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1

Kone, Yaya, Tobdem Gaston Dabire, Hamadoun Amadou, and Irénée Somda. "Evaluation in vitro du potentiel antagoniste de Trichoderma harzianum du Burkina Faso contre Magnaporthe grisea, l’agent causal de la pyriculariose du riz, isolées au Mali." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (April 11, 2020): 3053–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.7.

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Magnaporthe grisea, pathogène du riz est cosmopolite et cause d’énormes dégâts au Mali. L’utilisation de variétés résistantes et de fongicides chimiques sont efficaces pour son contrôle, mais présentent des limites objectives avec le contournement des gènes de résistances par l’agent pathogène, ainsi que les risques sanitaires et environnementaux que présentent les fongicides. Avec cette information de base, cette étude s’est proposée de développer une stratégie de lutte biologique utilisant des antagonismes naturels afin de contrôler M. grisea. Dix souches de M. grisea du Mali ont été caractérisées morphologiquement et moléculairement pour confirmer leurs identité et variabilité. L’action antagoniste in vitro de 05 souches de T. harzianum a été évaluée sur ces souches pathogènes. M. grisea et T. harzianum ont ainsi été mises en confrontation directe dans des boites de Petri pendant 06 jours. Les croissances radiales du pathogène ont été évaluées et les coefficients d’antagonisme calculés. L’analyse moléculaire a indiqué que toutes les souches appartiennent à M. grisea et présentent de fortes homologies avec les souches de références du NCBI. L’analyse des séquences a indiqué trois groupes légèrement distingués. Toutes les souches de T. harzianum ont inhibé la croissance du pathogène avec des coefficients d’antagonisme compris entre 0,50 et 0,78.Mots clés: Riz, Magnaporthe grisea, In vitro, Trichoderma harzianum, antagonisme. English Title: In vitro evaluation of the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum from Burkina Faso against Magnaporthe grisea, the causative agent of rice blast disease, isolated in MaliMagnaporthe grisea, a rice pathogen, is cosmopolitan and causes enormous damage in Mali. The use of resistance cultivars and chemical fungicide are generally effective control methods. However, the durability of genetic resistance is often short-lived because of the pathogen’s ability to rapidly evolve to overcome resistance gene, and then environmental and toxicity threat of chemicals employment. With this basic information, this study proposed to develop an alternative strategy to control M. grisea with T. harzianum. M. grisea from Mali has been characterized morphologically and molecularly to confirm their identity and variability. The in vitro antagonistic action of 05 strains of T. harzianum was tested. M. grisea and T. harzianum were thus confronted with a direct confrontation in the Petri dishes during 06 days. The radial growths of the pathogen were evaluated and the coefficients of antagonism calculated. Molecular analysis with all strains corresponds to M. grisea and strong assertions with NCBI reference strains. Sequence analysis indicated three slightly distinguished groups. T. harzianum strains inhibited growth of the pathogen with antagonistic coefficients between 0.50 and 0.78.Keywords: Rice, Magnaporthe grisea, In vitro, Trichoderma harzianum, antagonism
2

SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): I—IX. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12210769.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 2, Volume 12, 2020: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite readers to find news about: evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activities of leaves extracts of Calotropis procera against certain human pathogens; in vitro anti-urease, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of Satureja cuneifolia; impact of essential oils of clove Syzygium aromaticum in rats exposed to stress by nickel; young capitulum as important explant in in vitro mass propagation of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii); a comparative study between temporary immersion system and semi-solid cultures on shoot multiplication and plantlets production of two Moroccan date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties in vitro; effect of pretreatments on germination of seeds of the timber plant, Terminalia ivorensis and Mansonnia altissima; abundance, frequency and distribution pattern of tree species in recorded forest area of Western Himalaya; role of active transport of potassium to leaves in the mechanisms of tolerance to salinity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction Pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): I—VIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12110697.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 1, Volume 12, 2020: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite readers to find news about: vultures, their population status and some ecological aspects in an Indian stronghold; analysis of secondary metabolites and in vitro evaluation of extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica leaves on selected human pathogens; the risk mitigation indices associated with some risk mitigation protocols performed on contaminated aqua-cultured catfish (Clarias gariepinus); evaluation of three plant species to control black scurf disease of Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn.); production, purification and characterization of thermostable alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis Y25 isolated from decaying yam (Dioscorea rotundata) tuber; influence of ammonium and moisture on survival and nifH transcription in the diazotrophic Pseudomonas mendocina S10; two additions to the Asteraceae of Egypt; micromorphology studies of three important medicinal plants of Asclepiadaceae family; phenological attributes of Pyracantha crenulata - a high-value multipurpose shrub of the Himalaya; in vitro callus and shoot regeneration in Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Grised. - a fast timber yielding species.
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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages, Notulae Scientia Biologicae 15(1), 2023." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 15, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 11534. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb15111534.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 1, Volume 15, 2023: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting research or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like activities of the dichloromethane/methanol extract of Crateva adansonii in mice exposed to chronic mild stress; Elemental impact on antibacterial study of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Belosynapsis vivipara; Flow cytometry and chromosome numbers variation in argan tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels; Assessment of analgesic properties of alcohol and aqueous extracts of Opuntia ficus-indica flowers; Chemical composition of Vitex agnus-castus L. flowers collected from populations distributed in Aydin, Türkiye; Phytochemical studies and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity of some medicinal and aromatic plants from Morocco; Antioxidant capacity and nutraceutical compounds content of six common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties harvested in Morelos, Mexico; Impact of magnetization of irrigation water on growth, yield and nutritional qualities of tomato under deficit irrigation.
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Nyaka, Aurélie Irène Claire Ngobisa, Sine Nsangou Mfiya Zahrah Fadimatou, Camille Ulrich Dzoyem Dzokouo, Sali Bourou, and Aoudou Yaouba. "Effet antifongique de deux extraits de plantes sur les agents pathogènes identifiés sur des fruits de l’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) au Nord Cameroun." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 1121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i3.21.

