Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Évaluation du risque technologique – Statistiques'
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Bou, Nader Raymond. "Modélisation du management des risques industriels et de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises : Cas des entreprises libanaises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL2001.
Full textThe aim of our thesis is to study the current practice of CSR in the context of the Lebanese industrial companies and to examine the relationship between CSR practices and risk management, using statistical techniques as inferential tests, factor analysis and multiple linear regression models. It is in the latter that the main contribution of this research has been made. This research has made it possible to perceive CSR as more than just a marketing and public relations tool but also a real tool influencing risk in companies. Our research broadens the knowledge base in this field in the Lebanese context, focusing on the management and practices of the company in terms of risk management, in order to better manage the social, environmental, and community based activities by CSR. The results of this study will enable researchers to create a stronger theoretical and empirical basis on which future research on the subject of CSR and risk management through CSR can be developed
Bou, Nader Raymond. "Modélisation du management des risques industriels et de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises : Cas des entreprises libanaises." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL2001/document.
Full textThe aim of our thesis is to study the current practice of CSR in the context of the Lebanese industrial companies and to examine the relationship between CSR practices and risk management, using statistical techniques as inferential tests, factor analysis and multiple linear regression models. It is in the latter that the main contribution of this research has been made. This research has made it possible to perceive CSR as more than just a marketing and public relations tool but also a real tool influencing risk in companies. Our research broadens the knowledge base in this field in the Lebanese context, focusing on the management and practices of the company in terms of risk management, in order to better manage the social, environmental, and community based activities by CSR. The results of this study will enable researchers to create a stronger theoretical and empirical basis on which future research on the subject of CSR and risk management through CSR can be developed
Obertelli, Patrick. "Attitudes et conduites face aux risques : deux études en milieu technologique nucléaire et en milieu technologique classique." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100084.
Full textThe current research deals with the risks of workers in the industrial plants. This research is organised around two sets of questions: - How far can a person's experiences organise or disrupt his rationality in the face of risk? Particularly, what abotu the methods of organizing his thoughts which at first seem inappropriate to the situations he encounters? Does the nature of organisational and technological structures have an influence on these attitudes and conduct and if so, in what way? Are there any noticeable constants independant of these contexts? Two studies have been carried out, one by means of questionnaires, the other through interviews. The results are structured around four major conclusions. They emphasize: 1- The existence of certain norms of risk acceptance within work-teams. 2- The necessity of a psychoemotional balance in the face of risk. The relations of individuals to their work-team and their organisation are equally examined. The phenomena of the distorsion of the perception of reality are also considered. 3- The existence of the polarisation of mental focus under time pressures. 4- The characteristics of the relationship to knowledge in a sophisticated technological universe
Nikolova, Vénéta. "La notion d’opportunité technologique : Analyse théorique et empirique." Paris 9, 2009. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2009PA090005.
Full textCorporate innovation asks some major questions about the technological opportunity concept’s measurement. The goal of this thesis is to theoretically analyse the criteria of this opportunity’s revelation and exploitation criteria (technological waves, S-curve, Gartner’s Hype Curve), then test this approach within the software industry. First, by the means of a case study on 3 French technological firms, we prove that each criterion has a limited reach. Also, we state the evidence of a relationship between R&D, technological cycles and financial markets, via an analysis of aggregated changes of R&D expenses (measuring the number of opportunities) and market capitalisation for a sample of 438 software companies from 17 countries between 1994 and 2005. Then we conclude, via a correlation analysis on 3 software vendors but also on our previous sample, that expensed R&D costs and stock price move in a parallel manner rather than with delayed effects
Tressou, Jessica. "Méthodes statistiques pour l'évaluation du risque alimentaire." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00139909.
Full textPropeck-Zimmermann, Éliane. "Risque technologique majeur : conditions de production et rôle des outils cartographiques dans le processus d'identification et de gestion." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR10013.
Full textCartography is a fundamental tool for the comprehension of major technological hazards. By comparing the two main methods of determination of hazards zones - the French deterministic and the Dutch probabilistic one - this thesis is highlighting the roll of the map as a medium of the prevention process and management of major technological hazards ; it is also stretching out the relation between scientific objectivity and actors. In order to facilitate the decision making, the constitution of a spatial data base combined with the computer aided cartography is proposed as the first step for the elaboration of new maps, and as a learning process for all the actors involved in the reading of these maps. As a conclusion, the combination of spatial data base and of geographical information system is suggested
Shemilt, Michèle. "Évaluation de la validité des modèles de risque pour prédire l’incidence des gastroentérites d’origine hydrique au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26078.
Full textKayibanda, Jeanne Françoise. "La surveillance et les facteurs de risque associés au VIH au Rwanda." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28514/28514.pdf.
Full textBen, Hassine Safa. "Identification des facteurs de risque statistiques : Applications au marché boursier et au marché du crédit." Paris 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA020024.
Full textThomasson, Delphine. "Réflexions sur la régularité de dispersion des débris spatiaux et applications à la détermination de la probabilité de collision en orbite." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I035/document.
