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Academic literature on the topic 'Evaporation processes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Evaporation processes"

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Bunshah, R. F., and C. V. Deshpandey. "Evaporation Processes." MRS Bulletin 13, no. 12 (December 1988): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063673.

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Physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology consists of the basic techniques of evaporation deposition and sputter deposition. PVD is used to deposit films and coatings or self-supported shapes such as sheet, foil, tubing, etc. The thickness of the deposits can vary from angstroms to millimeters.Applications range widely, from decorative to utilitarian and over significant segments of the engineering, chemical, nuclear, microelectronics, and related industries. They have been increasing rapidly because modern high technology demands multiple and often conflicting sets of properties from engineering materials, e.g., combination of two or more of the following: high temperature strength, impact strength, specific optical, electrical or magnetic properties, wear resistance, fabricability into complex shapes, biocompatibility, cost, etc. A single or monolithic material cannot meet such demands. The solution is a composite material, a core material and a coating each having the requisite properties to meet the specifications.This article will review evaporation-based deposition technologies, theory and mechanisms, processes, deposition of various types of materials, and also the evolution of the microstructure and its relationship to the properties of the deposits.The first evaporated thin films were probably prepared by Faraday in 1857 when he exploded metal wires in a vacuum. The deposition of thin metal films in vacuum by Joule heating was discovered in 1887 by Nahrwold and was used by Kundt in 1888 to measure refractive indices of such films. In the ensuing period, the work was primarily of academic interest, concerned with optical phenomena associated with thin layer of metals, research into kinetics and diffusion of gases, and gas-metal reactions.
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Windy H. Mirakusuma, Andriyanto Setyawan, Luga M. Simbolon, Muhammad Arman, and Susilawati. "Effects of Evaporating Temperature on the Flow Pattern of Dimethyl Ether in a Horizontal Evaporator." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 100, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.100.1.4452.

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Dimethyl ether is one of the derivative products of coal that will be used as a household fuel substitute for LPG in Indonesia. In addition, it can also be used as a working fluid in a refrigeration system. To understand the behavior of this refrigerant, a simulation was carried out to determine the flow pattern of dimethyl ether in a horizontal evaporator. This study was applied in an evaporator of an air conditioner with inside diameter of 6.3 and 7.9 mm and cooling capacity of 2.64 and 5.28 kW. By varying the evaporation temperature from -20 to 5°C it was observed that the flow pattern was dominated by annular flow when the evaporation temperature was set at higher value. Simulation using pipe diameter of 7.9 mm and cooling capacity of 2.64 kW showed that at the evaporator inlet the flow pattern is combination of stratified-wavy and wavy-annular for all range of evaporation temperature. When the pipe diameter was reduced to 6.3 mm, stratified wavy at the evaporator inlet was only found at evaporating temperature of -15 and -20°C. All stratified wavy flow vanishes when the cooling capacity was doubled to 5.28 kW. Annular flow is dominant under this condition.
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Emekwuru, Nwabueze G. "Nanofuel Droplet Evaporation Processes." Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 99, no. 1 (October 6, 2018): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41745-018-0092-2.

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Duursma, Gail, Khellil Sefiane, and Joy Clarke. "Diffusion-Evaporation Studies of Binary Mixtures in Capillary Tubes." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.577.

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Evaporation in restricted domains, e.g. in capillaries, is of industrial importance but is poorly understood. Where the evaporating liquid is a binary mixture, preferential evaporation of the more volatile component occurs initially and the evaporation rate is not constant, indeed it appears to occur in stages. Experiments of evaporation from the entrance of a capillary were performed for various binary mixtures of acetone and water and for pure liquids for comparison. Measurements of mass were taken over time for a range of capillary diameters from 0.6 mm to 2 mm. For simplicity, the experiments were performed with the meniscus “stationary” at the entrance of the tube, rather than allowing the meniscus to recede. The data were analysed and showed that, for the binary mixtures, the evaporation process had two distinct stages for the mixtures. The second stage always had a lower slope than the first, indicating a slower evaporation (similar multistage evaporation processes have been observed for sessile drops of binary mixtures). There are many phenomena at work in this process: surface evaporation; diffusion (or natural convective mass transfer) in the air beyond the capillary; diffusion in the binary mixture; circulation in the liquid; thermal effects of evaporative cooling. These are investigated, comparisons made and further studies are proposed.
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ONO, Katsutoshi, and Ryosuke O. SUZUKI. "Evaporation Processes in Vacuum Metallurgy." Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan 47, no. 1 (1999): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5702/massspec.47.38.

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Hayakawa, Y., and M. Matsushita. "Cluster growth through evaporation processes." Physical Review A 40, no. 5 (September 1, 1989): 2871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.40.2871.

