Relevant bibliographies by topics / Evacuation strategy

Academic literature on the topic 'Evacuation strategy'

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Published: 15 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Evacuation strategy":

1

Wang, Yuchen, Jianxiao Ma, Yuhang Liu, Yingjia Bai, and Le Xu. "Optimal exit choice during highway tunnel evacuations based on the fire locations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): e0256523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256523.

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In the case of a fire, the choice of exit in the highway tunnel is strictly limited by fire location, which seriously affects the evacuation time. A spontaneous or disorderly exit choice might result in a decreased evacuation efficiency and utilization rate of exits. In this paper, we propose a strategy to obtain the optimal exit choice based on fire location during highway tunnel evacuations. In our strategy, first, the vehicle distributions and locations of evacuating occupants are determined in the traffic simulation program VISSIM. The evacuation simulation software BuildingEXODUS is employed to obtain the corresponding parameters of the evacuation process and analyze the impacts of different fire locations on the evacuation time. During the analysis, the optimal productivity statistics (OPS) is selected as the evaluation index. Then, the feature points of the crowding occupants are captured by the fuzzy c-means (FCM) cluster algorithm. Next, based on the feature points, the relationship between the location of the fire and boundary of the optimal exit choice under the optimal OPS is obtained through the polynomial regression model. It is found that the R-squared(R2) and sum of squares for error (SSE) of the polynomial regression model, reflecting the accuracy estimation, are 98.02% and 2.79×10−4, respectively. Moreover, different fire locations impact the evacuation time of tunnel entrance and evacuation passageway. This paper shows that the location of the fire and boundary of optimal exit choice have a negative linear correlation. Taking the fire 110 m away from the evacuation passageway as an example, the OPS of our strategy can be decreased by 35.6% when compared with no strategies. Our proposed strategy could be applied to determine the location of variable evacuation signs to help evacuating occupants make optimal exit choices.
2

Lee, Dongkwan. "A Study on the Strategy for Responding to Large-Scale Complex Disasters." J-INSTITUTE 8 (August 31, 2023): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/disaster.2023.8.46.

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Purpose: A large-scale complex disaster refers to a disaster that develops on a huge scale outside the predictable range as natural disasters and social disasters occur serially or simultaneously. The local community must take into account the diversity of residents' situations and organize an evacuation cooperation system in advance in order to respond to such large-scale, complex disasters. The purpose of this paper is to present a direction for improving community response to disasters through a review of large-scale complex disasters. Method: This study examines the large-scale flood damage evacuation plan in the 5th district of Koto, Tokyo, Japan, which established an evacuation plan led by the local community after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Evacuation was divided into vertical evacuation, evacuating within the community, and wide area evacuation, evacuating outside the community. Results: The main features of these evacuation plans were that they encouraged local residents to make independent judgements, to implement the plans, and to proactively request and prepare for administrative support for the parts that were insufficient. Conclusion: First of all, for efficient evacuation from large-scale-complex disasters, various stakeholders need to be recognized and systematically organize, and cooperation with relevant and upper-level administrative agencies is needed to solve problems that are beyond the capacity of local governments. It is also necessary for residents to recognize their own role in disaster response along with the proper implementation of disaster prevention administration, and for the administration to support factors that residents cannot do as much as possible, as the basic structure of the crisis.
3

Pan, Gao, Mingxi Peng, Tiejun Zhou, Zhanzhi Wan, and Zheng Liang. "Research on Safety Design Strategy of Evacuation Stairs in Deep Underground Station Based on Human Heart Rate and Ascending Evacuation Speed." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 10670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310670.

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An effective evacuation staircase safety design strategy is an important measure to ensure the safe evacuation of personnel in deep underground stations, and its design is influenced by human heart rate (HR) and ascending evacuation speed. This study clarifies the relationship between the ascending evacuation speed and human HR in deep underground stations by simulating an emergency situation in a deep underground station and observing individuals evacuating via stairs. A mathematical model of the ascending evacuation speed and HR at different heights is then established. Through the identification and prediction of intelligent safety systems, a safety design strategy for the rest area of evacuation stairs in deep underground stations was proposed. Rest areas of the stairs allow people in a state of fatigue to pause their ascent, preventing tired people from causing congestion and affecting the evacuation of less-tired people. This improves the overall evacuation speed and ensures the safety of life and property.
4

Lewis, PhD, Carol Abel, Sandra Onyejekwe, MS, Garlin Wynn, MS, and Brandon Mosley, MS. "Options for improving evacuation: Investigating an unconventional strategy and expanding route options using TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System." Journal of Emergency Management 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0229.

