Journal articles: 'Evaporation processes'

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Bunshah, R. F., and C. V. Deshpandey. "Evaporation Processes." MRS Bulletin 13, no. 12 (December 1988): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063673.

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Physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology consists of the basic techniques of evaporation deposition and sputter deposition. PVD is used to deposit films and coatings or self-supported shapes such as sheet, foil, tubing, etc. The thickness of the deposits can vary from angstroms to millimeters.Applications range widely, from decorative to utilitarian and over significant segments of the engineering, chemical, nuclear, microelectronics, and related industries. They have been increasing rapidly because modern high technology demands multiple and often conflicting sets of properties from engineering materials, e.g., combination of two or more of the following: high temperature strength, impact strength, specific optical, electrical or magnetic properties, wear resistance, fabricability into complex shapes, biocompatibility, cost, etc. A single or monolithic material cannot meet such demands. The solution is a composite material, a core material and a coating each having the requisite properties to meet the specifications.This article will review evaporation-based deposition technologies, theory and mechanisms, processes, deposition of various types of materials, and also the evolution of the microstructure and its relationship to the properties of the deposits.The first evaporated thin films were probably prepared by Faraday in 1857 when he exploded metal wires in a vacuum. The deposition of thin metal films in vacuum by Joule heating was discovered in 1887 by Nahrwold and was used by Kundt in 1888 to measure refractive indices of such films. In the ensuing period, the work was primarily of academic interest, concerned with optical phenomena associated with thin layer of metals, research into kinetics and diffusion of gases, and gas-metal reactions.

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Windy H. Mirakusuma, Andriyanto Setyawan, Luga M. Simbolon, Muhammad Arman, and Susilawati. "Effects of Evaporating Temperature on the Flow Pattern of Dimethyl Ether in a Horizontal Evaporator." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 100, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.100.1.4452.

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Dimethyl ether is one of the derivative products of coal that will be used as a household fuel substitute for LPG in Indonesia. In addition, it can also be used as a working fluid in a refrigeration system. To understand the behavior of this refrigerant, a simulation was carried out to determine the flow pattern of dimethyl ether in a horizontal evaporator. This study was applied in an evaporator of an air conditioner with inside diameter of 6.3 and 7.9 mm and cooling capacity of 2.64 and 5.28 kW. By varying the evaporation temperature from -20 to 5°C it was observed that the flow pattern was dominated by annular flow when the evaporation temperature was set at higher value. Simulation using pipe diameter of 7.9 mm and cooling capacity of 2.64 kW showed that at the evaporator inlet the flow pattern is combination of stratified-wavy and wavy-annular for all range of evaporation temperature. When the pipe diameter was reduced to 6.3 mm, stratified wavy at the evaporator inlet was only found at evaporating temperature of -15 and -20°C. All stratified wavy flow vanishes when the cooling capacity was doubled to 5.28 kW. Annular flow is dominant under this condition.

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Emekwuru, Nwabueze G. "Nanofuel Droplet Evaporation Processes." Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 99, no. 1 (October 6, 2018): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41745-018-0092-2.

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Duursma, Gail, Khellil Sefiane, and Joy Clarke. "Diffusion-Evaporation Studies of Binary Mixtures in Capillary Tubes." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.577.

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Evaporation in restricted domains, e.g. in capillaries, is of industrial importance but is poorly understood. Where the evaporating liquid is a binary mixture, preferential evaporation of the more volatile component occurs initially and the evaporation rate is not constant, indeed it appears to occur in stages. Experiments of evaporation from the entrance of a capillary were performed for various binary mixtures of acetone and water and for pure liquids for comparison. Measurements of mass were taken over time for a range of capillary diameters from 0.6 mm to 2 mm. For simplicity, the experiments were performed with the meniscus “stationary” at the entrance of the tube, rather than allowing the meniscus to recede. The data were analysed and showed that, for the binary mixtures, the evaporation process had two distinct stages for the mixtures. The second stage always had a lower slope than the first, indicating a slower evaporation (similar multistage evaporation processes have been observed for sessile drops of binary mixtures). There are many phenomena at work in this process: surface evaporation; diffusion (or natural convective mass transfer) in the air beyond the capillary; diffusion in the binary mixture; circulation in the liquid; thermal effects of evaporative cooling. These are investigated, comparisons made and further studies are proposed.

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ONO, Katsutoshi, and Ryosuke O. SUZUKI. "Evaporation Processes in Vacuum Metallurgy." Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan 47, no. 1 (1999): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5702/massspec.47.38.

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Hayakawa, Y., and M. Matsushita. "Cluster growth through evaporation processes." Physical Review A 40, no. 5 (September 1, 1989): 2871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.40.2871.

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Hahne, E., and G. Barthau. "Evaporation waves in flashing processes." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 26, no. 4 (April 2000): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(99)00031-2.

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Wang, Hongxiu, Jingjing Jin, Buli Cui, Bingcheng Si, Xiaojun Ma, and Mingyi Wen. "Technical note: Evaporating water is different from bulk soil water in δ2H and δ18O and has implications for evaporation calculation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 5399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5399-2021.

