjected to various preheat treatments (75 °C, 11 s, 85 °C, 147 s and 95 °C, 147 s) prior to UHT processing. These preheat treatments were so-called “UHT preheat treatments”. Temperature difference (hot water inlet temperature – milk outlet temperature) was taken as a measure of the extent of fouling in the high-temperature heater. The slope of the linear regression of temperature difference versus time (for two hours of UHT processing) was taken as fouling rate (°C/h). Increasing both evaporator and UHT preheat treatments resulted in increasing fouling rate and total deposit weight for all three whole milk types for several milk batches. In the case of FWM, there was no reduction in fouling rate with increasing UHT preheat treatment whether FWM was homogenized then preheated, preheated then homogenized or not homogenized at all. These findings, which are wholly consistent and well replicated, are in apparent conflict with the results of most previous comparable studies. Possible reasons for this are explained. Further investigations of the effects of homogenization relating to the role of whey protein on the surface of the fat globules showed that whey protein associated with the membrane covering the surface of fat globules for homogenized then preheated FWM, RCB and Recon and that association increased with increasing heating process stage. The increasing association of whey protein with the milk fat globules membrane with increasing severity of heating process stage became faster when preheat treatment was more severe: the association of whey protein plateaued on intermediate temperature heating when the milks were preheated at 75°C, 11 s and on preheating when the milks were preheated at 95°C, 147 s. In the case of FWM, the thickness of the membrane covering the surface of fat globules for homogenized then preheated FWM, which increased with the severity of heating process stage, was greater than the thickness of the membrane in preheated then homogenized FWM. Preheating then homogenization resulted in the greater interfacial spreading of small molecules on the surface of fat globules, i.e. whey protein or small molecules from the disintegration of casein micelles during preheating. Possible basic mechanisms for UHT fouling in the high-temperature heater include: the reduction in the solubility of calcium phosphate and the deposition of protein as fat-bound protein and non-fat-bound protein. When non-fat-bound protein in milk plasma deposited, it could be a carrier for the deposition of mineral, such as, the precipitate of calcium phosphate in the casein micelles or the deposition of complexes between whey protein and casein micelles.
Books on the topic "Evaporator treatment"
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Donovan, Eugene. Pilot anaerobic biological treatment of pulp mill evaporator foul condensate. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.
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Ltd, Canviro Consultants. An evaluation of flue gas desulphurization wastewater treatment by mechanical evaporation. Kitchener, Ontario: Canviro Consultants Ltd, 1985.
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Frankenberger, W. T. In situ volatilization of selenium.: Final report. Sacramento, CA: San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program, 1989.
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Washington (State). Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program., ed. Treatment-specific guidance: Evaporation. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program, 1996.
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Treatment-specific guidance: Evaporation. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program, 1996.
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Clarke, Andrew. Energy flow in organisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0004.
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An organism is an open thermodynamic system exchanging both energy and materials with its environment. Organisms exchange energy with their environment by radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation of water. The relative importance of these varies with the organism and its situation. Newton’s Law of Cooling is a simplification that is useful only for warm endotherms in a still, cool environment. For all other circumstances a full biophysical treatment is necessary. Flows of chemical potential energy can be captured by a balanced energy budget. A full description of the energy balance of an organism requires the coupling of a biophysical model of heat flow with an energy budget model. This combination provides a powerful tool for modelling the thermal and energetic niches of organisms, and to predict how these might change in the future.
Book chapters on the topic "Evaporator treatment"
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Wang, Lawrence K., Nazih K. Shammas, Clint Williford, Wei-Yin Chen, and Georgios P. Sakellaropoulos. "Evaporation Processes." In Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 549–79. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_17.
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Rautenbach, R., K. Arz, C. Erdmann, and R. Mellis. "Leachate Treatment by Reverse Osmosis and Evaporation." In Contaminated Soil ’90, 1137–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_254.
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Petit, E., P. Warnant, P. A. Thiry, and R. Caudano. "AlSb Formation in UHV by Laser Annealing of Evaporated A1 and Sb Films. Characterization by AES and XPS." In Laser Surface Treatment of Metals, 157–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4468-8_16.
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Ramanathan, Soundaram, and Dibakar Rakshit. "Improving the Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Through Solar-Assisted Multiple Effect Evaporators." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 149–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7509-4_9.