Full textThis PhD work is a contribution to the global estimation of collision risks in the Earth space environment. To estimate these risks, two time scales complement one another: over very short terms (from a few hours to a few days) the strongest changes of collision probabilities are likely to be due to catastrophic events (collision between satellites or explosions), whereas over long and even very long terms (decades or even centuries) the main goal is to assess the spatio-temporal evolution of a whole population of space debris. In both cases, this is the evaluation of the dangerousness of regions where active satellites evolve which is at stake.Throughout the discussion, we focuse on databases assimilation of on-orbit objects, as well as on simulations for small and (then) numerous objects objects that are unobservable. We follow the goal of characterizing the statistical distribution of the global population, as well as specific families generated after a punctual event (i.e: fragmentation). Some estimations of the incurred risks are provided over both short and long time scales. An innovative method is proposed to characterize the space debris distribution, that is rather commonly used in the fields of applied mathematique but not that frequently in astrodynamics: this method is based on spatial statistics to determine the space debris distribution from a statistical point of view. By defining the notions of aggregation and repulsion dynamics between objects, we have assessed the influence of small particles on the fragments distribution.The study of a real fragmentation and of the corresponding space debris cloud evolution is also conducted. The geometrical characteristics of the cloud over time are supplied as well as the estimation of the closure times corresponding to the different evolution phases of the cloud. This concrete example is also on the basis of a sensitivity analysis: by enlightening the influence of some parameters standing for the explosion and the orbit evolution parameterization, the spreading of the cloud is characterized from a statistical point of view.As a final step of this approach, some criteria are discussed to open a path through the calibration of a complete fragmentation model thanks to comparisons with real data coming from observations
Lieval, Cecile. "Innovation technologique et risques insaisissables : une territorialisation impossible ?" Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENH034.
Full textSince the 2000's, the development of nanotechnologies gives rise to oppositions in connection with "new risks" that are only just starting to be defined, together with an ethical questioning, which doesn't prevent the worldwide development of those technologies, in the form of localized poles subject to harsh requirements of competitiveness. Now, those territorial development projects generate conflicts about risks which are difficult to assess on a local scale : what are the consequences on the way the territorial development projects are conducted ? And what about the protest facing elusive risks ? The case of Grenoble allows to study this tension between development projects and a conflict with very local consequences, and the scientific and economic development of those technologies following a worldwide practice. For local actors, how to think out territorial development on a local scale when faced with this radical global uncertainty, in the context of an economical competition that exceeds but compels them ? How is the question of risks and uncertainty, whose "novelty" will have to be questioned, likely to renew or not the process of territorialisation, the control of projetcs, the practices of justification, and the way the actors manage to base anticipation on the rule of reason
Brooks, Heather, and Heather Brooks. "Quantitative risk analysis for linear infrastructure supported by permafrost : methodology and computer program." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37155.
Full textLe pergélisol est omniprésent dans l’Arctique et l’Antarctique, et il est présent en haute altitude partout dans le monde. Les communautés et le développement industriel des régions pergélisolées ont besoin d’infrastructures de transport (routes, aéroports, chemins de fer, etc.), sachant que le transport y revêt une importance vitale au niveau social, économique et politique (Regehr, Milligan et Alfaro 2013). Toutefois, les changements climatiques auront des répercussions sur les infrastructures de transport existantes et futures en Alaska de l’ordre de 282 à 550 M$ (2015 USD), selon les scénarios d’émissions (Melvin et al. 2016). Vu ces conditions, des outils sont nécessaires pour aider les décideurs à prioriser l’entretien, le remplacement et la construction des infrastructures, et potentiellement justifier l’utilisation des stratégies de mitigation pour les remblais sur pergélisol. Des méthodes d’analyse de risque peuvent être utilisées, mais leur application en ingénierie du pergélisol est actuellement limitée. Le risque est un produit du hasard, de la conséquence et de la vulnérabilité pour chacun des dangers considérés. La probabilité et le coût de l’occurrence d’un danger sont respectivement un hasard et une conséquence, tandis que la vulnérabilité corrèle le dommage possible avec la conséquence. Comme il existe peu de données de défaillance pour les installations sur pergélisol, le risque doit être déterminé à l’aide des méthodes d’analyse de fiabilité (premier-ordre deuxièmemoment ou simulations de Monte Carlo), qui intègrent les incertitudes des paramètres d’entrée pour déterminer la variabilité des résultats. Ces méthodes exigent la caractérisation de l’incertitude des variables aléatoires, ce qui peut être difficile en l’absence de données suffisantes, souvent plus que nécessaire dans la pratique actuelle. En outre, ces méthodes d’analyse de fiabilité exigent une fonction d’état limite pour que le danger soit analysé. Les dangers communs qui affectent les remblais sur pergélisol incluent : le tassement, la fissuration, la rupture soudaine, le déplacement latéral du remblai, le drainage et l’accumulation d’eau en pied de remblai, et les glissements de la couche active. Parmi ces dangers, seuls quelques-uns ont des fonctions d’état limite déterminées ou qui peuvent être approfondies par l’auteure. Les dangers associés à ces fonctions d’état limite ou de hasard comprennent : les tassements totaux et différentiels au dégel, la formation d’arche par le positionnement de particules audessus de cavité, les glissements de la couche active, la rupture de la pente du ponceau et l’affaissement de la structure du ponceau. Un programme a été créé sur le logiciel Excel pour calculer le risque des installations linéaires construites sur un remblai de pergélisol en utilisant les méthodes statistiques appliquées aux fonctions d’état limite afin de déterminer les dangers communs aux infrastructures sur pergélisol, ainsi que d'estimer les coûts directs de réparation et les facteurs d’échelle permettant de tenir compte des coûts indirects des dommages causés aux utilisateurs de l’infrastructure et aux communautés concernées. Les calculs des risques sont basés sur les propriétés géotechniques et l’incertitude climatique, telles que caractérisées par des fonctions de densité de probabilité, en utilisant les méthodes statistiques de simulations de Monte Carlo. Une analyse de la fragilité du réchauffement climatique permet de recalculer les dangers à partir des variations des températures de l’air. Les analyses répétées le long de l’infrastructure fournissent un profil de risque actuel ainsi qu'un profil tenant compte du réchauffement climatique. Le programme a servi à déterminer les dangers pour la route d’accès à l’aéroport de Salluit, et l'évaluation des dangers, des risques et de la rentabilité a été effectuée pour l’aéroport international d’Iqaluit
