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Sujatmiko, K. A., and Y. Okumura. "Numerical Analysis of Evacuation Start in Pangandaran." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 925, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/925/1/012044.
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Abstract Tsunami evacuations plan should consider the behavior of local people. In this study tsunami evacuation start was analyzed using tsunami evacuation simulation consist of evacuee generation and evacuee behavior model. Pangandaran west beach was selected as the target area due to its popularity as a tourist spot and fishery activities in West Java. Evacuation simulations were conducted using 500 evacuations agents with tsunami shelter and grand mosques as goal for the safer place. A total of six evacuation scenarios were made using a different set of evacuation triggers parameter value with the combination of influence weight and effective range. The simulation result indicates that the influence weight which made 57% of people start evacuation immediately after the earthquake happened showed an instantaneous evacuation. Simulation result that was using lower influence weight and lower exposure range showed a more gradual tsunami evacuation. The simulation gave promising results that Pangandaran people could be safely evacuating if they raise their awareness and preparedness. The low-cost simulations that were used in this study provide an insight into the behaviors of Indonesians during disaster evacuation and might use as support for tsunami evacuation planning. However, to produce more satisfactory result we need to conduct field survey and tsunami drill to gain more information of people behavior during tsunami evacuation.
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Wang, Yuchen, Jianxiao Ma, Yuhang Liu, Yingjia Bai, and Le Xu. "Optimal exit choice during highway tunnel evacuations based on the fire locations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): e0256523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256523.
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In the case of a fire, the choice of exit in the highway tunnel is strictly limited by fire location, which seriously affects the evacuation time. A spontaneous or disorderly exit choice might result in a decreased evacuation efficiency and utilization rate of exits. In this paper, we propose a strategy to obtain the optimal exit choice based on fire location during highway tunnel evacuations. In our strategy, first, the vehicle distributions and locations of evacuating occupants are determined in the traffic simulation program VISSIM. The evacuation simulation software BuildingEXODUS is employed to obtain the corresponding parameters of the evacuation process and analyze the impacts of different fire locations on the evacuation time. During the analysis, the optimal productivity statistics (OPS) is selected as the evaluation index. Then, the feature points of the crowding occupants are captured by the fuzzy c-means (FCM) cluster algorithm. Next, based on the feature points, the relationship between the location of the fire and boundary of the optimal exit choice under the optimal OPS is obtained through the polynomial regression model. It is found that the R-squared(R2) and sum of squares for error (SSE) of the polynomial regression model, reflecting the accuracy estimation, are 98.02% and 2.79×10−4, respectively. Moreover, different fire locations impact the evacuation time of tunnel entrance and evacuation passageway. This paper shows that the location of the fire and boundary of optimal exit choice have a negative linear correlation. Taking the fire 110 m away from the evacuation passageway as an example, the OPS of our strategy can be decreased by 35.6% when compared with no strategies. Our proposed strategy could be applied to determine the location of variable evacuation signs to help evacuating occupants make optimal exit choices.
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Kulkarni, Prathit A., Hui Gu, Stella Tsai, Marian Passannante, Soyeon Kim, Pauline A. Thomas, Christina G. Tan, and Amy L. Davidow. "Evacuations as a Result of Hurricane Sandy: Analysis of the 2014 New Jersey Behavioral Risk Factor Survey." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 6 (June 29, 2017): 720–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.21.
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AbstractObjectiveWe characterized evacuations related to Hurricane Sandy, which made landfall in New Jersey on October 29, 2012.MethodsWe analyzed data from the 2014 New Jersey Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. The proportion of respondents reporting evacuation was used to estimate the number of New Jersey adults who evacuated. We determined evacuation rates in heavily impacted and less-impacted municipalities, as well as evacuation rates for municipalities under and not under mandatory evacuation orders. We tested associations between demographic and health factors, such as certain chronic health conditions, and evacuation.ResultsAmong respondents, 12.7% (95% CI: 11.8%-13.6%) reported evacuating, corresponding to approximately 880,000 adults. In heavily impacted municipalities, 17.0% (95% CI: 15.2%-18.7%) evacuated, compared with 10.1% (95% CI: 9.0%-11.2%) in less-impacted municipalities. In municipalities under mandatory evacuation orders, 42.5% (95% CI: 35.1%-49.8%) evacuated, compared with 11.8% (95% CI: 10.9%-12.9%) in municipalities not under mandatory orders. Female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.14-1.64), unmarried status (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02-1.46), shorter length of residence (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.03-1.60), and living in a heavily impacted municipality (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.54-2.20) were significantly associated with evacuation. History of stroke (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.02-2.53) was the only chronic condition associated with evacuation.ConclusionsApproximately 880,000 New Jersey adults evacuated because of Hurricane Sandy. Those in heavily impacted municipalities and municipalities under mandatory evacuation orders had higher evacuation rates; however, still fewer than half evacuated. These findings can be used for future disaster planning. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:720–728).
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Lewis, PhD, Carol Abel, Sandra Onyejekwe, MS, Garlin Wynn, MS, and Brandon Mosley, MS. "Options for improving evacuation: Investigating an unconventional strategy and expanding route options using TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System." Journal of Emergency Management 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0229.
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Various agencies including state departments of transportation, emergency management offices, a municipal works agency, or a highway patrol agency may prepare evacuation plans. Storm strength and landfall predictions determine procedures and strategies. Studies have been conducted that examined various methods considering evacuees’ behaviors, traffic control, safety, and preferential routing. The occasions when a hurricane is imminent require residents to make a choice between sheltering-in-place or evacuating. Tremendous growth is anticipated in many US coastal communities and that will place greater pressure on evacuation strategies in future years. Given the inevitability of future hurricane evacuations and the intensive growth projections for US coastal areas, this research examines evacuation options with a focus on the Houston-Galveston region. The research examines two scenarios using the TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System simulation model which relies on a GIS base. Study results showed that both scenarios perform well as alternative options for inclusion in regional planning. It is recommended that these two scenarios be included in the array of responses available for decision makers depending on the myriad of variables—citizen response, congestion levels on the roadways and location, and prediction of an impending storm. The options may be applied independently or in concert with other strategies.
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Kim, Minjun, and Gi-Hyoug Cho. "Influence of Evacuation Policy on Clearance Time under Large-Scale Chemical Accident: An Agent-Based Modeling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 9442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249442.
