Relevant bibliographies by topics / Evaporation Indirecte

Academic literature on the topic 'Evaporation Indirecte'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Evaporation Indirecte":

1

Cichoń, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Reducing energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in moderate climates by applying indirect evaporative cooling." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400019.

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This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air conditioning systems in moderate climates. The counter-flow indirect evaporative heat and mass exchanger is compared with commonly used recuperation unit in terms of achieved energy. The performance analysis of the indirect evaporative exchanger is carried out with original ε-NTU-model considering condensation from treated air. It was found that the indirect evaporative exchanger employed as a heat recovery device, allows to obtain higher performance than conventional recuperator. Additional energy savings potential is related with utilizing the potential of water evaporation to pre-cool the outdoor air. It is also stated that there is a high potential of reusing condensate that forms in product channels of the indirect evaporative exchanger and in the vapour-compression unit and delivering it to the working part of the indirect evaporative exchanger.
2

Asemi, Hamidreza, Rahim Zahedi, and Sareh Daneshgar. "Theoretical analysis of the performance and optimization of indirect flat evaporative coolers." Future Energy 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.2.

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External-cooling indirect evaporative coolers with different configurations and working air sources are incomprehensively analyzed and compared so far. This paper investigates the mechanism and theory of operation of indirect flat-panel evaporative coolers based on X-analysis. Then, based on the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production rate of the flat-plate heat exchanger of the cooler is calculated. As a result of this analysis, the optimal energy efficiency-evaporation efficiency and cooling capacity values are presented in terms of effective parameters in the design.
3

Mishra, Sakshi. "Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling Strategies: An Analysis." Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 08, no. 01 (April 22, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.8650.202101.

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Evaporative cooling can be understood as natural response of human body to effective climate control. It is the similar to the cooling principle that human body practices when moisture/ sweat vaporizes and cools off the skin. Needing less energy input, evaporative cooling is perfectly fit for uses in which decreasing high temperatures as well as energy consumption is the requisite. Evaporative cooling is an energy competent resolution for trades, where hot inside environments lead to low output, productivity and discontented employed workers. This could also upsurge the amount of faults and mishaps in the production lines. There are many technologies in place used in poultry, horticulture, swine and dairy industries such as in-duct direct evaporative cooling, exhaust air evaporative cooling, in-direct evaporative cooling and direct air evaporative cooling. In this paper, different evaporative cooling technologies have been discussed.
4

Budagovskyi, Anatolij, and Viliam Novák. "THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporation." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-011-0006-8.

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THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporationEvaporation of water from the soil is described and quantified. Formation of the soil dry surface layer is quantitatively described, as a process resulting from the difference between the evaporation and upward soil water flux to the soil evaporating level. The results of evaporation analysis are generalized even for the case of water evaporation from the soil under canopy and interaction between evaporation rate and canopy transpiration is accounted for. Relationships describing evapotranspiration increase due to evaporation of the water intercepted by canopy are presented. Indirect methods of evapotranspiration estimation are discussed, based on the measured temperature profiles and of the air humidity, as well as of the net radiation and the soil heat fluxes.
5

Pendhari, Asiya S. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling: An Efficient and Convenient Energy System." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 07, no. 3&4 (November 6, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202006.

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Evaporative cooling is now an alternative method for the conventional air cooling method. This method does not only save energy but also protect the environment from global warming and hazardous gases. Thus this system is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Evaporative cooling system is further divided into two categories that are direct evaporative cooling system and an indirect evaporative cooling system. The direct evaporative cooling system is not much efficient due to high wet bulb temperature and moisture thus rather than using the direct evaporative cooling system the indirect evaporative cooling system is preferred. This paper discusses comparative studies of performance, working principles, material selection criteria’s and various methods. It also explains the performance under different weather conditions, hybrid structure to reduce the load on the further system. It summarises various aspects like wick attained aluminium sheet is the best material for IEC or counter-flow heat exchanger is effective than parallel-flow heat exchanger. It finally results that indirect evaporative cooling system is moisture free, very effective and environment savings. That can be used in various residential and commercial sectors effectively as an alternative for conventional energy-consuming system.
6

Hashim, Rasha, Salman Hammdi, and Adel Eidan. "Evaporative Cooling: A Review of its Types and Modeling." Basrah journal for engineering science 22, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.22.1.5.

