Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Evaluation de l'impact cumulé'
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Chami, Nada. "Evaluation de l'impact des isolants minces réfléchissants dans le bâtiment." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005757.
Full textGallai, Nicola. "Evaluation économique de l'impact des insectes pollinisateurs sur l'agriculture européenne." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON10036.
Full textInsect pollination is an ecosystem service that is threatened, though it contributes to the sexual reproduction of most of the wild and cultivated flora. This work aims to assess the impact of this service on agriculture. Fom a literature review, we identified three major questions related to this issue: What is the contribution of pollinators to agricultural production worldwide? How will the vulnerability of agriculture change during the coming century? What will be the impact of a pollinator decline on social welfare? Using a technical-economic approach, we valued the contribution of this service to world agriculture at 153 billion euros in 2005, which represented 10% of the total value of world agricultural production used for human food. The consequences of a pollinator loss on social welfare were modeled using a partial equilibrium and estimated between 228 and 310 billion euros based upon a price elasticity of demand of -1. 2 and -0. 8, respectively. To assess future trends, we simulated the evolution of European agriculture under several land use scenarios, and found that the contribution of pollinators will not diminish in the next century even under the most extreme scenarios. Finally, we analyzed the impact of pollinator loss in the framework of a general equilibrium with two consumers who share two goods, each produced by a single firm with one good dependent on insect pollination and the other not. This analysis indicated that the substitutability between the two markets enabled to reduce the welfare loss. It also showed that when the income distribution is linked to the different goods, the relative importance given in the society to industries related to these goods affects the welfare loss resulting from pollinator decline and it could even become nil
COLLARD, DANIEL MARIE-LAURE. "Evaluation de l'impact de l'examen de sante realise aupres d'eleves." Lille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL2M123.
Full textMartin-Latry, Karin. "Evaluation de l'impact en santé publique des médicaments en situation réelle d'utilisation." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21195.
Full textClinical trials constitute the indisputable gold standard to assess the efficacy and the safety of new medicines. However, because they are conducted in standardized conditions, far from the real world of prescription and use, discrepancies in patient selection or treatment conditions may alter both the effectiveness ans risks. The aim of this thesis was to list and propose pharmacoepidemiologic tools to assess the benefice/risk ratio of a medicine in the real life of prescription and use and its interest for public health. Several d hoc studies have been conducted in order to illustrate this issue and the approaches developped
Esmaeili, Hamid. "Evaluation économique de l'impact des nouvelles technologies d'information : une application à l'économie américaine." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0078.
Full textThe birth of New Information Technologie (NIT) has changed the economic data, entailing a modification of the productivity. This study aims at making an economic evaluation of the impact of Information Technologies (IT). After a theoretical explanation aiming at including NIT within the economic thought, this research will analyse the major changes from a macroeconomic point of view. To do so, it relies on the American economic system, where Information Technologies are more developed. We will then develop two Computable General Equilibrium models : the first one studies the contribution of technological progress-IT to the American economic system between 1954-2000, pointing out the break in terms of technological progress-IT in 1974. The second model underlines the evolution of the employment market for unqualified workers and uses sensitivity and economic policies analysis to identify the most appropriate measures
Rousseaux, Patrick. "Evaluation comparative de l'impact environnemental global (ECIEG) du cycle de vie des produits." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0037.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the elaboration of a comparative tool for the assessment of the global environmental impact of products having the same function, at three stages of their life cycle, i. E. Manufacturing, use and disposal. The parameters taken into account are the nature of the matter, the type of energy, and the impacts on physical (water, air, soil, and living (vegetable, animal, human) systems. This study consisted in the following : - Make out a most comprehensive list of all available data allowing to compare products to each ether on the basis of their environmental impacts. This first step results in the elaboration of a "life cycle analysis", - adapt and develop -procedures of multicriteria. -analysis as tools for decision making, which would allow - on the one hand to compile the whole set of data from the "life cycle analysis" by ranking the environmental criteria and controlling their interactions ; - on the ether hand to aggregate the various environmental evaluations obtained thereby, in order to identify the most environmental friendly products with respect to their whole life-cycle. . - check the methodology on some beverage packagings
Rousval, B. "Aide multicritère à l'évaluation de l'impact des transports sur l'environnement." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00543658.
Full textFourichon, Christine. "Evaluation de l'impact zootechnique et économique des troubles de santé en élevage bovin laitier." Rennes, ENSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NSARB127.
Full textBeauval, Nicolas. "Evaluation de l'impact sanitaire des cigarettes électroniques : caractérisation physicochimique des e-liquides et e-vapeurs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S015/document.
Full textThe electronic cigarette has been on the market for several years and enjoys a strong reputation. Existing scientific data tend to consider the e-cigarette as less toxic than its main counterpart, the conventional cigarette. However, the intrinsic impact of vaping on human health, in the short and long term, is not precisely known and is currently part of many Public Health debates.Since 2014, we have undertaken a project whose main objective is to study the health impact of the electronic cigarette using a multidisciplinary approach comprising physicochemical analysis and experimental toxicology. As part of this project, my work focused on the physicochemical characterization of e-liquids, from a unique commercial source, and their e-vapors, mainly based on the identification and quantification of potentially-toxic compounds. Regarding the current lack of reference methods, this analysis requires a high level of control and robustness of the entire measurement chain, from generation to analysis methods, especially for e-vapor study.Considering the potential health impact of metallic trace elements (MTEs), we first developed and validated a method allowing the simultaneous dosage of 15 MTEs in e-liquids by ICP-MS. The e-liquid, a viscous organic matrix, is a source of significant matrix effects which must be corrected by the addition of matrix in the calibration step, in a suitable proportion. The method was fully validated according to the recommendations of the French Accreditation Committee and the US Environmental Protection Agency and demonstrated satisfactory robustness parameters.Six e-liquids and their respective e-vapors, generated via a smoking/vaping machine, were then analysed to detect and quantify their main ingredients (propylene glycol, glycerol and nicotine) and various potentially-toxic pollutants (15 MTEs, 50 pesticides, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 3 carbonyl compounds). Each e-liquid composition was in accordance with that announced by the manufacturer and contained few pollutants, at trace levels. In the e-vapors, 3 carbonyl compounds, 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 4 MTEs (Sb, Cd, Cr and Pb) were found at concentrations 7 to 6126-fold lower than those measured in the mainstream smoke of the reference cigarette 3R4F, analysed under comparable conditions (except for chromium and antimony which were not detectable in the 3R4F smoke).The vaping regimen, that is mainly based on the volume, the duration and the frequency of puffs, is strongly suspected to participate to the large observed variability of the e-vapor chemical composition between different published data. Through focusing on the analysis of a unique family of compounds with health impact, we demonstrated, on the one hand, that the vaping regimen has some influence on the carbonyl composition of e-vapors and, on the other hand, that vaping regimens are not all suitable for any type of e-cigarette models.This work has contributed to improve the current knowledge on the physicochemical characterization of e-cigarette emissions. Globally, the e-cigarettes and e-liquids tested emit and/or generate few potentially-toxic compounds, at concentrations lower than those observed in conventional cigarette smoke. Our findings satisfy partly the urgent need of optimization and harmonization of the analytical practices used to study e-cigarettes and their emissions. They should thus contribute to the establishment of reference methods that will allow and facilitate the interpretation and comparison of data, which vary significantly across the literature
Zeroual, Fatima-Zohra. "Evaluation de l'écotoxicité et de l'impact cellulaire de contaminants minéraux ou organiques sur un microcosme aquatique." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES034.