Permafrost is ubiquitous in the Arctic and Antarctic, and present in high elevation regions throughout the world. The communities and industrial development in permafrost regions require transportation infrastructures (roadways, airports, railways, etc.) and, in these regions, transportation is of vital social, economic, and political importance (Regehr, Milligan, and Alfaro 2013). However, warming climate conditions will endanger existing and future transportation infrastructure in Alaska to the tune of $282 to $550 million (2015 USD) depending on future emission scenarios (Melvin et al. 2016). Given these conditions, tools are required to aid decisionmakers in prioritizing infrastructure maintenance, replacement, and construction, and potentially justifying the use of mitigation strategies of permafrost embankments. Risk analysis methods can be used but their existing application to permafrost engineering is limited. Risk is a product of hazard, consequence and vulnerability for each of the dangers under consideration. The probability and costs of a danger’s occurrence is a hazard and the consequence, respectively, while vulnerability correlated the damage with the consequence. Since little failure data is available for permafrost infrastructure, the hazard must be determined from reliability analysis methods (First-Order Second-Moment or Monte Carlo Simulation), which aggregate the uncertainty of input parameters to determine the result’s variation. These methods require the characterization of random variable uncertainty, which can be difficult without sufficient data, often more than the current standard-of-practice. Additionally, the method requires a limit state function for the danger to be analyzed. Common dangers effecting permafrost embankment infrastructure included: settlement, cracking, sudden collapse, lateral embankment spreading, drainage and ponding water, and active layer detachment landslides. Of these dangers, only a few have existing limit state functions or have limit state functions that can be developed by the author. The dangers with limit state functions or hazard functions include: total and differential thaw settlement, particle position bridging over voids, active layer detachment landslides, and culvert gradient and structural failure. A Microsoft Excel-based program was created to calculate the risk for permafrost embankment linear infrastructure, using statistical methods applied to limit state functions to determine hazards for common permafrost dangers, estimated direct costs for the repair of a hazard’s occurrence, and scaling factors to account for the indirect costs of damage to the infrastructure’s users and connected communities. Hazard calculations are based on geotechnical property and climate uncertainty, as characterized by probability density functions, using Monte Carlo Simulation methods. A climate change fragility analysis recalculates the hazard with warming air temperatures. Repeated analyses along the infrastructure provide a risk profile of the infrastructure, now and with a warming climate. The program is used to determine hazard for the Airport Access Road in Salluit, and hazard, risk and cost/benefit assessments were conducted using this program for the Iqaluit International Airport.
Permafrost is ubiquitous in the Arctic and Antarctic, and present in high elevation regions throughout the world. The communities and industrial development in permafrost regions require transportation infrastructures (roadways, airports, railways, etc.) and, in these regions, transportation is of vital social, economic, and political importance (Regehr, Milligan, and Alfaro 2013). However, warming climate conditions will endanger existing and future transportation infrastructure in Alaska to the tune of $282 to $550 million (2015 USD) depending on future emission scenarios (Melvin et al. 2016). Given these conditions, tools are required to aid decisionmakers in prioritizing infrastructure maintenance, replacement, and construction, and potentially justifying the use of mitigation strategies of permafrost embankments. Risk analysis methods can be used but their existing application to permafrost engineering is limited. Risk is a product of hazard, consequence and vulnerability for each of the dangers under consideration. The probability and costs of a danger’s occurrence is a hazard and the consequence, respectively, while vulnerability correlated the damage with the consequence. Since little failure data is available for permafrost infrastructure, the hazard must be determined from reliability analysis methods (First-Order Second-Moment or Monte Carlo Simulation), which aggregate the uncertainty of input parameters to determine the result’s variation. These methods require the characterization of random variable uncertainty, which can be difficult without sufficient data, often more than the current standard-of-practice. Additionally, the method requires a limit state function for the danger to be analyzed. Common dangers effecting permafrost embankment infrastructure included: settlement, cracking, sudden collapse, lateral embankment spreading, drainage and ponding water, and active layer detachment landslides. Of these dangers, only a few have existing limit state functions or have limit state functions that can be developed by the author. The dangers with limit state functions or hazard functions include: total and differential thaw settlement, particle position bridging over voids, active layer detachment landslides, and culvert gradient and structural failure. A Microsoft Excel-based program was created to calculate the risk for permafrost embankment linear infrastructure, using statistical methods applied to limit state functions to determine hazards for common permafrost dangers, estimated direct costs for the repair of a hazard’s occurrence, and scaling factors to account for the indirect costs of damage to the infrastructure’s users and connected communities. Hazard calculations are based on geotechnical property and climate uncertainty, as characterized by probability density functions, using Monte Carlo Simulation methods. A climate change fragility analysis recalculates the hazard with warming air temperatures. Repeated analyses along the infrastructure provide a risk profile of the infrastructure, now and with a warming climate. The program is used to determine hazard for the Airport Access Road in Salluit, and hazard, risk and cost/benefit assessments were conducted using this program for the Iqaluit International Airport.