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Abstract. Soil evaporation is a key process in the water cycle and can be conveniently quantified using δ2H and δ18O in bulk surface soil water (BW). However, recent research shows that soil water in larger pores evaporates first and differs from water in smaller pores in δ2H and δ18O, which disqualifies the quantification of evaporation from BW δ2H and δ18O. We hypothesized that BW had different isotopic compositions from evaporating water (EW). Therefore, our objectives were to test this hypothesis first and then evaluate whether the isotopic difference alters the calculated evaporative water loss. We measured the isotopic composition of soil water during two continuous evaporation periods in a summer maize field. Period I had a duration of 32 d, following a natural precipitation event, and period II lasted 24 d, following an irrigation event with a 2H-enriched water. BW was obtained by cryogenically extracting water from samples of 0–5 cm soil taken every 3 d; EW was derived from condensation water collected every 2 d on a plastic film placed on the soil surface. The results showed that when event water was heavier than pre-event BW, δ2H of BW in period II decreased, with an increase in evaporation time, indicating heavy water evaporation. When event water was lighter than the pre-event BW, δ2H and δ18O of BW in period I and δ18O of BW in period II increased with increasing evaporation time, suggesting light water evaporation. Moreover, relative to BW, EW had significantly smaller δ2H and δ18O in period I and significantly smaller δ18O in period II (p<0.05). These observations suggest that the evaporating water was close to the event water, both of which differed from the bulk soil water. Furthermore, the event water might be in larger pores from which evaporation takes precedence. The soil evaporative water losses derived from EW isotopes were compared with those from BW. With a small isotopic difference between EW and BW, the evaporative water losses in the soil did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Our results have important implications for quantifying evaporation processes using water stable isotopes. Future studies are needed to investigate how soil water isotopes partition differently between pores in soils with different pore size distributions and how this might affect soil evaporation estimation.

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Sumardiono, Siswo, and Johann Fischer. "Molecular simulations of droplet evaporation processes: Adiabatic pressure jump evaporation." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49, no. 5-6 (March 2006): 1148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.06.043.

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MURISIC, N., and L. KONDIC. "On evaporation of sessile drops with moving contact lines." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 679 (April 18, 2011): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.133.

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We consider theoretically, computationally and experimentally spontaneous evaporation of water and isopropanol drops on smooth silicon wafers. In contrast to a number of previous works, the solid surface we consider is smooth and therefore the droplets' evolution proceeds without contact line pinning. We develop a theoretical model for evaporation of pure liquid drops that includes Marangoni forces due to the thermal gradients produced by non-uniform evaporation, and heat conduction effects in both liquid and solid phases. The key ingredient in this model is the evaporative flux. We consider two commonly used models: one based on the assumption that the evaporation is limited by the processes originating in the gas (vapour diffusion-limited evaporation), and the other one which assumes that the processes in the liquid are limiting. Our theoretical model allows for implementing evaporative fluxes resulting from both approaches. The required parameters are obtained from physical experiments. We then carry out fully nonlinear time-dependent simulations and compare the results with the experimental ones. Finally, we discuss how the simulation results can be used to predict which of the two theoretical models is appropriate for a particular physical experiment.

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Suárez, Francisco, Felipe Lobos, Alberto de la Fuente, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Ana Prieto, Carolina Meruane, and Oscar Hartogensis. "E-DATA: A Comprehensive Field Campaign to Investigate Evaporation Enhanced by Advection in the Hyper-Arid Altiplano." Water 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030745.

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In the endorheic basins of the Altiplano, water is crucial for sustaining unique ecological habitats. Here, the wetlands act as highly localized evaporative environments, and little is known about the processes that control evaporation. Understanding evaporation in the Altiplano is challenging because these environments are immersed in a complex topography surrounded by desert and are affected by atmospheric circulations at various spatial scales. Also, these environments may be subject to evaporation enhancement events as the result of dry air advection. To better characterize evaporation processes in the Altiplano, the novel Evaporation caused by Dry Air Transport over the Atacama Desert (E-DATA) field campaign was designed and tested at the Salar del Huasco, Chile. The E-DATA combines surface and airborne measurements to understand the evaporation dynamics over heterogeneous surfaces, with the main emphasis on the open water evaporation. The weather and research forecasting model was used for planning the instruments installation strategy to understand how large-scale air flow affects evaporation. Instrumentation deployed included: meteorological stations, eddy covariance systems, scintillometers, radiosondes and an unmanned aerial vehicle, and fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing. Additional water quality and CO2 fluxes measurements were carried out to identify the link between meteorological conditions and the biochemical dynamics of Salar del Huasco. Our first results show that, in the study site, evaporation is driven by processes occurring at multiple spatial and temporal scales and that, even in the case of available water and energy, evaporation is triggered by mechanical turbulence induced by wind.

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Feng, Song Jiang, Hao Bo He, Xue Liu, Bo He, and Wan Sheng Nie. "Investigation of the Evaporation Processes of Gel Propellant Droplets." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.753.

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Due to their high-performance and improved safety, gel propellants can be used in various boost motors and large launchers. The evaporation and combustion characteristics of gel propellants are the foundation for the gel-engine design. Especially, it is basal and important to study the gel droplet evaporation process. In this paper, the gel droplet evaporation model is developed to simulate the gel droplet evaporation process at first. Then the experiments to record the gel droplet evaporation process are conducted. During the droplet evaporation process, the decreased velocity of the droplet diameter increases gradually, whereas that of the droplet mass decreases gradually. The mass of both the liquid fuel and the gellant decreases gradually, however, the gellant mass concentration increases gradually and at the evaporation later stage the gellant mass is larger than that of the liquid fuel. The typical evaporation process characteristics captured by experiments are in reasonable agreement with the gel droplets evaporation mechanism. Especially, the “micro-burst” phenomenon of the gelled propellant may appears in rocket engines.