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Large-scale chemical accidents that occur near areas with large populations can cause significant damage not only to employees in a workplace but also to residents near the accident site. Despite the increasing frequency and severity of chemical accidents, few researchers have argued for the necessity of developing scenarios and simulation models for these accidents. Combining the TRANSIMS (Transportation Analysis and Simulation System) agent-based model with the ALOHA (Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres) dispersion model, this study aims to develop a modeling framework for simulating emergency evacuations in response to large-scale chemical accidents. The baseline accident scenario assumed the simultaneous leakage of toxic chemicals from industrial complexes near residential areas. The ALOHA model results showed that approximately 60% of residents in the scenario’s city were required to evacuate their homes. The majority of evacuees completed their evacuations within 5 h in the baseline scenario (evacuating maximum number of private vehicles without any intervention), while the distribution of the population and street network density caused geographical variability in clearance time. Clearance time can be significantly reduced by changing both the evacuees’ behaviors and the evacuation policy, which suggests the necessity for proper public intervention when the mass evacuation of residents is required due to chemical accidents.
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Wang, Ding, Kaan Ozbay, and Zilin Bian. "Modeling and Analysis of Optimal Strategies for Leveraging Ride-Sourcing Services in Hurricane Evacuation." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084444.
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In many large-scale evacuations, public agencies often have limited resources to evacuate all citizens, especially vulnerable populations such as the elderly and disabled people, and the demand for additional transportation means for evacuation can be high. The recent development of ride-sourcing companies can be leveraged in evacuations as an additional and important resource in future evacuation planning. In contrast to public transit, the availability of ride-sourcing drivers is highly dependent on the price, since surge pricing will occur when the demand is high and the supply is low. The key challenge is thus to find the balance between evacuation demand and driver supply. Based on the two-sided market theory, we propose mathematical modeling and analysis strategies that can help balance demand and supply through a pricing mechanism designed for ride-sourcing services in evacuation. A subsidy is considered in the model such that lower-income and vulnerable individuals could benefit from ride-sourcing services. A hypothetical hurricane evacuation scenario in New York City in the case study showed the feasibility of the proposed method and the applicability of subsidies for ride-sourcing services in evacuation. The methodology and results given in this research can provide useful insights for modeling on-demand ride-sourcing for future evacuation planning.
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Ni, Qingbiao, and Manuel D. Rossetti. "Simulation Evacuation Modeling of A Commercial Shopping District to Safe Zones." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 31, no. 1 (March 2013): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701303100104.
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Commercial shopping districts offer challenges for emergency planners to plan for the evacuation of short-notice emergency events. This paper illustrates a simulation analysis of the evacuation a large commercial shopping district, which focuses on street and parking lot vehicle traffic. Microscopic simulation is used to track the behaviors of vehicles evacuating from parking lots to safe zones. Evacuation scenarios investigate evacuation strategies by varying factors involving the occupancy rate of parking lots, inbound traffic control, and destination assignment policy. The performance of the evacuating vehicles is measured by an evacuation risk profile including the most problematic parking lots in terms of evacuation time. A trade-off analysis illustrates the effectiveness of the evacuation strategies in terms of costs, time, and risk. The simulation results indicate that an optimized destination assignment policy can alleviate traffic congestion and reduce total evacuation time.
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Kim, Imgyu, Hyuncheol Kim, and Soonhung Han. "An Evacuation Simulation for Hazard Analysis of Isolation at Sea during Passenger Ship Heeling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 9393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249393.
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The Crisis Management Manual is essential for safe and rapid evacuation in the event of an accident. However, the disaster response measures in the current ship evacuation manual are not systematic and are simple and impractical. In particular, the current instructions when the ship is heeling call for evacuation to the highest deck, in the opposite direction. This advice is dangerous, however, because it is isolated to a specific space, due to the walking limit angle according to the angle of heel during evacuation. This study focuses on the MV Sewol ferry accident on 16 April 2014, to evaluate the risk of isolation at sea when evacuating to the highest deck opposite in the direction of heeling when the ship was sinking. According to the initial angle of heel and various angular velocities, hazard maps were created for each safety factor to predict the risks for each situation, by performing a comprehensive evaluation of the safe and dangerous situations when evacuating to the highest deck. The problems and limitations of the current evacuation manuals and systems were identified, and the necessity of a new evacuation solution was presented.
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Chu, Hao, Jia Yu, Jiahong Wen, Min Yi, and Yun Chen. "Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Management Optimization in Urban Residential Communities." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030795.
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Timely and secure evacuation of residents in communities is of great importance during unexpected disasters or emergency events. This study proposes a framework of evacuation simulation for optimizing emergency management in urban residential communities. Compared to traditional methods, the advantage of our framework lies in three aspects: (1) The method highlights easy-crowded areas in both indoor and outdoor evacuations. (2) Family behaviors are considered and implemented in evacuations. (3) Detailed measures on management optimization are spatially mapped based on a multi-level analysis and the comparison of evacuation simulation results in different scenarios. A case study in Changhongfang residential community, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China, was conducted to demonstrate the method feasibility. Simulation results have exposed potential evacuation problems in the community. A series of detailed recommended measures have been generated. These measures can help to create better emergency management for the community.
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Zhao, Pengfei, Lishan Sun, Liya Yao, Li Cui, and Kaili Zhang. "Analysis of Impact of Group Walking Patterns on Pedestrian Evacuation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2604, no. 1 (January 2017): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2604-09.
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An understanding of the walking patterns of groups of pedestrians in an evacuation is critical for the establishment of policies, procedures, and organizational structures to respond effectively to emergencies. Groups of pedestrians compose a crowd in which pedestrian motions are significantly constrained to maintain cohesion. On the basis of behavior theory, this paper proposes a multiagent model for the simulation of crowds of pedestrians. The main innovative aspect of this model is the genuine representation of the patterns of movement of groups of pedestrians. Patterns of movement consisting of the line-abreast pattern, the chain pattern, and the mixed pattern were investigated, and their influences on evacuations were evaluated quantitatively by taking into account the discrepant densities, disparate distributions of the proportions of pedestrian groups of different sizes, and heterogeneous velocities of groups of pedestrians. The simulation results show that the walking patterns of groups of pedestrians have a significant influence on the dynamics of pedestrian evacuation. The chain pattern was safer when the time of evacuation under high-density conditions was considered, and the mixed pattern had a better performance under moderate-density conditions. Moreover, the influence of patterns of movement was distinct with different distributions of pedestrian groups of different sizes; the chain pattern had the highest evacuation efficiency among the three patterns of pedestrian movement. In addition, a homogeneous velocity condition had a higher evacuation efficiency than a heterogeneous velocity condition. Thus, a chain pattern with a homogeneous velocity is recommended as the optimal pattern of movement in pedestrian evacuations when the safety and efficiency of plans and designs for the evacuation of pedestrian traffic with the different patterns of movement are considered.