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L’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.), importante culture de rente, est confrontée à la menace de nombreux pathogènes qui entravent sa productivité au Cameroun. Dès lors, cette étude se propose de déterminer le potentiel d’une lutte biologique à base d’extraits végétaux sur les champignons pathogènes identifiés sur des fruits prélevés dans le bassin de la Benoué. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, l’identification des agents pathogènes des fruits, des tests de pathogénicité et l’évaluation de l’effet antifongique in vitro et in vivo des extraits de piments et de neem ont été effectués. Les résultats ont montré que ces fruits abritent une diversité d’espèces fongiques dont les principales sont Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Oïdium anacardii, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger et Phytophthora sp. Les tests de pathogénicité ont produit les symptômes des maladies observées sur le terrain. L’huile de neem et les extrait de piment ont inhibé totalement la croissance de C. gloeosporioides, O. anacardii et A. niger aux doses respectives de 7,5% v/v et 75 mg/ml. Cependant, l'huile de neem s'est avérée plus efficace. Ces résultats représentent des sources d'information précieuses pour l’implémentation d'une stratégie de lutte intégrée contre les agents pathogènes de l’anacardier à l’origine de la baisse de sa productivité, affectant ainsi son potentiel économique. English Title: Antifungal effect of two plant extracts on pathogens identified on fruits of Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) in North Cameroon The Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), an important cash crop, is challenged by the proliferation of pathogens that affect its productivity in Cameroon. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of a biological control based on plant extracts on pathogenic fungi identified on fruits collected in the Benoué basin. To achieve these objectives, identification of fruit pathogens, pathogenicity tests and evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of chilli and neem extracts were carried out. The results showed that these fruits harbour a diversity of fungal species, of which the main ones are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Oïdium anacardii, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger and Phytophthora sp. The pathogenicity tests have generated the symptoms of the diseases observed in the field. Neem oil and chilli extracts completely inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides, O. anacardii and A. niger at doses of 7.5% v/v and 75 mg/ml respectively. However, neem oil proved to be more effective. These results represent valuable sources of information for the implementation of an integrated pest management strategy against cashew pathogens that impede the productivity of the tree, thereby affecting its economic potential.
6

SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction Pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): I—VIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11210524.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 2, Volume 11, 2019: The papers published in this issue (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/issue/current) represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite readers to find news about: endophytic bacteria - hidden protective associates of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses (review); Occurrence of Salmonella in raw chicken meat from retail equipment and environments in southern Nigeria open markets; fruiting species influence the seasonal use of the habitat by sloth bear in and around Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, India; age susceptibility of wistar rats to alloxan-induced diabetes: a paradox; anti-ulcerogenic potential of aqueous extract of Securinega virosa leaf in indomethacin-induced ulcerated rats; evaluation of various biological activities of endemic Sideritis libanotica extracts; genetic polymorphism of the wild and in vitro regenerated plants of the medicinal grass Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. Proximus etc.
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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction Pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): I—VIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11410626.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 4, Volume 11, 2019: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite readers to find news about: anticancer activity of water and methanol extracts of Hypericum scabrum L. on different cancer cell lines; curcumin alleviates potassium bromate-induced hepatic damage by repressing CRP Induction through TNF-α and IL-1β and by suppressing oxidative stress; evaluation of leukocyte mobilization and platelet aggregatory effects of ciprofloxacin, lincomycin and erythromycin in Wistar albino rats; ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on reproductive function following cadmium chloride induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats; acute and sub-acute toxicity of Cola millenii leaf and stem bark extracts in albino rats; the effects of using synthetic and natural color foods on lipid profile and liver function in rats; phylogenetic analysis and in silico characterization of cytochrome P450 1A (Cyp1A) protein from the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus; growth performance indices of New Zealand white rabbits administered Panax ginseng extracts; the clinicopathological evaluations of the efficacy of incorporation of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of West African dwarf goats experimentally infected with peste des petits ruminants virus; in vitro plant regeneration from mature seed explants of Withania somnifera, an important, rare and endangered medicinal plant.
8

SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages, Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14(3), 2022." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 11358. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14311358.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 3, Volume 14, 2022: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting research or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Micropropagation and potential of bioactive compounds of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for nutrition and health; Anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of Eucalyptus spp. under water deficit conditions and characteristics of Tunisian arid species; Escherichia coli infection, a negative prognostic factor on the evolution of patients with surgical diseases; Biological characteristics and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19; The influence of Staphylococcus infections on the evolution of hospitalized patients: The experience of the surgical department of IRGH Cluj-Napoca; Parquetina nigrescens leaf infusion: a food-based approach for the management of diet-induced iron deficiency in weanling rats; Evaluation of the effects of calabash chalk on the haematological profile of Wistar rats; Inhibitory potential of rutin on lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity and inflammatory response of raw U937 cells and macrophages; Hypoglycemic and in vitro antioxidant activities of Stereospermum kunthianum stem bark hydromethanol extract; Polyploidization and speciation: patterns of natural hybridization and gene flow in basil (Ocimum spp.); Increasing liana biomass and carbon stocks in tropical dry evergreen forests of southern India.
9

SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction Pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): I—VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11110476.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 1, Volume 11, 2019: The papers published in this issue (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/issue/current) represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite readers to find news about: The role of DNA Methylation in perennial plants; Peste des petits ruminants: Aetiology, pathology, immunology, disease status in Africa, diagnosis, control, prevention and treatment; Phytotherapy and polycyclic logging: implication on genetic multiplicity and diversity of African mahogany in tropical rainforest; Insight into re-emergence of cassava brown streak disease: the need to explore diverse approaches for effective control; Microbiological characterization of grilled meat “Tchatchanga” in Cotonou (Southern Benin): Enumeration, isolation and resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; Development of shoot cultures from leaf explant of Portulaca quadrifida L.; Evaluation of in vitro shoot elongation and rooting of date palm, and determination of physiological characteristics of regenerated plantlets; Maturation and germination of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) somatic embryos; Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of black brand of lipton tea (Camellia sinensis) on normal male albino rats.
10

SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction Pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): I—VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10410412.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 4, Volume 10, 2018: The papers published in this issue (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/issue/current) represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite readers to find news about: incidence of common and rare cancers in Ilorin, Nigeria; hepatic histomorphological changes and oxidative stress profile of Clarias gariepinus; economic evaluation of different culture enclosures for Musca domestica larval production and their utilization for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings diets; effectiveness of various solar light traps with and without sex pheromone for mass trapping of tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in a tomato field; assessment of aglycones isoflavone profiling of staple Indian grain flours and soybean sprout-flour; antimicrobial activity of Olea europaea fatty oil against multi-drug resistant and biofilm forming microorganisms; zinc influences regeneration of Talinum portulacifolium stem cuttings in nutrient solution; isolation and protein characterization of lindane degrading root epiphytic bacterium Arthrobacter sp. T16 from Typha latifolia; floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of plants from various forest types in Hosur Forest Division, Tamil Nadu, Southern India; in vitro organogenesis of a slipper orchid, Paphiopedilum ‘Alma Gavaert’; distribution, incidence and severity of the catalpa powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe elevata in North-Eastern Romania etc.
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Akantetou, Pikassalé K., Nafadjara A. Nadio, Magnim E. Bokobana, Panawé Tozoou, Pali Kilimou, Koffi Koba, Wiyao Poutouli, Christine Raynaud, and Komla Sanda. "Effet aphicide de l’huile essentielle de Ocimum basilicum L. et de son composé majoritaire sur le puceron du cotonnier Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera : Aphididae) au Togo." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.8.

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L’utilisation abusive des produits chimiques de synthèse pose un problème de santé publique. Afin de contribuer à la protection écologique durables des cultures, les effets aphicides in vitro de l’huile essentielle de Ocimum basilicum L. une plante de la flore togolaise et son composé majoritaire, l’estragole, ont été évalués sur les adultes du puceron Aphis gossypii. Les tests biologiques ont été effectués en laboratoire selon la méthode recommandée par Insecticide Resistance Action Commitee (IRAC) N° 1 Version 2. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que l’huile essentielle de O. basilicum et l’estragole ont montré une activité insecticide intéressante sur les pucerons. La concentration minimale pour obtenir 100% de mortalité a été de 3 μL.mL-1 pour l’huile essentielle et de 2 μL.mL-1 pour l’estragole. Les DL50 obtenues sont de 1400 ppm pour l’huile essentielle et de 700 ppm pour l’estragole. L’huile essentielle et son composé majoritaire se sont révélés efficaces in vitro avec un effet de toxicité plus élevée de l’estragole sur A. gossypii. Les tests en milieu réel et l’évaluation de leur innocuité sur les organismes non cibles seront nécessaires pour confirmer l’intérêt de ces résultats dans l’élaboration d’une stratégie de gestion intégrée à l’aide de ces pesticides naturels contre ce ravageur redoutable. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots clés: Cotonnier, Aphis gossypii, Ocimum basilicum, huile essentielle, estragole English Title: Aphicide effect of the essential oil of Ocimum basilum L. and its majority compound on cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Togo English Abstract The excessive use of synthetic chemicals is a public health issue. In order to contribute to sustainable ecological crop protection, in vitro aphicide effects of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. a plant of Togolese flora and its majority compound, estragole, were evaluated on the adults of the aphid Aphis gossypii. Laboratory biological tests were conducted using the method recommended by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) 1 Version 2. Results showed that essential oil of O. basilicum and estragole had interesting insecticidal activity on aphids. The minimum concentration to achieve 100% mortality was 3 μL.mL-1 for the essential oil and 2 μL.mL-1 for the estragole. Lethal Dose (LD50) values were 1400 ppm for the essential oil and 700 ppm for the estragole. The essential oil and its majority compound were effective in vitro with a higher toxicity effect of estragole on A. gossypii. Field tests and the evaluation of their safety on non-target organisms will be necessary to confirm the relevance of these results for an integrated management strategy development, using natural pesticides against this devastating pest. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: cotton plant, Aphis gossypii, Ocimum basilicum, essential oil, estragole
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Taieb, J., C. Benattar, P. Martres, and R. Leluc. "Protocoles de fécondation in vitro : évolution et suivi biologique." Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée 5, no. 4 (September 1990): 67—IN4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-2532(05)80080-8.