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Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative cooling is divided into direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling, as well as water evaporative cooling and air evaporative cooling. This paper reviews the most important developments and technologies in evaporative cooling that lead to lower energy consumption and provide suitable cooling comfort.
7

Sun, Tiezhu, Xiaojun Huang, Caihang Liang, Riming Liu, and Xiang Huang. "Prediction and Analysis of Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooler Performance by Artificial Neural Network Method." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134673.

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The artificial neural network method has been widely applied to the performance prediction of fillers and evaporative coolers, but its application to the dew point indirect evaporative coolers is rare. To fill this research gap, a novel performance prediction model for dew point indirect evaporative cooler based on back propagation neural network was established using Matlab2018. Simulation based on the test date in the moderately humid region of Yulin City (Shaanxi Province, China) finds that: the root mean square error of the evaporation efficiency of the back propagation model is 3.1367, and the r2 is 0.9659, which is within the acceptable error range. However, the relative error of individual data (sample 7) is a little bit large, which is close to 10%. In order to improve the accuracy of the back propagation model, an optimized model based on particle swarm optimization was established. The relative error of the optimized model is generally smaller than that of the BP neural network especially for sample 7. It is concluded that the optimized artificial neural network is more suitable for solving the performance prediction problem of dew point indirect evaporative cooling units.
8

Kim, Nae-Hyun. "Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in an Indirect Evaporative Cooler Made of Plastic Film/Paper." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500261.

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In this study, a thermal model of indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) was constructed. An IEC made of plastic film/paper composite was tested, and the results were compared with predictions of the model. In adddition, parametric study was conducted using the model. The model was based on [Formula: see text]-NTU analysis of wet surface heat and mass transfer. Especially, the model considered air leakage, nonuniform overall heat transfer coefficient and entrance region. Comparison of the predictions of the model with limited experimental data showed favorable results. Parametric study using the model showed that increase of the dry and wet channel inlet temperature resulted in increase of the indirect evaporation efficiency. The increase of the wet channel inlet humidity also increases the efficiency. The dry channel inlet humidity, however, was independent of the efficiency. The indirect evaporation efficiency and the pressure drop increased as the IEC size increased. However, they decreased as the channel height increased.
9

Dalaf, Adham Ahmed, Maki Haj Zidan, and Aadel A. Al-Kumait. "Improving the Behavior of Indirect Evaporative Cooler*." Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 3 (December 26, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.01.03.02.

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ndirect evaporative cooling is one of the technologies currently used to build highly efficient air conditioning systems and low power consumption. A computer program was created to predict the effectiveness of an indirect-evaporation cooling system which operates based on Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) to determine the environmental conditions and proper system design. Several variables that affect the performance of the system have been studied; the amount of volumetric flow of air ranged from (1050 cfm) to (1550 cfm) for the dry side, and changing from 700 cfm to 1200 cfm from the wet side. With respect to design variables, the length of the channel changed from 50 cm to 100 cm. For environmental variables, the effect of changes in dry and wet temperature on system performance had been studied. The experiment was conducted in mid-June over 24 hours. The results showed that the best air supply provided for the best performance of the system is (1050cfm) for the dry side, while the wet side was (900 cfm), when the length of the channel is 80 cm. The results showed the possibility of applying this system in (Tikrit) because it is characterized by its hot and dry climate in the summer, as evaporative cooling efficiency increases in hot, dry climates © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association
10

Armstrong, Robert N., John W. Pomeroy, and Lawrence W. Martz. "Spatial variability of mean daily estimates of actual evaporation from remotely sensed imagery and surface reference data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 4891–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4891-2019.