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Gichuhi, Getrude, and Stephen Gitahi. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices and Their Effects on Aquifer Recharge." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_67-1.
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AbstractBetween 1994 and 2006, an 18% increase of freshwater flow into the earth’s ocean was recorded, as well as extreme weather events such as prolonged drought and intense floods. Following this period was an era of increased evaporation from oceans and seas, which heightened global warming in Africa. This chapter proposes the use of man-made aquifers recharge processes as methods of draining water into the soil before the runoff water reaches water bodies. Source control involves controlling the volume of water entering drainage systems or rivers by cutting off runoff water through storing for reuse or evapotranspiration as seen in green roofs. Pre-treatment is the use of trenches to filter and remove contaminants from water before getting to water bodies. Retention systems on the other hand is controlling the rate at which water is discharged to waterways by providing water storage areas such as ponds, water retention areas, etc., while Infiltration Systems are areas that allow natural soaking of stormwater runoff to the ground naturally recharging the water table. The proposed methods will see replenishing of the water table, a great leap in the efforts of curbing global warming. This practice can easily be adopted by both individuals and government as we build more and more buildings creating a balance between the need for human settlement and the natural way of water replenishing itself. The methods do not introduce extra costs to an already existing budget. In some cases, the methods help to reduce the costs of projects especially in urban areas. Africa which hosts many of the growing countries sees and will continue to experience surges in urbanization. For such, these methods presented in this topic will be, if implemented, a best method to solve the urban drainage problems before this even occurs.
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Gichuhi, Getrude, and Stephen Gitahi. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices and Their Effects on Aquifer Recharge." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 809–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_67.
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AbstractBetween 1994 and 2006, an 18% increase of freshwater flow into the earth’s ocean was recorded, as well as extreme weather events such as prolonged drought and intense floods. Following this period was an era of increased evaporation from oceans and seas, which heightened global warming in Africa. This chapter proposes the use of man-made aquifers recharge processes as methods of draining water into the soil before the runoff water reaches water bodies. Source control involves controlling the volume of water entering drainage systems or rivers by cutting off runoff water through storing for reuse or evapotranspiration as seen in green roofs. Pre-treatment is the use of trenches to filter and remove contaminants from water before getting to water bodies. Retention systems on the other hand is controlling the rate at which water is discharged to waterways by providing water storage areas such as ponds, water retention areas, etc., while Infiltration Systems are areas that allow natural soaking of stormwater runoff to the ground naturally recharging the water table. The proposed methods will see replenishing of the water table, a great leap in the efforts of curbing global warming. This practice can easily be adopted by both individuals and government as we build more and more buildings creating a balance between the need for human settlement and the natural way of water replenishing itself. The methods do not introduce extra costs to an already existing budget. In some cases, the methods help to reduce the costs of projects especially in urban areas. Africa which hosts many of the growing countries sees and will continue to experience surges in urbanization. For such, these methods presented in this topic will be, if implemented, a best method to solve the urban drainage problems before this even occurs.
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Bashir, Mohammed J. K., Nurazim Ibrahim, Muhd Nazmi Ismail, and Muhammad Azan Tamar Jaya. "Physical Treatment Technologies for Landfill Leachate." In Waste Management, 717–53. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch034.
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Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater and highly polluted with heterogeneous materials which is harmful to the environment and living organisms. Thus, leachate requires efficient treatment system to ensure the quality of final discharge is within the standard limit. Moreover the treatment process must be cost effective in order to be accepted. Many treatment processes were examined for leachate treatment including biological, chemical and physical process. This chapter discuss the treatability of leachate using physical processes such as evaporation, flotation, adsorption, membrane, ultrasonication, air stripping. It can be concluded that physical processes are not recommended to stand alone for leachate treatment. Nevertheless, adsorption and membrane technologies are very effective for post treatment of leachate. Aeration, sedimentation, evaporation, and sonication can be used effectively as pre-treatment processes.