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7

Hahne, E., and G. Barthau. "Evaporation waves in flashing processes." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 26, no. 4 (April 2000): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(99)00031-2.

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8

Wang, Hongxiu, Jingjing Jin, Buli Cui, Bingcheng Si, Xiaojun Ma, and Mingyi Wen. "Technical note: Evaporating water is different from bulk soil water in <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O and has implications for evaporation calculation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 5399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5399-2021.

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Abstract. Soil evaporation is a key process in the water cycle and can be conveniently quantified using δ2H and δ18O in bulk surface soil water (BW). However, recent research shows that soil water in larger pores evaporates first and differs from water in smaller pores in δ2H and δ18O, which disqualifies the quantification of evaporation from BW δ2H and δ18O. We hypothesized that BW had different isotopic compositions from evaporating water (EW). Therefore, our objectives were to test this hypothesis first and then evaluate whether the isotopic difference alters the calculated evaporative water loss. We measured the isotopic composition of soil water during two continuous evaporation periods in a summer maize field. Period I had a duration of 32 d, following a natural precipitation event, and period II lasted 24 d, following an irrigation event with a 2H-enriched water. BW was obtained by cryogenically extracting water from samples of 0–5 cm soil taken every 3 d; EW was derived from condensation water collected every 2 d on a plastic film placed on the soil surface. The results showed that when event water was heavier than pre-event BW, δ2H of BW in period II decreased, with an increase in evaporation time, indicating heavy water evaporation. When event water was lighter than the pre-event BW, δ2H and δ18O of BW in period I and δ18O of BW in period II increased with increasing evaporation time, suggesting light water evaporation. Moreover, relative to BW, EW had significantly smaller δ2H and δ18O in period I and significantly smaller δ18O in period II (p<0.05). These observations suggest that the evaporating water was close to the event water, both of which differed from the bulk soil water. Furthermore, the event water might be in larger pores from which evaporation takes precedence. The soil evaporative water losses derived from EW isotopes were compared with those from BW. With a small isotopic difference between EW and BW, the evaporative water losses in the soil did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Our results have important implications for quantifying evaporation processes using water stable isotopes. Future studies are needed to investigate how soil water isotopes partition differently between pores in soils with different pore size distributions and how this might affect soil evaporation estimation.
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Sumardiono, Siswo, and Johann Fischer. "Molecular simulations of droplet evaporation processes: Adiabatic pressure jump evaporation." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49, no. 5-6 (March 2006): 1148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.06.043.

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MURISIC, N., and L. KONDIC. "On evaporation of sessile drops with moving contact lines." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 679 (April 18, 2011): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.133.

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We consider theoretically, computationally and experimentally spontaneous evaporation of water and isopropanol drops on smooth silicon wafers. In contrast to a number of previous works, the solid surface we consider is smooth and therefore the droplets' evolution proceeds without contact line pinning. We develop a theoretical model for evaporation of pure liquid drops that includes Marangoni forces due to the thermal gradients produced by non-uniform evaporation, and heat conduction effects in both liquid and solid phases. The key ingredient in this model is the evaporative flux. We consider two commonly used models: one based on the assumption that the evaporation is limited by the processes originating in the gas (vapour diffusion-limited evaporation), and the other one which assumes that the processes in the liquid are limiting. Our theoretical model allows for implementing evaporative fluxes resulting from both approaches. The required parameters are obtained from physical experiments. We then carry out fully nonlinear time-dependent simulations and compare the results with the experimental ones. Finally, we discuss how the simulation results can be used to predict which of the two theoretical models is appropriate for a particular physical experiment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evaporation processes"

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Lundberg, Angela. "Interception evaporation : processes and measurement techniques." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25799.

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In temperate regions, evaporation of water intercepted by the vegetation represents an important part of the evapotranspiration. A review of interception evaporation studies showed that knowledge about interception evaporation processes is limited and progress is hampered by technical difficulties. Existing snow and rain interception measurement methods were reviewed and evaluated with criteria that were established for the ideal method for interception evaporation process studies. No existing methods fulfil all criteria. Two new load-cell based devices for process studies are tested, one weighing-cut-tree technique for snow interception and a technique based on weighing of both net and gross precipitation (with new type of wind-shield) for rain interception. By comparing measured (weighed) and calculated (combination method with different ways to calculate the aerodynamic resistance) evaporation rates for wet intercepted snow it was shown that the most important factors for calculating the evaporation were the relative humidity, the aerodynamic resistance, the wind speed and the intercepted mass. Calculations of evaporation of intercepted snow with a water budget method showed an average evaporation of 0.24 mm/hour and a maximum evaporation of 3.9 mm/7 hours when snow canopy storage was measured with a gamma-ray attenuation system and throughfall with plastic-sheet net-rainfall gauges. Total snow interception evaporation was estimated to be of the order 200 mm/year in Scotland. Comparison with evaporation determined with a combination method (Penman) and two different aerodynamic resistances, the "standard" rain aerodynamic resistance ...
Godkänd; 1996; 20070428 (ysko)
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Vetrano, Maria. "Rainbow thermometry development and application to evaporation and diffusion processes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216588.