Grassaud, Alain. "La formation des personnels dans un milieu industriel à "haut risque technologique" : enquête socianalytique sur les pratiques de tutorat et de compagnonnage dans la formation des rondiers des centrales nucléaires." Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA081820.
Full textOladeji, Sunday. "Commerce Nord-Sud et environnement : une approche technologique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX24007.
Full textMeynet, Jérémy. "La gestion du transport de marchandises dangereuses sur des sites à forte concentration : évaluation des risques liés au stationnement des marchandises dangereuses par l'étude de dangers." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3017.
Full textTransportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) is a risk-generating activity due to the intrinsic hazard of the products concerned which may, following an accident in the course of this activity, cause serious effects on the environment, property and people (toxic, thermal effects of overpressure, or pollution).The TDG activity is divided into three phases: transport, handling (loading and unloading) and parking. To reduce the risks generated by the TDG activity, international regulations imposed technical measures (requirements for the construction and use of tanks and packages, approvals of vehicles and containers) and preventive measures (training of stakeholders transportation and handling Dangerous Goods, traffic rules).However this rule, applied in France through the order TGD and its annexes, does not allow for hosting many dangerous goods sites (such as ports, rail yards and motorway areas), to develop specific preventive and technical measures adapted to the local context. Indeed, the operation of a transport infrastructure (such as hosting dangerous goods port) requires its own operating rules to manage traffic of dangerous goods heterogeneous, large and regular (even daily) to reduce the risks associated with the transport, handling, parking and the concentration of hazardous substances on the same site.The hazard study of TDG, imposed by Act No. 2003-699 of 30 July 2003, complemented the existing regulatory tools to help some sites with high concentrations of dangerous goods (as defined by the Decree n ° 2007 - 700 of 3 May 2007) to assess and manage the risks generated by the TDG activity (or "TDG risk").This thesis is therefore part of a clear regulatory framework and is committed to produce scientific knowledge and operational regulations, to implement and test the applicability of a departmental risk analysis methodology (defined by the decree of 18 December 2009) for hosting dangerous goods sites
Thomas, Philippe. "Contribution à l'approche booléenne de la sûreté de fonctionnement : L'atelier logiciel Aralia WorkShop." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12480.
Full textL'Homme, Patrick. "Risques majeurs et droit des sols : les outils juridiques de la protection des personnes et des biens dans les zones soumises à un risque naturel prévisible ou technologique majeur." Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU2005.
Full textTarnaud, Albane. "A "DEA-Financial" approach to assess portfolio performance." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12003.
Full textThis doctoral thesis studies the transposition of a methodology inherited from production theory, and commonly referred to as “DEA” (Data Envelopment Analysis) only, to the study of performance of financial assets. It underlines the accuracy of using DEA as an estimator to assess the performance of financial assets, provides a detailed presentation of the methodology associated to DEA and a review of the literature that applies this methodology to the performance measurement of portfolios of financial assets.The traditional methodology requires the definition of regularity conditions that characterize the technology shared by all entities. It then implies a rigorous definition of inputs and outputs that characterize the production technology. The current literature implicitly assumes a production process that generates returns on investment in portfolios of financial assets by the level of risk taken. This thesis proposes a different treatment based on the idea of joint productions inherited from production theory and according to which inputs can generate undesirable outputs that cannot be freely disposed of. The approach proposed in this thesis then considers the various types of risk associated to the investment as undesirable outputs. This thesis proposes a definition a financial production process and studies the theoretical implications of such a definition on the traditional set of axioms. It also recommends taking into account a possible preference for risk where only risk aversion is generally assumed and reminds the importance to include in the theoretical frameworks some measures of risk associated to preferences for some risks, such as prudence or temperance
Ariano, Sara. "Pour une étude géographique du risque : les zones humides : application à l’analyse du delta du Pô." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040237.