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Chen, C. Julian. "Tip Treatment." In Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, 343–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856559.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses various methods for tip treatment. First, a general discussion about the experimental facts of STM and AFM tips is presented, which points to the subtleties and significance of the last few atoms at the tip apex. The standard method of making an STM tip is the electrochemical etching of a tungsten wire. The experimental procedure is described in detail. The study of the tip using field-ion microscopy is outlined. The tungsten tips freshly made from electrochemical etching often do not provide atomic resolution. Ex-situ and in-situ tip treatments are necessary. Several ex-situ tip treatment methods are described, inducing annealing, field evaporation, and annealing with a field. In-situ tip treatment method such as high-field treatment and controlled collision are described. Then, tip treatment for electrochemical STM is described. Tip treatment methods for spin-polarized STM are described. Finally, tip functionalization, especially with Xe atom and CO molecule, is described.
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Zegait, Rachid, Saber Kouadri, Samir Kateb, and Mohamed Azlaoui. "Reliability and Problems of Wastewater Treatment Processes in the Algerian Sahara." In Wastewater Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96113.
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This modest chapter deals more particularly with the reliability and the problems of the different processes used at the level of several treatment plants installed in the Algerian Sahara with the aim of eliminating the nuisances and the risks of contamination in the urbanized areas, protecting the receiving environment and water resources, the possibility of reusing treated effluents for irrigation. Through an evaluation of the performance of these stations after years of operation which confronted with climates such as the high temperature and evaporation and the impact of the sand winds on the efficiency of the basin, technical and anthropic problems such as the salinity and mismanagement of the waters on the other hand.
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Priyadarshi, Soumya Saswat. "Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 338–53. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch016.
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Six different concentrations of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae culture are incorporated with raw wastewater to improve treatment efficiency in three phases. In phase one of study, 30% and 40% microalgae were incorporated with raw wastewater with 24 hrs retention period for 18 days in a batch mode and these conditions are made same for all phases. During phase two and phase three of study, 20%, 25% and 35%, 45% micro-algae concentrations used to treat raw wastewater respectively. Amongst all the six concentrations, 30% microalgae behaves most efficiently and is able to reduce 34 to 81% COD, 43 to 75% nitrate, and 36 to 99% of phosphorous. Overall ammonia nitrogen reduction varies from 80% to 99%. No attempt was made to control temperature or evaporation losses. These attempts can definitely increase the growth process of microalgae and increase the removal efficiency of nutrients in wastewater.
Conference papers on the topic "Evaporator treatment"
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Calloway, T. Bond, Christopher J. Martino, Carol M. Jantzen, William R. Wilmarth, Michael E. Stone, Robert A. Pierce, Jamal E. Josephs, et al. "Radioactive Waste Evaporation: Current Methodologies Employed for the Development, Design and Operation of Waste Evaporators at the Savannah River Site and Hanford Waste Treatment Plant." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4515.
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Evaporation of High Level and Low Activity (HLW & LAW) radioactive wastes for the purposes of radionuclide separation and volume reduction has been conducted at the Savannah River and Hanford Sites for more than forty years. Additionally, the Savannah River Site (SRS) has used evaporators in preparing HLW for immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. The Hanford River Protection Project (RPP) is in the process of building the world’s largest radioactive waste treatment facility, Waste Treatment Plant (WTP), which will use evaporators to concentrate the liquid waste and plant recycles prior to immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. Radioactive waste is evaporated at each site using various evaporator designs (e.g., forced circulation, horizontal bent tube). While the equipment used to evaporate radioactive waste is relatively simple in design, the complexity in the evaporator processes in current service and in those currently in the design stages stems from the heterogeneous nature of the waste and the effects of seemingly minor components (e.g., Si) on the process. Aqueous electrolyte thermodynamic modeling and experiments have been conducted by the SRS Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) in support of the SRS HLW and Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Evaporators and the Hanford RPP WTP. After 40 years of successful operation, accumulation of two solid phases (a nitrated aluminosilicate, Na8AL6Si6O24(NO3)2•4H2O and sodium diuranate, Na2U2O7) developed as an insoluble phase in the Savannah River Site (SRS) 2H evaporator in 1996. The aluminosilicate scale deposit caused the SRS 2-H evaporator to become completely inoperable by October 1999. Accumulation of the sodium diuranate phase on the aluminosilicate scale has caused criticality concerns. Modeling and experiments were conducted to develop a method to control the process chemistry in order to prevent the formation of aluminosilicate deposits in the future. The lessons learned from the development, design, and operation of the SRS waste treatment facilities and the currently operating 242-A Hanford HLW evaporators were applied by SRTC in support of the development and design of the Hanford WTP evaporators. Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling along with solubility and physical property experiments are being conducted to develop process control and flow sheet models. Additionally, lessons learned from the development of an advanced antifoam agent for the SRS vitrification process evaporators are being applied to the testing and development of an antifoam agent for the Hanford WTP evaporators. This paper will discuss the methodologies, results, and achievements of the SRTC evaporator development program that was conducted in support of the SRS and Hanford WTP evaporator processes. The “cross-pollination” and application of waste treatment technologies and methods between the Savannah River and Hanford Sites will be highlighted. The “cross-pollination” of technologies and methods is expected to benefit the Department of Energy’s Mission Acceleration efforts by reducing the overall cost and time for the development of the baseline waste treatment processes.