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Light scattering by small particles is the physical phenomenon that produces the natural rainbow in the sky. The same phenomenon can be reproduced in laboratory with monochromatic light giving rise to non-intrusive laser based techniques for the measurement of size and refractive index of particles suspended in a medium possessing lower refractive index. These techniques are commonly called "Rainbow Thermometry" techniques and appear at the beginning of the nineties. The measurement of size and refractive index of the particles is obtained through the analysis of the interference fringe image generated in the far field by means of the interaction between the laser light and the particles themselves. The work presented in this thesis has as objective the improvement of the Rainbow Techniques both on the theoretical aspects and the application.

In this thesis the Airy theory, which is used as theoretical model for the Standard Rainbow Thermometry, has been improved to minimize the discrepancies it was presenting respect to more complex and complete theories and it has been generalized to spherical particles presenting a spherically symmetric refractive index gradient. This generalized model has been used to evaluate the size and temperature of a n-octane burning droplet in standard atmosphere with good results. The generalization of the Standard Rainbow Thermometry to multiple particles, Global Rainbow Thermometry, is presented both theoretically and experimentally and the role of the particle asphericity in the light scattered intensity is evaluated.

Two experimental application of the Global Rainbow Thermometry are reported. The first one concerns the measurement of size and refractive index of silicon oil droplets suspended in an aqueous bulk. This experiment allows the Global Rainbow Thermometry validation through the comparison with measurements simultaneously obtained with well known experimental techniques as Back-Light scattering and thermocouple measurement with satisfactory results.

The second experiment concerns Global Rainbow Thermometry measurement performed on an evaporating flat-fan water spray. The results obtained, both for temperature and for size, are in satisfactory agreement with predictions already done by other authors and with numerical simulations performed by the engineering code CASIMIRE.


Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Shukri, Ziad A. (Ziad Aziz). "Evaporation and sputtering processes for Se-CdO photovoltaic cell structures." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59607.

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A study has been made of certain features of the fabrication of a Se-CdO photovoltaic cell having a layer structure usually of the form Al-Bi-Se-CdO-metal. It was found that increasing the substrate temperature during the selenium deposition between 80 and 140$ sp circ$C increased the illuminated short circuit current density in the cell. This clearly demonstrated the necessity of having well-crystallized selenium, as opposed to amorphous selenium, as the active absorber layer in this cell. The CdO layer was normally deposited by d.c. reactive sputtering from a cadmium target in an ambient of argon plus residual air and, as a result of optimizing experiments, conversion efficiency of about 2% was obtained under an illumination of 100 mWcm$ sp{-2}$. The CdO layer was also deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering from a CdO target. This produced satisfactory cells but with lower shunt resistance values than in the d.c. sputtered devices. It was found that the electrical resistivity of the CdO layer was decreased with increase of r.f. power and with decrease of sputtering pressure. Exploratory Se-CdO cells were also fabricated on glass substrates using d.c. reactive sputtering. By connecting these electrically in series, a photovoltaic panel was constructed and incorporated as the power source in a small pocket calculator, which was found to function satisfactorily under indoor lighting. An inverted structure of the form CdO-Se-metal was also fabricated and shown to function as a photovoltaic device.
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Souche, Mireille, and Didier Long. "Ultra fast processes for solvent evaporation in thin polymer films below Tg." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-195014.

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Souche, Mireille, and Didier Long. "Ultra fast processes for solvent evaporation in thin polymer films below Tg." Diffusion fundamentals 3 (2005) 36, S. 1-2, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14326.

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Schmidt, Olaf. "Heat transfer and evaporation in spray cooling of hot gas flows, including the effect of nozzle design." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13382/.