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Lakosa, Fegi Yani. "Analisis SWOT dalam Pelaksanaan Pengelolaan Tempat Evakuasi Sementara oleh BPBD Kota Padang." JESS (Journal of Education on Social Science) 3, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jess/vol3-iss2/187.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by the Padang city BPBD in managing temporary evacuation sites. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive methods. The results of this study indicate that the strength of the Regional Disaster Management Agency in the City of Padang in managing this temporary evacuation site is to have a legal basis such as a Decree issued by the Padang BPBD Chief of Management in conducting management, law number 24 of 2007 concerning countermeasures disaster and lau number 28 of 2002 concerning building. As for the Weaknesses faced are human resources and the limited budges for managing temporary evacuation sites. Then what becomes an opportunity is that the existence of the legal basis provides an opportunity to collaboration with other organizations in evaluating the management of temporary evacuations sites. Furthermore, the threat faced is the presence of irresponsible people who take electrical equipment arround the temporary evacuations site
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Hou, Jing-Ming, Xiao-Juan Li, Ye Yuan, Zhi-Yuan Ren, Lian-Da Zhao, Zong-Chen Wang, and Jun-Cheng Wang. "Scenario-Based Tsunami Evacuation Analysis: A Case Study of Haimen Town, Taizhou, China." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 03 (August 14, 2017): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500087.
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In current tsunami prevention and mitigation, evacuation is the most important method of saving people’s lives. Tsunami evacuation is analyzed for a given travel time and a specific inundation area. Before evacuation analysis, the tsunami inundation and tsunami travel time are first calculated by numerical modeling. This paper analyzes the tsunami evacuation of Haimen Town, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou City, China, under the hypothesis of a magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario in the Ryukyu Trench. The Cornell multi-grid coupled tsunami (COMCOT) model and Tsunami Travel Time (TTT) model are used to calculate the tsunami inundation and tsunami travel time, respectively. GIS techniques are used to solve the evacuation problem. Both horizontal and vertical evacuations are adopted based on the Chinese community characteristics, disaster prevention facilities, land use, and other practical conditions. A cost raster is used to analyze the arrival cost of each grid in the study area. The location allocation and cost allocation methods are used to solve shelter selection and coverage problems, respectively. The network analyst is applied to provide evacuation routes for each community. The evacuation analysis results can provide a scientific reference for the development of tsunami evacuation plans.
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Baker, Karen. "Reflection on Lessons Learned: An Analysis of the Adverse Outcomes Observed During the Hurricane Rita Evacuation." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.27.
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AbstractIn September 2005, nearly 3.7 million people evacuated the Texas coastline in advance of Hurricane Rita’s landfall, making the event the largest emergency evacuation in US history. The Rita evacuation underscored the importance of planning for domestic mass-evacuation events, as the evacuation itself led to over 100 of the at least 119 deaths attributed to the storm. In the days preceding Rita’s landfall, several cascading, interrelated circumstances precipitated such adverse outcomes. This article explores the series of events leading up to the evacuation’s poor outcomes, the response following Rita to amend evacuation plans, and how Texas successfully implemented these changes during later storms to achieve better outcomes. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:115–120)
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Gironda, Hugo H. Poveda, Satoru Sadohara, Satoshi Yoshida, and Keiko Inagaki. "Empirical Data Analysis and Simulation Modeling for Evacuation Movement with the Presence of Irregular Non-Continuous Exterior Stairs." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0136.
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Studies on evacuation behavior are often based on regular favorable scenarios, but more urban areas are adversely affected by natural disasters, many of them under extreme geographic conditions, and very little is known on how these conditions affect evacuation processes, especially in communities with neither experience nor disaster education.We collected empirical data during announced evacuation practices in a landslide-prone urban area from La Paz, Bolivia. Based on this experiment, we measured time, velocity and participants’ behavior, then process results and input them as parameters to a 3-dimensional (3D) agent-based evacuation simulation model of the evacuation practice location to simulate real scenario evacuations focused on community residents walking on stairs and steep streets.Our objective is to explain procedures for simulating two evacuation cases with different premises and to compare results from the two.Results show that one case is more effective simply by following a simple rule of evacuation path selection. Our ultimate purpose is to create a compelling graphic tool for teaching persons about early short-term evacuation, including the importance of early planned evacuation. It also provides persons with opportunities participate in virtual drills.
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Putra, I. Made Edy Kusuma, and Hanna Prillysca Chernovita. "Mapping of Tsunami disaster evacuation pathways based on Tsunami altitude scenario using Network Analyst Method (case study: Palu City, Central Sulawesi)." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v4i1.2012.
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Central Sulawesi's Palu city is one of the regions in Indonesia that is vulnerable to tsunami disasters. A tsunami disaster is a disaster that can cause many victims of both casualties and materials. One of the disaster mitigation to reduce the victim's fall is by evacuating the community to a safer place, to evacuate the population required evacuation routes that can direct people to evacuation sites. The purpose of this research is to make a tsunami runoff using cost distance and to make tsunami evacuation and use a Network analyst on Arcgis 10.4 software. The most affected regional analysis is the Northern Palu sub-district with a total area of 8.643528 km2, and there are 93 evacuation routes with 92 evacuation points. The longest evacuation route is 4,297 M with a travel time of 27.6 minutes with running and the shortest evacuation route of 96 m with a travel time of 0.6 minutes by running.
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Ionescu, Ștefan, Ionuț Nica, and Nora Chiriță. "Cybernetics Approach Using Agent-Based Modeling in the Process of Evacuating Educational Institutions in Case of Disasters." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 10277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810277.
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In the context of an emergency, evacuating people from a location in the shortest possible time is essential, as is the high degree of safety that people should expect when evacuating. Lately, in Romania there have been more and more fire events generated by different causes. This article will use agent-based modeling to simulate an emergency evacuation model in NetLogo. The model has been used to perform and analyze various scenarios. With the help of NetLogo, we managed to perform 400 simulations with the evacuation of 180 people (students, teachers, and non-teaching staff) based on which we developed several recommendations to streamline the evacuation process in order to reduce the possibility of death. The present research will help to identify the evacuation times from a school, but it will also highlight certain aspects that may occur during the evacuation. The model that was used in this research took into account the individual particularities of the people taking part in the evacuation, emphasizing the effects that form in a crowd of people when evacuating; effects such as the funnel effect, which is caused by the formation of bottlenecks around narrow areas. All these things are part of the analysis of the measurement of entropy of the exhaust system, a problem that has captured all of the specialists’ attention. Finally, solutions have been proposed to improve evacuation time in case of disasters.