Full textRisk studies are carried out by geographers in different schools and countries. The geographical approach to risk focuses on the interaction between physical and human elements in territories. The case of wetlands shows the advantages of this approach. Wetlands can help to reduce the risk of flooding and improve water quality; nevertheless, their functions are generally undervalued. This analysis was carried out through a case study: the Po delta. Both “natural” (flooding, drought) and “technological” hazards were considered. A comparative analysis was also performed in Camargue, in order to try out the methodology. Field work and document analysis point out the relationship between risk perception and the geo-historical evolution of the territory. Risk is linked to a territorial system, to its history, actors network and stakes; consequently, the territory itself should constitute the core of risk analysis
La geografia del rischio è un settore di studi sviluppato nell’ambito di diverse scuole, con delle caratteristiche specifiche nei diversi contesti accademici e nazionali. Se in Francia la géographie des risques è un soggetto frequente, quasi “alla moda”, in Italia questo tema è meno comune. È particolarmente significativo il caso delle zone umide: benché questi ambienti contribuiscano alla diminuzione dei rischi idrogeologici e al miglioramento della qualità delle acque, le loro funzioni sono spesso ignorate o sottovalutate. A partire da questo esempio, possiamo quindi chiederci in quale misura il rapporto che le società instaurano con l’ambiente (nel caso specifico, con le aree umide) possa influire sul grado di vulnerabilità. La riflessione è stata condotta attraverso l’analisi di un caso di studio: il delta del Po. Sono stati considerati dei rischi “naturali” (inondazioni, siccità e risalita del cuneo salino) e dei rischi “tecnologici” (incidenti, inquinamento). I risultati ottenuti sono poi stati comparati con quelli relativi a un secondo caso di studio, la Camargue. A partire dalla ricerca sul campo e dall’analisi critica della documentazione, si evidenzia il legame tra la percezione dei rischi e l’evoluzione geo-storica del territorio. Una rappresentazione puramente tecnica, quantitativa del rischio risulta inadeguata alla complessità del fenomeno; il rischio è infatti parte di in un sistema territoriale, con la sua storia, la sua rete di attori, le loro logiche e gli interessi in gioco. Ne consegue la necessità di rimettere il territorio al centro dell’analisi e della gestione del rischio
Cappelaere, Charles-Henri. "Estimation du risque de mort subite par arrêt cardiaque a l'aide de méthodes d'apprentissage artificiel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066014.
Full textImplantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) have been prescribed for prophylaxis since the early 2000?s, for patients at high risk of SCD. Unfortunately, most implantations to date appear unnecessary. This result raises an important issue because of the perioperative and postoperative risks. Thus, it is important to improve the selection of the candidates to ICD implantation in primary prevention. Risk stratification for SCD based on Holter recordings has been extensively performed in the past, without resulting in a significant improvement of the selection of candidates to ICD implantation. The present report describes a nonlinear multivariate analysis of Holter recording indices. We computed all the descriptors available in the Holter recordings present in our database. The latter consisted of labelled Holter recordings of patients equipped with an ICD in primary prevention, a fraction of these patients received at least one appropriate therapy from their ICD during a 6-month follow-up. Based on physiological knowledge on arrhythmogenesis, feature selection was performed, and an innovative procedure of classifier design and evaluation was proposed. The classifier is intended to discriminate patients who are really at risk of sudden death from patients for whom ICD implantation does not seem necessary. In addition, we designed an ad hoc classifier that capitalizes on prior knowledge on arrhythmogenesis. We conclude that improving prophylactic ICD-implantation candidate selection by automatic classification from Holter recording features may be possible. Nevertheless, that statement should be supported by the study of a more extensive and appropriate database
De, Galizia Antonello. "Évaluation probabiliste de l’efficacité des barrières humaines prises dans leur contexte organisationnel." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0018/document.
Full textThe work carried out in this CIFRE PhD thesis is part of a long-term collaboration between CRAN and EDF R&D, one of the major results of which was the development of a risk analysis methodology called Integrated Risk Analysis (AiDR). This methodology deals with sociotechnical systems from technical, human and organizational points of view and whose equipment is subjected to maintenance and/or operation activities. This thesis aims to propose an evolution of the so-called "human barrier" model developed in the AiDR in order to evaluate the effectiveness of these human actions taken their organizational context. Our major contributions are organized around 3 axes: 1. Improvement of the pre-existing structure of the human barrier model to achieve a model based on performance shaping factors (PSF) provided by the Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) methods; 2. Integration of resilience and modeling of the interaction between resilient and pathogenic mechanisms impacting the effectiveness of activities in a probabilistic causal framework; 3. A global treatment of the expert judgments consistent with the mathematical structure of the proposed model in order to objectively estimate the parameters of the model. This treatment is based on a questionnaire to guide experts towards the evaluation of joint effects resulting from the interaction between pathogenic and resilient mechanisms. All of the proposed contributions have been validated on an application case involving a human barrier put in place during an external flooding occurring at an EDF power plant
Tillier, Charles. "Processus et indicateurs de risque en assurance non-vie et sécurité alimentaire." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100192.