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Taieb, J. "Suivi biologique des cycles de fécondation in vitro et transfert d'embryons (FIVETE)." Revue Française des Laboratoires 1997, no. 292 (April 1997): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-9898(97)80037-6.

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Fontana, Pierre, Françoise Boehlen, Guido Reber, Robert F. Bonvini, Marco Roffi, Jean-Luc Reny, Dr Pierre-Frédéric Keller, et al. "Evaluation de [b]l’efficacité[/b] biologique du clopidogrel : génotype ou phénotype ?" Revue Médicale Suisse 6, no. 235 (2010): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2010.6.235.0302.

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BONNEAU, M., J. Y. DOURMAD, B. LEBRET, M. C. MEUNIER-SALAÜN, S. ESPAGNOL, Y. SALAÜN, P. LETERME, and H. VAN DER WERF. "Evaluation globale des systèmes de production porcine et leur optimisation au niveau de l’exploitation." INRAE Productions Animales 21, no. 4 (September 27, 2008): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2008.21.4.3413.

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Cet article résume les apports du programme «Porcherie verte» dans l’évaluation globale intégrée des systèmes de production porcine, prenant en compte à différentes échelles les diverses dimensions pertinentes de la durabilité, au-delà des seuls impacts environnementaux. La comparaison multicritères de deux types de conduite d’élevage prend en compte l’ensemble des dimensions de la durabilité (environnement, société, économie) mais à une échelle restreinte à l’atelier d’élevage porcin. Comparativement aux animaux élevés sur caillebotis, les porcs élevés sur litière avec accès à une courette bénéficient d’un meilleur bien-être, ont de meilleures performances de croissance mais leurs carcasses peuvent être plus grasses. Leurs viandes peuvent avoir une moindre qualité technologique, mais une meilleure qualité sensorielle. Ce type de conduite produit nettement moins d’odeurs désagréables mais il est plus coûteux. Les produits peuvent cependant potentiellement être mieux valorisés par un label. La modélisation visant une optimisation au niveau de l’exploitation prend en compte les dimensions environnementales et économiques, mais pas sociétales, pour comparer différentes filières de gestion des effluents. L’échelle d’approche est plus large que dans l’étude précédente pour prendre en compte les interactions entre productions animales et végétales sur le territoire de l’exploitation qui correspond à un échelon décisionnel fondamental en agriculture. La filière «Lisier brut» conduit à la meilleure marge brute marginale, avec de bons bilans environnementaux, mais la production est limitée à 60 porcs à l’ha. Le traitement biologique du lisier sans séparation de phases permet d’augmenter la production de porcs mais détériore le bilan apparent de phosphore de l’exploitation et réduit significativement la marge brute par porc produit. La mise en œuvre d’un procédé de séparation de phases préalablement au traitement biologique du lisier permet d’augmenter encore la production de porcs en respectant des contraintes environnementales sur le phosphore, mais il réduit encore plus la marge brute par porc produit. Le compostage du lisier peut être une alternative au traitement biologique pour les petites exploitations, mais son bilan environnemental est médiocre. L’exportation du compost de lisier allège les bilans apparents de N et de P de l’exploitation mais ne change pas les émissions gazeuses. Il permet de maintenir une bonne marge brute, même aux chargements élevés. L’élevage de porcs sur litière permet de produire plus de porcs à l’ha mais au prix d’une dégradation de l’impact environnemental et d’une augmentation des coûts de production. Le compostage du fumier des litières permet d’augmenter la production de porcs à l’ha, mais uniquement en l’absence de contrainte environnementale sur le phosphore, et l’accroissement marginal de marge brute est faible. L’exportation du compost excédentaire permet d’augmenter encore la production de porcs en allégeant les bilans apparents de N et P, mais pas les émissions gazeuses. Parmi les filières avec traitement, qui autorisent des chargements élevés, le traitement biologique semble réaliser le meilleur compromis entre marge brute réalisée et impact sur l’environnement, si l’on néglige les transferts d’impacts hors de l’exploitation. Parmi les filières avec traitement et exportation, qui permettent des niveaux de chargement très élevés, le compostage de fumier semble cumuler les inconvénients en termes de marge brute et d’impacts environnementaux, si l’on néglige les transferts d’impacts hors de l’exploitation associés au traitement biologique. L’évaluation globale de l’impact environnemental des élevages porcins est restreinte à la dimension environnementale mais son échelle d’approche permet d’intégrer l’ensemble des impacts associés aux processus en amont de l’exploitation L’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) est une méthode de choix pour faire cette évaluation et a été mise en œuvre pour comparer les impacts environnementaux de trois scénarios contrastés de production porcine. La production la plus intensive, suivant le scénario des bonnes pratiques agricoles, a le plus faible impact sur le changement climatique, mais le plus fort impact sur l’acidification. La production biologique, peu intensive, consomme beaucoup de surfaces, mais elle a le plus faible impact sur l’eutrophisation. De façon générale, les meilleurs compromis entre coûts de production et respect de l’environnement sont obtenus par les systèmes les plus économes en surface, qui utilisent au mieux les capacités du sol à produire de l’aliment pour les animaux et à recevoir leurs effluents. L’absence de lien au sol coûte cher en argent et en impact écologique.
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Courtois, Y. A., A. Sdika, M. T. Maunoury, R. Lowy, B. Festy, R. Cabridenc, and I. Chouroulinkov. "Evaluation biologique de la micropollution organique d'eaux destinées à la consommation humaine." Journal français d’hydrologie 17, no. 2 (1986): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19861702101.