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HONG, KUNQUAN, LI MA, PINGPING CHEN, WEIFENG SHEN, and GUANGHOU WANG. "THERMAL DYNAMICS OF Te CLUSTER FILM AT ANNEALING PROCESSES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (July 10, 2005): 2639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031456.

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We report a novel experimental finding of Te cluster films with fractal structure formed at annealing process and the Monte-Carlo simulation of this process. Te cluster films were prepared by using inert gas condensation method and annealed the sample in situ at 523K under TEM. The fractal patterns were formed because of evaporation when the substrate temperature increased. The simulation results indicate that the morphology of the nanofilm is not changed at first, but with increasing temperature some cavities appear due to evaporation. With further increasing temperature, those cavities are enlarged, then networks, fractal patterns and islands are formed subsequently. The turning point of temperature, at which the system has the fastest evaporating rate, is also obtained. It is predicated that the nanostructural films with special pattern and novel property can be achieved by annealing the cluster film in a controlled manner.

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Sharifullin, V. N., and A. V. Sharifullin. "Intensification of evaporation processes using surfactants." Thermal Engineering 62, no. 6 (May 13, 2015): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601515030118.

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Martin, P. J., D. R. McKenzie, R. P. Netterfield, P. Swift, S. W. Filipczuk, K. H. Müller, C. G. Pacey, and B. James. "Characteristics of titanium arc evaporation processes." Thin Solid Films 153, no. 1-3 (October 1987): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(87)90173-8.

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Yabe, T., F. Xiao, and H. Mochizuki. "Simulation technique for dynamic evaporation processes." Nuclear Engineering and Design 155, no. 1-2 (April 1995): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(94)00867-x.

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Zhou, Xinyi, Tie Li, Yijie Wei, and Ning Wang. "Scaling liquid penetration in evaporating sprays for different size diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (December 6, 2019): 1662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419889835.

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Scaled model experiments can greatly reduce the cost, time and energy consumption in diesel engine development, and the similarity of spray characteristics has a primary effect on the overall scaling results of engine performance and pollutant emissions. However, although so far the similarity of spray characteristics under the non-evaporating condition has been studied to some extent, researches on scaling the evaporating sprays are still absent. The maximum liquid penetration length has a close relationship with the spray evaporation processes and is a key parameter in the design of diesel engine spray combustion system. In this article, the similarity of maximum liquid penetration length is theoretically derived based on the hypotheses that the spray evaporation processes in modern high-pressure common rail diesel engines are fuel–air mixing controlled and local interphase transport controlled, respectively. After verifying that the fuel injection rates are perfectly scaled, the similarity of maximum liquid penetration length in evaporating sprays is studied for three scaling laws using two nozzles with hole diameter of 0.11 and 0.14 mm through the high-speed diffused back-illumination method. Under the test conditions of different fuel injection pressures, ambient temperatures and densities, the lift-off law and speed law lead to a slightly increased maximum liquid penetration length, while the pressure law can well scale the maximum liquid penetration length. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analyses based on the hypothesis that the spray evaporation processes are fuel–air mixing controlled, indicating that the local interphase transports of energy, momentum and mass on droplet surface are not rate-controlled steps with respect to spray evaporation processes.

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Malamos, Nikolaos, and Aristoteles Tegos. "Advances in Evaporation and Evaporative Demand." Hydrology 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9050078.

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Liu, Lichao, Yaoxuan Song, Yanhong Gao, Tao Wang, and Xinrong Li. "Effects of microbiotic crusts on evaporation from the revegetated area in a Chinese desert." Soil Research 45, no. 6 (2007): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06175.

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Conflicting views exist on the evaporative effects of microbiotic crusts. The effects of microbiotic crusts on evaporation were studied using a microlysimeter under different simulated precipitation. The results show that under minor precipitation, the microbiotic crusts generally act as a retarding factor for evaporation, prolonging water retention in the surface layer in comparison with sandy soil, whereas under abundant precipitation, the crusts result in less infiltration and a greater total water loss through evaporation. It is possible that microbiotic crusts act as a major environmental driver in the succession of restored vegetation through their influence on evaporative water loss.

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Schwerdtfeger, J., M. S. Johnson, E. G. Couto, R. S. S. Amorim, L. Sanches, J. H. Campelo, and M. Weiler. "Inundation and groundwater dynamics for quantification of evaporative water loss in tropical wetlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2014): 4407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4407-2014.

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Abstract. Characterizing hydrological processes within tropical wetlands is challenging due to their remoteness, complexity and heterogeneity. In particular, estimates of evaporative water loss are inherently uncertain. In view of the large influence on the local and regional climate, the quantification of evaporation is essential for the determination of the water balance of permanent and intermittent water bodies. Data for tropical wetlands are scarce where their remoteness impedes direct evaporation measurements. Seasonal inundation dynamics affect evaporation processes in tropical wetlands, which can be analysed in two stages: the first stage during the wet season and the second stage during the dry season. As yet no adequate method exists for determining second-stage evaporation in a data-scarce environment that additionally allows for a transfer of simulated actual evaporation (AET) to other locations. Our study aimed at developing a process-based model to simulate first- and second-stage evaporation in tropical wetlands. We selected a set of empirical potential evaporation (PET) models of varying complexity, each based on different assumptions and available data sets, and evaluated the models with pan evaporation observations in the Pantanal of South America, one of the largest tropical wetlands in the world. We used high-resolution measurements of surface and groundwater levels at different locations to determine the water available for evaporation. AET was derived by constraining simulated PET based on available water. The model of best fit was applied to different types of water bodies with varying hydroperiods to capture first- and second-stage evaporation across a range of wetland types. With our new model we could quantify evaporative water loss in the dry and the wet season for different locations in the Pantanal. This new spatially explicit approach represents an improvement in our understanding of the role of evaporation in the water balance of the Pantanal. We recommend the application of this model in other remote tropical wetlands, since only a minimum of input data is necessary.