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Abstract. Land surface evaporation has considerable spatial variability that is not captured by point-scale estimates calculated from meteorological data alone. Knowing how evaporation varies spatially remains an important issue for improving parameterisations of land surface schemes and hydrological models and various land management practices. Satellite-based and aerial remote sensing has been crucial for capturing moderate- to larger-scale surface variables to indirectly estimate evaporative fluxes. However, more recent advances for field research via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) now allow for the acquisition of more highly detailed surface data. Integrating models that can estimate “actual” evaporation from higher-resolution imagery and surface reference data would be valuable to better examine potential impacts of local variations in evaporation on upscaled estimates. This study introduces a novel approach for computing a normalised ratiometric index from surface variables that can be used to obtain more-realistic distributed estimates of actual evaporation. For demonstration purposes the Granger–Gray evaporation model (Granger and Gray, 1989) was applied at a rolling prairie agricultural site in central Saskatchewan, Canada. Visible and thermal images and meteorological reference data required to parameterise the model were obtained at midday. Ratiometric indexes were computed for the key surface variables albedo and net radiation at midday. This allowed point observations of albedo and mean daily net radiation to be scaled across high-resolution images over a large study region. Albedo and net radiation estimates were within 5 %–10 % of measured values. A daily evaporation estimate for a grassed surface was 0.5 mm (23 %) larger than eddy covariance measurements. Spatial variations in key factors driving evaporation and their impacts on upscaled evaporation estimates are also discussed. The methods applied have two key advantages for estimating evaporation over previous remote-sensing approaches: (1) detailed daily estimates of actual evaporation can be directly obtained using a physically based evaporation model, and (2) analysis of more-detailed and more-reliable evaporation estimates may lead to improved methods for upscaling evaporative fluxes to larger areas.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evaporation Indirecte":

1

Abada, Djallel. "Intégration d'un Système de Rafraichissement par Évaporation Dans le Bâtiment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REIMS007.

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Avec la croissance de la population et le processus d'urbanisation effrénée qui touchent presque la totalité des centres urbains dans le monde, le besoin d'énergie pour le rafraîchissement des espaces ne cesse d'augmenter, en particulier dans les pays émergeants. Cette recherche est orientée vers les techniques relatives aux nouvelles méthodes de rafraîchissement à moindre coût et écologiques. L’étude a dévoilé que les systèmes de rafraîchissement par évaporation indirect à point de rosée comptent parmi les plus prometteurs. Leur capacité à utiliser l'évaporation de l'eau pour absorber la chaleur afin d'abaisser la température de l'air sans ajout de l’humidité, est un principe de rafraîchissement peu énergivore et avec un minimum d’impacts sur l'environnement. À partir de nos investigations, il a été possible de vérifier que le système étudié pouvait atteindre des efficacités plus élevées que les systèmes à évaporation indirects typiques à moindre coût. Son efficacité dépend en grande partie de la géométrie des canaux, du débit et de la température de l'air d'admission, de l'humidité et du rapport de l’air secondaire, mais moins de la température de l'eau d'alimentation du substrat. Il a été également conclu que le système de point de rosée convenait à la plupart des régions à climat sec, doux et chaud. Pour certaines régions à climat humide, les performances du système seraient trop faibles pour qu’il soit utilisé seul et un pré-déshumidificateur doit être incorporé pour améliorer ses performances pour une application plus large. Sa puissance de rafraîchissement varie en fonction de la région où il est utilisé. Comparé au système de rafraîchissement à compression mécanique conventionnel, en somme, le système de point de rosée a un potentiel nettement plus élevé pour économiser et réduire les factures d'énergie
With population growth and the rapid urbanization process that affects almost all urban centers in the world, the energy need for cooling spaces continue to increase, particularly in emerging countries. this research is oriented towards techniques relating to new methods of ecological cooling at lower cost. The study has shown that indirect dewpoint evaporative cooling systems are among the most promising. Their ability to use the evaporation of water to absorb heat in order to lower the air temperature without adding humidity is a principle of cooling that consumes a small amount of energy with smallest negative impact upon the environment. From our investigations, it was possible to verify that the studied system could achieve higher efficiencies than typical indirect evaporative systems at lower cost. Its efficiency depends largely on the geometry of the channels, the flow rate and temperature of the intake air, humidity and the ratio of secondary air, but less on the temperature of the inlet water. substrate feed. It was also concluded that the dew point system is suitable for most areas with a dry, mild and hot climate. For some areas with humid climates, the performance of the system would be too low for it to be used alone and a pre-dehumidifier should be incorporated to improve its performance for a wider application. Its cooling capacity varies depending on the region where it is used. Compared to the conventional mechanical compression cooling system, the dew point system has a significantly higher performance potential to reduce energy bills
2

Elzaidabi, Abdalla Ali Mohamed. "Low energy, wind catcher assisted indirect-evaporative cooling system for building applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10703/.