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Lafontaine, Céline. "L’autoconservation des ovocytes." Études Juillet-Août, no. 7 (June 19, 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/etu.4262.0041.

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Les millions de cellules in vitro produites dans les cliniques et les laboratoires du monde globalisé constituent l’un des symboles le plus énigmatique de notre civilisation. À mi-chemin entre le biologique et l’artificiel, ces bio-objets génèrent des espoirs immenses. Étroitement liés à une représentation du corps comme capital, ils occupent un rôle central dans la logique d’anticipation futuriste qui caractérise les politiques néolibérales. La pratique de l’autoconservation des ovocytes illustre jusqu’à quel point cette anticipation technoscientifique du futur peut devenir tyrannique 1 .
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Rivet, Michèle. "La vérité et le statut juridique de la personne en droit québécois." Congrès de l’Association Henri Capitant : la vérité et le droit 18, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 843–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058581ar.

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À partir du moment où la vérité biologique n’est plus unique, le droit, dont l’objectif ultime est de vouloir faire triompher celle-ci ne sait plus que faire. Bouleversement total des notions séculairement acquises où l’interrogation en droit civil de la filiation tenait essentiellement à savoir qui était le père. Mais cette segmentation de la biologie pose également problème dans les constituantes mêmes de la personne lorsqu’elle se mêle de modifier, au moins extérieurement, l’être humain. L’auteur étudie dans une première partie la procréation « éclatée » : insémination artificielle, fécondation in vitro et transfert d’embryons, mère porteuse, pour aborder, en deuxième lieu, la sexualité « éclatée » ou le transsexualisme.
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Valentini, Silvia, Grazietta Coratza, Gian Maria Rossolini, Orietta Massidda, and Giuseppe Satta. "In-vitro evaluation of cefpodoxime." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 33, no. 3 (1994): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/33.3.495.

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Khalaf, Gaby, Kamal Slim, Zeinab Saad, and Khaled Farès Nakhlé. "Evaluation de la qualité biologique des eaux du Nahr el Jaouz (Liban) : application des méthodes indicielles." Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 76, no. 9 (2007): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/linly.2007.13667.

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Berny, C., B. Lapierre, A. Mialon, M. Manchon, and P. Baltassat. "Evaluation clinique d'un marqueur biologique de l'infarctus du myocarde, la troponine I Etude comparative avec la CKMB." Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée 11, no. 3 (January 1996): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2532(96)83015-8.

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Jaman, M., AA Chowdhury, AA Rana, SM Masum, T. Ferdous, MA Rashid, and MM Karim. "In vitro evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 50, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v50i4.25833.

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The in vitro evaluation of the physical characteristics of the pharmaceutical products ensures their quality as well as bioavailability and impart optimum therapeutic activity. Ciprofloxacin HCl, a widely used antibiotic to treat different types of bacterial infections, was chosen for this in vitro comparative study of different pharmaceutical company. The present study compared the content uniformity, weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, diameter, disintegration and dissolution ability of five brands of ciprofloxacin HCl tablets marketed in Bangladesh to confirm whether they follow USP guidelines. All five brands of ciprofloxacin HCl tested meet the specification of the USP for content uniformity, weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, diameter, disintegration and dissolution. The amount of active ciprofloxacin HCl varies from 244.46 mg to 248.46 mg among the products. The average hardness and friability of the products varies 73.9 N to 77.6 N and 0.013% to 0.031%, respectively. All the brands had shown disintegration time 5 to 8 minutes while they showed 80 to 95 % release of active ingredient within 30 minutes in dissolution testing. This may confirm the absorption of the drug from gastrointestinal tract for optimum therapeutic effect.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(4), 251-256, 2015
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Istifli, Erman Salih, Rima Çelik, Mehmet Tahir Hüsunet, Nesrin Çetinel, Osman Demirhan, and Hasan Basri Ila. "In vitro cytogenotoxic evaluation of sertraline." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0015.