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Various agencies including state departments of transportation, emergency management offices, a municipal works agency, or a highway patrol agency may prepare evacuation plans. Storm strength and landfall predictions determine procedures and strategies. Studies have been conducted that examined various methods considering evacuees’ behaviors, traffic control, safety, and preferential routing. The occasions when a hurricane is imminent require residents to make a choice between sheltering-in-place or evacuating. Tremendous growth is anticipated in many US coastal communities and that will place greater pressure on evacuation strategies in future years. Given the inevitability of future hurricane evacuations and the intensive growth projections for US coastal areas, this research examines evacuation options with a focus on the Houston-Galveston region. The research examines two scenarios using the TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System simulation model which relies on a GIS base. Study results showed that both scenarios perform well as alternative options for inclusion in regional planning. It is recommended that these two scenarios be included in the array of responses available for decision makers depending on the myriad of variables—citizen response, congestion levels on the roadways and location, and prediction of an impending storm. The options may be applied independently or in concert with other strategies.
5

Sun, Hai, Lanling Hu, Wenchi Shou, and Jun Wang. "Self-Organized Crowd Dynamics: Research on Earthquake Emergency Response Patterns of Drill-Trained Individuals Based on GIS and Multi-Agent Systems Methodology." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041353.

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Predicting evacuation patterns is useful in emergency management situations such as an earthquake. To find out how pre-trained individuals interact with one another to achieve their own goal to reach the exit as fast as possible firstly, we investigated urban people’s evacuation behavior under earthquake disaster coditions, established crowd response rules in emergencies, and described the drill strategy and exit familiarity quantitatively through a cellular automata model. By setting different exit familiarity ratios, simulation experiments under different strategies were conducted to predict people’s reactions before an emergency. The corresponding simulation results indicated that the evacuees’ training level could affect a multi-exit zone’s evacuation pattern and clearance time. Their exit choice preferences may disrupt the exit options’ balance, leading to congestion in some of the exits. Secondly, due to people’s rejection of long distances, congestion, and unfamiliar exits, some people would hesitant about the evacuation direction during the evacuation process. This hesitation would also significantly reduce the overall evacuation efficiency. Finally, taking a community in Zhuhai City, China, as an example, put forward the best urban evacuation drill strategy. The quantitative relation between exit familiar level and evacuation efficiency was obtained. The final results showed that the optimized evacuation plan could improve evacuation’s overall efficiency through the self-organization effect. These studies may have some impact on predicting crowd behavior during evacuation and designing the evacuation plan.
6

Lu, Shan, Wen Shuo Liu, Xun Weng, and Fang Zhou Li. "Study on Evacuation Strategy in High-Rise Buildings Fire." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3207.

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This paper first proves the practicability of evacuation using elevators in high-rise buildings fire. Analyzing characteristics of the evacuation by elevators, the paper put forward an improved evacuation strategy and the corresponded improved evacuation model. In order to further prove the improved evacuation strategy can shorten the evacuation time, taking a certain building for example, this paper design many projects of evacuation, which based on different evacuation strategies. Finally, the paper modeling and simulating these projects with simulation software, results showed by simulation models can prove the large superiority of improved evacuation strategy.
7

Hua, Jingyi, Gang Ren, Yang Cheng, and Bin Ran. "An Integrated Contraflow Strategy for Multimodal Evacuation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/159473.