Full textPetit, Serge. "Evaluation de l'impact des actions de diffusion technologique du C. E. A. Dans le monde industriel." Paris 9, 1999. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1999PA090049.
Full textWard, Ellen 1969. "Evaluation de l'impact alimentaire du programme nutrionnel "Mangeons en coeur" et validation d'un questionnaire de comportement alimentaire." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20889.
Full textCoudeyre, Emmanuel. "Evaluation de l'impact de l'information sur les peurs et croyances liées à l'activité physique dans la lombalgie." Saint-Etienne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STET007T.
Full textKosmala, Anne. "Evaluation écotoxicologique de l'impact des effluents de stations d'épuration sur les cours d'eau : intérêt d'une approche intégrée." Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Kosmala.Anne.SMZ9819.pdf.
Full textWastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are continuously discharged in rivers downstream from towns. They bring organic matter, nutrients and micropollutants. If the effects of effluents due to organic and mineral matter are well known, doubts remain as to the impact of micropollutants. In order to characterise the impact of a WWTP effluent, we chose an integrated approach combining both chemical analyses on organic matter, nutrients and micropollutants and biological measurements on invertebrates and fish such as community structure studies to use or morphological, physiological or biochemical matters? We used both fields assessments and controlled conditions experiments, which allowed us to propose a cause-effect relationship between observed ecosystem disturbances and potential effluent toxicity. We identified and analytical and toxicological profile of WWTP effluent from our study on three rivers. Through field studies, we revealed side effects such as pollution brought by stormwater overflow upstream from the WWTP discharge. This first part of our work confirmed the importance of WWTP effluents impact variations and led us to take into account the time factor on the site study. Thanks to various methods, we specified the impact of a WWTP effluent. We evidenced disturbances on invertebrates and we managed to link contaminants presence with observed effects. Moreover, we noticed that the most important impact, measured in summer, is not only due to the instream waste concentration. We classified our methods according to their effect discrimination ability, their ecological relevance, their capacity to identify causative agents but also following their simplicity use. Our integrated process using Chapman Triad's approach allowed for a better impact interpretation. Finally, thanks to our methods classification, we propose an operational integrated process to evaluate the impact of a WWTP effluent through a biological index, a chronic toxicity test and ammonium concentration measure
Kosmala, Anne Vasseur Paule. "EVALUATION ECOTOXICOLOGIQUE DE L'IMPACT DES EFFLUENTS DE STATIONS D'EPURATION SUR LES COURS D'EAU : INTERET D'UNE APPROCHE INTEGREE /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1998. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1998/Kosmala.Anne.SMZ9819.pdf.
Full textMamadou, Godefroy Bruno. "Evaluation de l'impact des formulations pharmaceutiques sur l'absorption intestinale des molécules actives au moyen des Chambres d’Ussing." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS478/document.
Full textOne has to have the knowledge of the transepithelial absorption method for active molecules, as it is a necessity for rational formulation. Among various in vitro methods, the Ussing chamber technique stands out not only by its relative ease to implement, but mostly through the practical arrangements of the molecules through the digestive epithelium (active/passive transport, paracellular/transcellular, transport efflux, metabolic effects) and electrophysiological characteristics and viability of the tissue.Firstly, we will present the general principles of the technique, the electrical parameters used for the interpretation of physiological data. Eventually, we will suggest a methodology for evaluating the transmembrane passage of active molecules.The experimental part of the work is aimed to evaluate the contribution of this model approach when it comes to measuring the impact of the formulations of molecules (solutions or colloidal dispersions) on the flow of absorption.So initially we worked around with two molecule models, paracetamol and vitamin C, as the nature of physiological solutions implemented could have a significant effect on the electrophysiological function of the membrane, it could change its conductance, and therefore change its transepithelial permeability.Secondly, concerning the collaborative work, we used the Ussing model to characterize the absorption of molecules when they were previously associated with various colloidal systems. On the one hand, we have shown that the combination of resveratrol, a very hydrophobic molecule, has microemulsions which allow an increase by a factor from x6 to x11, the passage of transresveratrol compared to native resveratrol. Additionally, we also showed that the combination of heparin, a lower molecular weight, extremely hydrophilic and poorly absorbed, but when associated with squalene nanoparticles, makes it possible to significantly increase the absorption flow.As a conclusion, all our work shows through Ussing chamber model, that when one wants to detail the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms, the nanoparticles can indeed improve the digestive passage, for those molecules which are poorly absorbed naturally
Nassif, Hala. "Mesure de l'impact sanitaire des stratégies de promotion de l'activité physique ou sportive." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P627.