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Luathep, Paramet, and Sittha Jaensirisak. "Evaluation of Accessibility to Evacuation Centers in Asian Developing City." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.567.
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As the rapid growth of urbanization, risk of flooding in Asian developing cities has been increasing. Though local agencies have integrated their efforts to develop flood preparedness strategies, deploy early warning systems, and plan for evacuations, the cities are particularly vulnerable. This paper aims at evaluating accessibility to evacuation centers in Asian developing city. Hat Yai city (Thailand) was selected as a case study. In this paper, the accessibility was evaluated by travel time between evacuees houses and evacuation centers. The accessibility time to the public evacuation centers were determined. The sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between evacuation demand and total travel time in the network. Finally, traffic conditions on evacuation routes were evaluated.
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Galea, E. R., K. M. Finney, A. J. P. Dixon, A. Siddiqui, and D. P. Cooney. "An analysis of exit availability, exit usage and passenger exit selection behaviour exhibited during actual aviation accidents." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1106 (April 2006): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001214.
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Abstract The exits which passengers select in evacuation situations and the exits which are available post-crash is of great interest to aviation safety regulators who make rulings defining exit separation and aircraft evacuation certification, aircraft designers who develop the interior layout of aircraft cabins and position exits within the fuselage, cabin safety specialists who develop procedures for managing aircraft evacuation and cabin crew who must control aircraft evacuations. In this paper we examine issues associated with passenger exit selection behaviour and exit configurations frequently experienced during survivable crashes. This work makes use of the latest version of the Aircraft Accident Statistics and Knowledge database AASK V4.0, which contains information from 105 survivable crashes and over 2,000 survivors.
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Lee, Hong Sang, and Ha Sung Kong. "Analysis of Evacuation Times Based on Changing the Arrangements of Neonatal Units in Postnatal Care Centers." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.157.
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This study aims to measure the changes in evacuation time, with respect to the arrangement of a neonatal unit in a postnatal care center, by using an evacuation simulation program for analysis. Currently, the “Mother And Child Health Care Act, 2022” prohibits the installation of postpartum care centers above the second floor, but more than 80% of existing centers are located on the third floor or higher, producing problems with vertical evacuation. There are also no regulations for the placement of the neonatal unit when only one neonatal unit is in operation. Therefore, in the event of a fire, crowding and confusion would produce problems when mothers are evacuating with their babies. Since there are no regulations regarding the distribution of neonatal rooms, postpartum nursing homes are operating only one neonatal room in order to cut costs. Therefore, in such a concentrated arrangement, in the event of a fire, crowding and confusion would produce problems when mothers are evacuating with their babies. Considering these issues, evacuation times were compared and analyzed by changing the layout of a postnatal care center. This included where there was only one neonatal unit, where the neonatal and postpartum units were distributed on the same floor, and where these units were distributed on separate floors. The results showed a significant difference in evacuation times for the proposed arrangements, ranging from 584.3s to 456.0s. Considering the safety of vulnerable newborns and mothers, regulations for low-floor layouts of postnatal care centers are necessary to ensure quick evacuation.
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Li, Xintian, Samiul Hasan, and Aron Culotta. "Identifying Hurricane Evacuation Intent on Twitter." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May 31, 2022): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19320.
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Evacuations have a significant impact on saving human lives during hurricanes. However, as a complex dynamic process, it is typically difficult to know individual evacuation decisions in real-time. Since a large amount of information is continuously posted through social media platforms, we can use them to understand individual evacuation behavior. In this paper, we collect tweets during Hurricane Irma in 2017 and train a text classifier in an active learning way to distinguish tweets expressing positive evacuation decisions from both negative and irrelevant ones. Additionally, we perform a demographic analysis and content clustering to investigate the potential causes and correlates of evacuation decisions. The results can be used to help inform planning strategies of emergency response agencies.
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Bae, Chang Yeon, and Kenichiro Kobayashi. "Analysis of Evacuation Time for Vulnerable Individuals During Inundation of Lowland Areas." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0866.
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There is an increasing demand for establishing pre-emptive measures for disaster management. However, there is a lack of support systems available for vulnerable individuals living in disaster-prone regions in Korea. This study constructs a multi-agent simulation model to analyze the evacuation time for Dongnae district and Yeonje district in Busan, Korea. In disaster-prone regions, vulnerable people experience difficulties, such as, obtaining updated information about the disaster situation, and this reduces their evacuation speed. Additionally, there is a possibility that the evacuation speed, while evacuating vulnerable people, may decrease due to environmental and geographic factors, including the slope and elevation of the areas. Therefore, this section of the society requires special attention and policies that are different from those made for people who may not face such calamities and are physically abled. An analysis based on factors such as road slopes and delays in evacuation due to flooding, was conducted to formulate realistic evacuation plans for people who are vulnerable. The location of shelters in the case of flooding in Dongnae and Yeonje district, have been better identified. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the evacuation time could be reduced if wide-area evacuation is implemented. This study provides a base for developing suitable shelters and evacuation plans for disaster-prone regions.
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Isya, M., Azmeri Azmeri, and Enny Irmawati Hasan. "Analisis Kelayakan Proses Evakuasi Vertikal pada Daerah Zona Merah di Kecamatan Kuta Alam." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v10i1.18180.
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Kuta Alam Subdistrict is one of the Districts which are prone to tsunami disaster, 5 Gampongs from 11 Gampongs in Kuta Alam Sub-district are Gampong in the red zone, namely Gampong Lampulo, Gampong Lamdingin, gampong Lambaro Skep, Gampong Mulia, and gampong Peunayong. Based on the level of vulnerability, the five Gampongs are included in the Village which has a very high risk of tsunami. The main strategy to reduce disaster risk is to reduce casualties, namely by evacuating residents in vulnerable areas before the tsunami wave arrives in the area. Vertical evacuation is an evacuation carried out by moving residents from exposed areas by utilizing tall buildings or hills around vulnerable areas as evacuation sites. The feasibility of evacuation can be seen from the feasibility of the route, the feasibility of alternative evacuation buildings, travel time, and the mode used. From the analysis, it was found there is 11 alternative evacuation buildings can be used as evacuation buildings, where all buildings are declared feasible, and 11 evacuation routes, where only 1 route is declared feasible to be taken by vertical evacuation, while the other 10 routes are not feasible to walk
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Guest, Jack, Todd Eaglin, Kalpathi Subramanian, and William Ribarsky. "Interactive analysis and visualization of situationally aware building evacuations." Information Visualization 14, no. 3 (January 7, 2014): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871613516292.