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Avramenko, Valentin, Vitaly Dobrzhansky, Dmitry Marinin, Valentin Sergienko, and Sergey Shmatko. "Novel Technology for Hydrothermal Treatment of NPP Evaporator Concentrates." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7093.
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A novel technology was developed for treatment of evaporator concentrates produced as a result of operation of evaporation devices comprising the main component of special water purification systems of nuclear power plants (NPP). The developed technology includes a hydrothermal (T = 250–300°C and P = 80–120 bar) processing of evaporator concentrates in oxidation medium in order to destruct stable organic complexes of cobalt radionuclides and remove these radionuclides by oxide materials formed during such a processing. The cesium radionuclides contained in evaporator concentrates are removed by a conventional method — through application of one of the developed composite sorbents with ferrocyanides of transition metals used as active agents. Extensive laboratory studies of the processes occurring in evaporator concentrates under hydrothermal conditions were performed. It was shown that hydrothermal oxidation of evaporator concentrates has a number of advantages as compared to traditional oxidation methods (ozonation, photocatalytic, electrochemical and plasma oxidation). A laboratory installation was built for the flow-type hydrothermal oxidation of NPP evaporator concentrates. The obtained experimental results showed good prospects for the developed method application. On the basis of the results obtained, a pilot installation of productivity up to 15 l/hour was developed and built in order to work out the technology of evaporator concentrates hydrothermal treatment. The pilot tests of the hydrothermal technology for evaporator concentrates hydrothermal treatment were performed for 6 months in 2006 at the 1st reactor unit of the Novovoronezhskaya NPP (Voronezh Region, Russia). Optimal technological regimes were determined, and estimations of the economic soundness of the technology were made. The advantages of the presented technology in terms of management of concentrated liquid radioactive wastes (LRW) at nuclear cycle facilities, as compared to other methods applicable for this type of LRW, were demonstrated. Application of the hydrothermal technology in the system of NPP LRW management enables one to reduce substantially the volume of solid radioactive waste sent for final disposal.
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Lu, Jia, and Yan Zhou. "Process Design of Heat Pump Evaporation Technology for Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66989.
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The Site Radwaste Treatment Facility (SRTF) was to treat the liquid radioactive waste with high concentration of electrolytes in CAP1400 plant. Unlike the forced-circulation or natural-circulation evaporator, the waste was purified by evaporation process using heat pump principle in SRTF. This process combined the benefits of heat pump technology and the separation function of evaporation. This paper gave a brief description of the complete evaporation process. The main equipments of the process included pre-heater, evaporator, demister, steam compressor, and distillate tank. The whole system and each unit operation in the process were elaborately simulated based on energy balance. The results can be further used for equipments selection and design. Through the whole discussion of the heat pump evaporation process, it showed the heat pump evaporation process has remarkable energy efficiency and great advantages in equipment layout compared to traditional evaporation treatment for liquid radioactive waste.
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Zhao, Juan. "Low-Level Liquid Waste Treatment System Technical Design in China." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15787.
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Radioactive wastes are produced within the nuclear fuel cycle operations (uranium conversion and enrichment, fuel fabrication and spent fuel reprocessing). Evaporation is a proven method for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste providing both good decontamination and high concentration. Two technical designs of nuclear facilities for low-level liquid radioactive waste treatment are presented in the paper and the evaluation of both methods, as well. One method is two-stage evaporation, widely used in the People’s Republic of China’s nuclear facilities; another is two evaporator units and subsequently ion exchange, which is based on the experience gained from TIANWAN nuclear power plant. Primary evaporation and ion exchange ensure the treated waste water discharged to environment by controlling the condensate radioactivity, and secondary evaporation is to control concentrates in a limited salt concentration.