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This study investigates the influence of spray nozzle internal geometry on heat transfer performance and the resultant power requirements. An experimental apparatus was designed and built, which allowed for close control of the heat transfer from air to water and the required energy for droplet production. The apparatus allowed for simultaneous measurements of heat transfer rate from the gas to the spray droplets and the pumping power requirements for the sprayed liquid. A spray chamber was constructed in the form of a Perspex cylinder, 372 mm internal diameter and 372 mm height, mounted on its vertical axis. Thermocouples, humidity sensors, and pressure sensors were used to measure the temperature difference of the air and water, the humidity difference of the air, and the pressure drop across the nozzle. The spray nozzles have been installed at the centre of the upper cover plate directed along the cylinder axis. The heat and mass transfer process was carried out in a counter current flow. Two different nozzle designs were the subject of this investigation. The pressure swirl nozzle works on liquid pressure alone. Droplet formation and size is influenced by changes of the internal geometry and liquid pressure. An effervescent two fluid atomiser with internal mixing was tested. The influence of changes in gas bubble and exit orifice geometry on droplet size and formation was investigated. Analysis of the heat transfer process is based on the energy balance for the whole cylinder. This analysis allows for the determination of the nozzle with the best performance characteristics. From the required energy to produce the droplets and the rate of heat transfer, a new equation for the index of energy performance, was defined. A Laser Doppler Analyser was used to determine the droplet size and velocity for the low pressure nozzles and this data was compared with the existing theory. The droplet distribution of the spray nozzles was determined for various configuration. The measured droplet size was below the calculated droplet size using the derived equations from the literature. Photographs of the spray angle at different liquid pressures were taken for digital analysis. The spray angle showed reasonable agreement with the literature. A three dimensional numerical model was designed to simulate the heat transfer process inside the spray chamber using PHOENICS, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The software modelled the heat and mass transfer inside the spray chamber. This model then allowed for the testing of different droplet distributions, formations, and their influence on the heat transfer process. In order to validate the results, the necessary variables such as the gas mass flow, liquid mass flow rate, droplet size, spray angle and scatter, hot air inlet temperature, were obtained from the experimental data. The result of the simulation is the air outlet temperature and humidity of the spray chamber. The internal 3D flow field is solved with the Lagrangian and Eulerian equation including the disturbance, solved with the k-epsilon turbulence model, created by the spray droplets. Four different pressure swirl configurations were simulated. Every configuration had five different pressure points. Every pressure point was simulated individually in order to find out if the numerical simulation software was able to predict the correct result for different liquid mass flow rates without altering the boundary setting and parameters. The heat transfer process was found to depend on the droplet size and distribution produced by the spray nozzle. A comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results demonstrated the accuracy of the CFD model. The temperature accuracy was ±5.9% and for the humidity ±12% on average for all simulations. It was found that the heat transfer of the effervescent atomiser depends on the mass ALR and that the highest heat transfer was measured when it was operating with an ALR of 0.1. The tested effervescent atomiser was found to be strongly influenced by the atomising air, an effectiveness of 93% achieved. The change of the internal geometries had no significant influence on the heat transfer rates. The change of the internal geometry, especially the exit orifice diameter, had a strong influence on the pressure swirl nozzle performance, which started at 85% and reached a maximum of 95%. It was found that the pressure requirement for the 4.7 mm exit orifice was only 20% of the pressure requirement of the 2.5 mm exit orifice in order to achieve the same cooling performance. The pressure swirl needed for all flow rates approximately 20 times less energy to achieve the same cooling as the effervescent nozzle.
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Barella, Ortiz Anais. "Analysis and modelling of soil moisture and evaporation processes, implications for climate change." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066115/document.

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Cette thèse étudie l'évaporation et l'humidité du sol, deux paramètres clefs du cycle hydrologique et du système climatique.L'évaporation potentielle (ETP) est un paramètre clef pour les modèles hydrologiques et agronomiques qui décrit les interactions entre la surface et l'atmosphère. Il constitue la base des estimations de l'évaporation réelle. Nous avons évalué, à l'échelle globale et pour le climat actuel ainsi que pour les changements attendus, des estimations de l'ETP basées sur des principes physiques ainsi que des approches empiriques. La méthode d'estimation du flux potentiel conseillée par la Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) montre une sous évaluation par rapport au schéma de surface, ce qui a pu être relié à certaines hypothèses faites. Ceci implique aussi une sensibilité plus faible au changement climatique de la formulation proposée par la FAO. Nous avons aussi constaté que les méthodes empiriques ne représentent pas correctement l'impact du changement climatique sur l'ETP.L'humidité du sol est analysée du point de vue de la température de brillance en Bande-L (TB). Cette mesure du rayonnement émis par la surface dans une bande spectrale sensible à l'eau dans les premiers centimètres du sol, constitue une des pistes pour l'estimation de l'humidité de surface depuis l'espace. Des mesures de TB ont été comparées, au dessus de la Péninsule Ibérique, à des données simulées par deux schémas de surface. Un bon accord a été trouvé entre les observations et les simulations sur l'évolution temporelle des signaux. Par contre, les structures spatiales peuvent être très différentes au cours de l'automne et l'hiver à cause de cycles annuels très contrastés
This thesis deals with the study of evaporation and soil moisture, t wo main parameters of the hydrological cycle, and thus the climate system. First, potential evaporation (ET P ) is analysed. It is an important input to hydrological and agronomic models, key to describe the interactions between the surface e and the atmosphere, and the basis of most of the estimations of actual evapora tion. Physically-based and empirical methods to estimate ET P are evaluated, at a global scale, under current climate conditions and in a changing climate. The former methods correspond to those implemented in land surface models (LSM) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) reference evapotranspiration equation. The assumptions made in FAO's method underest imate ET P if compared to LSM methods. They also result in a lower sensitive ty of ET P to climate change. In addition, empirical equations are not able to reproduce the impact of climate change on ET P if compared to that from LSM methods. Soil moisture is the second aim of this thesis. It is treated t hrough the analysis of brightness temperatures (TB). These are a measure of the radiation emitted by the surface , and thus an optimum parameter to use in remote sensing techniques for soi l moisture retrieval. Measured TB from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are compared, over the Iberian Peninsula, to two sets of TB modelled estimates from two LSM. There is a good agreement in the temporal evolution between them. However, discrepancy es are found regarding the spatial structures, which become more evident during fall and winter and are mainly explained by differences in the annual cycle of measured and modelled TB
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Hassan, Aseel Kadhim. "Studies in electronic conduction processes in organic semiconducting thin films of copper phthalocyanine prepared by evaporation." Thesis, Keele University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306847.