Full textRisk analyses play a leading role within fields such as dietary risk, hydrology, nuclear security, finance and insurance and is more and more present in theapplications of various probability tools and statistical methods. We see a significant impact on the scientific literature and on public institutions in the past years. Risk theory, which is really close to extreme value analysis, typically deals with the occurrences of rare events which are functions of heavy-tailed random variables, for example, sums or products of regularly varying random variables. The purpose of this thesis is the following : to develop revelant risk indicators and to study the extremal properties of stochastic processes used in dietary risk assessment and in insurance. In Chapter 1, we present the main tools used in risk theory and the notion of regular variation and introduce different models involved in dietary risk assessment, which will be specifically studied in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 2 presents a joint work with Olivier Wintenberger. For a particular class of stochastic processes, under the assumption of regular variation, we propose a method that gives way to asymptotic equivalents on a finite-time horizon of risk indicators such as the ruin probability, the Expected Time over a Threshold or the Expected Severity of the ruin. Chapter 3 focuses on dietary risk models. To be precise, we study the extremal properties of an extension of a model called KDEM for Kinetic Dietary Exposure Model introduced by Patrice Bertail and his co-authors in 2008. Under the assumption of regular variation, we provide asymptotic equivalents for the tail behavior and the extremal index of the exposure process. In Chapter 4, we review different statistical tools specifically tailored for the study of the extremal behavior of Markov processes. Thanks to regeneration properties, we can split the path of observations into blocks which are independent and identically distributed. This technic still works even if the Markov chain is not atomic. We focus here on the estimation of the tail index and the extremal index. We illustrate the performance of these technics applying them on two models in insurance and finance for which we know the theoritical results
Lampach, Nicolas. "Essays on risk management in the presence of ambiguity." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB009/document.
Full textThe thesis aims to establish an optimal technological risk management to ensure hazard reduction of new emerging risks without impeding the innovation path. The research work contributes to ex-ante and ex-post risk management strategies and provides theoretical and empirical evidence to address the management of new emerging risks. The first part of the thesis examines, from the perspective of Law and Economics, the effectiveness of the tort liability rule for the situation where the decision maker is lacking information about the probability of an event to occur. The second part of the thesis pays particular attention to the environmental energy transition in France and focus on the insurability of the energy performance in the housing sector. The theoretical and experimental findings from the first part of the research convey strong validity that tort law cannot provide ex-ante optimal incentives when there is lacking information about the probability of accident. The regime of unlimited and limited liability leads to overinvestment in prevention in regard to new emerging risks. The empirical results of the second part of the thesis reveal that 23.75% of households participated in the weatherization program "Je Rénove BBC" do not achieve the required energy target but the severity of the energy performance gap is relatively low. The findings of the research work imply several policy recommendations to manage new emerging technologies in the future
Kleinpeter, Claire. "Des risques urbains méconnus: les risques technologiques mineurs : Exemple des stations-service à Strasbourg." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1A001.
Full text'Environment' and 'sustainable development' are terms that appear in the mass media often to announce natural catastrophes such as inundations, explosions, or various forms of environmental pollution. According to the mass media, the world environmental equilibrium seems to be threatened in a way that future generations would not be able to benefit of today's natural resources, if nothing is done to change this situation. Researchers who have studied the question emphasize not only the importance but also the accretion of major technological hazards mainly since the industrial revolution and the consequent urban growth. Because of their amplitude the impacts of major technological hazards related to technical progress are better known today even if solutions are not always easy to find or to apply. Cities as places of great population densities have often witnessed minor hazards throughout their history. These minor and not well known technological hazards constitute the subject of this thesis. Hazards related to the location of gas stations in the city of Strasbourg (Communauté urbaine de Strasbourg) are studied, identified, classified, through their particular characteristics. The main hypothesis is that minor technological hazards correspond to activities characterized less by unanticipated impacts than by an important degree of vulnerability due to their immediate environment. An analysis of minor technological hazards using the example of gas stations has been the first step to verify this hypothesis. The second step deals with the constitution of a located data base used to define a classification of various activities according to their degree of vulnerability in a GIS with a server to be used by protection or intervention services e. G. Firemen
Pimentel, Torres Gaspar Ana Patricia. "Contribution to control uncertainties in numerical modelling of dam performances : an application to an RCC dam." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0053/document.
Full textThe use of fully probabilistic approaches to account for uncertainties within dam engineering is a recently emerging field on which studies have been mostly done concerning the safety evaluation of dams under service. This thesis arises within this framework as a contribution on moving the process of risk analysis of dams beyond empirical knowledge, applying probabilistic tools on the numerical modelling of a roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam during its construction phase.The work developed here aims to propose a methodology so as to account for risks related to cracking during construction which may compromise the dam’s functional and structural behaviour.In order to do so, emphasis is given to uncertainties related to the material itself (i.e.strength, water-to-cement ratio, among others) as well as to ambient conditions during the construction phase of RCC dams. A thermo-chemo-mechanical model is used to describe theRCC behaviour. Concerning the probabilistic model, two aspects are studied : how the uncertainties related to the input variables are propagated through the model, and what is the influence of their dispersion on the dispersion of the output, assessed by performing a global sensitivity analysis by means of the RBD-FAST method. Also, spatial variability of some input parameters is accounted for through bi-dimensional random fields. Furthermore, a coupling between reliability methods and finite element methods is performed in order to evaluate the cracking potential of each casted RCC layer during construction by means of a cracking density concept. As an important outcome of this applied research,probability curves for cracking density within each casted layer as functions of both age and boundary conditions are predicted, which is believed to be an original contribution of this thesis. The proposed methodology may therefore be seen as a contribution to help engineers understand how uncertainties will affect the dam behaviour during construction and rely on it inthe future to improve and support the design phase of the dam project
Kharroubi, Ouissem. "Prévision des crues par modèle de réseau de neurones artificiels : application au bassin versant de l’Eure." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10034/document.