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Evacuation of large urban structures, such as campus buildings, arenas, or stadiums, is of prime interest to emergency responders and planners. Although there is a large body of work on evacuation algorithms and their application, most of these methods are impractical to use in real-world scenarios (nonreal-time, for instance) or have difficulty handling scenarios with dynamically changing conditions. Our overall goal in this work is toward developing computer visualizations and real-time visual analytic tools for evacuations of large groups of buildings, and in the long term, integrate this with the street networks in the surrounding areas. A key aspect of our system is to provide situational awareness and decision support to first responders and emergency planners. In our earlier work, we demonstrated an evacuation system that employed a modified variant of a heuristic-based evacuation algorithm, which (1) facilitated real-time complex user interaction with first responder teams, in response to information received during the emergency; (2) automatically supported visual reporting tools for spatial occupancy, temporal cues, and procedural recommendations; and (3) multi-scale building models, heuristic evacuation models, and unique graph manipulation techniques for producing near real-time situational awareness. The system was tested in collaboration with our campus police and safety personnel, via a tabletop exercise consisting of three different scenarios. In this work, we have redesigned the system to be able to handle larger groups of buildings, in order to move toward a full-campus evacuation system. We demonstrate an evacuation simulation involving 22 buildings in the University of North Carolina, Charlotte campus. Second, the implementation has been redesigned as a WebGL application, facilitating easy dissemination and use by stakeholders.
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Chien, Shen-Wen, and Wei-Jou Wen. "A Research of the Elevator Evacuation Performance and Strategies for Taipei 101 Financial Center." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0581.
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Issues revolving around the use of elevator evacuation in highrise buildings for emergencies (both firerelated and nonfire-related) have long been under debate. This research investigates the performance of using elevator evacuation in Taipei 101, the second tallest building in the world. Taipei 101 Financial Centre (the main building) is used mainly for office occupancy and contains a total of 61 elevators. The analysis for this study was carried out using simulation results from building EXODUS and FDS. The results show that using elevators as a method of evacuation can help shorten up the time in a nonfire-related emergency, but in the case of fire events, elevator evacuation is less effective due to the nature of the structural layout, reliability of electric power and other factors. The results for nonfire-related evacuation time found in this study correspond to some literature on elevator evacuations from abroad.
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Gaire, Nirdosh, Ziqi Song, Keith M. Christensen, Mohammad Sadra Sharifi, and Anthony Chen. "Exit Choice Behavior of Pedestrians Involving Individuals with Disabilities During Building Evacuations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118756875.
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Pedestrian evacuation studies are critical in obtaining information about evacuation scenarios and in preparing to face the challenges of actual evacuations. Studies have examined evacuation policies, exit choice modeling, and evacuation curve analysis. Some studies have addressed the evacuation behavior of individuals with disabilities (IWDs), although this important aspect of evacuation seems to be missing from modeling of the exit choice in many studies. In modeling of the exit choice for evacuation, many studies have been found to be based on the stated preference survey method, where evacuees are asked to choose an exit based on descriptions, without an actual experiment taking place. This study focuses on the discrete choice model of the exit choice in the room for both IWDs and individuals without disabilities (IWODs). The results demonstrate that the presence of IWDs in the group plays a crucial role in the exit choice for all evacuees. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences in exit choice between IWDs and IWODs. Current evacuation policies have been found to be more focused on visual signs, while this study demonstrates that these visual signs are of little importance to individuals with visual disabilities.
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Kim, PhD, Karl, Brian Wolshon, PhD, Pradip Pant, PhD, Eric Yamashita, MURP, and Jiwnath Ghimire, PhD. "Assessment of evacuation training needs: Targeting instruction to meet the requirements of local communities and agencies." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0518.
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As the need to prepare for, respond to, and recover from major disruptive events continues to become more critical, the use of evacuation as a protective action strategy when confronted with life-threatening disasters is a key component of community resilience planning. While the basic concepts of evacuations are straightforward and consistent across locations and hazard types, the details of planning and managing an evacuation are more varied and complex. To improve evacuation preparedness, the training of emergency managers, police, and transportation agencies becomes key. This study assesses the need for evacuation training among key governmental agencies. A national survey of evacuation planning training needs among emergency managers and those involved in transportation management and operations was undertaken in 2016. This paper summarizes key findings of this survey, which included 727 respondents across 136 cities and 48 states and 2 territories, to reveal the results of this training-needs self-assessment. Based on this analysis, training needs and other recommendations for the development and delivery of curriculum on evacuation planning are presented.
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Dixon, PhD, Zachary, and Valecha Drishti, MS. "Critical decisions in hurricane evacuation bridge and roadway closures." Journal of Emergency Management 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0558.
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The closure of bridges and roadways during hurricanes can represent an abrupt end to evacuations for the residents of coastal barrier island. Despite the gravity of bridge and roadway closures during hurricane evacuations, their governing policies and practices in the United States are often opaque, poorly defined, or mired in confusion. The lack of clarity among bridge and roadway closure policy rationales and terminology, as well as their wide dissensus, may disrupt public compliance and participation in hurricane evacuations. This article argues for the application of critical decision methods (CDMs) analysis in hurricane evacuation bridge and roadways closures as a means of producing better, evidence-based policies and practices. Using CDM to study the decision-making of the experts responsible for the actual work of closing bridges and roadways in hurricane evacuations can help produce more detailed, evidence-based policies, more compelling communication about those policies, and greater public compliance in hurricane evacuations.
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Karpov, Andrey B., Andjey V. Skobelsky, Erzhena R. Badmaeva, Ivan P. Shibalkov, Roman G. Mazurov, and Sergey A. Antipov. "Medical evacuation of remote industrial sites personnel. Fundamental problems and methods of its solving." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 65, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2021-65-3-214-221.
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Introduction. The organization of medical assistance for employees of remote industrial facilities is a highly pressing task, and the role of medical evacuation in the health care system can hardly be overestimated. There is currently no unified medical evacuation system. There is no data on the structure of the reasons for evacuations and economic justification for the required amount of funding for this area in Russia. Purpose. The assessment of the structure of the reasons for medical evacuations of the personnel from remote industrial facilities and their possible relationship to seasonality, the profile of the enterprises, and the age of workers. Material and methods. Considering that men constitute most industrial facilities’ personnel, the analysis of 1,823 evacuations among male personnel (1,159 planned and 664 emergencies) was carried out. The structure of the reasons for evacuations was studied depending on the age, season, and industrial enterprise profile. The χ2 Pearson criterion (significance level p <0.05) was used to assess the significance of differences between analyzed indices. Results. In the structure of all evacuations of the personnel of remote industrial facilities, diseases of the circulatory system are the leading reason for evacuations, followed by injuries and poisoning, diseases of the digestive system and respiratory diseases. The main reason for emergency evacuations is injuries and poisoning. In the group of workers under 39 years old, injuries and poisoning, diseases of the digestive system and diseases of the circulatory system take the first three positions. In the more senior age groups, diseases of the circulatory system prevail, injuries and poisoning take second place, and digestive diseases take third place. Conclusion. The main directions in improving the health care system and maintaining the health of the personnel of remote industrial facilities include the development of the legal framework for activities in the field of remote health care, the organization of the unified state system of medical evacuations, the development and the implementation of telemedicine technologies, the organization of educational courses and training programs for medical professionals in the field of remote health care.