Full textThe prevalence of sedentary behavior is constantly increasing. Physical inactivity in the 4th cause of preventable death with 1. 9 million deaths worldwide. Several studies have proven the need and interest in promoting physical activity in different settings. However, there still exists a large void between theory, policies, practice and behavior change. The objective of this thesis is to anayze and develop specific evaluation tools in order to reinforce the proof and utility of recommendations that promote physical activity and discourage sedentary behavior. Our first study analyses the data of a physical fitness monitoring tool applied on a large French sample of 31 133 individuals aged between 8 and 60 years old. We first tested the reliability and the reproductibility of the tool. Thereafter, we analysed the relation between body mass index, age and the different physiological dimensions measured. Results revealed a good reproductibility of the physical fitness test and the presence of a strong correlation between the performances, age and body mass index. This suggests the possibility of using this test as a relable epidemiological tool capable of evaluating the effectiveness of physical activity promotion interventions. Our second study analyses the effect of an intervention promoting physical activity in the workplace on subjects suffering from chronic lower back pain. This study has been done in collaboration with the department of occupational medicine in the company. The sample consisted of 37 subjects that followed exercise sessions three times per week during two months and of 38 subjects in the control group. Physical, psychological, hearth and social measures were analyzed at three time points (beginning, 2 months, and 6 months). Following this intervention, we observed a significant improvement in the physical, psychological and health outcome measures that persisted at 6 months. In consequence, this study reinforces the promotion of physical activity in the workplace in order to assist those at risk and result in multiple health benfits. Our third study is in relation to the promotion physical activity through active transportation. Our work is related to health impact assessment following a change in transportation mode. This study is in collaboration with the CREAL (Center for Research and Environmental Epidemiology) in Barcelona and six European cities. The study proposes methods to measure energy expenditure in function of the transportation mode associates it to a health gain. In conclusion, this thesis offers a new methodological approch as well as specific evaluation tools that may help in advancing the field of prevention by physical activity
Vo, Thi Ha. "Évaluation de l'impact potentiel des interventions pharmaceutiques : développement et validation de l'outil multidimensionnel CLEO." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS034/document.
Full textIn times of limited resources allocation, it is necessary for pharmacists to justify the added value of their pharmacist interventions (PIs) made during medication review (MR). The purpose of this thesis work is to research on methodologies of evaluation of value of PIs as well as development and validation of a new tool for assessing potential impacts of PIs. The work consists of 3 major parties: (i) context in which MR locates, characteristics of practice of MR, and methodologies of evaluation of impacts of PIs, (ii) systematic review of tools for assessing the potential significance of PIs in literature , (iii) process of development and validation of the new multidimensional tool - named CLEO for assessing potential impacts of PIs. The whole results of this research are useful to evaluate and demonstrate the value of PIs in efforts to expand clinical pharmacy services
Foulhiac, de Padirac Hortense de. "Le contrôle et l’évaluation parlementaire : l'impact de la réforme constitutionnelle du 23 juillet 2008." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020013/document.
Full textThe constitutional reform of 23rd July 2018 turned checking the work of government and evaluation into one of the most significant leveraging effect for the role of the Parliament within the institutions. It has deeply renewed the function of control: the capacity of control was extended to a level that had never been reached so far and the information towards the Parliament was expanded to many fields. The role of the Constituent also wished to widen the role of the Parliamentary control by providing the assemblies with new expertise regarding the evaluation of public policies. This study shows that the National Assembly and the Senate had two different understandings of their new prerogatives regarding control and evaluation, according to their institutional cultures and to their level of support to the reform of 2008. Therefore, the impact of the constitutional reform of 2008 turned out to be restricted: the Parliament struggles to fulfill its new role as an evaluator but gets more involved as a controller. Therefore, the Constitutional reform of 2008 hasn’t significantly changed the balance of powers between the legislative and executive branches
Liabot, Michael. "Etude de l'impact des aides à l'innovation sur l'exportation des firmes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA009/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the impact of public subsidies for innovation on firms’ export activity. Previous research has focused mainly on understanding the effects of innovation support on investment in R&D (additional effect). While R&D investment is logically the primary indicator of innovation aid effectiveness, this approach ignores potential impact on strategy, particularly on export. Our research framework draws on two distinct streams of literature that have not been mobilized so far. First, the literature which evaluates the impact of aid shows that these devices can induce strategic R&D decisions in firms. Secondly, the work of Constantini and Melitz (2007) and Aw, Roberts and Xu, (2008) emphasizes the interdependence between firms' innovation and export decisions. Particular attention is paid in this study on the effect of innovation tax credits. The empirical methodology utilizes two econometric methods, bi-varied recursive and propensity score matching, generating three main results:First, (1) innovation support impacts the causal relationship between product innovation and export in the short term. This result is also observed when the analysis focuses on the effect of tax incentives. Then, (2) innovation subsidies impact the export activity of firms directly and simultaneously This effect occurs for firms that have benefited only from tax incentives. However, benefiting from both direct and tax subsidies for innovation does not affect? joint decisions regarding innovation and export. Finally, (3) considering the central role of R&D investments reveals that the impact of innovation subsidies on exports is an extension of the effectiveness of innovation policies. These results lead to several policy recommendations that can be used to improve public support effectiveness for both innovation and export activities
Nefzi-Bouzidi, Aida. "Evaluation économique de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture : étude théorique et application au cas de la Tunisie." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01056525.
Full textGIRARD, CECILE. "Evaluation de l'impact de colzas transgeniques exprimant des inhibiteurs de proteases sur des insectes ravageurs et sur l'abeille." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INAP0017.
Full textKanga, Kouamé Désiré. "Essais sur l'impact des mesures de politique monétaire non conventionnelle dans la zone euro." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE0501/document.