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Increased consciousness of the environmental problems has aroused people’s interest of renewable energy systems, especially the application of green features in buildings. The demand for air conditioning / cooling in domestic and non-domestic buildings is rising throughout the world; this increases the reliance on conventional fuels and the global warming effect from greenhouse gas emissions. Passive cooling and energy efficient design can substantially reduce reliance on fuel based heating and cooling. Passive and Hybrid Downdraught Cooling, in different forms, is now technically viable in many parts of the world. This has been established through a combination of research projects. In some hot arid regions, a major part of the energy consumed consists of air-conditioning requirements. Alternative methods, using passive cooling techniques, can assist in reducing the conventional energy consumption in buildings. Evaporative cooling, which can be tracked back several hundreds of years in ancient Egypt and Persia [1–3], is one of the most effective strategies, because of the enormous latent heat needed for evaporation of water. Green features are architectural features used to mitigate migration of various air-borne pollutants and transmission of air from outside to indoor environment in an advantageous way [9]. The reduction of fossil fuel consumption and the associated decrease in greenhouse gas emissions are vital to combat global warming and this can be accomplished, in part, by the use of natural ventilation. To assess the performance of several innovative cooling systems devices and to develop improved models for more established technology, quantitative measurement of output was necessary. This was achieved in this study by the development of simply constructed low energy cooling systems which were calibrated by the innovative use of wind and water as a source. These devices were found to be consistent and accurate in measuring the temperature and cooling load from a number of devices. There were some problems in the original evaporative units. Therefore, a number of modifications have to be made to enhance the systems performance. The novel Windcatcher – PEC cooling system was assessed and different cooling loads were achieved.
3

Duan, Zhiyin. "Investigation of a novel dew point indirect evaporative air conditioning system for buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12200/.

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This study aims to improve the performance of existing indirect evaporative coolers. A new dew point indirect evaporative cooler with counter-current heat/mass exchanger was developed in this research by optimal design, material selection, numerical simulation, experimental investigations and economic, environmental, regional acceptance analysis. A new dew point heat/mass exchanger using a counter-current flow pattern was designed by numerical simulation in terms of material, structure, geometrical sizes and operating conditions. The numerical results indicate that under a typical cooling design condition, i.e., 35oC dry-bulb/24oC wet-bulb temperatures, the heat exchanger could achieve a wet-bulb effectiveness of approximately 1.4. The results of numerical simulation are consistent with some published test data. Based on the numeric results and the material selection determined from a set of related tests, a prototype dew point heat/mass exchanger and the associated air cooler was designed and constructed in laboratory. Testing was carried out to evaluate the performance of the experiment prototype. The results indicate that the wet-bulb effectiveness of the prototype ranged from 55% to 110% for all test conditions. The power consumption of the prototype ranged from 10 to 50 W with energy efficiency (or COP) rated from 3 to 12. It is also found that the water consumption of the prototype was very small which ranged from 0.2-1.3 litre/h. A comparison between the numerical and experimental results was carried out and the reasons for the discrepancy were analysed. This research also investigates the feasibility, economic and environmental potential of using a dew point cooler in buildings in Europe and China. From the related studies in this thesis, it is concluded that the dew point cooler can achieve a higher performance (in terms of effectiveness and energy efficiency) than the typical indirect evaporative coolers without adding too much cost. It is found that the effectiveness and energy efficiency of the heat/mass exchanger in the cooler are largely dependent upon channel geometries, the intake air velocity, temperature, humidity and the working-to-intake air ratio but less on the feed water temperature. To maximise effectiveness and energy efficiency, it is suggested that 1) the channel height and the length of exchanger should be set below 6 mm and 1-1.2 m respectively; 2) the intake channel air velocity should be controlled to 0.5-1 m/s; and 3) the working-to-intake air ratio should be adjusted to 0.4-0.5. It is also concluded that the dew point system is suitable for most regions with dry, mild and hot climate. It is, however, unsuitable for humid regions where the system is used as a stand-alone unit. Compared to the conventional mechanical compression cooling system, the dew point system has a significantly higher potential in saving energy bills and reducing carbon emission. A project to construct an 8 kW commercial dew point cooler is currently under development with the assistance of a Chinese company. By the optimisation of material, structure and geometries, the cooler is expected to achieve a cooling output of 8 kW at the inlet air of 38oC dry-bulb/ 21oC wet-bulb temperatures, with a wet-bulb effectiveness of 1.02 at 1530 m3/h of supply air flow and 1200 m3/h of discharge air flow, whereas the power input of the unit is about 450 W and the energy efficiency (or COP) at 18.5.
4

Cheng, D. Christopher. "Energy savings for an air-to-air residential heat pump using indirect evaporative cooling." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013403.