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Schwerdtfeger, J., M. S. Johnson, E. G. Couto, R. S. S. Amorim, L. Sanches, J. H. Campelo Júnior, and M. Weiler. "Inundation and groundwater dynamics for quantification of evaporative water loss in tropical wetlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2014): 4017–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-4017-2014.

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Abstract. The remoteness, complexity and heterogeneity of tropical wetlands make the characterisation of their hydrological processes challenging. In particular estimates of evaporative water loss are inherently uncertain. In view of the large influence on the local and regional climate, the quantification of evaporation is essential for the determination of the water balance of permanent and intermittent water bodies. Data for tropical wetlands are scarce where their remoteness impedes direct evaporation measurements. Seasonal inundation dynamics affect evaporation processes in tropical wetlands, which can be analysed in two stages: the first stage during the wet season and the second stage during the dry season. As yet no adequate method exists for determining second stage evaporation without soil moisture data, which are usually unavailable for the remote tropical wetlands. Our study aimed at developing a process-based model to simulate first and second stage evaporation in tropical wetlands. We selected a set of empirical potential evaporation (PET) models of varying complexity, each based on different assumptions and available datasets, and evaluated the models with pan evaporation observations in the Pantanal of South America, one of the largest tropical wetlands in the world. We used high-resolution measurements of surface and groundwater levels at different locations to determine the water available for evaporation. Actual evaporation (AET) was derived by constraining simulated PET based on available water. The model of best fit was applied to different types of water bodies with varying inundation durations and captured first and second stage evaporation. With our new model we could quantify evaporative water loss in the dry and the wet season for different locations in the Pantanal. This new spatially-explicit approach represents an improvement in our understanding of the role of evaporation in the water balance of the Pantanal. We recommend the application of this model in other remote tropical wetlands, since only a minimum of input data is necessary.

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Coelho, Alexander, Luke Schenck, Gulenay Guner, Ashish Punia, and Ecevit Bilgili. "A Combined Isolation and Formulation Approach to Convert Nanomilled Suspensions into High Drug-Loaded Composite Particles That Readily Reconstitute." Powders 1, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 88–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders1020008.

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The advantage of nanoparticles to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs is well known. However, the higher-energy state of nanoparticles beneficial for bioavailability presents challenges for both the stability of nanosuspensions and preventing irreversible aggregation if isolated as dry solids. The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of an evaporation isolation route for converting wet media milled nanosuspensions into high drug-loaded nanocomposites that exhibit fast redispersion in aqueous media, ideally fully restoring the particle size distribution of the starting suspension. Optimization of this approach is presented, starting from nanomilling conditions and formulation composition to achieve physical stability post milling, followed by novel evaporative drying conditions coupled with various dispersant types/loadings. Ultimately, isolated nanocomposite particles reaching 55–75% drug load were achieved, which delivered fast redispersion and immediate release of nanoparticles when the rotary evaporator drying approach was coupled with higher concentration of hydrophilic polymers/excipients. This bench-scale rotary evaporation approach serves to identify optimal nanoparticle compositions and has a line of sight to larger scale evaporative isolation processes for preparation of solid nanocomposites particles.

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Hołyst, Robert. "Challenges in thermodynamics: Irreversible processes, nonextensive entropies, and systems without equilibrium states." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 10 (September 2, 2009): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-07-13.

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Recent works on evaporation and condensation demonstrate that even these simplest irreversible processes, studied for over 100 years, are not well understood. In the case of a liquid evaporating into its vapor, the liquid temperature is constant during evaporation and the evaporation flux is governed by the heat transfer from the hotter vapor into the colder liquid. Whether liquid evaporates into its own vapor or into the vacuum, the irreversible pathway in the process goes through a number of steps which quickly lead to the steady-state conditions with mechanical equilibrium in most parts of the system—the fact overlooked in all previous studies. Even less is known about general rules which govern systems far from equilibrium. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a work done in an irreversible process can be related to the free energy difference between equilibrium states joined by the process. Finally, a real challenge in thermodynamics is a description of living systems since they do not have equilibrium states, are nonextensive, (i.e., they cannot be divided into subsystems), and cannot be isolated. Thus, their proper description requires new paradigms in thermodynamics.

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Li, Xinhu, and Fengzhi Shi. "Salt precipitation and evaporative flux on sandy soil with saline groundwater under different evaporation demand conditions." Soil Research 60, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr21111.

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Context Salt precipitation and its influence on evaporation have been widely studied in recent years. However, the evolution process of salt precipitation and evaporative flux is poorly understood under various evaporation demand (ED) rate condition, which is defined as the evaporation rate of distilled water from soil under constant radiation conditions. Aims and methods This study investigated the evolution of salt crust and evaporative flux on sand soil columns with fixed saline groundwater at a depth of 20 cm under four ED conditions (29.5, 21.5, 9.0 and 4.0 mm day−1). Key results Evaporation rate significantly decreased in all treatments because the salt crust was elevated and salt domes formed, but the salt patterns of salt precipitation and evaporation exhibited significant differences between different EDs. The homogeneous fine powder crystals precipitated under relatively high ED conditions (29.5 and 21.5 mm day−1), and tended to aggregate and form an elevated salt crust in the initial period of salt precipitation. Consequently, it resulted in a sharp decrease in evaporation during the initial period of salt precipitation. In contrast, discrete and large crystals observed under low ED conditions (9.0 and 4.0 mm day−1), resulted in a stable evaporation stage during the initial period of salt precipitation. The highest relative evaporation rate was observed under the lowest ED condition when the evaporation rate reached stability, which was attributed to the formation of small and discrete salt domes, indicating that both the upward and lateral growth of salt precipitation were influenced by ED. Conclusions and implications The physics of salt crust formation needs to be considered in understanding how salt precipitates on the soil surface.