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Abstract Sertraline (SRT) is an antidepressant agent used as a neuronal selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). SRT blocks serotonin reuptake and increases serotonin stimulation of somatodendritic serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and terminal autoreceptors in the brain. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of SRT was evaluated using cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy human subjects. DNA cleavage-protective effects of SRT were analyzed on plasmid pBR322. In addition, biochemical parameters of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood plasma were measured to quantitate oxidative stress. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to four different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 µg/mL) of SRT for 24- or 48-h treatment periods. In this study, SRT was not found to induce MN formation either in 24- or 48-h treatment periods. In contrast, SRT concentration-dependently decreased the percentage of MN and MNBN (r=−0.979, p<0.01; r=−0.930, p<0.05, respectively) when it was present for the last 48 hr (48-h treatment) of the culture period. SRT neither demonstrated a cleavage activity on plasmid DNA nor conferred DNA protection against H2O2. The application of various concentrations of SRT significantly increased the TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes for both the 24- and 48-h treatment periods. Morover, the increase in TOS was potent as the positive control MMC at both treatment times. However, SRT did not alter the TAS levels in either 24- or 48-h treatment periods when compared to control. In addition, exposing cells to SRT caused significant decreases in the nuclear division index at 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75 µg/mL in the 24-h and at the highest concentration (5 µg/mL) in the 48-h treatment periods. Our results suggest that SRT may have cytotoxic effect via oxidative stress on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Braccini, S., Cristina Leonelli, Gigliola Lusvardi, Ginaluca Malavasi, and Ledi Menabue. "In Vitro Evaluation of Zirconia Nanopowders." Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (December 2003): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.899.

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Hamburger, Anne W. "In Vitro Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Agents." Cancer Investigation 9, no. 6 (January 1991): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07357909109039880.

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Tokunaga, Hiroshi, Tomohiko Ozasa, Tadasi Uchino, and Masanori Ando. "In Vitro Evaluation of UVA Sunscreens." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 32, no. 3 (1998): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.32.287.

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Li, Ping, Rao Vishnuvajjala, S. Esmail Tabibi, and Samuel H. Yalkowsky. "Evaluation of in Vitro Precipitation Methods." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 87, no. 2 (February 1998): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/js970266c.

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Sanchez, Sonia, Ignacio Cortiñas, Helena Villanova, Anna Rios, Iñaki Galve, Tommy Andersson, Raul Nogueira, Tudor Jovin, and Marc Ribo. "ANCD thrombectomy device: in vitro evaluation." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-014856.

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IntroductionEndovascular treatment of stroke, although highly effective, may fail to reach complete recanalization in around 20% of cases. The Advanced Thrombectomy System (ANCD) is a novel stroke thrombectomy device designed to reduce clot fragmentation and facilitate retrieval by inducing local flow arrest and allowing distal aspiration in combination with a stent retriever. We aimed to assess the preclinical efficacy of ANCD.MethodsSoft red blood cell (RBC)-rich (n=20/group) and sticky fibrin-rich (n=30/group) clots were used to create middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusions in two vascular phantoms. Three different treatment strategies were tested: (1) balloon guide catheter + Solitaire (BGC+SR); (2) distal access catheter + SR (DAC+SR); and (3) ANCD+SR, until complete recanalization was achieved or to a maximum of three passes. The recanalization rate was determined after each pass.ResultsAfter one pass, ANCD+SR resulted in an increased recanalization rate (94%) for all clots together compared with BGC+SR (66%; p<0.01) or DAC+SR (80%; p=0.04). After the final pass the recanalization rate increased in all three groups but remained higher with ANCD+SR (100%) than with BGC+SR (74%; p<0.01) or DAC+SR (90%; p=0.02). The mean number of passes was lower with ANCD+SR (1.06) than with BGC+SR (1.46) or DAC+SR (1.25) (p=0.01). A logistic regression model adjusted for treatment arm, clot type, and model used showed that both RBC-rich clots (OR 8.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 13.5) and ANCD+SR (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.01 to 15.8) were independent predictors of first-pass recanalization.ConclusionIn in vitro three-dimensional models replicating MCA-M1 occlusion, ANCD+SR showed significantly better recanalization rates in fewer passes than other commonly used combinations of devices.
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Johnson, Raymond, Yong Jai Lee, John Robinson, and Hyuk-Koo Lee. "In-Vitro Evaluation of Antacid Suspension." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 14, no. 13 (January 1988): 1809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048809151989.

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Howell, Elizabeth P., Benjamin S. Harris, Jeffrey A. Kuller, and Kelly S. Acharya. "Preconception Evaluation Before In Vitro Fertilization." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 75, no. 6 (June 2020): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000000788.

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Robinson, Jeffrey D., Michael T. Madison, David W. Hunter, Wilfrido R. Castaneda-Zuniga, and Kurt Amplatz. "In vitro evaluation of caval filters." Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 11, no. 6 (November 1988): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02577413.

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32

Mocé, E., and J. K. Graham. "In vitro evaluation of sperm quality." Animal Reproduction Science 105, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.11.016.

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33

Vadiei, Kiumars, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Roman Perez-Soler, and David R. Luke. "In vitro evaluation of liposomal cyclosporine." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 57, no. 2 (December 1989): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(89)90301-3.

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34

Solanki, D. R., and R. V. Johnston. "IN VITRO EVALUATION OF NONPARTICULATE ANTACIDS." Anesthesiology 63, Supplement (September 1985): A352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198509001-00352.

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35

Cruz, M. E. M., M. M. Gaspar, F. Lopes, J. S. Jorge, and R. Perez-Soler. "Liposomal l-asparaginase: in vitro evaluation." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 96, no. 1-3 (July 1993): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(93)90213-y.