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Al-Koheji, Mohamed Y. "Application of porous ceramics and wind catchers for direct and indirect evaporative cooling in buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289313.

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Lionello, Michele. "Modelling and control of cooling systems for data center applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424786.

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Nowadays, the Data Center industry is playing a leading role in the world economic development and it is growing rapidly and constantly. Beside this, it has become more concerned with energy consumption and the associated environmental effects. Since about half of the total energy consumption in a typical Data Center is devoted to cooling the IT equipment, energy efficiency must be the primary focus in the design and management of the cooling infrastructure. In this Thesis, we consider the problem of optimizing the operation of cooling systems in Data Centers. The main objective is that of maximizing the energy efficiency of the systems, while provisioning the required cooling demand. For this purpose, we propose a two-layer hierarchical control approach, where a supervisory high-level layer determines the optimal set-points for the local low-level controllers. The supervisory layer exploits an Extremum Seeking model-free optimization algorithm, which ensures flexibility and robustness against changes in the operating conditions. In particular, a Newton-like Phasor-based Extremum Seeking scheme is presented to improve the convergence properties and the robustness of the algorithm. The proposed control architecture is tested in silico in optimizing the operation of an Indirect Evaporative Cooling system and a Liquid Immersion Cooling unit. Simulations are performed by exploiting First-Principle Data-Driven models of the considered systems and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
7

Reddy, Sudheer Kumar V. "Development And Performance Evaluation Of An Indirect Evaporative Air Cooler." Thesis, 2011. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2384.

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Evaporative cooling is an alternative and efficient method of cooling in dry climates. When a liquid evaporates into the surrounding gas, the energy required for the change of phase produces a cooling effect. The wet bulb depression is the measure of potential for evaporative cooling. Greater the wet bulb depression greater is the cooling effect, and vice versa. The residential desert cooler, apart from cooling the air increases the humidity of the air in the room by absorbing moisture from the water supplied to the cooler. This may result in an undesirable increase in humidity level. Allergies is an additional problem with direct evaporative coolers. Indirect evaporative cooling does not have these two drawbacks. In the present work a small indirect evaporative cooler is developed with a cross flow heat exchanger and the performance of the cooler is evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The results are compared with the results of an analytical model developed by assuming constant water film temperature on the external wall of the heat exchanger tube. The experimental results of the cooler show a satisfactory agreement with the analytical values. Design calculations are presented to show the performance characteristics of indirect evaporative coolers under different temperature and humidity conditions of the ambient. It has been shown that reducing the heat exchanger tube diameter to around 2 mm results in better cooling effect. Climatic conditions of different Indian cities are discussed with respect to the expected effectiveness of indirect evaporative coolers.
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Reddy, Sudheer Kumar V. "Development And Performance Evaluation Of An Indirect Evaporative Air Cooler." Thesis, 2011. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2384.

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Evaporative cooling is an alternative and efficient method of cooling in dry climates. When a liquid evaporates into the surrounding gas, the energy required for the change of phase produces a cooling effect. The wet bulb depression is the measure of potential for evaporative cooling. Greater the wet bulb depression greater is the cooling effect, and vice versa. The residential desert cooler, apart from cooling the air increases the humidity of the air in the room by absorbing moisture from the water supplied to the cooler. This may result in an undesirable increase in humidity level. Allergies is an additional problem with direct evaporative coolers. Indirect evaporative cooling does not have these two drawbacks. In the present work a small indirect evaporative cooler is developed with a cross flow heat exchanger and the performance of the cooler is evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The results are compared with the results of an analytical model developed by assuming constant water film temperature on the external wall of the heat exchanger tube. The experimental results of the cooler show a satisfactory agreement with the analytical values. Design calculations are presented to show the performance characteristics of indirect evaporative coolers under different temperature and humidity conditions of the ambient. It has been shown that reducing the heat exchanger tube diameter to around 2 mm results in better cooling effect. Climatic conditions of different Indian cities are discussed with respect to the expected effectiveness of indirect evaporative coolers.
9

Sousa, Hugo Neves de. "Estudo de um arrefecedor evaporativo indirecto de elevada eficiência." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63338.