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Mace, Sharon, Daniel Caicedo, and Aishwarya Sharma. "Mortality in Nursing Home Evacuations in the United States from 1995-2017." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000244.
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Introduction:There are an estimated 15,600 nursing homes with a total of 1.4 million residents in the United States. The number of residents will continue to increase due to the aging population, and the associated morbidities will make it difficult to evacuate them safely.Aim:This study is the first of its kind to provide an analysis of the number of nursing home deaths caused by external and internal events following evacuations.Methods:Information from the databases Lexis Nexis and PubMed were compiled and limited to news articles from 1995-2017. The gathered information included the reason for evacuation, injuries, deaths, and locations within the United States.Results:From 1995 to 2017, there was a total of 51 evacuations and 141 deaths in nursing homes. 27 (53%) evacuations were due to external events which resulted in a combined 121 (86%) deaths, and 24 (47%) evacuations were due to internal events which resulted in a combined 20 (14%) deaths. Hurricanes were responsible for the majority of deaths during evacuations, followed by fires and floods. The number of evacuations and deaths increased the greatest between 2005 to 2008.Discussion:External events have the greatest impact on loss of life. Internal disasters are about equal in the number of incidents, however, external events have a much greater mortality rate. Exact numbers on injuries, morbidity, and mortality are difficult to ascertain, but it appears to be related to natural disasters. In view of the increasing likelihood of natural disasters related to global warming, a drastic improvement of standard evacuation procedures of long-term nursing homes is critical to decreasing mortality of nursing home residents. There also needs to be a nationally standardized method of reporting evacuations in order to better analyze data on nursing homes.
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Huang, Wenrui, Kai Yin, Mahyar Ghorbanzadeh, Eren Ozguven, Sudong Xu, and Linoj Vijayan. "Integrating storm surge modeling with traffic data analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of hurricane evacuation." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 2021): 1301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0765-1.
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AbstractAn integrated storm surge modeling and traffic analysis were conducted in this study to assess the effectiveness of hurricane evacuations through a case study of Hurricane Irma. The Category 5 hurricane in 2017 caused a record evacuation with an estimated 6.8 million people relocating statewide in Florida. The Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model was applied to simulate storm tides during the hurricane event. Model validations indicated that simulated pressures, winds, and storm surge compared well with observations. Model simulated storm tides and winds were used to estimate the area affected by Hurricane Irma. Results showed that the storm surge and strong wind mainly affected coastal counties in south-west Florida. Only moderate storm tides (maximum about 2.5 m) and maximum wind speed about 115 mph were shown in both model simulations and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) post-hurricane assessment near the area of hurricane landfall. Storm surges did not rise to the 100-year flood elevation level. The maximum wind was much below the design wind speed of 150–170 mph (Category 5) as defined in Florida Building Code (FBC) for south Florida coastal areas. Compared with the total population of about 2.25 million in the six coastal counties affected by storm surge and Category 1–3 wind, the statewide evacuation of approximately 6.8 million people was found to be an over-evacuation due mainly to the uncertainty of hurricane path, which shifted from south-east to south-west Florida. The uncertainty of hurricane tracks made it difficult to predict the appropriate storm surge inundation zone for evacuation. Traffic data were used to analyze the evacuation traffic patterns. In south-east Florida, evacuation traffic started 4 days before the hurricane’s arrival. However, the hurricane path shifted and eventually landed in south-west Florida, which caused a high level of evacuation traffic in south-west Florida. Over-evacuation caused Evacuation Traffic Index (ETI) to increase to 200% above normal conditions in some sections of highways, which reduced the effectiveness of evacuation. Results from this study show that evacuation efficiency can be improved in the future by more accurate hurricane forecasting, better public awareness of real-time storm surge and wind as well as integrated storm surge and evacuation modeling for quick response to the uncertainty of hurricane forecasting.
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Sternberg, Ernest, George C. Lee, and Danial Huard. "Counting Crises: US Hospital Evacuations, 1971–1999." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 2004): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001667.
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AbstractObjectives:To investigate the relative distribution of hazards causing hospital evacuations, thereby to provide rudimentary risk information for hospital disaster planning.Methods:Cases of hospital evacuations were retrieved from newspaper and publication databases and classified according to hazard type, proximate and original cause, duration, and casualties. Both partial and full evacuations were included. The total number of evacuation incidents for all hazards were compared to the total number of hospital incidents for the one hazard, fire, for which national data is available.Results:There were 275 reported evacuation incidents from 1971–1999, with an annual average of 21 in the 1990s, the period for which databases were more reliable. The most, 33, were recorded in 1994, the year of the Northridge Earthquake. Of all incidents, 63 (23%) were attributable primarily to internal fire, followed by internal hazardous materials (HazMat) events (18%), hurricane (14%), human threat (13%), earthquake (9%), external fire (6%), flood (6%), utility failure (5%), and external HazMat (4%).Conclusions:More than 50% of the hospital evacuations occurred because of hazards originating in the hospital facility itself or from human intruders. While natural disasters were not the preponderant causes of evacuations, they caused severe problems when multiple hospitals in the same urban area were incapacitated simultaneously. Clearly, as hospitals are vulnerable to many hazards, mitigation investments should be assessed not in terms of single-hazard risk-cost-benefit analysis, but in terms of capacity to mitigate multiple hazards. In view of the many qualifications and limitations of the dataset used here, but value of such data for disaster planning, hospitals should be asked to submit standardized incident reports to permit national data gathering on major disruptions.
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Castro, Sebastián, Alan Poulos, Juan Carlos Herrera, and Juan Carlos de la Llera. "Modeling the Impact of Earthquake-Induced Debris on Tsunami Evacuation Times of Coastal Cities." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 1 (February 2019): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101917eqs218m.