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Irwansyah, Zulfikar, and Asnawi. "IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EVAPORATION IN SOLAR DISTILLATION UNITS THROUGH AIR FEEDING IN THE EVAPORATION CABIN." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ENGINEERING AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY (IJEAT) 2, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52005/ijeat.v2i2.25.

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Solar distillation has been used to distill seawater into clean water. The distillation process is largely determined by the effectiveness of the evaporation and condensation processes. This study aimed to investigate the method of condensing air into the water and evaporator space on the effectiveness of the evaporation process. The solar distillation is designed as two units with a single basin type. Type-I solar distillation is designed with the evaporator and condenser chambers in one room. The solar distillation type-II is designed with a modified evaporator chamber so that water vapor can be circulated out and without a condenser room. The solar distillation length and width are 600 mm and 400 mm, respectively, which are made of a 0.6 mm thickness stainless steel plate. At the top, it is covered by a 5 mm thickness glass with a slope of 10°. The test was carried out for 7 days together between the type-I solar distillation and the type-II solar distillation. Data on raw water temperature, room temperature, glass surface temperature, ambient temperature, and solar intensity were recorded during the test. The data is recorded every 30 minutes starting at 08.00 GMT+7 until 17.30 GMT+7. The test results show that the solar distillation performance is influenced by the high and low solar intensity. The volume production of water vapor in the type-II solar distillation is greater than that of the type-I solar distillation. This shows that condensing air into the water and evaporator space can increase the evaporation process's effectiveness on the solar distillation.

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Rose, D. A., F. Konukcu, and J. W. Gowing. "Effect of watertable depth on evaporation and salt accumulation from saline groundwater." Soil Research 43, no. 5 (2005): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04051.

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When the evaporative demand is greater than the ability of the soil to conduct water in the liquid phase, the soil profile above a watertable exhibits a liquid−vapour discontinuity, known as the evaporation front, that affects the depth of salinisation and the rate of evaporation. We conducted experiments on a sandy loam with shallow saline watertables under high isothermal evaporative demand (24 mm/day), monitoring rates of evaporation from the soil and upward movement of groundwater, and observing profiles of soil water and salinity over periods of up to 78 days. Three zones were distinguished in the soil profile: a zone of liquid flow above the watertable, a zone of vapour flow close to the surface, and an intermediate transition zone in which mixed liquid−vapour flow occurred. The vapour-flow zone above the evaporation front appeared after a few days and progressed downward to depths of 40, 60, and 120 mm, while eventual steady-state rates of evaporation were 1.3, 1.1, and 0.3 mm/day for watertable depths of 300, 450, and 700 mm, respectively. Salts mainly accumulated in the transition zone, suggesting that the depth of the evaporation front should be a criterion to locate and prevent salinisation as a result of capillary flow from a watertable in arid regions.

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Trambauer, P., E. Dutra, S. Maskey, M. Werner, F. Pappenberger, L. P. H. van Beek, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Comparison of different evaporation estimates over the African continent." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2013): 8421–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-8421-2013.

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Abstract. Evaporation is a key process in the water cycle, with implications ranging from water management, to weather forecast and climate change assessments. The estimation of continental evaporation fluxes is complex and typically relies on continental-scale hydrological or land-surface models. However, it appears that most global or continental-scale hydrological models underestimate evaporative fluxes in some regions of Africa, and as a result overestimate stream flow. Other studies suggest that land-surface models may overestimate evaporative fluxes. In this study, we computed actual evaporation for the African continent using a continental version of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB, which is based on a water balance approach. Results are compared with other independently computed evaporation products: the evaporation results from the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-Interim and ERA-Land (both based on the energy balance approach), the MOD16 evaporation product, and the GLEAM product. Three other alternative versions of the PCR-GLOBWB hydrological model were also considered. This resulted in eight products of actual evaporation, which were compared in distinct regions of the African continent spanning different climatic regimes. Annual totals, spatial patterns and seasonality were studied and compared through visual inspection and statistical methods. The comparison shows that the representation of irrigation areas has an insignificant contribution to the actual evaporation at a continental scale with a 0.5° spatial resolution. The choice of meteorological forcing data has a larger effect on the evaporation results, especially in the case of the precipitation input as different precipitation input resulted in significantly different evaporation in some of the studied regions. ERA-Interim evaporation is generally the highest of the selected products followed by ERA-Land evaporation. The satellite based products (GLEAM and MOD16) do not show regular behaviour when compared to the other products, though this depends on the region and the season considered. The results from this study allow for a better understanding of the differences between products in each climatic region. Through an improved understanding of the causes of differences between these products and their uncertainty, this study provides information to improve the quality of evaporation products for the African continent and, consequently, leads to improved water resources assessments at regional scale.