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Sousa, Hugo Neves de. "Estudo de um arrefecedor evaporativo indirecto de elevada eficiência." Dissertação, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63338.

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Books on the topic "Evaporation Indirecte":

1

Lin, Jie, and Kian Jon Chua. Indirect Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling: Principles and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30758-4.

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A comparison of Class A pan evaporation measurements with Penman and Tombesi-Lauciani indirect estimation methods =: Confronto tra l'evaporazione misurata da Classe A pan e i metodi per la stima indiretta secondo Penman e Tombesi-Lauciani. Roma: Istituto sperimentale per la nutrizione delle piante, 1988.

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Method of Test for Rating Indirect Evaporative Coolers (A S H R a E Standards, 143-2000). Amer Society of Heating, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Evaporation Indirecte":

1

Weill, A. "Indirect Measurements of Fluxes Using Doppler Sodar." In Land Surface Evaporation, 301–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_18.

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Watt, John R. "Experimental Indirect Cooling." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 394–412. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_23.

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Watt, John R. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 331–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_20.

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Watt, John R. "Other Modern Indirect Cooling." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 367–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_22.

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Watt, John R. "Modern Plate-Type Indirect Cooling." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 348–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_21.

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Almusaed, Amjad. "Cooling by Indirect Evaporative Systems." In Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture, 363–66. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31.

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Lin, Jie, and Kian Jon Chua. "Working Principles of Evaporative Cooling." In Indirect Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling: Principles and Applications, 15–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30758-4_2.

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Lin, Jie, and Kian Jon Chua. "Modeling of Dew-Point Evaporative Coolers." In Indirect Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling: Principles and Applications, 53–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30758-4_4.

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Lin, Jie, and Kian Jon Chua. "Advanced Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling Systems." In Indirect Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling: Principles and Applications, 107–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30758-4_6.

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Lin, Jie, and Kian Jon Chua. "Engineering of Dew-Point Evaporative Coolers." In Indirect Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling: Principles and Applications, 25–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30758-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Evaporation Indirecte":

1

Zadpoor, Amir Abbas, and Ali Asadi Nikooyan. "Development of an Improved Desiccant-Based Evaporative Cooling System for Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50258.

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Abstract:
The evaporative inlet cooling systems used for inlet cooling of gas turbines during hot summers do not work well in humid areas. However, desiccant wheels can be used to dehumidify the air before passing it trough the evaporative cooler. Since the desiccant wheels work adiabatically, the resulting air is hotter than the air introduced to the wheel and an evaporative cooling system is used to cool down the dehumidified air. Combined direct and indirect evaporative coolers have been already used to investigate the effects of dehumidification on the effectiveness of the evaporation cooling systems. It is shown that a single desiccant wheel does not offer much higher effectiveness compared to the multiple-stage evaporative systems. In this paper, an improved version of the desiccant inlet cooling system is presented. Additional dehumidification and indirect evaporative cooling stages are added to increase the effectiveness of the inlet cooling. A typical gas turbine cycle along with an industrial gas turbine with actual performance curves are used to simulate the thermal cycle in presence of the different inlet cooling systems. The simulations are carried out for three different climatic conditions. The improved and original desiccant-based systems are compared and it is shown that the added stages substantially improve the effectiveness of the desiccant-based inlet cooling.
2

Dartnall, W. John, Alex Revel, and Vasilios Giotis. "Air-Conditioning Employing Indirect Evaporative Cooling Can Be Shown to Derive Its Energy From the Solar Source." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10928.

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Abstract:
This paper explains how Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) uses water as a refrigerant. This water refrigerant may be seen as part of the rain cycle, whereby the environment (not a heat pump) returns water as the refrigerant to the system after re-condensing it. Since the rain cycle is largely driven by the solar source, so then is IEC. Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) may be efficiently produced by wetting the room exhaust stream plates of an air-to-air heat exchanger so that water evaporation caused by the cool, relatively dry exhaust air effectively cools the incoming ventilation air stream as it passes through the other (supply) side of the heat exchanger. In practice, very high Coefficients of Performance (COP’s) have been recorded with IEC’s operating in hot, dry climates. These systems perform with low energy consumption requiring energy only to power fans and small water pumps. Surprisingly, a humid climate also yields a very high COP.
3

Salleh, Mohd Fahmi Md, and Mazlan Abdul Wahid. "Indirect evaporative cooling system improvement: A brief review." In RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN THERMOFLUID ENGINEERING. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0136477.