Full textThe growth of riparian populations generates an increase in vulnerability of our societies to flood. Therefore, a high social demand to prevent and predict these natural disasters must be tacking to protect the population against floods. To achieve this objective, the provision of flood forecasting tools, operational and reliable, is primordial. But the flood forecasting still an exercise far from being evident. Firstly, because the forecast requirements (precision and time anticipation) are becoming more and more higher. And secondly, because the physical flood forecasting tools is limited by the relative knowledge of floods hydro-systems. In this context, this thesis presents the work done to produce rainfall-runoff flood forecasting models based on artificial neural networks (ANN) in the Eure watershed (and two sub-basins) up to a 48 hours horizon forecasting. Firstly, an analysis of the geographical complexity of studied basins will be conducted in order to determine the different factors that influencing the hydrological Eure watershed regime. Then, a methodological process to data statistical analysis, has allowed a synthesis on the hydrological nature of the watersheds studied and brings the elements needed to the definition of the non-linear relations rainfall-runoff. This contribution has allowed the creation of a rainfall-runoff nonlinear model for flood forecasting. ANN model able to perform a reliable forecasting of flood up to a 48 hours horizon forecasting. This process has been tested on three watersheds and the test results show a reliable forecasts as well as an ability of generalization to other hydro-systems
Al-Kharaz, Mohammed. "Analyse multivariée des alarmes de diagnostic en vue de la prédiction de la qualité des produits." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211207_ALKHARAZ_559anw633vgnlp70s324svilo_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis addresses the prediction of product quality and improving the performance of diagnostic alarms in a semiconductor facility. For this purpose, we exploit the alarm history collected during production. First, we propose an approach to model and estimate the degradation risk of the final product associated with each alarm triggered according to its activation behavior on all products during production. Second, using the estimated risk values for any alarm, we propose an approach to predict the final quality of the product's lot. This approach models the link between process alarm events and the final quality of product lot through machine learning techniques. We also propose a new approach based on alarm event text processing to predict the final product quality. This approach improves performance and exploits more information available in the alarm text. Finally, we propose a framework for analyzing alarm activations through performance evaluation tools and several interactive visualization techniques that are more suitable for semiconductor manufacturing. These allow us to closely monitor alarms, evaluate performance, and improve the quality of products and event data collected in history. The effectiveness of each of the above approaches is demonstrated using a real data set obtained from a semiconductor manufacturing facility
Baudrin, Mathieu. "Maintenir la technologie aérosol et son industrie : une enquête sur les collectifs industriels (1958-2017)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM031/document.
Full textAerosol dispenser is a pervasive technology in our everyday life (shaving foam, hairspray, insecticide, whipped cream ...), yet constantly criticized and in competition with multiple alternatives. Its very script comprises various risks. The thesis starts from this observation to ask a concise question : How have aerosol technology and the industry producing it managed to persist since the 1950s? To answer this question, the thesis develops a diachronic analysis of the development of the aerosol and its industry by mobilizing an adapted methodological instrumentation. The empirical work supposes that there is no single "industry" but several industries based on sites and temporalities. These industries are the outcome of works leading to the successive recompositions of industrial collectives. In order to follow the joint reconstructions of aerosol technology and its productive apparatus, the thesis does not follow a specific technical object but mobilizes the notion of technological principle enabling the analysis to articulate several critical moments in the development of aerosol technology. Thus, each critical moment constitutes a specific form of trial in which the industry adopts an adapted reflexive modality. In addition to a methodological contribution proposing to articulate several scholarly fields such as Science and Technology Studies, political science, the sociology of risk, the sociology of markets and industrial history, the main results of the thesis consist in characterizing problematic configurations, each of them highlighting the relations between a way of dealing with the risks associated with the aerosol technology, a way of taking into account specific criticisms, a mode of intervention of public authorities and various modalities of industrial reflexivity
Stéphan, Maïté. "Fiabilité du temps de transport : Mesures, valorisation monétaire et intégration dans le calcul économique public." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD043/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the issue of travel time reliability. The study of travel time reliability emerges from the fact that in many situations, travel time is random. Many events can change the travel time forecasted by operators or expected by users. Moreover, a tradeoff may exist between time and reliability benefits when evaluating socio economic appraisal of transport infrastructure. However, since reliability is still difficult to integrate in this type of evaluation, investment projects’ collective profitability is underestimated and often postponed. Thus, three main issues of travel time reliability analysis emerge: measurement, monetary valuation and implication for cost benefit analysis. This thesis is organized in three chapters. The first chapter adapts the measure of travel time reliability typically used in the road transport context to the collective modes (rail and air, in particular). We also develop a new reliability measure: the Delay-at-Risk (DaR). DaR is an implementation of the Value-at-Risk (V aR) measure into the transport economic framework. The DaR seem to be relevant and understandable information for the users, especially to plan their travel and avoid missing their connections. The main objective of the second chapter is to define the users’ willingness to pay to improve travel time reliability. We present a theoretical framework based on decision theory under risk. We introduce the concept of reliability-proneness (i.e. travel time risk aversion) and prudence. We develop new measures of travel time reliability expressed as risk premium: the reliability-premium and V OR. The reliability-premium is the maximum amount of additional travel time that an individual is willing to accept to escape all the risk of travel time. The V OR is defined as the maximum monetary amount that an individual is willing to pay to escape all the risk of travel time. Furthermore, we also establish the link with attitudes towards risks of travel time (aversion and prudence) and the impact of the value of travel time (V TTS) and the value of reliability (V OR). The final chapter of this thesis integrates reliability in investments project’s socioeconomic appraisal. More particularly, it allows to determine users’ surplus valuation. We highlight a diffusion effect of reliability benefits with regard to travel time benefits. Thus, we propose recommendations regarding the tradeoff between projects that generate time benefits compared with reliability benefits, according to the monetary values of travel time (V TTS) and reliability (V OR)
Dubost, Julien. "Variabilité et incertitudes en géotechnique : de leur estimation à leur prise en compte." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13808/document.