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Vespo, Vincenzo Sergio, Gabriele Della Vecchia, and Guido Musso. "Modelling evaporation processes of cement-bentonite mixtures." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502029.

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Upon drying, matter and energy are exchanged between the atmosphere and porous media through evaporation, which is a coupled process that involves the simultaneous transport of liquid water, water vapour and heat. At shallow depths, evaporation controls the water content and suction of both natural soils and earthworks, affecting their hydraulic response. This impact is particularly relevant when the earthworks are aimed at the containment of aqueous or non-aqueous pollutants, as in the case of cement bentonite cut-off walls. A coupled model for the transport of liquid water, water vapour and heat through cement bentonite mixtures upon evaporation was formulated. The model considers flow of water driven by both total suction and temperature gradients. Model predictions were compared to experimental results obtained in the laboratory on samples having different sizes and imposed boundary conditions. A good agreement between predicted and measured volumetric water contents was obtained, once defined a suitable dependency of the relative permeability of the mixture on degree of saturation. The results suggest that the proposed formulation correctly accounts for the underlying physical processes, and that it might be used to model the real scale behaviour of cut-off walls.

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Cabibbo, M., V. Baran, M. Colonna, and M. Di Toro. "Entrance channel effects in fusion-evaporation processes." Nuclear Physics A 637, no. 3 (July 1998): 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(98)00238-3.

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Newbert, G. J. "Energy efficient drying, evaporation and similar processes." Journal of Heat Recovery Systems 5, no. 6 (January 1985): 551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-7593(85)90223-1.

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El-Dessouky, H. T., H. M. Ettouney, and F. Al-Juwayhel. "Multiple Effect Evaporation—Vapour Compression Desalination Processes." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 78, no. 4 (May 2000): 662–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026387600527626.

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Clement, C. F., and I. J. Ford. "Maximum aerosol densities from evaporation—condensation processes." Journal of Aerosol Science 20, no. 3 (January 1989): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(89)90005-0.

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Diawara, A., Y. Tachibana, K. Oshima, H. Nishikawa, and Y. Ando. "Synchrony of trend shifts in Sahel summer rainfall and global oceanic evaporation, 1950–2012." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): 11269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-11269-2015.

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Abstract. Between 1950 and 2012, summer (rainy season) rainfall in the Sahel changed from a multi-decadal decreasing trend to an increasing trend (positive trend shift) in the mid-1980s. We found that this trend shift was synchronous with similar trend shifts in global oceanic evaporation and in land precipitation in all continents except the Americas. The trend shift in oceanic evaporation occurred mainly in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and the subtropical oceans of the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Because increased oceanic evaporation strengthens the atmospheric moisture transport toward land areas, the synchrony of oceanic evaporation and land precipitation is reasonable. Surface scalar winds over the SH oceans also displayed a positive trend shift. Sea surface temperature (SST) displayed a trend shift in the mid-1980s that was negative (increasing, then decreasing) in the SH and positive in the NH. Although SST had opposite trend shifts in both hemispheres, the trend shift in evaporation was positive in both hemispheres. We infer that because strong winds promote evaporative cooling, the trend shift in SH winds strengthened the trend shifts of both SST and evaporation in the SH. Because high SST promotes evaporation, the trend shift in NH SST strengthened the NH trend shift in evaporation. Thus differing oceanic roles in the SH and NH generated the positive trend shift in evaporation; however, the details of moisture transport toward the Sahel are still unclear.

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Shornikov, S. I. "Thermodynamic modeling of evaporation processes of lunar and meteorite substance." Геохимия 64, no. 8 (September 3, 2019): 794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-7525648794-802.

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A thermodynamic approach to modeling the processes of evaporation of lunar and meteorite matter is presented. Comparison of the results of model calculations and experimental data showed high accuracy of the developed approach in the description of thermodynamic properties of melts of lunar and meteorite substance and its behavior at evaporation. The observed regularities of melt evaporation are consistent with the thermodynamic values characterizing the residual melts.

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Neeson, Michael J., Raymond R. Dagastine, Derek Y. C. Chan, and Rico F. Tabor. "Evaporation of a capillary bridge between a particle and a surface." Soft Matter 10, no. 42 (2014): 8489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm01826e.

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The liquid bridge that forms between a particle and a flat surface, and the dynamics of its evaporation are pertinent to a range of physical processes including paint and ink deposition, spray drying, evaporative lithography and the flow and processing of powders.

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Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Modification of Conventional Sugar Juice Evaporation Process for Increasing Energy Efficiency and Decreasing Sucrose Inversion Loss." Processes 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070765.

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The evaporation process, boiler, and turbine are the main components of the cogeneration system of the sugar factory. In the conventional process, the evaporator requires extracted steam from the turbine, and bled vapor from the evaporator is supplied to the juice heater and the pan stage. The evaporation process may be modified by using extracted steam for the heating duty in the pan stage. This paper is aimed at the investigation of the effects of this process modification. Mathematical models of the conventional and modified processes were developed for this purpose. It was found that, under the conditions that the total evaporator area is 13,000 m2, and the inlet juice flow rate is 125 kg/s, the optimum modified evaporation process requires extracted steam at a pressure of 157.0 kPa. Under the condition that the fuel consumption rate is 21 kg/s, the cogeneration system that uses the optimum modified evaporation process yields 2.3% more power output than the cogeneration system that uses a non-optimum conventional cogeneration process. Furthermore, sugar inversion loss of the optimum modified process is found to be 63% lower than that of the non-optimum conventional process.

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Budagovskyi, Anatolij, and Viliam Novák. "THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporation." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-011-0006-8.