Full textThe financial and economic crisis has challenged the implementation and the transmission channels ofthe monetary policy. Before the crisis, monetary policy was conducted through a simple interest rate rule.Now, instruments and channels of transmission have become complex and uncertain. In this perspective, thisthesis focuses on theoretical and empirical evaluation of unconventional monetary policies in the heterogeneousenvironment that is the euro area. Chapter 1 analyses the effects of these policies on the cost of credit toenterprises. We show that the direct effects have been limited. Nevertheless, unconventional policies havebeen effective in supporting the zero interest rate policy (indirect effects). Chapter 2 focuses on the effects ofthese policies on the yield curve and the sovereign premium. We point out that these policies have reducedpremiums. Their transmission is strongly influenced by the market expectations and heterogeneous acrosscountries and over time. We discuss in Chapter 3 the macroeconomic and financial implications of thesepolicies. We show that they increased asset prices and lowered interest rates. As a result, credit conditionswere relaxed, which boosted bank lending. These policies have improved the competitiveness of the country,increased output and inflation. However, their effects on the real activity, the credit standard and the creditdemand is slow in some countries. By using a DSGE model in Chapter 4, we find that a strong bankcapitalization and a healthy banking sector enhance the transmission of unconventional policies, in accordancewith what has been found empirically in the first part of the thesis
Kabbara, Jinane. "Evaluation fiabiliste de l'impact des facteurs climatiques sur la corrosion des poutres en béton armé : application au cas libanais." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625536.
Full textSegbeaya, Kwamivi Nyonuwosro. "Evaluation de l'impact des déchets ménagers de la ville de Kara (Togo) sur la qualité de la rivière Kara." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/382a0337-37c6-4c06-8267-1744baf19e43/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4057.pdf.
Full textThe focus of this research is to identify the indicators of the impact of municipal solid waste on the river Kara. The Physical and chemical composition of the waste, bacteriological and physical and chemical quality of water and the capacity of sediment to mobilize and transfer the pollutants, are considered to define these indicators. The organic matter is particular used to predict the biodegradation of the waste and evaluate the decrease of the water quality. The capacity of sediment to transfer the heavy metal is shown by leaching performed under conditions of forced dissolution. The waste of city from Kara contains one high proportion of the fine fraction and the percentage of the putrescible fraction is characteristic of the waste of countries in development. The test of biodegradation has confirmed the freshness state of the waste collected in households and the waste coming from service activities. The monitoring spatiotemporal of the bacteriological and physical and chemical parameters of the water and sediment has permitted to identify the organic matter and metal elements as one of the best indicators of the impact of the management waste on the river Kara
El, Hassan Jinane. "Evaluation fiabiliste de l'impact des facteurs climatiques sur la corrosion des poutres en béton armé : application au cas libanais." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22064/document.
Full textWhen exposed to aggressive environment, reinforced concrete structures are subject to a degradation mechanism that affects their integrity. Among various environmental attacks, the corrosion of RC structures is considered the most dangerous. The process is launched by the penetration of aggressive agents, precisely the chlorides and carbon dioxide into the concrete. The chlorides induce a localized corrosion, also called pitting corrosion, while on the other hand the carbon dioxide leads to a general corrosion called uniform corrosion. This corrosion phenomenon depends on several factors such as the materials characteristics,loadings, geometry and the environment. All these components include different levels of uncertainties that are taken into account throughout a probabilistic approach. In this work, we propose two models for the corrosion mechanisms induced separately by the chlorides and the carbon dioxide. These models take into account the effect of the climatic condition that is mainly described by the temperature and the relative humidity. In addition to that, as a study case we have treated in details the Lebanese climatic context. We have proposed a physical model of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete beams that occurs in two phases : - An initiation phase where aggressive agents like the chlorides and carbon dioxide penetrate into the concrete and reach a critical concentration values causing the depassivation of the steel ; - A propagation phase in which the active corrosion of steel decreases the strength of the beam leading to its failure. All the factors that have uncertainties are treated as random variables. Several probabilistic models are listed and discussed in the literature while only the models that match with our context are selected. The reliability analysis allowed us to assess the reliability of beams subjected to corrosion in ULS and SLS. The loss of steel section due to the corrosion mechanism induces a decrease of the bearing beam capacity, and an increase in the tension stress in the concrete.This causes an increase of the width of cracks openings. Thus, taking into account the serviceability limit state, the safety margin goes to zero when the width of crack opening exceeds the acceptable width as recommended by the Eurocode 2. The limit state function in ULS is the bending strength. The failure occurs when the applied moment equals or surpasses the resisting moment. The reliability calculations are carried out using Monte-Carlo simulations. Finally, several applications to the corrosion model are proposed via this work. The first application concerns the sensitivity analysis of the corrosion models for the different parameters. The effects of the mean values and the variability of the random variables on the model response are also examined. The impact of climatic factors on the corrosion phenomenon took the biggest part of this work. We have applied the chloride’s corrosion model with the real temperatures and relative humidity of three coastal cities having different climatic characteristics. Then a comparative study showing the effect of the ba rdiameters and the cover thickness on the reliability of the RC beam subjected to aggressive environment is carried out. (...)
Dergham, Mona. "Evaluation de l'impact toxicologique de la pollution particulaire (PM₂.₅) à Dunkerque : études sous influences industrielles, non industrielles et rurales." Thesis, Littoral, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DUNK0517.
Full textParticulate air pollution constitutes one of the major risk factors implicated in the high incidence of respiratory and cardio-vascular pathologies. In order to integrate the variation linked to emission sources and seasons, atmospheric particulate matter (PM₂.₅) were collected at Dunkerque under urban (u) and/or industrial influence (I) and at Rubrouck (R) under rural influence, in spring-summer 2008 and autumn-winter 2009. The physico-chemical characterization of the six particulate samples has shown a fine granulometry (79 to 98 % < PM₂.₅) and a specific surface of 3 to 6 m²/g. Their concentrations in ionic species as well as in major metallic elements were different (Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ti ; I > U > R). Differences were also been observed in their organic element constitution (PAH : I2 > U2 > I1 > U1 > R2 > R1 ; PCDD/F and PCB : I2 > I1 > U2 > U1 > R1 > R2) with respect to considered influences (PMindustriel > PMurban > PMrural) and sampling seasons. After in vitro evaluation of particulate samples global cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), we had shown the capacity of the organic components absorbed to the surface of these particles to induce gene expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP 1A1 and 1B1, and to a lesser extent, NQO1). Moreover, excessive intracellular production of reactive oxygen species within BEAS-2B cells exposed to the six PM₂.₅ samples induced oxidative damage (MDA production, 8-OHdG formation and/or glutathione status alteration). There was also a development of an excessive inflammatory response based on statistically significant increases in gene expression and/or protein secretion of cytokines (notably IL-6 and IL-8). These obtained responses were dose and/or time dependant. However, we couldn't observe mutations in the principal acting genes in the pathway EGFR/KRAS/BRAF
Leloup, Maud. "Evaluation de l'impact des blooms algaux et d'efflorescences bactériennes sur les caractéristiques de la matière organique des eaux naturelles." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/82354669-4494-47ae-8266-f601e4450b96/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4025.pdf.