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Persson, Tony. "Evaporation and Heat-flux Aggregation in Heterogeneous Boreal Landscapes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4326.

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The boreal forests represent 8 % of all forested areas on the earth and have a significant role in the control of greenhouse gases and an impact on global climate change. The main objective of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how evaporation and heat-flux processes in the boreal forest zone are affecting the regional and global climate.

A meteorological mesoscale model with an advanced land-surface parameterization has been utilized to study aggregation of fluxes of water vapour and heat. The model has been compared against four other methods for flux estimation in a southern boreal landscape. The results show that the mesoscale model is successfully reproducing 24-hour averages of fractionally weighted mast measurements of sensible and latent heat flux.

The model was also evaluated against in-situ observations of surface fluxes and other meteorological variables. The results reveal that a correct initialization of soil moisture is crucial to simulate a realistic partitioning of the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Significant differences in surface fluxes and friction velocities between two apparently similar forest sites indicate the need for careful assessment of areal representativity when comparing mesoscale model results with in-situ observations.

A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation of high-latitude sparse forests was implemented and tested in the model that significantly improved the simulation of high wintertime midday sensible heat fluxes. A scheme for heat storage in vegetation was also implemented which improved the results, but the scheme needs further evaluation for high latitude forests.

Two commonly used strategies for the description of land-surface heterogeneity, the effective parameter approach and the mosaic approach, were tested in the mesoscale model against airborne observations of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The results show that the mosaic approach produces better results especially when small lakes are present in model grid-squares.


Norra halvklotets barrskogsbälte representerar 8 % av all skogsbeklädd mark på jorden och har stor betydelse för kontrollen av växthusgaser och påverkan på globala klimatförändringar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen av hur avdunstning och värmeflöden i den boreala skogszonen påverkar klimatet regionalt och globalt.

En meteorologisk mesoskalemodell med en avancerad landyteparameterisering har använts för att studera aggregering av avdunstning och värmeflöden. Modellen jämfördes med fyra andra metoder för uppskattning av värmeflöden i den boreala skogszonens södra delar. Resultaten visade att mesoskalemodellen reproducerar 24-timmarsmedelvärden av sensibelt och latent värmeflöde från areellt viktade mastmätningar med bra resultat.

Modellen utvärderades även mot markbaserade mätningar av sensibelt och latent värme och andra meteorologiska variabler. Resultaten visar att en korrekt initialisering av markvatteninnehållet är avgörande för att simulera en realistisk uppdelning av de sensibla och latenta värmeflödena. Markanta skillnader i markyteflöden och friktionshastigheter mellan två liknande skogsmätstationer påvisar nödvändigheten av en noggrann bedömning av den areella representativiteten när man jämför resultat från mesoskalemodellen med markbaserade mätningar.

En parameterisering för absorption av solstrålning i glesa skogsbestånd på höga breddgrader infördes och testades i modellen vilket markant förbättrade simuleringen av de höga sensibla värmeflöden som observerats vid middagstid på vintern. Ett uttryck för att beskriva värmelagring i vegetationen infördes också vilket förbättrade resultaten, men uttrycket behöver vidare utvärdering för skogsbestånd på höga breddgrader.

Två ofta använda strategier för att beskriva markytans heterogenitet, effektiva parametermetoden och mosaikmetoden, testades i mesoskalemodellen mot flygburna observationer av sensibla och latenta värmeflöden. Resultaten visar att mosaikmetoden ger bättre resultat särskilt när mindre sjöar förekommer i modellrutorna.