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Hoffmann, Martin, Ingmar Koischwitz, and Jörg Viermann. "New Construction of an In-Drum Drying Plant in the Central Decontamination and Water Treatment Facility (ZDW)." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96170.
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During the operation and dismantling of nuclear plants, a variety of radioactive liquid wastes accumulate, which must be supplied to a disposal chain suitable for final disposal. In the initial conditioning step, with regard to their chemical properties these waste waters are usually adjusted by water treatment systems (predominantly evaporation facilities) permanently installed in nuclear power plants, and then, they are concentrated up to a predefined content of solids. Afterwards, the developing evaporator concentrate is desiccated locally and suitable for final disposal by own permanently installed conditioning installations or by means of mobile plants. For a mobile conditioning of evaporator concentrates, GNS uses the drying plant of the type FAVORIT proven over decades. Each of the mobile FAVORIT processing plants is provided with a handling licence for Germany valid nationwide according to § 7 of the German Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV).
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Li, Haiyan, Lige Tong, Xinxing Sun, Li Wang, and Shaowu Yin. "A Distributed Model for Air-to-Refrigerant Fin-and-Tube Evaporators With Special Emphasis on Two-Phase Zone." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22097.
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A general and simple model for simulating the steady behavior of air-to-refrigerant fin-and-tube evaporators, which accounts for detailed flow state inside the tubes, is introduced. To account for the heat transfer between air and the working fluid, the evaporator is divided into a number of control volumes. Space dependent partial differential equations group is obtained from the mass, energy and momentum balances for each one. The corresponding discretized governing equations are solved afterwards. Empirical correlations are also required to estimate the void fraction, the internal and external heat transfer coefficients, as well as the pressure drops. According to the phase of refrigerating fluid, the evaporator can be divided into two distinct zones on the refrigerant-side: the vapor zone and the two-phase zone, while special emphasis is performed on the treatment of the two-phase zone. The distribution of flow pattern has been evaluated with the aim of improving the calculation accuracy. The model prediction is validated against experimental data for an evaporator using R22 as the working fluid, which shows a reasonable level of agreement: the cooling capacity is predicted within the error band of 3%. The developed model will have wide applications in operational optimization, performance assessment and pipeline design.
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Zhang, Lei, Khalid Farooq, Zhiyuan Liao, and Kewen Pang. "Hollow-Fiber Membrane Based Micro-Filtration Technology for the Treatment of Low Level Nuclear Laundry Waste and Floor Drain Water." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15165.
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A commonly used treatment for laundry waste and floor drain water in a nuclear power plant (NPP) in China involves filtration, followed by passing through a mixed ion exchange bed or evaporator. Due to the presence of foam and suspended solid in the laundry waste, the treatment systems require frequent maintenance and have a short filter service life. Pall ARIA™ platform, a hollow-fiber membrane based Micro-Filtration (MF) technology, was recently used at a German nuclear power plant to upgrade the low level radioactive laundry waste treatment system. The MF system with 0.1 μm average pore size and totally automated backwashable design was able to successfully concentrate the low level radioactive waste before it was sent to the evaporator. An 18-month long pilot test of the MF system, with a flow capacity of 3–6 m3/hr, using 3 modules, was performed at the 1300 MW, Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant, at Phillipsburg, Germany, to substitute its legacy centrifuge separators in waste water treatment system. During the long pilot testing, the MF technology amply demonstrated its capability for consistent high particulate removal efficiency, safe & reliable operation and high availability with average recovery rate of 95%. An average activity of 17900 Bq/m3 was reported in the filtrate. The 20X concentrated stream from the MF system was processed by the evaporator. The paper discusses the current liquid radwaste treatment practices in China, and the details of 18-month long trial of the MF system at Phillipsburg NPP.
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Huang, Jianchang, Thomas J. Sheer, and Michael Bailey-McEwan. "Performance of Plate Heat Exchangers Used as Refrigerant Liquid-Overfeed Evaporators." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22095.