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THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporationEvaporation of water from the soil is described and quantified. Formation of the soil dry surface layer is quantitatively described, as a process resulting from the difference between the evaporation and upward soil water flux to the soil evaporating level. The results of evaporation analysis are generalized even for the case of water evaporation from the soil under canopy and interaction between evaporation rate and canopy transpiration is accounted for. Relationships describing evapotranspiration increase due to evaporation of the water intercepted by canopy are presented. Indirect methods of evapotranspiration estimation are discussed, based on the measured temperature profiles and of the air humidity, as well as of the net radiation and the soil heat fluxes.

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Khalsa, Kawal Preet Singh, and Sayan Sadhu. "Experimental Study of Domestic Refrigerator Performance Improvement with Evaporative Condenser." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 29, no. 02 (April 28, 2021): 2150015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521500152.

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Evaporation of defrosted water in household refrigerators and condenser waste heat utilization has been reported by many researchers but limited literature is available on the study of evaporative cooling in domestic refrigerators (condenser waste heat utilization for defrost water evaporation) with helical coil heat exchangers. This paper is concerned with evaluating domestic refrigerator performance by employing an evaporative helical coil heat exchanger before hot wall condenser which is utilized for evaporation of defrost water and reducing the superheated refrigerant temperature to condensing temperature to reduce the condenser load and improve the overall performance of a domestic refrigerator. Results show that evaporative cooling increases COP of the system by 25.3%, reduces the energy consumption of the refrigerator by 7.3% and the compressor run time by 10.6%. These experimental results also revealed that using two different thermal conductivity tube materials for evaporative helical coil condenser (Copper tube and Zinc coated steel tube) provided with less wall thickness (0.2[Formula: see text]mm) PVC coating results in good agreement for the same evaporation rate of defrosted water.

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White, A. J., and A. J. Meacock. "An Evaluation of the Effects of Water Injection on Compressor Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765125.

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The injection of water droplets into compressor inlet ducting is now commonly used as a means of boosting the output from industrial gas turbines. The chief mechanisms responsible for the increase in power are the reduction in compressor work per unit flow and the increase in mass flow rate, both of which are achieved by evaporative cooling upstream of and within the compressor. This paper examines the impact of such evaporative processes on compressor operation, focussing particular attention on cases with substantial overspray—i.e., for which significant evaporation takes place within the compressor itself, rather than in the inlet. A simple numerical method is described for the computation of wet compression processes, based on a combination of droplet evaporation and mean-line calculations. The method is applied to a “generic” compressor geometry in order to investigate the nature of the off-design behavior that results from evaporative cooling. Consideration is also given to the efficiency of the compression process, the implications for choking and stall, and the magnitude of the thermodynamic loss resulting from irreversible phase change.

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Granger, R. J., and N. Hedstrom. "Controls on open water evaporation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 4, 2010): 2709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-2709-2010.

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Abstract. The paper presents the initial results of a field study of boundary layer behaviour and open water evaporation carried out on two small- to medium-sized lakes in Western and Northern Canada. Meteorological and boundary layer measurements were made over the water surfaces and over the upwind land surface, allowing for an examination of the effect of lake-land contrasts of temperature on the wind speed over the open water and on the evaporation rates. Lake evaporation was measured directly using eddy covariance equipment. The study showed that, for time periods shorter than daily, the open water evaporation bears no relationship to the net radiation. The wind speed is the most significant factor governing the evaporation rates, followed by the land-water temperature contrast and the land-water vapour pressure contrast. The effect of the stability on the wind field is demonstrated; stability over the water and adjacent land surfaces are, for the most part, out of phase. The derived relationships will be used to develop a model for estimating the hourly evaporation rates from open water. Examination of the seasonal trends shows that the open water period can be separated into two distinct evaporative regimes: the warming period in the Spring, when the land temperature is greater than the water temperature, the turbulent fluxes over water are suppressed; and the cooling period, when the water temperature is greater than the air temperature, and the turbulent fluxes over water are enhanced.

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Skarbalius, Gediminas, Algis Džiugys, Edgaras Misiulis, and Robertas Navakas. "The Impact of the Temperature Control Strategy in Steady-State Virtual Vacuum Simulation on the Spontaneous Evaporation Rate and Corresponding Evaporation Coefficient." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010256.

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In the present paper, we propose a novel simulation approach that allows one to capture the steady-state evaporation into virtual vacuum state by maintaining a constant number of atoms within the liquid phase during the simulations. The proposed method was used to perform virtual vacuum simulations of argon at a temperature of 90 K in order to study the effects of the chosen simulation temperature control approach on the system’s temperature profiles, spontaneous evaporation rates, and the energetic characteristics of the evaporating atoms. The results show that the expected non-uniform temperature profile across the liquid phase can be flattened out by dividing the liquid phase into separately thermostated bins. However, the desired liquid surface temperature can be achieved only when the thermostat region boundary is placed outside the liquid phase. The obtained relationship between the surface temperature and the spontaneous evaporation rate show that the spontaneous evaporation rate and corresponding evaporation coefficient evaluation may change up to 21% when the surface temperature changes in a narrow temperature interval of 2.45 K. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the thermostat region boundary position has no impact on the energetic characteristics of the evaporating argon atoms, even when the boundary is placed outside the liquid phase.

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Shukla, Digvijay, and Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi. "Digital holographic study of vapor transport of heavy hydrocarbon from heated well cavity." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012079.