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4

Ninković, Dimitrije, Uroš Milovančević, Milena Otović, and Vladimir Černicin. "Comparative Analysis of Electric Energy Consumption of Cascade System R134a/CO2 with Single Stage R404a and Two-Stage CO2 Installation." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.287.

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The paper analyzes electric energy consumption of three different refrigeration installations: cascade refrigeration system with R134a in the high temperature circuit and CO2 in the low temperature circuit, single stage refrigeration system operating with R404A and two-stage transcritical CO2 system. The indirect impact of the refrigeration system on global warming through electric energy consumption was examined. Thermodynamic cycles of these installations have been described and models have been developed to analyze the electric energy consumption required to drive the compressor as the largest consumer, for the cooling capacity of the evaporator 5,7 kW at evaporation temperature -30 °C for meteorological 2017, in the city of Belgrade. As a basis for comparative analysis, the existing cascade refrigeration system, which is located in the Laboratory for Thermal Science at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade, was selected.
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Alowa, Mohamed I., and Gassem Azzain. "Theoretical Investigation of an Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling System." In The First Conference for Engineering Sciences and Technology. AIJR Publisher, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.4.17.

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Benjamin, Michael A., Andrew M. Odar, Erlendur Steinthorsson, and Charles B. Cotten. "Indirect Spray Evaporative Thermal Management for Semiconductor Burn-In." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73189.

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Abstract:
Semiconductor burn-in testing is one of several quality assurance tests conducted during High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) of semiconductor logic devices. The goal of burn-in is to induce “infant mortality” component failures. To accelerate infant mortality defects, semiconductor devices are subjected to stressing techniques that induce heat levels, typically, 100%–300% greater than end use environment heat loads. For this work, an indirect spray cooling method was developed and experimentally evaluated. In the indirect method, sprays are sealed within a spraycap (evaporator) that is thermally connected with the heated surface by way of a thermal interface material. The test fluid is the perfluorocarbon HFE-7000 that has a boiling point of 34°C at 1 atm. pressure. Experiments were run at a spraycap nominal pressure of 1 atm. with about 16°C of liquid subcooling at the inlet. Tests were performed on a lidded Thermal Test Vehicle (TTV) device (1.2 cm2 die size) to measure the thermal solution maximum power, dynamic control, repeatability, and the effect of applied force. Time varying test patterns (thermal loads) are simulated by changing TTV power in 20 W steps up to 200 W. The pertinent output measurements for performance evaluation are TTV power and junction temperatures (Tj), thermocouple measurements in the heat path, coolant flow rate, and applied force to the TTV. From these measurements, resultant parameters of thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficients are calculated. Maximum TTV power maintaining Tj at or below 105°C was shown to approach 240 W. Thermal controllability of the system was demonstrated for a Tj of 105 °C over the TTV power range of 30 W to 200 W. Performance was extremely stable and very repeatable even when the spraycap exit quality was 100%. The thermal solution demonstrated good repeatability during a limited cycle test. Contact force of approximately 10 lbf (45 N) was found to minimize the thermal resistance of the solution, and no significant improvement is realized beyond that force level.
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Ramkumar, R., and A. Ragupathy. "Performance evaluation of indirect evaporative cooler using clay pot." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2015): Proceeding of International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946132.

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Liu, L., Z. L. Xu, Y. D. Zhou, and F. W. Dong. "Main influencing factors of folded plate indirect evaporative cooler." In 6th International Conference on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings (ICEERB 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.1628.

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9

Ahlem, Zouaoui, Leila Zili-Ghedira, and Sassi Ben Nasrallah. "Desiccant-based dehumidification and direct/indirect evaporative cooling technologies." In 2015 Sixth International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2015.7110876.

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10

Comino, Francisco, María Jesús Romero-Lara, and Manuel Ruiz de Adana. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Regenerative Indirect Evaporative Coolers." In Innovations-Sustainability-Modernity-Openness Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2021009021.

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