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Höfler, Matthias [Verfasser], Reinhold [Akademischer Betreuer] Kneer, and Manfred Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Wirsum. "Theoretical evaluation of falling film evaporation for organic rankine cycle processes / Matthias Höfler ; Reinhold Kneer, Manfred Christian Wirsum." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211960048/34.

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Books on the topic "Evaporation processes"

1

Witherell, W. D. Heat pumps in evaporation processes. South Charleston, WV: Electric Power Research Institute, 1986.

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Zudin, Yuri B. Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67306-6.

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Zudin, Yuri B. Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13815-8.

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Zudin, Yuri B. Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67553-0.

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Srikanthan, R. Stochastic generation of rainfall and evaporation data. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1985.

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Liquid-vapor phase-change phenomena: An introduction to the thermophysics of vaporization and condensation processes in heat transfer equipment. 2nd ed. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2008.

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Bagayoko, Fafré. Impact of land-use intensity on evaporation and surface runoff: Processes and parameters for eastern Burkina Faso, West Africa. Göttingen [Germany]: Cuvillier, 2006.

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Carey, V. P. Liquid-vapor phase-change phenomena: An introduction to the thermophysics of vaporization and condensation processes in heat transfer equipment. Washington, D.C: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1992.

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Rifert, V. G. Condensation heat transfer enhancement. Southampton: WIT Press, 2004.

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Mer, Victor K. La. Retardation of Evaporation by Monolayers: Transport Processes. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Evaporation processes"

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Wang, Lawrence K., Nazih K. Shammas, Clint Williford, Wei-Yin Chen, and Georgios P. Sakellaropoulos. "Evaporation Processes." In Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 549–79. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_17.

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Sakellaropoulos, George P. "Drying and Evaporation Processes." In Water Resources and Natural Control Processes, 373–446. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4822-4_8.

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McAllister, Sara, Jyh-Yuan Chen, and A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello. "Droplet Evaporation and Combustion." In Fundamentals of Combustion Processes, 155–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7943-8_8.

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Blondin, Christian. "Parameterization of Land-Surface Processes in Numerical Weather Prediction." In Land Surface Evaporation, 31–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_3.

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Bougeault, P. "Parameterization Schemes of Land-Surface Processes for Mesoscale Atmospheric Models." In Land Surface Evaporation, 55–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_4.

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Perrier, Alain, and Andrée Tuzet. "Land Surface Processes: Description, Theoretical Approaches, and Physical Laws Underlying Their Measurements." In Land Surface Evaporation, 145–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_8.

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Zudin, Yuri B. "Approximate Kinetic Analysis of Strong Evaporation." In Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes, 45–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13815-8_3.

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Zudin, Yuri B. "Semi-empirical Model of Strong Evaporation." In Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13815-8_4.

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Zudin, Yuri B. "Approximate Kinetic Analysis of Strong Evaporation." In Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes, 47–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67306-6_3.

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Zudin, Yuri B. "Semi-empirical Model of Strong Evaporation." In Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67306-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Evaporation processes"

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Flores-Hernandez, Ricardo. "Computer Simulation Of Evaporation Processes." In 1986 International Symposium/Innsbruck, edited by J. Roland Jacobsson. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.938398.

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Periasamy, C., A. Saboonchi, and S. R. Gollahalli. "Numerical Prediction of Evaporation Processes in Porous Media Combustors." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34672.

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This paper presents a numerical study of evaporation characteristics of liquid fuel spray in porous media. A two-energy equation model was employed to predict solid and gas phase temperatures. Governing equations were solved on a two-dimensional axisymmetric computational domain of 2.15 × 20 cm. An air-blast atomizer model was used to inject kerosene fuel spray on to the porous medium. Combustion in porous media was simulated by using a uniform volumetric heat source in the porous region. Numerical results were obtained with a commercial code Fluent 6.0. For a heat feedback rate of 1% of average heat input, the porous medium attained a temperature of 465 K. This data agreed well with experimental data obtained by infrared imaging. With an increase in heat feedback rate, the porous medium temperature also increased. Surface temperature distribution in porous media for different heat feedback rates was predicted. Results indicate that the transverse distribution was uniform within 1.5% of the mean value. Droplet diameter was smaller in spray core upstream of porous medium and increased radially due to the swirling action imparted to the atomizing air. Transverse vapor concentration results downstream of porous medium show that the distribution was uniform within 5% of the mean value, which demonstrates that porous medium uniformly distributes the fuel vapor-air mixture. The spatially homogeneous reactant mixture is important to achieve good combustion, reduce pollutant formation, and minimize instabilities in practical combustors. Effects of equivalence ratio and flame temperature on transverse vapor concentration profiles were also numerically studied. Porous media combustors could be used in gas turbine and industrial burner applications to reduce pollutant emissions.
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Kovalev, Oleg B. "Mathematical model of laser evaporation of small particles." In HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN CONDENSED MATTER (HEPCM 2019): Proceedings of the XXVI Conference on High-Energy Processes in Condensed Matter, dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of S.A. Chaplygin. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117419.