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To improve the efficiency of multimodal evacuation, a network aggregation method and an integrated contraflow strategy are proposed in this paper. The network aggregation method indicates the uncertain evacuation demand on the arterial subnetwork and balances accuracy and efficiency by refining the local road subnetworks. The integrated contraflow strategy contains three arterial configurations: noncontraflow to shorten the strategy setup time, full-lane contraflow to maximize the evacuation network capacity, and bus contraflow to realize the transit cycle operation. The application of this strategy takes two steps to provide transit priority during evacuation: solve the transit-based evacuation problem with a minimum-cost flow model, firstly, and then address the auto-based evacuation problem with a bilevel network flow model. The numerical results from optimizing an evacuation network for a super typhoon justify the validness and usefulness of the network aggregation method and the integrated contraflow strategy.
8

AI –Dulaimi, Ibtisam Kareem. "Design of an Emergency System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks through Cloud Computing/A Proposed Model at the University of Mosul." April-May 2023, no. 33 (May 17, 2023): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.33.40.51.

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Wireless sensor networks are frequently used during evacuations (WSN). Improved evacuation procedures can be achieved using modern means of communication, including the Internet, wireless networks, mobile phones, and more. To aid evacuees in avoiding danger, WSN enables target monitoring, hazard sensing, data collecting, and sharing. This research aims to find ways to reduce road congestion during evacuations. Its purpose is to evenly disperse persons who must evacuate across the available exits in a congested region (i.e., building, campus, zoo, etc.). The concept of wireless sensor networks is central to our strategy. Evacuation routes are expected to be adaptive, dynamic, and traffic-free.
9

La Greca, Annette M., Kaitlyn E. Brodar, BreAnne A. Danzi, Naomi Tarlow, Karina Silva, and Jonathan S. Comer. "Before the Storm: Stressors Associated with the Hurricane Irma Evacuation Process for Families." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, no. 1 (February 2019): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.9.

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ABSTRACTObjectiveParents and children are vulnerable populations following hurricanes, and evacuation is an important safety strategy. Yet, little is known about “before the storm” stressors, particularly the surrounding evacuation, affecting families. Thus, following Hurricane Irma, we evaluated both stressful and positive aspects of the evacuation process for families, and we compared perceived safety and stress before, during, and after the hurricane across evacuating and non-evacuating families.MethodsSouth Florida parents of children under age 18 years (N=554; 97% mothers) completed an online survey in the months following Hurricane Irma, assessing perceptions of stress, safety, and evacuation experiences. Quantitative data and open-ended responses were gathered.ResultsMost families (82%) residing in mandatory evacuation zones evacuated, although many not in mandatory zones (46%) also evacuated. Parents who evacuated felt significantly safer during the storm, but more stressed before and during the storm, than non-evacuees. Evacuation-related travel and multiple family issues were rated as most stressful, although some positive aspects of evacuation were offered.ConclusionFindings have implications for emergency planners (eg, pre-/post-storm traffic flow needs, emotional needs of parents arriving at shelters) and for families (eg, importance of developing family disaster plans, controlling media exposure) to reduce evacuation stress for future storms. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:63-73)
10

Hamizan, S., S. Roselina, H. Habibollah, Y. Yusliza, and M. Y. Lizawati. "Crowd Emergency Evacuation Simulation Time Analysis via Obstacle Optimization Strategy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012045.

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Abstract The crowd evacuation simulation is essential to provide important results for occupants, especially in the large capacity building compared to the human fire drill exercise. The strategy of evacuation such as the use of obstacles may need to be adapted by many organizations as an aid to help in visualizing and estimating the evacuation time during an emergency. During certain crowd events, they may consider the various setting of the object to ensure smoothness and effective crowd evacuation flow. In this paper, it aims to provide the simulation with 100-1000 agents and testing with obstacle using Anylogic tool and analysis of evacuation time validated using SPSS. The results show that the placement of obstacles near the exit way indeed can reduce the evacuation time and complies with the anti-arching phenomenon during evacuation.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evacuation strategy":

1

Roa-Henriquez, Alfredo R. "Decision Making in Natural Disasters: An Analysis of Firms’ Strategic Behavior on Economic Resilience and Influence of Hurricane Intensity Forecasts on Evacuation Decisions." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565947147689077.

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Haddad, Marcel Adonis. "Nouveaux modèles robustes et probabilistes pour la localisation d'abris dans un contexte de feux de forêt." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLD021.