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36

Polyzois, G. L. "In vitro evaluation of dental materials." Clinical Materials 16, no. 1 (January 1994): 21–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-6605(94)90088-4.

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37

Tassin, Jacques, Ronald Bellefontaine, Edmond Roger, and Christian A. Kull. "Evaluation préliminaire des risques d'invasion par les essences forestières introduites à Madagascar." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 299, no. 299 (March 1, 2009): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.299.a20420.

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Il est désormais admis que l'introduction d'une espèce exotique en milieu insulaire s'accompagne toujours d'un risque environnemental, représenté par l'éventuel déclenchement d'une invasion biologique. À Madagascar, ce risque est d'autant plus élevé que les introductions de matériel végétal s'accroissent à un degré très supérieur à celui des actions de lutte préventive, que la fréquence et l'intensité des perturbations humaines facilitent les invasions, et que la biodiversité à protéger est remarquable. Un examen préliminaire des 406 introductions d'arbres et arbustes effectuées sur cette île à des fins forestières ou agroforestières révèle que 12,8% de ces espèces se sont avérées nuisibles dans d'autres pays, et que 39,2% présentent un risque potentiel pour Madagascar dans la mesure où elles sont au moins susceptibles de s'y naturaliser. Une liste de 19 espèces présentant un risque élevé d'invasion est présentée. Sept d'entre elles sont connues pour avoir, à la fois, une reproduction sexuée et une multiplication végétative par drageonnage importantes. Face à une telle menace, un plan de gestion s'impose sur le plan national de manière à hiérarchiser, puis mettre en oeuvre les actions de communication, de recherche, de lutte préventive et de détection précoce qui s'imposent. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Riethof, Shana. "Distribuer l’espoir, préparer le deuil. Réajustements des attentes procréatives face à l’échec de la FIV dans une clinique de fertilité belge." Revue française des affaires sociales, no. 2 (July 19, 2023): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfas.232.0263.

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À partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée dans une clinique de fertilité belge, cet article examine plusieurs stratégies déployées par le corps médical afin de réajuster les attentes des couples qui multiplient les essais infructueux de fécondation in vitro (FIV). À ce moment du parcours, il est proposé au couple une dernière tentative avec ses propres gamètes avant un éventuel passage vers le don d’ovocytes, celui-ci éliminant le lien génétique maternel. Par l’analyse de scènes ethnographiques où se jouent de tels dilemmes, je situe l’espoir d’être parent et le deuil de la fertilité comme deux outils discursifs complémentaires permettant de réorienter les trajectoires affectives des partenaires. Cette redistribution de l’espoir peut néanmoins se heurter à la résistance des couples dans un contexte d’incertitude inhérent à la prise en charge. Il apparaît alors que le renoncement à la norme de l’enfant biologique permet d’accéder à d’autres formes de maternité et de parentalité qui ne sont pas forcément fondées sur le lien génétique mais sont soumises à condition.
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Diop, M. B., Y. Frere, S. Sigrist, M. Pinget, E. Pedracini, A. Langlois, and N. Auberval. "P309 Particules de PLGA utilisées comme vecteur pour l’administration orale d’insuline: validation in vitro et in vivo de leur efficacité biologique." Diabetes & Metabolism 41 (March 2015): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(15)30422-5.

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Tolkamp, Harry H. "Biological Assessment of Water Quality in Running Water Using Macroinvertebrates: A Case Study for Limburg, The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1985): 867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0186.

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To obtain suitable biological methods for evaluating water quality several methods were applied to the macroinvertebrate composition of streams in the southern region of the province of Limburg (the Netherlands). After evaluation of the results through comparison followed by elimination of unsuitable methods (e.g. Trent Biotic Index, Indice Biotique, Indice de Qualiteé Biologique Globale) four methods remained promising: the Saprobic-index, the Quality-index, the BMWP-aspt and the Chandler-aspt. A further selection of methods must be carried out in combination with a typological classification of the streams concerned, including a description of the achievable range for each method. To this end more research in the field of stream typology is needed, especially for the province of Limburg with its high diversity of streams.
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Santos, Silvia R. A., Antonella M. Rossi, L. R. Andrade, and Marcelo Henrique Prado da Silva. "In Vitro Evaluation of Porous Biphasic Scaffolds." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.935.

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In the present study, two methods for the production of three-dimensional scaffolds made of bioactive ceramics are presented. Depending on the method, the final product can be composed by pure hydroxyapatite or biphasic: hydroxiapatite + tricalcium phosphate. Bioactivity tests showed that all scaffolds are bioactive. Preliminary studies with adipose stem cells indicated biocompatibility of both scaffolds.
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Morais, Shabna Roupal, R. Ram Narayanan, K. P. Sushmitha, N. Suchithra, Shruti Shankar, and M. Sugumar. "In vitro Biological Evaluation of Acanthophora spicifera." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 13, no. 10 (2020): 4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2020.00840.9.

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43

Barbosa, Gleyce Moreno, Amanda Ribeiro Ricardo Brito, Lais Cavalcanti dos Santos Velasco Souza, and Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista. "In vitro evaluation of Sporothrix brasiliensis biotherapic." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21i1.1228.