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Abstract Thin film evaporative cooling is one of the liquid cooling technologies, capable of removing high heat flux with lower junction temperature due to the utilization of latent heat of vaporization. To understand the various transport processes involved in vapour phase during thin film evaporation, evaporation from a heated well cavity of diameter 3 mm and height 2 mm is studied using Digital holographic interferometry technique. A flat disk-shaped vapour cloud is appeared for heated as well as not- heated well surface case. This signifies radial outward natural convection instead of pure diffusion. A higher vapour concentration is obtained at each time instants for heated surface case due to the higher evaporation rate as compared to non-heated, ambient case.

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Giyad, Wissam Yassin Jabr, and Haroun A. K. Shahad. "State of the Art of Fuel Droplet Evaporation." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 5 (November 30, 2022): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400528.

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The process of fuel droplet evaporating is one of the most important factors that directly affect the efficiency of the combustion process. Therefore, the current study reviews previous studies that focused on the process of evaporation of a drop of fuel. The review is divided into points. The first part is concerned with modeling of the evaporation process under different initial condition and temperature of the droplet. The second part present the experimental studies concerned with measuring the evaporation time of the droplet, as well as the shape of the droplet during the evaporation process. Most of the studies related to this subject can be divided into three categories: The first category is the studies that are concerned with the process of heating the droplet and studying the evaporation time for different types of fuels or by adding nanomaterials to the fuel and studying their effect on the evaporation process. The second category is the studies concerned with the mechanics of droplet evaporation and the study of droplet shape. The third category is the studies that focus on studying the effect of initial conditions, such as temperature and pressure, as well as the concentration of gasses surrounding the drop and their types. There are other studies concerned with projecting the electric field onto the drop during the evaporation process and studying its effect.

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Calzolari, Arrigo, Andrzej Rajca, and Maria Benedetta Casu. "From radical to triradical thin film processes: the Blatter radical derivatives." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 33 (2021): 10787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01541a.

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Thermal evaporation of (poly)radicals is possible. More than one radical site in a molecule makes it more reactive, narrowing the windows left for thin film evaporation, and favouring island formation rather than two-dimensional growth.

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45

Chen, XY. "Evaporation from a salt encrusted sediment surface - Field and laboratory studies." Soil Research 30, no. 4 (1992): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920429.

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Estimates of hydrologic budgets from arid zones are constrained by difficulties in evaluating evaporation loss from groundwater discharge areas, especially playa surfaces. Evaporation from a salt-encrusted playa surface (Lake Amadeus, central Australia) is estimated by field measurement of moisture loss from sediment blocks in plastic receptacles set into the playa. The evaporation process consists of two distinctively different evaporative patterns. E1 is a very low rate (70 mm/year, 2.4% of pan evaporation) from the salt-encrusted surface. E2 is a much higher rate which occurs after rain dissolves the surface salt crust. The total E2 evaporation is lower than the rainfall, indicating that a portion of rainfall recharges the playa brine. Therefore, the total E1(70 mm/year) can only be used as an upper limit of the net evaporation and the actual value may be significantly lower. In a laboratory analogue experiment, a very thin (2 mm) salt crust diminishes the evaporation to about 2% of that from a fresh water surface, even though the sediments underlying the crust remain saturated. When distilled water was added to the salt crust, the evaporation rate increased by nearly 20 times for a short period, then returned to the previous low rate. However, a portion of the distilled water infiltrated to the watertable, and became part of the brine supply to the sediments. Both the salt crusts of Lake Amadeus and those formed in the laboratory experiment are porous and buckled, and significantly drier than the underlying sediments. The significant reduction of evaporation from salt-encrusted sediment surface seems to be mainly due to the porous, buckled and dry nature of the crust which inhibits the removal of the vapour from the underlying sediments. The vapour pressure decrease of the brine has relatively less effects.

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Dash, S. K., S. P. Sengupta, and S. K. Som. "Transport processes and associated irreversibilities in droplet evaporation." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 5, no. 3 (July 1991): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.272.

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Cornille, H., and A. d’Almeida. "Criteria for inverted temperatures in evaporation–condensation processes." Journal of Mathematical Physics 37, no. 11 (November 1996): 5476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531718.

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Gerasimov, D. N., and E. I. Yurin. "Parameters determining kinetic processes on an evaporation surface." High Temperature 53, no. 4 (July 2015): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x15040112.

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Maikowske, S., A. Vittoriosi, and J. J. Brandner. "Optical measurement of evaporation processes using microstructured evaporators." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 27 (October 2012): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2012.02.003.

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Liu, Hongmei, Jingping Shao, Wei Jiang, and Xuedong Liu. "Numerical Modeling of Droplet Aerosol Coagulation, Condensation/Evaporation and Deposition Processes." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020326.

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The differentially weighted operator-splitting Monte Carlo (DWOSMC) method is further developed to describe the droplet aerosol dynamic behaviors, including coagulation, deposition, condensation, and evaporation processes. It is first proposed that the droplet aerosols will experience firstly condensation and then evaporation, and this phenomenon is first implemented into the Monte Carlo method and sectional method with considering coagulation, deposition, and condensation/evaporation processes in both single-component and two-component aerosol particle systems. It is found that the calculated results of the DWOSMC method agree well with both the analytical solutions and the sectional method. The further developed DWOSMC method can predict the variation of particle number density, total particle volume, mean particle diameter, particle size distributions, and the component-related particle volume densities in both single component and two-component droplet aerosol systems considering coagulation, deposition, and condensation/evaporation processes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Evaporation processes'

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