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A cause du réchauffement climatique, le nombre et l’intensité des feux de forêts augmentent autour du globe. Dansce contexte, la construction de refuges contre le feu est une solution de plus en plus envisagée. Le problème consisteessentiellement à localiser p refuges de sorte à minimiser la distance maximale qui sépare un usager du plus procherefuge accessible en cas de feux. Le territoire considéré est divisé en zones et est modélisé comme un graphe auxarêtes pondérées. Un départ de feux sur une seule zone (c’est-à-dire sur un sommet). La principale conséquence d’unfeu est que les chemins d’évacuation sont modifiés de deux manières. Premièrement, un chemin d’évacuation ne peutpas traverser le sommet en feu. Deuxièmement, le fait qu’une personne proche de l’incendie puisse avoir un choix limitéde direction d’évacuation, ou être sous stress, est modélisé à l’aide d’une stratégie d’évacuation nouvellement définie.Cette stratégie d’évacuation induit des distances d’évacuation particulières qui rendent notre modèle spécifique. Selon letype de données considéré et l’objectif recherché, nous proposons deux problèmes avec ce modèle: le Robust p-CenterUnder Pressure et le Probabilistic p-Center Under Pressure. Nous prouvons que ces deux problèmes sont NP-difficilessur des classes de graphes pertinentes pour notre contexte. Nous proposons également des résultats d’approximationet d’inapproximation. Finalement, nous développons des algorithmes polynomiaux sur des classes de graphes simples,et nous développons des algorithmes mathématiques basés sur la programmation linéaire
The location of shelters in different areas threatened by wildfires is one of the possible ways to reduce fatalities in acontext of an increasing number of catastrophic and severe forest fires. The problem is basically to locate p sheltersminimizing the maximum distance people will have to cover to reach the closest accessible shelter in case of fire. Thelandscape is divided in zones and is modeled as an edge-weighted graph with vertices corresponding to zones andedges corresponding to direct connections between two adjacent zones. Each scenario corresponds to a fire outbreak ona single zone (i.e., on a vertex) with the main consequence of modifying evacuation paths in two ways. First, an evacuationpath cannot pass through the vertex on fire. Second, the fact that someone close to the fire may have limited choice, ormay not take rational decisions, when selecting a direction to escape is modeled using a new kind of evacuation strategy.This evacuation strategy, called Under Pressure, induces particular evacuation distances which render our model specific.We propose two problems with this model: the Robust p-Center Under Pressure problem and the Probabilistic p-CenterUnder Pressure problem. First we prove hardness results for both problems on relevant classes of graphs for our context.In addition, we propose polynomial exact algorithms on simple classes of graphs and we develop mathematical algorithmsbased on integer linear programming
3

Huang, ShiaoMei, and 黃筱媚. "A Study on Risk Assessment and Evacuation Strategy Planning for Debris Flow Disasters in a River Basin." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38195784422684246150.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
社會與區域發展學系碩士班
100
Debris flow disaster is one of severe natural disasters in Taiwan. In the past, many studies just focused on individual potential debris flow torrent, settlements, etc. to assess the hazard and vulnerability or to generate strategies. However, according to problem characteristics and the disaster prevention and response management practices, this study thinks that the river basin should be regarded as a complete system, and the four stages of the debris flow disaster, prevention, hazard, exposure and resistance, should be simultaneously considered to effectively implement disaster risk management. This study applies Systems Thinking, Systems analysis and Managing for Results (MFRs) with considering the process and the interactions between the components of the debris flow disasters to develop an indicator system for debris flow disaster risk assessment. This indicator system is divided into four dimensions, mitigation, hazard, exposure and resistance (MHER), and the levels of risk are then defined. Based on this indicator system, the risks for each settlement in each drainage zone selecting the different evacuation route to the different shelter with different constructing sections can be calculated. The above risks are summed up and normalized to be the overall risk of the river basin. Then, this study develops a optimization model and solution procedure for evacuation strategy planning to pursue the minimum risk of the river basin. Due to the combinations of the case study up to 1080, this study develops Implicit Enumeration by Divisional Constrained Bounds (IEDCB) to enhance the solution efficiency. This study combines the above model, Geographic information system (GIS), and Visual Basic, to develop the debris flow risk assessment and evacuation strategy planning system. The Chishan basin is used as a case study and its overall risk is assessed as the high level (0.5494). This study also identifies the drainage zones and settlements with significant debris flow disaster risk, which has not been defined as the potential debris flow torrents by governments. Based on the objective for the lowest risk subject to the installation budgets and acceptable persons of shelters, this study can obtain the optimal strategy for the evacuation route and shelter of each settlement of each drainage zone with the medium risk (0.3661). The results of sensitivity analysis show that a feasible strategy can be obtained with a slight increment of risk (0.3663) when the limit values of installation budgets tightened 20%. A feasible short-term evacuation strategy can also be obtained with a slight decrement of risk (0.366) when the capacity of the shelters increases 50%. Furthermore, the influence to risk from evacuation routes are more significant than the shelters if their weights change. Analytical results indicate that the methodology and system developed in this study can be used to overcome the shortcomings of the past studies lacking of systematic consideration to assess the basin risk completely and develop management strategies. This methodology and system are expected to be used as a reference to the authorities of debris flow disaster management.
4