Full textEutrophication phenomena adversely impact ecosystems and disturb the uses of the affected water resources. They lead to phytoplanktonic proliferations resulting in a large quantity of Algal Organic Matter (AOM) due to metabolic activity and senescence of populations. The composition and reactivity of AOM differ from those of Natural Organic Matter (NOM). The AOM evolution was studied from its production by blooms formation to the humification stage, on laboratory cultures of mono-specific species of algae and cyanobacteria. Fractions of AOM extracted according to hydrophobicity were characterized by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, ultrafiltration and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Some specific properties of AOM were thus determined. These properties were in agreement with the in-situ observations. An in-situ monitoring program was conducted on an hypereutrophic pond in the Limousin area over a 18 months period. Recurrent inputs of AOM disturb the NOM dynamics and modify its characteristics by increasing the hydrophilic part, in agreement with the laboratory observations. These qualitative and quantitative changes also affect drinking water treatment processes and especially coagulation-flocculation. Efficiency of the process applied to an eutrophic water was thus reduced compared to a non eutrophic water; both hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions were the most impacted. Mechanisms involved in the elimination of organic matters from various origins and the role of each fraction were also identified
Gillet, Isabelle. "L'impact des variables dispositionnelles et de la déclaration de liberté sur les résultats d'une activité de formation." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685039.
Full textIn, Sokneang. "Evaluation de l'impact global des régimes alimentaires et des composés chimiques endogènes et exogènes sur le cancer colorectal au Cambodge." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01058622.
Full textTRAN, KIEM TUAN. "Contribution a la capitalisation des connaissances en ingenierie d'assemblage : evaluation de l'impact d'une reconception d'un produit sur le systeme d'assemblage." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2006.
Full textGiraud, Mélanie. "Evaluation de l'impact potentiel d'un upwelling artificiel lié au fonctionnement d'une centrale à énergie thermique des mers sur le phytoplancton." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0007/document.
Full textAs part of the implementation of an Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) pilot plant planned off the Caribbean coast of Martinique by 2020, this thesis aims to assess the potential impacts of deep seawater discharge at the surface on the phytoplankton. The offshore pilot plant NEMO, designed by DCNS and implemented by Akuo Energy anticipates production of approximately 10 MW. The cold and nutrient-rich waters that are pumped in the bottom and discharged at the surface by the heat engine with a flow of roughly 100 000 m3 h-1 should enrich surface waters of the study site, which are particularly poor in nitrate and phosphate. Two campaigns of field measurements in two contrasting seasons (the dry season in November 2013 and the wet season in June 2014) have allowed the description of different physical and biogeochemical parameters that may induce changes in the phytoplankton community. Marked seasonal variability in stratification and biogeochemical parameters occurred, with strong oceanic influences (advection of waters from the Amazon and Orinoco) and atmospheric influences (African dust) potentially enriching the surface layer in nutrients and trace metals during the wet season. In situ microcosms were designed to simulate the discharge of bottom waters into the surface layer under different scenarios. Surface water collected at the chlorophyll maximum(45 m, where the phytoplankton is the most abundant), and at the base of the euphotic layer (80 m, where the phytoplankton is present, but in very low abundance) was enriched with either a weak (2%) or strong (10%) input of bottom waters (1100 m), and incubated for 6 days. Primary production was estimated in both the natural environment, and in the microcosms. These experiments have shown that high input (10%) stimulates the development of micro-phytoplankton, especially diatoms, to the detriment of Prochlorococcus. The response of diatoms could be linked to the input of nitrate and phosphate by the deep seawater.Primary production would be dependent on the composition of the phytoplankton assemblage rather than on the intensity of deep water discharge. Finally, thermal disturbances linked to the discharge of cold water at the surface were assessed using a numerical model (ROMS), which considered the thermal impact threshold of -3°C as recommended by the World Bank Group, and -0.3 °C, corresponding to a 2% dilution with deep water. Even at the lowest threshold (-0.3 °C), the area impacted in the first 150 m of the water column was too low to be detected by the simulation, regardless of the discharge depth. The thermal impact of cold water should therefore be negligible and limited to an area of less than 3 km2. This work provides the first critical step in understanding how bottom water discharge may impact the ecosystem in the longer-term
Hallett, Charlene. "Test de mesure de l'impact de la distraction du conducteur : développement, administration et évaluation partielle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20063.
Full textThis thesis describes the outcomes of an ambitious doctoral research program that carried out the initial critical steps in the design, development, and evaluation of a driver distraction impact assessment test (DDIAT). The purpose of this test has been to assess the impact driver distraction has on driving performance and driver behaviour. The thesis also describes the critical steps, beyond the scope of this thesis, that remain to be carried out in order to fully validate and implement the complete DDIAT proposed in this thesis. As part of the DDIAT proposed in this thesis, three Drives (Drive 1, 2, and 3) were designed and created from basic attention principles and by using a complex experimental design. Drive 1 and Drive 2 were implemented in an urban driving environment and included traffic light conditions that were designed to resemble real world traffic light conditions. Furthermore, Drive 1 included gap acceptance events in which participants had to make a crucial and important decision when selecting a gap to turn left though an oncoming stream of vehicles. Drive 2 included various car following instances and lead vehicle braking events, whereby participants had to react suddenly to avoid a frontal collision. Lastly, Drive 3 was designed to implicitly measure situation awareness on a highway driving environment – but was outside of the scope of the thesis to investigate. Drive 1 and Drive 2 were evaluated in an experiment implemented in an advanced driving simulator. The results from this evaluation experiment showed that both Drive 1 and Drive 2: a) represent real world driving (i.e., have content and face validity); b) are capable of measuring the impact of driver distraction; and c) are capable of distinguishing between the impact on driving of two secondary tasks (one visual/manual, the other auditory/cognitive). In conclusion, the work completed as part of this thesis provided a first and important step towards the development of a complete DDIAT that overcomes the shortcomings of previous tests and tools and also provides the beginnings of a standardised method to assist in overcoming the inconsistencies that exist across studies in the measurement of driver distraction
Riesenmey, Caroline. "Evaluation de l'impact d'un centre de stockage de déchets sur la qualité de l'air : approche par méthodes statistiques et modélisation déterministe." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777186.