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Dorofeev, Illarion A., and Mikhail N. Libenson. "Relaxation of gasdynamical processes after laser evaporation of condensed target." In OE/LASE'93: Optics, Electro-Optics, & Laser Applications in Science& Engineering, edited by Bodil Braren and Mikhail N. Libenson. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.147606.

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Ebert, Johannes. "Reactive Evaporation And Plasma Processes For Thin Film Optical Coatings." In 1988 International Congress on Optical Science and Engineering, edited by Karl H. Guenther and Hans K. Pulker. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.950041.

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Kelly-Zion, Peter, Catherine Jelf, Christopher Pursell, and Susan Oxley. "Measuring the Changing Composition and Mass of Evaporating Fuel Films." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1516.

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When a fuel spray impinges on an interior surface of an engine, a thin liquid film can form. The relatively slow evaporation of the film has been shown to be a cause of increased pollutant emissions and reduced engine performance. To improve the understanding of how fuel films affect engine emissions and performance, a research program was initiated to study the physical processes involved in the evaporation of films composed of mixtures of hydrocarbons. The specific goal of the research reported here is to develop a method of simultaneously measuring the mass and composition of evaporating films. This method enables one to compute the evaporation rate of each component in the film. To our knowledge, these composition measurements are the first direct, time-resolved measurements of the changing composition of an evaporating liquid film composed of multiple volatile components. Mass and composition of evaporating liquid films were measured quantitatively using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Evaporation rates for pure solvents and mixtures were determined through a calibration of the FT-IR measurements and these results were validated by measurements acquired with an analytical balance. The FT-IR also measured compositional changes for bi-component mixtures during the evaporation process. Three of the hydrocarbon solvents studied were hexane, cyclohexane, and 3-methylpentane. These were chosen for their similarities in molecular weight and physical properties as well as their comparatively unique infrared absorption spectra. Isooctane was also used because of its prevalence as a gasoline substitute in many engine studies and because of its slow evaporation rate compared to the smaller hydrocarbons. Solvents were studied individually and in various mixtures. Based on these preliminary results the method developed here is expected to be an important tool for studying the transport processes in an evaporating film.
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Protheroe, M. D., A. M. Al-Jumaily, and R. J. Nates. "Poly-Disperse Droplet Evaporation Model." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86192.

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A model for the evaporation of micron-size, poly-disperse water droplets into air has been developed that allows the prediction of droplet size distribution changes during evaporation. The model incorporates either adiabatic or isothermal boundary conditions and allows for the variation of fluid transport and thermodynamic properties during the evaporation process. The governing equations for the model are developed from the coupled mass and energy balances for the droplets and for the surrounding air assuming they are flowing along a tube and assuming diffusion mass transport and conduction heat transfer processes predominate. Droplet sizes and temperatures as well as surrounding air temperature and humidity are all output as functions of time allowing droplet lifetimes and size distribution changes to be observed. The model, at this stage, is checked against overall mass and energy balances.
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Xiong, H., L. L. Zheng, S. Sampath, and Jim Fincke. "Melting/Oxidation Behavior of In-Flight Particles in Plasma Spray Processes." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32519.

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A comprehensive model describing the melting and oxidation of in-flight particles during plasma spray has been presented which includes the models for heat, momentum and mass transfer of carrier gas, and particle heating, acceleration and evaporation. The effect of evaporation-induced mass transfer on heat flux to the particle surface has been taken into consideration along with the effect of oxidation-induced evaporation due to the production of volatile oxides on the particle surface, and effects of variable plasma properties and non-continuum effects under plasma conditions. Computational results on molybdenum and zirconium particles in an argon-hydrogen DC plasma spray system have been obtained and discussed. The temperature and melting formation of particles with different sizes along their trajectories are depicted as well as other particle parameters such as velocity, evaporation rate and oxide content, which manifests that the behavior of particles are diverse due to particle size distribution in the spray coating operation. The effects of gun power on the heating, acceleration, melting, evaporation and oxidation of particles have also been discussed.
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Protheroe, Michael D., and Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily. "Ultrasound Effect on Droplet Evaporation." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50552.