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Tsunami alerts following severe earthquakes usually affect large geographical regions and require people to evacuate to higher safety zones. However, evacuation routes may be hindered by building debris and vehicles, thus leading to longer evacuation times and an increased risk of loss of life. Herein, we apply an agent-based model to study the evacuation situation of the coastal city of Iquique, north Chile, where most of the population is exposed to inundation from an incoming tsunami. The study evaluates different earthquake scenarios characterized by different ground motion intensities in terms of the evacuation process within a predefined inundation zone. Evacuating agents consider the microscale interactions with cars and other people using a collision avoidance algorithm. Results for the no ground shaking scenario are compared for validation with those of a real evacuation drill done in 2013 for the entire city. Finally, a parametric analysis is performed with ten different levels of ground motion intensity, showing that evacuation times for 95% of the population increase in 2.5 min on average when considering the effect of building debris.
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Zhang, Weihua, Wuyi Cheng, and Wenmei Gai. "Hazardous Chemicals Road Transportation Accidents and the Corresponding Evacuation Events from 2012 to 2020 in China: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 15182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215182.
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Based on accident data from the China Chemical Accident Information Network, detailed information was obtained from 2657 hazardous chemicals road transportation accidents (HCRTAs) and 148 evacuations caused by these accidents that occurred in China from 2012 to 2020. The characteristics and the development trend of the present HCRTAs in China and the rate of emergency are obtained via statistical analysis. Based on the probability of evacuation scenarios via historical statistics, the social cost of labor loss value of participating emergency responders, and evacuees’ placement and transfer cost as the consequences of evacuation events, an evacuation event grading model based on social risk assessment is constructed. Evaluating and classifying the risk of evacuation events caused by HCRTAs (148), the results demonstrated that the social risk caused by emergency scenarios F_61 (leakage due to overturning of hazardous chemical vehicles, which led to evacuation) and F_91 (leakage due to rear-end of hazardous chemical vehicles, which led to evacuation) was higher than other emergency scenarios. To reduce the dangers caused by HCRTAs, the framework for improving the emergency response capacity of communities is discussed and analyzed based on five aspects, which comprise land use planning, city construction, education promotion, information construction, and the layout of emergency resources.
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Sosnowski, Marcin, and Jerzy Pisarek. "Analiza porównawcza wyników modelowania ewakuacji z wykorzystaniem różnych modeli numerycznych." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa 2 (2014): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/tiib.2014.02.33.
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Haghani, Milad, Majid Sarvi, and Abbas Rajabifard. "Simulating Indoor Evacuation of Pedestrians: The Sensitivity of Predictions to Directional-Choice Calibration Parameters." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 1 (September 11, 2018): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796351.
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The increasing occurrence of safety-related incidents like fire and terror attacks in crowded public facilities and mass gatherings has heightened the importance of planning for efficient evacuations through optimizing evacuation routes and architectural designs. This calls for the development of simulation and analytical tools that can replicate occupants’ responses and thereby their most likely movement patterns. Such models must be accurate to prevent inappropriate design and planning. One major factor connected to prediction accuracy is the sensitivity of modeling outputs to the value of their various parameters. We report on implementation of a calibrated model of directional choices in a microscopic simulation model of pedestrians’ evacuation. We show how estimates of the aggregate measures of prediction are sensitive to the parameters of this tactical level (i.e., directional choice) model. Results demonstrate that the prediction of the total evacuation time and average individual evacuation times are closely correlated with one another in terms of their variation, and are both very sensitive to the specification of each directional choice parameter. Simulated evacuation time could vary up to nearly 30% depending on parameter values. The observed sensitivity highlighted the significance of importing well-calibrated parameters into such simulation models and practicing consistent degrees of accuracy for all levels of decision modeling. We also inferred that the two aggregate measures (i.e., total evacuation time and average individual evacuation times) can be used interchangeably as the basis for evacuation optimization or sensitivity analysis practices.
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Ferris, Thomas, Erick Moreno-Centeno, Justin Yates, Kisuk Sung, Mahmoud El-Sherif, and David Matarrita-Cascante. "Studying the Usage of Social Media and Mobile Technology during Extreme Events and Their Implications for Evacuation Decisions: A Case Study of Hurricane Sandy." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 34, no. 2 (August 2016): 204–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400202.
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Mobile technology, and the changing composition and purpose of social networks enabled by mobile devices have begun to noticeably impact the way self-evacuees prepare for and execute evacuations. We surveyed residents of New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy with results showing the ubiquity of mobile technology and its usage stability across social groups. During evacuation periods, increases in the use of microblogging sites were observed suggesting the importance of technology in evacuation contexts. Though traditional communication (e.g., in-person and t.v./radio) maintained high influence in decision planning, individuals exhibited a higher likelihood to accept and use information obtained through social media and mobile networks than has previously been documented. Using a k-means clustering analysis, we classified users based on their reported use of mobile technology during Sandy. Results show five distinct classification sets with varying degrees of mobile technology ownership and usage, further highlighting a changing paradigm in evacuation behaviour spurred by mobile technology.
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Yin, Ling, Jie Chen, Hao Zhang, Zhile Yang, Qiao Wan, Li Ning, Jinxing Hu, and Qi Yu. "Improving emergency evacuation planning with mobile phone location data." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 964–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808319874805.
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Timely responses to emergencies are critical for urban disaster and emergency management, particularly in densely populated mega-cities. Researchers and personnel involved in urban emergency management nowadays rely on computers to carry out complex evacuation planning. Agent-based modeling, which supports the representation of interactions among individuals and between individuals and their environments, has become a major approach to simulating evacuations wherein spatial–temporal dynamics and individual conditions need attention, such as congestion in urban areas. However, the development of optimal evacuation plans based upon agent-based evacuation simulations can be very time-consuming. In this study, to shorten the computation time to provide a timely response in an efficient way, we develop a knowledge database to store evacuation plans for typical population distributions generated by mobile phone location data. Subsequently, we use the prepared knowledge database (offline) to accelerate real-time (online) processes in searching for near-optimal evacuation plans. Our experimental result demonstrates that the evacuation plans generated with a knowledge database always outperform those that are generated without a knowledge database. Specifically, the knowledge database can reduce the computation time by an average of 96.76%, with an average fitness value improvement of 21.86%. This result confirms the effectiveness of our proposed approach in improving agent-based evacuation planning. With the rapid development of human sensor data collection and analysis, the estimation of a more accurate population distribution will become easier in future. Thus, we believe that the proposed approach of developing a knowledge database based on population distribution patterns will provide a more feasible alternative solution for evacuation planning in the practice of urban emergency management.
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Legono, D., F. Hidayat, D. Sisinggih, S. Wahyuni, and A. Suharyanto. "Performance of Flushing Efficiency of Sediment Evacuation from Wlingi and Lodoyo Reservoirs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012078.