Full textLambert, Gaelle. "Evaluation préclinique de l'impact des facteurs HAF et HIF-2 sur la croissance des glioblastomes et leur réponse à la radiothérapie." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC421/document.
Full textHypoxia is one of the main causes of glioblastoma (GB) aggressiveness. Various studies attest on the involvement of the HIF-1α isoform (hypoxia inducible factor-1α) in the progression of these tumors and in their resistance to radiation therapy (RT). More recently, it was established that the HIF-2α isoform regulates the tumorigenic capacity of GB stem cells (GSC). However, the role of this factor in the growth of differentiated GB cells and their response to RT is less documented. In this context, the goal of this work was to strengthen this knowledge at the preclinical level by using two RNA interference (RNAi) strategies to modulate the expression of HIF-2: one directly targets HIF-2α, the other one targets HAF (hypoxia associated factor), a factor involved in the switch of HIF-1α to HIF-2α. Our results obtained on an orthotopic model of differentiated human GB (U251-MG) cells showed that the invalidation of HAF leads to a strong slowdown in tumor growth but independently of HIF-1α or HIF-2α. On the other hand, the effect of HIF-2α silencing seems dependent on the tumor environment. Indeed, the extinction ofHIF-2α expression in U251 cells does not modify tumor growth in a subcutaneous model, whereas it promotes tumor growth when GB cells are intracerebrally grafted. Compared to control tumors, these tumors are more invasive and highly perfused. In vitro, the inhibition of HIF-2α expression has no effect on GB cell survival whereas decreasing the X-rays induced apoptotic death.Collectively, these data suggest that HAF and HIF-2α could regulate the tumorigenic capacity of differentiated GB cells, like it does in CSGs. In addition, these results highlight the need to take into account the cellular microenvironment to better understand the behavior of the tumor in its hypoxic environment
Margheri, Luca. "Etude de l'impact des incertitudes dans l'évaluation du risque NRBC provoqué en zone urbaine." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066453.
Full textThe dispersion of highly pathogenic biological agents in an urbanized area following a terrorist act is one of the situations that national security agencies need to evaluate in terms of risk assessment and decision-making. The numerical simulation of turbulent flows in urban areas, including monitoring the dispersion of pollutants, has reached a sufficient level of maturity to make predictions on realistic urban zones up to 4 square kilometers. However, the existing simulations are deterministic in the sense that all the parameters that define the case studied (intensity and wind direction, atmospheric stratification, source of emissions location, quantity of injected toxic agent, etc.) should be well known. Such precision cannot be achieved in practice due to a lack of knowledge about the source of emission and the intrinsic aleatoric uncertainty of the meteorological conditions. To significantly increase the contribution of numerical simulation for risk assessment and decision-making, it is essential to quantitatively measure the impact of a lack of knowledge especially in terms of spatial and temporal resolution of the danger zones. The object of this thesis is to apply uncertainty quantification methods to quantify the impact of these uncertainties in the evaluation of the danger zones in medium range toxic gas dispersion scenarios. A hybrid method merging c-ANOVA and POD/Kriging allows to consider up to 5 uncertain parameters in a high-fidelity unsteady 3D-CFD simulation of the dispersion of a toxic gas from a pond-like source in an urban area of 1km2
Ahn, Jung-Hyun. "Evaluation des risques de crédits et concurrence : analyse de l'impact du credit scoring et de la titrisation sur les stratégies des banques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100076/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on two major financial innovations that have taken place during the last decades in the banking sector: securitization and credit scoring. More specifically, we develop three theoretical analyses on the relationship between intensification in banking competition and the increasing use of these tools on the one hand, and the impact of such use on the banks' information production function (namely screening and monitoring) on the other hand. The main results of the analyses are the following. Firstly, greater competition does not warrant the choice of the most efficient technology when two banks differentiated by their loan granting technology, the one being based on the classical relationship lending and the other on credit scoring, compete for deposits as well as for loans (double banking competition). Secondly, banks can resort to loan sales markets in order to avoid revealing the private information they have collected about their clients during the lending relationship when private information provides a competitive advantage in the future competition. Thirdly, securitization can be used as a strategic tool to soften loan market competition. More precisely, banks can use securitization as a tool to signal their intention to lower the intensity of their monitoring, in order to reduce the problem of adverse selection to their competitors. Although it can make banks collectively better off by increasing overall profit, this result is achieved to the detriment of the overall loan market efficiency
Léon, Jean-François. "Evaluation de l'impact radiatif des aerosols d'origine anthropique a l'echelle regionale grace a une synergie instrumentale entre teledetection et mesures in situ." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077135.
Full textFavrod-Coune, Thierry. "Evaluation de l'impact à long terme d'un programme expérimental d'activité physique de longue durée en groupe chez des patients diabétiques et cardio-vasculaires /." Genève : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2004/Favrod-CouneT/these.pdf.
Full textGargouri, Imed. "Evaluation de l'impact sanitaire des expositions professionnelles aux solvants organiques dans l'industrie des colles et des chaussures de la région de Sfax-Tunisie." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S003.
Full textBevilacqua, Sibylle. "Evaluation de l'impact d'une équipe opérationnelle en infectiologie sur la consommation et le coût des antibiotiques au CHU de Nancy : essai d'intervention contrôlé." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10076/document.