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This paper investigates the effect of an ultrasound field on the evaporation of water droplets into an air stream flowing along a conduit. The air and droplet mixture (aerosol) is passed through an intense ultrasound field, generated in a cylindrical sonotrode, in an effort to accelerate the droplet evaporation process. The improvement in droplet evaporation was evaluated by measuring changes in the droplet size distribution and changes to the air humidity and temperature. It was found that at high power levels the droplets were rapidly and completely vaporized. At power levels in the 2–20 W range there was a significant increase in droplet evaporation, up to 28%, but also some droplet coalescence occurred. The mechanism for this improvement was thought to be a result of enhanced convection heat and mass transfer processes and the input of heat energy into the aerosol. This study has demonstrated that an ultrasound field does improve water droplet evaporation.
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Brandner, Juergen J., Eugen Anurjew, Edgar Hansjosten, Stefan Maikowske, Ulrich Schygulla, and Alice Vittoriosi. "Microstructure Devices for Water Evaporation." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30700.

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Evaporation of liquids is of major interest for many topics in process engineering. One of these is chemical process engineering, where evaporation of liquids and generation of superheated steam is mandatory for numerous processes. Generally, this is performed by use of classical pool boiling and evaporation process equipment. Another possibility is creating mixtures of gases and liquids, combined with a heating of this haze. Both methods provide relatively limited performance. Due to the advantages of microstructure devices especially in chemical process engineering [1] the interest in microstructure evaporators and steam generators have been increased through the last decade. In this publication several microstructure devices used for evaporation and generation of steam as well as superheating will be described. Here, normally electrically powered devices containing micro channels as well as non-channel microstructures are used due to better controllability of the temperature level. Micro channel heat exchangers have been designed, manufactured and tested at the Institute for Micro Process Engineering of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for more than 15 years. Starting with the famous Karlsruhe Cube, a cross-flow micro channel heat exchanger of various dimensions, not only conventional heat transfer between liquids or gases have been theoretically and experimentally examined but also phase transition from liquids to gases (evaporation) and condensation of liquids. However, the results obtained with sealed microstructure devices have often been unsatisfying. Thus, to learn more onto the evaporation process itself, an electrically powered device for optical inspection of the microstructures and the processes inside has been designed and manufactured [2]. This was further optimized and improved for better controllability and reliable experiments [3]. Exchangeable metallic micro channel array foils as well as an optical inspection of the evaporation process by high-speed videography have been integrated into the experimental setup. Fundamental research onto the influences of the geometry and dimensions of the integrated micro channels, the inlet flow distribution system geometry as well as the surface quality and surface coatings of the micro channels have been performed. While evaporation of liquids in crossflow and counterflow or co-current flow micro channel devices is possible, it is, in many cases, not possible to obtain superheated steam due to certain boundary conditions [4]. In most cases, the residence time is not sufficiently long, or the evaporation process itself can not be stabilized and controlled precisely enough. Thus, a new design was proposed to obtain complete evaporation and steam superheating. This microstructure evaporator consists of a concentric arrangement of semi-circular walls or semi-elliptic walls providing at least two nozzles to release the generated steam. The complete arrangement forms a row of circular blanks. An example of such geometry is shown in Figure 8. A maximum power density of 1400 kW · m−2 has been transferred using similar systems, while liquid could be completely evaporated and the generated steam superheated. This is, compared to liquid heat exchanges, a small value, but it has to be taken in account that the specific heat capacity of vapor is considerably smaller than that of liquids. It could also be shown that the arrangement in circular blanks with semi-elliptic side walls acts as a kind of micro mixer for the remaining liquid and generated steam and, therefore, enhances the evaporation.
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Reports on the topic "Evaporation processes"

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Dada, Emmanuel A., Chandrakant B. Panchal, Luke K. Achenie, Aaron Reichl, and Chris C. Thomas. Waste Heat Recovery and Recycling in Thermal Separation Processes: Distillation, Multi-Effect Evaporation (MEE) and Crystallization Processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1056308.

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Calloway, T. B. Foaming in Hanford River Protection Project Waste Treatment Plant LAW Evaporation Processes - FY01 Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799459.

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Hasfurther, V., and T. Reeves. Oil shale process water evaporation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6726387.

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LE, E. Q. Process Control Plan for 242A Evaporator Campaign. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/802990.

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Wayner, Jr, P., M. Sujanani, and A. Liu. Microcomputer enhanced optical investigation of spreading and evaporative processes in ultra thin films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5077921.

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Wayner, P. C. Jr, and A. H. Liu. Microcomputer enhanced optical investigation of spreading and evaporative processes in ultra thin films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5897804.

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Wayner, P. C. Jr, M. Sujanani, and A. H. Liu. Microcomputer enhanced optical investigation of spreading and evaporative processes in ultra thin films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6175898.

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LE, E. Q. Process Control Plan for 242-A Evaporator Campaign January 2001. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806029.

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Le, E. Q., and M. D. Guthrie. Process control plan for 242-A Evaporator Campaign 95-1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/80964.

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Le, E. Q. Process control plan for 242-A Evaporator Campaign 94-2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184960.

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