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Background: Sporothrix brasiliensis is one of the most virulent zoonosis which affects animals and humans. This fungus is responsible for subcutaneous infection and its contamination is possible through trauma to the skin. Sporotrichosis is highly prevalent in feline. And Rio de Janeiro appears to have the highest occurrence of cases. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Sporothrix brasiliensis biotherapic, with and without an association to allopathic medicine commonly used in the treatment. Methodology: Conidium cells of Sporothrix brasiliensis will be cultured in Potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 5 to 7 days and yeast cells in Brain heart infusion (BHI) for 3 to 5 days. After incubation, the cells will be scraped with a drigalski handle and filtered using cells strainer into a tube and centrifuge for 5 minutes at 3000 RPM. The cells will be resuspended with Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), centrifuge again, and finally resuspended in PBS. After preparing the inocule, the microplates will be prepared. There will be 5 groups in vitro. The first one will be the control group, only fungi. The second will be the treatment of fungi with homeopathic medicine (Sporothrix brasiliensis 30DH). The third group will be the homeopathic medicine in association with itraconazole. The fourth will be the treatment with itraconazole only. And the last group will be the fungi with dynamized distilled water 30DH. Sporothrix brasiliensis 30DH will be prepared according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopeia. Results and discussions: The experiments are still in progress and the results will be analyzed through Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine statistically significant differences. Previous articles based on biotherapic treatments demonstrated successful results, so our research group is conducting these experiments to evaluate the effect in this model. Conclusion: Experiments will be made to verify the efficacy of biotherapic on sporotrichosis treatments.
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Liu, Lu Jie, Jia Zhu, Bin Wang, Chu Cheng, Yong Jie Du, and Min Qi Wang. "In vitro stability evaluation of coated lipase." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0370.

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45

Javed, Shabnam, and Amna Shoaib. "IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC EVALUATION OF KARHEE WEED." JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH 27, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i1.932.

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Locally famous Karhee or Berre (Sorbaria tomentosa) exhibits medicinal value is large woody shrub indigenous to Pakistan. The present study examined the cytotoxic activities of S. tomentosa using methanolic extracts and fractions (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water) against three cáncer cell lines (lung A-549, hepatocellular HepG2and urinary bladder EI-138). Cytotoxic assays were carried out with five different concentrations (0.05, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL) of methanolic extract and its sub fraction through MTT assay. Results revealed n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction being the most potent against all test cancer cell lines with higher IC50 values. Both fractions also exhibited the maximum reduction in the cell viability in dose dependent manner. Preliminary results suggest the promising anticancer potential of n-hexane and ethyl acetate S. tomentosa against lung A-549, hepatocellular HepG2and urinary bladder EI-138 cell lines. Further studies are required to know the mechanism(s) involved in the cell death.
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Gryndler, M., H. Gryndlerová, M. Hujslová, L. Bystrianský, H. Malinská, D. Šimsa, and H. Hršelová. "In vitro Evaluation of Biofilm Biomass Dynamics." Microbiology 90, no. 5 (September 2021): 656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261721050064.

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47

Kim, Donguk, Jaehyeon Jeong, Ji-Ae Ryu, Sa Rang Choi, Jung Myoung Lee, and Heeyoun Bunch. "In Vitro Evaluation of Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153365.

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The increasing importance of environmental sustainability has led to the development of new materials that are environmentally friendly, functional, and cost-effective. Lignin-containing cellulose nanomaterials are a common example of these. The advantages of lignocelluloses include their renewability, sustainability, and functionality combined with molecular rigidity and enhanced hydrophobicity. In order to valorize these beneficial traits from lignin-containing nanocellulose, various approaches have been examined in industrial applications. However, the safety of these materials has not been tested or validated in humans. In this study, we tested 21 wt% lignin-containing nanocellulose (L-MFC) in vitro using the human lung and kidney cell lines, H460 and HEK293 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of cellulose, L-MFC, and lignin was compared using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assays. In addition, the gene expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 as cellular stress markers treated with cellulose, L-MFC, and lignin were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Our data indicated little cytotoxicity for cellulose and significant cytotoxicity for lignin and a relatively low level of cytotoxicity for L-MFC, providing the lethal median concentration (LC50) values of L-MFC and lignin. The gene expression of HSP70 and HSP90 was little affected by moderate concentrations of L-MFC. Interestingly, the lignin contained in L-MFC influenced the cell viability and the gene expression of HSP70 and HSP90 less than the same amount of lignin alone. These results indicate that L-MFC displays cell-type-dependent sensitivity and suggest that L-MFC could serve as a new eco-friendly material that is relatively safe for humans.
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Thorburn, K., P. Roberts, M. Hatherill, and I. Murdoch. "In-vitro evaluation of the neonatal tonometer." Critical Care 3, Suppl 1 (1999): P168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc541.

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49

Gu, Steven, Brian J. Rasimick, Allan S. Deutsch, and Barry L. Musikant. "In Vitro Evaluation of Five Core Materials." Journal of Prosthodontics 16, no. 1 (January 2007): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-849x.2006.00149.x.

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50

Thadepalli, H., M. B. Bansal, B. Rao, R. See, S. K. Chuah, R. Marshall, and V. K. Dhawan. "Ciprofloxacin: In Vitro, Experimental, and Clinical Evaluation." Clinical Infectious Diseases 10, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.3.505.

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