Full textOveruse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has been described worldwide for about 25 years, in both community and hospital settings. In addition to its deleterious effect on patients, antibiotic misuse can lead to the emergence of bacterial resistance and increased the cost of hospitalization. Indeed, during the 1990s several organizations published plans to control the costs of antibiotics and limit selective pressure on microorganisms through surveillance and interventions promoting rational use. An antimicrobial policy has been implemented at the University Hospitals of Nancy since the mid-1990s. This antibiotic policy was therefore reinforced the beginning of 2006, changes included complete reorganization of the methods of prescribing and delivering antibiotics in all wards of the University hospitals of Nancy. In addition, an Operational Multidisciplinary Antibiotic Team (OMAT) including an infectious disease physician and a clinical pharmacist was established in some wards. To evaluate the effectiveness of this OMAT, in reducing the hospital antimicrobial consumption and costs a cluster controlled "before-after" study was performed. We compared consumption of antibiotics overall and by therapeutic class and cost savings between "before" and "after" in both groups (control and intervention). The results of this study have shown that overall consumption of antibiotics decreased after implementation of the OMAT by 34% in the intervention group and by 3% in the control group (p = 0.003). For the same activity, the total cost savings were 14-fold higher in the intervention group. Establishment of an operational multidisciplinary team may be an effective way to reduce hospital antibiotic use and cost
Meyer, Nicolas. "Evaluation de l'impact des cultures intermédiaires multi-services sur le bilan hydrique des sols : approche par expérimentation et simulation. Application au bassin Adour-Garonne." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0017.
Full textCover crops are one of the pillars of agroecology and can be introduced into current cropping systems without major changes. However, in a context of climate change with changing rainfall patterns, the impact of cover crops on water dynamics and balance could be negative. The Adour- Garonne basin (BAG) has problems managing the quantity and quality (nitrates, pesticides) of its water bodies. Quantifying the impact of cover crops according to their management on the soil water dynamics and balance in the BAG is therefore a crucial social and scientific issue. My objective is to evaluate the impact of cover crops on water balance and water flows at the field scale, depending on their management, and at the territorial scale, to assess the possible consequences on groundwater recharge in the event of reduced drainage. I have implemented a scientific approach combining three types of methods: meta-analysis of the scientific literature, experiments and field measurements and simulations with the STICS crops model at the plot scale, then by extrapolation to the BAG scale. I analysed the impact of cover crops on evapotranspiration, drainage, nitrate leaching, water and nitrogen content according to various factors: soil and climate, cover crops species (mixture), sowing and termination date, and residue management (returned by plough or left in mulch at the soil surface). The results indicate that cover crops reduce drainage by increasing actual evapotranspiration in a vegetative cover situation compared to a bare soil. However, if cover crops are well managed, with adaptation of the species making up the plant cover, planting and destruction dates, they do not induce water and nitrogen stress leading to lower yields of the following main crops. The generalization of cover crops throughout the BAG, without local adaptation of their management and with late termination (case of conservation agriculture), could however modify the major water cycle by increasing evapotranspiration and decreasing drainage, which is the determining process for groundwater recharge. These changes could increase the gap between growing water needs and evertightening resources in the context of climate change
Roy, David. "Evaluation de l'impact de technologies de préconditionnement thermique d'un habitacle automobile sur la consommation en carburant ainsi que sur le confort thermique des passagers." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1035.
Full textAttard, Robert Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'impact du Gypaete (Gypaetus Barbatus) et des griffons dans la constitution des accumulations d'ossements animaux et humains des sites anthropises et naturels quaternaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHNA001.
Full textBion, Anne. "Evaluation de l'impact toxicologique d'effluents moteur sur des cultures organotypiques de tranches de poumon de rat : cas d'un moteur diesel et d'un moteur à allumage commandé." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES006.
Full textToday air quality is among the population very first concerns about environment and health. In addition to pollution due to industrial activities, the population has recently been sensitised to the problems of pollution due to vehicles. Thus, this work relates to the study of the response of organotypic cultures of precision cut rat lung slices exposed to a continuous flow of diluted engine exhausts (gas and particles). The biological system allows to study the potential impact of the particles, as well as the effects induced by exhausts resulting from various engines (Diesel and spark-ignition). Our results point out that Diesel particles can induce an inflammatory response, as well as an apoptotic phenomenon. A thorough study shows that, under our experimental conditions, the mechanisms of action do not imply a stage of pollutants desorption adsorbed on Diesel particles. In addition, our studies show that the engine exhausts effects are not only limited to those of the particulate phase. Indeed, the experiments carried out with Diesel and spark-ignition engine exhausts show a prevailing role of the gas phase in the biological effects. Our results tend to show that the oxidising nature of the exhausts characterised by nitrogen oxides and particularly by NO2/NO ratio, would be implied in the gas phase-induced effects. Thus, under slightly oxidising conditions, the gas phase of the Diesel engine exhausts involves an oxidative stress associated with an inflammatory response and DNA damages ; these experimental conditions do not induce cytotoxicity. Under strongly oxidising conditions, the gas phase of the Diesel and spark-ignition engine exhausts induces a cytotoxic effect, an oxidative stress and a TNFalpha production decrease. The modification of the oxidising potential of the atmosphere with the use of a three ways catalyst has allowed the maintenance of the cellular viability and the TNFalpha production, thus confirming the assumption of oxidising molecules implication in the biological effects. Finally, our work shows all the importance that there will be in the future not to have an exclusive interest in the impact of the particulate fraction. Taking into account of the gas phase "toxic potential" by a global approach of the exhausts, appears from now to be a strong concept impossible to circumvent
Sow, Amadou Tidiane. "Evaluation de la fiabilité d'un générateur à rayons X pour application médicale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0120/document.
Full textMedical imaging systems, mainly X-rays imaging systems, have become essential in the diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases. X-rays generator is one of the critical subsystems of a medical system. Its technology became more complex and constraints seen by the components increase. An assessment of X-rays generator reliability is therefore necessary to optimize its lifetime. In this thesis, a reliability assessment method of an X-rays generator is proposed. The methodology is based on the assessment of the reliability from component to system. Aging tests are first performed for X-rays generator critical components in order to identify failure mechanisms and build lifetime curves for performing reliability prediction. FIDES guide parameters were also used to construct critical components lifetime curves. A reliability prediction method based on the assumption of cumulative damage with Miner's rule is proposed to evaluate critical components lifetime under thermomechanical stresses. This method uses rainflow counting rules for the temperature cycles distribution of critical components. A reliability block diagram is finally used to estimate the lifetime of each X-ray generator subsystem through its critical components
Adon, Aka Jacques. "Evaluation de l'impact sur la santé de l'aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l'Ouest en saison sèche et humide : caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30049.