Huang, Chi-Sheng, and 黃祈勝. "A study on smoke control activation mode and evacuation strategy at road tunnel – Take the Shiue Shan tunnel as the example." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fu9rjp.

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碩士
國立交通大學
工學院產業安全與防災學程
103
The study adopted smoke control modes of actual operation to analysis the hazard of high fire situation while fire occurred on beginning, middle and final stage in emergency control center of Shiue Shan tunnel. At the present stage, while fire occurred in Shiue Shan tunnel, an existing smoke control strategy has been mainly conducted, which divided into "evacuation mode" and "exhaust smoke mode", and " a single hole way " and "two holes–single way ",etc. The actual modes of operation are divided into 28 kinds of evacuation mode, 12 kinds of exhaust smoke modes. This study adopted a single hole way with the original 4 kinds of evacuation mode and 6 kinds of exhaust smoke mode as a smoke control optimum design study direction. There are 12.9 km length totally in Shiue Shan tunnel, this study adopted 5000 m as a full-scale simulation, which is installed jet fan with the actual distance. The middle of two shafts with relay station fires in the tunnel is assumed to be the most dangerous situation (worse case) as the main FDS simulation scenarios. Through tests, the study find out that the location of the first relay station is easier to produce back smoke layering among three relay stations. Furthermore, this study used original smoke control model: Eva1 to Eva4 with different Jet Fans and Axial-Flow Fan activation mechanism as 4 analysis scenarios as a comparison. Evacuation mode using the original emergency operation design could activates the four groups upstream Jet Fan, and activates downstream Jet Fan with intervals way. Through a series of tests, the study find out that in accordance with fire sources with 15MW and 30MW, the passers-by upstream 30m at the fire source to could evacuate successfully before achieving safety criteria threshold; however, the most serious fire with 65MW, road users could not evacuate efficiently. The study found out that original smoke control mode in tunnel could not exhaust smoke efficiently. In order to prevent the smoke layer disturbance, it is necessary to comply with the activation principles, the Jet Fan could not be activated between 250m upstream position and 500m downstream position. To improve the original no enough efficient smoke control model, this study adopted 5 kinds of optimization design scenarios to analyze smoke control efficiency further. The simulation result found out that in the downstream position of the fire source regardless of any smoke control model, all fire scenarios would endanger the refuge. In contrast to upstream safety under good safety management, we analyze adults and people with disabilities with walking speed of 1.2 m / s and 0.64m / s, separately, the result has shown that the total evacuation time required 205 seconds and 227 seconds, respectively. Furthermore, under evacuation mode with 15MW fire sources, all passengers could evacuate efficiently before safety criteria threshold time; however, the 30MW and 65MW fire source could not, which is the most serious fire accident type with 65MW in the tunnel. Therefore, in comparison with 6 fire scenarios, the result has shown that scenario 5 is the best evacuation design under three fire sources at the upstream position. The visibility of upstream and downstream position at fire sources affected road-users’ safety faster than temperature of those. Take scenario 5 as an example, while the 6 upstream groups and 4 downstream groups of jet fans activated under the same air flow rate each JF, compared scenario 5 (no back smoke layering effect) with evacuation mode (with back smoke layering effect), evacuation mode increased 224 to 259 seconds evacuation time, thus slowing the smoke layer fall time around 224 to 259 seconds. The visibility at the downstream position achieved the safety criteria threshold faster than fire parameters at those. Comparison the 6 upstream groups and 4 downstream groups of Jet Fans with the 4 upstream groups and 4 downstream groups of Jet Fans activation, the former could lower toward upstream evacuation time around 22 seconds (15MW), 24 seconds (30MW), 30 seconds (65MW) separately, because the Jet Fan activated to accelerate the decline visibility and rise temperature in the downstream position, but while activated the Axial-Flow Fan at the shaft, evacuation time could increase about 11 to 24 seconds.
5