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The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of plate heat exchangers were measured, when used as refrigerant liquid over-feed evaporators. The three units all had 24 plates but with different chevron-angle combinations of 28°/28°, 28°/60°, and 60°/60°. R134a flowing upwards was used as the refrigerant, in a counter-current arrangement with water flowing on the other side. Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements were made over a range of mass flux, heat flux and corresponding outlet vapour fractions. The effect of system pressure on the evaporator performance was not evaluated due to the small range of evaporating temperature. Experimental data were reduced to obtain the refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop. The results for heat transfer showed a strong dependence on heat flux and weak dependence on mass flux and vapour fraction. Furthermore, the chevron angle had a small influence on heat transfer but a large influence on frictional pressure drops. Along with observations that were obtained previously on large ammonia and R12 plate evaporators, it is concluded that the dominating heat transfer mechanism in this type of evaporator is nucleate-boiling rather than forced convection. For the two-phase friction factor, various established methods were evaluated; the homogeneous treatment gives good agreement.
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Shabgard, Hamidreza, Ben Xu, and Ramkumar Parthasarathy. "Solar Thermal-Driven Multiple-Effect Thermosyphon Distillation System for Waste Water Treatment." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72492.
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A solar thermal-driven multiple-effect thermosyphon distillation (METD) system is proposed for waste-water treatment. The METD system consists of a series of cascaded thermosyphons that are connected by embedding the condenser section of each thermosyphon in the evaporator section of the following device. The input thermal energy is supplied by a solar collector integrated with a latent heat thermal energy storage unit. A thermal network model is developed to predict the heat transfer rates through the METD system and distilled water production rates. METD systems with various number of effects and hot end temperatures are investigated. It is found that the ratio of distilled water production to the input thermal energy increases by increasing the number of effects with no dependence on the hot end temperature. Quantitatively, a METD system with 5 effects can produce 11 kg of fresh water per hour with an input heat of 1.4 kW.
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Kövér, Miroslav, and Werner Stich. "The Waste Treatment Centre for Low- and Intermediate Waste (BSC - RAO) and Final Disposal of Conditioned Waste in Slovakia in Operation Since March 2000." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1124.
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Abstract On the site of the Slovak Nuclear Power Plant Bohunice a complete Waste Treatment Center for low and intermediate solid and liquid waste constructed. The facilities for volume reduction and further treatment are the incinerator, the high-force compactor and the evaporator. The facility for conditioning the waste is the cementation where the final product — filled concrete containers as the accepted waste package for long-term storage — is produced. The containers are transported to the Slovak Surface Repository for low and intermediate waste. Since March 2000, both projects are in hot operation. The first storage boxes are filled with the containers. First results gained during the first operation phase of the Waste Treatment Center will be discussed.
Reports on the topic "Evaporator treatment"
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DE Smith, GF Piepel, GW Veazey, JD Vienna, ML Elliott, RK Nakaoka, and RP Thimpke. Glass Development for Treatment of LANL Evaporator Bottoms Waste. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1827.
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Barnes, C. D. Thermodynamic Modeling of the AWE Radioactive Aqueous Waste Treatment Plant Evaporator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/816696.
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Wilmarth, W. R. Characterization of Samples from the Effluent Treatment Facility Evaporator Waste Concentrate Tank. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/637815.
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Adu-Wusu, K. LITERATURE REVIEW ON IMPACT OF GLYCOLATE ON THE 2H EVAPORATOR AND THE EFFLUENT TREATMENT FACILITY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1041030.
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Parrish, D. E. Acceptance test procedure for C-018H, 242-A evaporator/PUREX plant process condensate treatment facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10120555.
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Hill, J. S. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. 242-A Evaporator/plutonium uranium extraction (PUREX) effluent treatment facility (ETF) nonradioactive air emission test report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/662048.
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Compau, R. A. Jr. Electrical/instrumentation acceptance test report for Project C-018H, 242-A Evaporator/PUREX Plant condensate treatment facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/86968.
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Sullivan, N. Project C-018H, 242-A Evaporator/PUREX Plant Process Condensate Treatment Facility, functional design criteria. Revision 3. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/93550.
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Dupuis, A. Project C-018H, 242-A evaporator/PUREX Plant Process Condensate Treatment Facility Instrumentation and Control (I&C). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/89503.
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Wallace, R. M., and J. P. Bibler. Calculations of volatilities of Hg, NH{sub 3}, and Cs-137 in the F/H Effluent Treatment Facility evaporator system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10128771.
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