Full textThe current evolution of the geotechnical engineering places the risk management of geotechnical origin in the heart of its objectives. We also notice that the complexity of the projects of development (through the objectives costs/deadline/performances which are sought) is increasing and that soil chosen to receive them present unusual geotechnical conditions. These unfavourable conditions usually mean a strong variability of the soil properties, which induces soil investigation and data analysis more difficult. This work of thesis deals with the characterization of the natural variability of soils and with the uncertainties dues to geotechnical investigations, with the aim to better take them into account in geotechnical engineering project. This work takes place in the context of the management of the risk of project with geotechnical origin. The main statistical tools used for describe the scattering of the data and their spatial variability (geostatistic), as well as the probabilistic methods enabling to use their results in calculations, are presented under the view of their application in geotechnical design. The approach is applied to a project of railway platform. This infrastructure was located on a site where the geology and the geotechnical conditions are complex, and which present important deformations due to the soil settlements. A new analysis of geotechnical data was started again. First, geotechnical data were included in a database in order to ease their statistical and geostatistical treatment. Their statistical and spatial variability were characterized allowing a better understanding of the site. The geologic and geotechnical model so established was then used to assess the settlement effects. An analysis in three levels is proposed: global, local and spatial, which give means to estimate the settlement values and its uncertainty, respectively, on the scale of the site, on the boring points, and on zone of study according to the spatial connectivity of soil properties. The results clearly show the interest of statistical and geostatiscal methods in characterizing complex sites and in the elaboration of a relevant geologic and geotechnical model. The settlement analysis proposed highlight that the parameter uncertainties are of first importance on the design calculations and explain the global behaviour of the infrastructure. These results can be translated in the form of a reliabilitry analysis which can be then used in a process of decision-making and risk management. In a wider way, this work of thesis contributes toward the elaboration and the analysis of the geotechnical investigations, with the aim to identify, to estimate and to take into account the variability and the uncertainties of the data during the various stages of the project. It leads to better control of the risk of geotechnical origin
Maurice, Jonathan. "Fiabilité des provisions comptables environnementales : apports d'une lecture institutionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768565.
Full textStéphan, Maïté. "Fiabilité du temps de transport : Mesures, valorisation monétaire et intégration dans le calcul économique public." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD072/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the issue of travel time reliability. The study of travel time reliability emerges from the fact that in many situations, travel time is random. Many events can change the travel time forecasted by operators or expected by users. Moreover, a tradeoff may exist between time and reliability benefits when evaluating socio economic appraisal of transport infrastructure. However, since reliability is still difficult to integrate in this type of evaluation, investment projects’ collective profitability is underestimated and often postponed. Thus, three main issues of travel time reliability analysis emerge: measurement, monetary valuation and implication for cost benefit analysis. This thesis is organized in three chapters. The first chapter adapts the measure of travel time reliability typically used in the road transport context to the collective modes (rail and air, in particular). We also develop a new reliability measure: the Delay-at-Risk (DaR). DaR is an implementation of the Value-at-Risk (V aR) measure into the transport economic framework. The DaR seem to be relevant and understandable information for the users, especially to plan their travel and avoid missing their connections. The main objective of the second chapter is to define the users’ willingness to pay to improve travel time reliability. We present a theoretical framework based on decision theory under risk. We introduce the concept of reliability-proneness (i.e. travel time risk aversion) and prudence. We develop new measures of travel time reliability expressed as risk premium: the reliability-premium and V OR. The reliability-premium is the maximum amount of additional travel time that an individual is willing to accept to escape all the risk of travel time. The V OR is defined as the maximum monetary amount that an individual is willing to pay to escape all the risk of travel time. Furthermore, we also establish the link with attitudes towards risks of travel time (aversion and prudence) and the impact of the value of travel time (V TTS) and the value of reliability (V OR). The final chapter of this thesis integrates reliability in investments project’s socioeconomic appraisal. More particularly, it allows to determine users’ surplus valuation. We highlight a diffusion effect of reliability benefits with regard to travel time benefits. Thus, we propose recommendations regarding the tradeoff between projects that generate time benefits compared with reliability benefits, according to the monetary values of travel time(V TTS) and reliability (V OR)