Wen, Wei-Yuan, and 温為淵. "Use of ALOHA Combining with GIS to Study the Potential Hazard and Plan the Emergency Evacuation Strategy for Toxic Chemical Substances." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63247656216948433568.

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碩士
國立交通大學
工學院永續環境科技學程
103
This study used ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) combing with risk assessment and applied GIS (Geographic Information System) to generate risk distributon plots for risk prevention purposes. Comparison of dispersion models between Heavy gas model and Gaussian model was made in ALOHA simulation program, and VBA (Visual Basic for Application) computer code was written to show risks maps on the GIS plots for various toxic gases. This is to resolve the issues of combing ALOHA simulated results and GIS program, and the suitability of the procedure. Simulated results of phosphine, fluorine and chlorine chemicals by ALOHA showed that Heavy gas model yields a diffusion distance that is 2.3 times that by the Gaussian diffusion mode. The leakage height are inversely proportional to the diffusion distance in the Heavy gas model and the GIS risk assessment found that high risk regions are located in the Shianshuei, Jinshan and Keyuan village.

Books on the topic "Evacuation strategy":

1

Feeley, Francis McCollum. A Strategy of Dominance: The History of an American Concentration Camp. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1995.

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Ghiselli, Andrea. Protecting China's Interests Overseas. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867395.001.0001.

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Many countries in history have faced the problem of how to defend their interests overseas. China is not different. China’s Interest Frontiers: The Making of an International Strategy sheds light on the tortuous securitization process that pushed the Chinese foreign and security policy machine to evolve in order deal to the new threats to Chinese assets and nationals in the Middle East and North Africa. Based on a vast number of Chinese language sources, the analysis presented in the book finds that crises, especially the evacuation from Libya in 2011, deeply influenced how Chinese civilian and military elite think about the protection of the country’s interests overseas. Consistent with this development, the emphasis on ensuring that the People’s Liberation Army can play a larger role, along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has become a crucial issue for Chinese policymakers. Yet, the presence of many bureaucratic actors, each with its own priorities and interests, was a challenge for the creation and implementation of a clear strategy. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, it seems that the situation has been improving slowly but steadily, although some changes will take more time than others to be completed. Vis-à-vis an extremely complex challenge, China’s cautiously incremental approach to the use of its military has, so far, spared it from strategic overstretching. Yet, the reactive nature of its strategy makes it vulnerable to shocks. This is especially true as Chinese public opinion has become increasingly interested in how the country’s overseas interests are protected.
3

Schneider, Barry R. Future War and Counterproliferation. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400655340.

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The United States faces a small number of rogue states that either have or are working to acquire weapons of mass destruction. These NASTIs, or NBC-Arming Sponsors of Terrorism and Intervention, include such states as North Korea, Iraq, Iran, Libya, and Syria. U.S. nonproliferation programs and policies have helped to keep this number small, but U.S. and allied counterproliferation programs are essential to reduce the danger. It is up to deterrence, active defenses, passive defenses, decontamination, and counterforce to turn enemy weapons of mass destruction into instruments of limited destructive effect. Warfighters will also have to adopt a different strategy and concept of operations in fighting an adversary that is so heavily armed. This strategy will feature a combination of deception, dispersion, mobility and maneuver, diffused logistics, remote engagement, missile defense bubbles, non-combatant evacuation operations, and large area decontamination. It will also involve upgrades to NBC passive defense measures and equipment, as well as a counterforce capability that can find and destroy a variety of adversary targets, including mobile launchers and deeply buried and hardened underground structures.
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Macmaster, Neil. War in the Mountains. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860211.001.0001.