Full textThis thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the DACCIWA-WP2 program. It is our responsibility to establish a link between emissions, air pollution and health impacts in terms of inflammation of the respiratory system for urban combustion sources, typical of West Africa: traffic, domestic fires and waste burning in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin) during the dry and wet seasons 2015-2017. Our results show that the particulate concentrations observed at all sites far exceed the recommendations of WHO. The site influenced by domestic fires is the most polluted site, dominated by a significant fraction of ultrafine (UF) and fine (F) particles. The comparison of traffic sites shows that the average concentrations for each size class are twice higher in Cotonou than in Abidjan. The physicochemical characterization of these particles (organic carbon, elemental carbon, soluble organic carbon, ions, dust, trace elements) underlines that organic carbon and dust are the two most important contributors for Fand UF particles with more organic carbon in Abidjan and dust in Cotonou respectively. Parallel biological studies were conducted to characterize the pro-inflammatory response induced by particles collected for each site quantifying the release of the IL-6cytokines by human bronchial epithelial cells. As a result, particles from the domestic fire site are the most pro-inflammatory particles whatever the season, while the fine and ultra-fine fractions of particles from the two traffic sites cause significant comparable effects for each season, with the Cotonou site distinguishing itself by the reactivity of its coarse fraction, linked to the presence of dust. The F and UF particles of the combustion sources therefore seem to have a significant impact. This is confirmed by the crossed analysis between physicochemical and toxicological data, which shows that the carbonaceous aerosol component of the aerosol (EC, OC, and WSOC) is best correlated with the IL-6 biomarker. This result allows us to draw up regional maps of the inflammatory impact linked to carbonaceous particles and their emission sources. These studies will eventually lead to the implementation of emission reduction solutions to improve air quality and health
Krekel, Christian. "Evaluating the Non-Monetary Impacts of Major Events, Infrastructure, and Institutions." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0100.
Full textIn my dissertation, I am using recent methods in applied microeconometrics for policy and programme evaluation to evaluate the impacts of major events (the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, the Olympic Games), infrastructure (urban land use, wind turbines), and institutions (instructional time in education systems) on individual well-being, health, and behaviour. Throughout my papers, I am using longitudinal household data, partly merged with highly detailed spatial data, while paying particular attention at identifying causal effects
Barros, de Mendonça Sávio. "Modèle conceptuel d'évaluation de l'impact de l'innovation : basé sur des études de cas des organisations de recherche agricole en France, Brésil et Australie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG021/document.
Full textAgricultural research has an important role for the world population by considering it as a strategic area for providing knowledge and technological base for agricultural production. This sector generates outputs, outcomes with respective impacts to rural zones, supply chains, economy, society and environment. The agricultural research & innovation represents a key piece for reaching the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG), especially to SDG 2 and 12 – to promote sustainable agricultural to eliminate hunger and improving nutrition, as well as to promote sustainable consumption and production, respectively. In order to check whether agricultural research organizations generate sustainable impacts, it is necessary to assess the impacts of their innovations. Funders, supreme auditing institutions, parliament, government, producers, supply chains, consumers and all society require transparency, efficacity, and effectivity of public organizations: they must highlight return of public investment as well as generate positive impact to the economy and society, and minimize negative impacts to the environment. Many public research organizations around the world have developed impact assessment processes. There is no flawed theories and practices approaches to impact assessment context. Therefore, this research seeks to fill gaps or to supplement the existing approaches. The main thesis objective is to summarize theoretical and practical studied approaches on impact assessment, including the experiences of four research organizations, and to develop a conceptual model of innovation impact assessment management system, especially applicable to agricultural research organizations. It adopts a methodology based on literature review, four cases of a comparative study of agricultural research organizations (Cirad and Inra from France, Embrapa from Brazil, and CSIRO from Australia), and benchmarking these experiences studied. The innovative contributions of this thesis are I. construction of a conceptual model of an impact assessment management system based on the open innovation process; II. the model of innovation impact assessment management system considers a cross-cut view of sustainability, integrating the environmental, social, political and economic dimensions; III. the innovation impact assessment system will be based on a unique managerial process that regards ex-ante and ex-post assessment stages according to its respective temporality; IV. the management of the innovation and impact assessment processes foresees the insertion of behavioral approaches such as concepts of holism, constructivism, transdisciplinarity and agile management practices as essential requirements for the effective engagement of the internal and external actors and the effectiveness of the evaluation process. This thesis has an original approach by bringing a research governance tool with an innovative focus on ex-ante and ex-post impact management, helping research and innovation organizations to become increasingly sustainable in their institutional missions, thus contributing to the achievement of the UN's sustainable development goals towards more productive and sustainable agriculture
Clergué, Boris. "Évaluation de l'impact des pratiques agricoles sur les fonctions de la biodiversité à l'aide d'indicateurs agri-environnementaux : approche globale et développement d'un indicateur de "résistance aux stress biotiques"." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL048N/document.
Full textRelevant tools for assessment are necessary to evaluate the impact of agricultural pratices on the functions provided by biodiversity at the plot scale to the landscape scale. The goal and the innovation of this work has been to explore a new method of creation of an assessment tool of the biodiversity functions. We have chosen like assessment method the agri-environmental indicators, which make it possible to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices on environment compartments (water, soil, air, fauna and flora) and help to decision-making. We thus propose a general architecture of an indicator of functional biodiversity and the detail of an agronomic function indicator of importance: resistance to the biotic stresses. Within this indicator, an under-indicator is: the « role of the terrestrial auxiliaries ». Carabids will be used as model auxiliary for the construction of this under-indicator. Two building methods of indicators are compared: a method with expert saying and a method with data mining, this second method representing an innovation of the thesis. The results of these methods are then compared with field datas leads on the Vittel territory. Field datas related to the follow-up of the carabid populations and the organization of the agricultural landscape. A treatment by a geographical information system allowed the validation of the indicators obtained