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The role of the peasantry during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) has been long neglected by historians, in part because they have been viewed as a ‘primitive’ mass devoid of political consciousness. This ground-breaking social history challenges this conventional understanding by tracing the ability of the peasant community to sustain an autonomous political culture through family, clan, and village assemblies (djemâa), organizations that were eventually harnessed by emerging guerrilla forces. The long-established system of indirect rule by which the colonial state controlled and policed the vast mountainous interior through an ‘intelligence state’ began to break down after the 1920s as the djemâas formed a pole of opposition to the patron-client relations of the rural élites. Clandestine urban-rural networks emerged that prepared the way for armed resistance and a system of rebel governance. The anthropologist Jean Servier, recognizing the dynamics of the peasant community, in 1957 masterminded a major counterinsurgency experiment, Opération Pilote, that sought to defeat the guerilla forces by constructing a parallel ‘hearts and minds’ strategy. The army, unable to implement a programme of ‘pacification’ of dispersed mountain populations, reversed its policy by the forced evacuation of the peasants into regroupement camps. Contrary to the accepted historical analysis of Pierre Bourdieu and others that rural society was massively uprooted and dislocated, the peasantry continued to demonstrate a high level of social cohesion and resistance based on powerful family and kin networks.
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Hiestand, William E. Operation Barbarossa 1941. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472861498.

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Barbarossawas the biggest German invasion of World War II. Comprehensively illustrated, this study explores the air campaign that spearheaded it, and how it evolved during the rest of 1941. The German invasion of the USSR, OperationBarbarossa, was the apex of Hitler’s aggression. The strength of the Luftwaffe was gathered from across Europe for its opening strikes, where it faced a huge but badly equipped and ill-prepared Soviet Air Force (VVS) of 20,000 aircraft, which it quickly destroyed. In this book, Eastern Front expert William E. Hiestand examines this shattering first campaign, as well as how theBarbarossaair war developed over the following months. He describes how between June and December 1941, Luftwaffe losses rose and aircraft readiness steadily decreased under the pressure of combat. He also analyses the evacuation of Soviet industry – including aircraft production – to the Urals, and the rebuilding of the VVS; by the time German columns stalled 25km from Moscow, the VVS had more operational aircraft at the front than the Luftwaffe. He also covers aspects such as the abortive VVS strikes on Berlin and other strategic targets, and the Luftwaffe’s strategic bombing raids on Moscow. With striking original artwork, 3D diagrams, maps and rare photos, this book reveals the full story of the aerial campaign inBarbarossa, as the devastation began in the most brutal theatre of World War II.

Book chapters on the topic "Evacuation strategy":

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Chen, Yi-zhou, Rui Yang, and Yi Liu. "Strategy Study on Mass Evacuation with LBS Information." In Web-Age Information Management, 141–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11538-2_14.

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Poon, S. L. "Tall Building Evacuation Strategy—The Refuge Floor Concept Revisited." In The Proceedings of 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology, 911–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9139-3_67.

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Gai, Wenmei, Yan Du, and Yunfeng Deng. "Regional Evacuation Modeling for Toxic Cloud Releases and Its Application in Strategy Assessment of Evacuation Warning." In Decision-making Analysis and Optimization Modeling of Emergency Warnings for Major Accidents, 89–111. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2871-8_4.

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Jiao, Bing, Jupu Yuan, and Bo Wu. "Dynamic Evacuation Strategy of Public Buildings Based on BIM and Machine Learning." In Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-modal Information Analytics, 1003–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05237-8_124.

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Liu, Hao, and Zhiyong Lv. "The dynamic strategy of evacuation based on neural network for ocean liner." In Advances in Traffic Transportation and Civil Architecture, 231–39. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003402220-27.

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Jiang, Bo, Yuan Liu, Hao Zhang, and Xuehou Tan. "An On-Line Strategy of Groups Evacuation from a Convex Region in the Plane." In Mathematical Problems in Data Science, 189–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25127-1_11.

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Yusoff, Marina, Junaidah Ariffin, and Azlinah Mohamed. "DPSO Based on Random Particle Priority Value and Decomposition Procedure as a Searching Strategy for the Evacuation Vehicle Routing Problem." In Neural Information Processing, 678–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34487-9_82.

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Fukuda, Daisuke, Toru Seo, Kaoru Yamada, Hideki Yaginuma, and Nobuhiro Matsuyama. "An Econometric-based Model of Pedestrian Walking Behavior Implicitly Considering Strategic or Tactical Decisions." In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012, 615–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9_51.

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Zhang, Zhiwen, Hongjun Wang, Zipei Fan, and Xuan Song. "Returning Home Strategy Analysis Using Mobile Sensing Data in Tohoku Earthquake." In AI, Data, and Digitalization, 16–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53770-7_2.

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AbstractIn recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. Such catastrophic events often result in large-scale population movements and evacuations. Analyzing these human activities is crucial for effective planning of disaster control, and ensuring long-term social stability. While some research has been conducted on post-disaster analysis, particularly focusing on big earthquakes [15, 22], very few studies have taken into account the influence of personal factors on decision-making. Understanding the key factors that drive individuals to choose a strategy, such as returning home, after a big earthquake is essential for comprehending human decision-making in such situations. Additionally, a considerable number of people may remain in companies or shelters due to the disruption of transportation networks. However, conducting such research is challenging due to the lack of big human mobility data. Furthermore, identifying the key factors that individuals consider when making decisions to return home after a big disaster is critical. To address these challenges, this study utilizes smartphone location data to track people’s movements. A large and diverse dataset was collected during the Tohoku earthquake in Japan in 2011, allowing for the discovery of grid-based regions with different functions based on POI distributions in a region. The analysis conducted in this study aims to explore the fundamental laws governing human mobility following disasters. This paper is an extended version of our previous lightning talks [24].
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Nasim, Mohammad, and G. V. Ramaraju. "A Technology Centric Strategic Approach as Decision Support System During Flood Rescue for a Better Evacuation and Rehabilitation Plan." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Smart Innovation, Ergonomics and Applied Human Factors (SEAHF), 282–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22964-1_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Evacuation strategy":

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Xie, Zhongwei, Lin Li, Yueqing Sun, Wangping Li, and Guiming Xu. "Urban emergency evacuation strategy." In 2017 International Conference on Behavioral, Economic, Socio-cultural Computing (BESC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/besc.2017.8256371.

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Zhang, Lijie, Jianchang Liu, and Shubin Tan. "Evacuation navigation strategy in complex building fires." In 2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc52312.2021.9602789.

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Sein, Myint Myint, K.-zin Phyo, Mau Luen Tham, Yasunori Owada, Nordin Bin Ramli, and Suvit Poomrittigul. "Effective Evacuation Route Strategy for Emergency Vehicles." In 2021 IEEE 10th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce53005.2021.9621935.

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Steenman, G., J. Castello, S. X. Racine, F. Farge, M. Ecoffet, C. Brisquet, S. Degraeve, and J. M. Courandier. "New Offshore Medical Evacuation Strategy Using Intervention Vessels." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/190625-ms.

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Hua, Jingyi, Leilei Dai, Yunxia Wang, and Ya Li. "Evacuation Network Optimization with a Transit Staged Strategy." In 16th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479896.155.

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WONG, KELVIN H. L., and M. C. LUO. "TOTAL BUILDING EVACUATION STRATEGY FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0163.

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Chen, Ning, and Shou-Biao Li. "Research on Emergency Evacuation Strategy Selection Considering Uncertain Conditions." In 23rd COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484869.040.

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Zhang, Yahui. "Optimization of Emergency Evacuation Strategy Based on Social Force Model." In 5th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200312.068.

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Liu, Lina, and Hong Chen. "Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation Strategy in Subway Station Based on AnyLogic." In 20th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482933.304.

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Zhang, Lijie, Jianchang Liu, and Shubin Tan. "Research on Knowledge Navigation Strategy for Complex Building Fire Evacuation." In 2023 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Control and Robotics (EECR). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eecr56827.2023.10149988.

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