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Abstract The sediment evacuation from the reservoir should be carried out when it disturbs the dam development’s functional design. There are issues regarding the objection to releasing sediment from the reservoir, especially related to potential environmental degradation of the river downstream. The sediment source entering the reservoirs is considerably variable, depending upon the catchment characteristics and the hydrological triggers. When limiting the erosion yield and controlling the sediment in the catchment, evacuating sediment from the reservoir could be the only alternative to avoid environmental degradation. Several issues showed that sediment evacuation from reservoirs is a cost-effective solution. Therefore, assessing the efficiency of sediment evacuation from a reservoir through flushing has become of high interest. This paper presents the analysis of the flushing efficiency performance of the flushing operation of Wlingi and Lodoyo Reservoir that was carried out on 10-17 March 2019. The flushing efficiencies are found to be 0.005 and 0.003 for Wlingi and Lodoyo Reservoirs, respectively. These figures are lower than that of Mrica Reservoir and other world reservoirs at higher than 0.1. Further analysis suggests the critical timing of the sediment evacuation schedule considering the inflow condition.
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Baranova, N. N. "Routing Problems in Medical Evacuation of Victims in Emergency Situations: Results of SWOT Analysis of Solutions to Situational Problems in Urban. Message 1." Disaster Medicine, no. 1 (February 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/2070-1004-2021-1-56-62.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the decisions of specialists of regional Services for disaster medicine (SMK) of the country on the application of routing principles during medical evacuation and to identify ways to improve the quality and effectiveness of medical evacuation measures (LEM) under various conditions of emergency situations with a large number of victims. Materials and methods of research. The research is based on 85 solutions to actual problems "100 victims" with different structure of the lesions according to their location and severity, with different proportion of adults and children and different locations of emergency with the use of technology case method (Case study) and SWOT analysis of medical evacuation events in liquidation health impacts of various emergency situations. The results of the study and their analysis. Medical specialists who took part in solving situational tasks-cases, and experts of the Staff of the All-Russian Service for Disaster Medicine (VSMK) identified a fairly large number of factors that affect the quality of medical evacuation measures in emergencies, which, in relation to SWOT analysis, can be structured into "internal"- strong and weak, and "external" – increasing the possibility of quality medical evacuation measures or increasing the risk of adverse outcomes. The analysis of the factors identified, in relation to the conduct of medical evacuations in the event of an emergency in the city, suburban area and in a remote area – more than 50 km from the city - revealed the strengths and weaknesses of each option: - when conducting medical evacuation in the city - the prevalence of strong "internal" sides and the presence of certain risks; - when conducting medical evacuation in the event of an emergency in a suburban area – similar positions, but with a number of differences that affect the routing; - when an emergency occurs in a remote area – a large number of weak "internal" factors and "external" risks are compensated by the available opportunities. In all cases of emergency, a weighted score of factors was carried out. As a result of the SWOT analysis, the goal was achieved – the directions of improving medical evacuation measures for the development of a strategy for "breakthrough", "development", "defense" and "containment" in each case of an emergency were identified.
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Primasari, Laras, Medhiansyah Putra Prawira, and M. Prasetiyo Effendi Yasin. "Reliance towards Temporary Evacuation Shelters (TES) during Tsunami Evacuation Process Case Study in Meuraksa District, Banda Aceh." Jurnal Lingkungan Binaan Indonesia 7, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32315/jlbi.7.2.86.
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When 2012 Banda Aceh earthquake triggered the tsunami warning signal, chaotic citywide evacuation was followed soon after. Unnecessary victims were fallen and damages were experienced due to this very disorganized process. The event raised questions whether the disaster education and evacuation training had successfully relayed essential information about evacuating process along with its safety instruments, including physical facilities such as the Temporary evacuation Shelters or TES. This paper aims to investigate Meuraksa District residents’ sense of reliance toward TES in their area during natural disaster, especially tsunami. The result will be analyzed to understand whether the district’s resident have embedded the basic survival skills taught in the routine trainings into their daily life, thus also in the decision making process during evacuation. Meuraksa was chosen as research location as it was the ground zero of 2004 Banda Aceh tsunami disaster. The research is carried out using mixed-method approach by data collected through face-to-face, in-depth interview procedure. The analysis shows that Meuraksa District residents’ reliance towards TES is very low. TES is intended to be one of the significant safe evacuation instruments. The citizens’ decision to opt out TES as shelters and safe destinations during natural disaster events is highly believe will be resulting in the same chaotic evacuation as one in 2012.
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Amirgaliyev, Yedilkhan, Aliya Kalizhanova, Ainur Kozbakova, Zhalau Aitkulov, and Aygerim Astanayeva. "Development of a systematic approach and mathematical support for the evacuation process." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 4 (111) (June 29, 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234959.
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In modern conditions, due to the vastness of the territory of Kazakhstan, with a certain probability, natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, avalanches, as well as accidents, destruction of buildings, epidemics, release of chemical toxic substances at industrial enterprises, fires in educational and medical institutions are possible, which justifies the relevance of modern methods and technologies for solving the problem of evacuation. The peculiarity of this work lies in the formation of an integrated approach for organizing the evacuation process both in peacetime as training for the event of an emergency situation (emergency), and in the event of the emergency itself. A conceptual diagram of an evacuation system is proposed that uses heterogeneous sources for receiving and transmitting information about the onset of an emergency. The input and output sources for receiving and transmitting information about the number of people in the building are determined. The main purpose of the system is to form an operational real-time evacuation plan. This work is the result of a phased implementation of an integrated evacuation system, which consists in building a mathematical model and a method for solving the problem of maximum flow in the network. A mathematical model has been developed for the optimal flow distribution along the Grindshiels network with the analysis of the flow formation and the characteristics of people’s motion in enclosed spaces. A game-theoretic approach and mathematical methods of the theory of hydraulic networks for finding an equilibrium state in flow-distribution networks have been developed. An algorithm for solving the evacuation problem using the graph approach is proposed. The results of this paper make it possible to systematically organize training evacuations, prepare resources, train the personnel responsible for evacuation in order to quickly respond in an emergency and carry out the evacuation process in order to avoid major consequences.
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Soreasen, John H. "When Shall We Leave? Factors Affecting the Timing of Evacuation Departures." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 9, no. 2 (August 1991): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709100900203.
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Very little work has been conducted on the dynamics of human behavior in evacuations. This paper documents what is known about the timing of departures in different emergency events. This is followed by an effort to model individual variations in warning receipt and evacuation departures in the Nanticoke, PA hazardous materials fire. Among the factors which arc significantly related to the lime of warning receipt are the mode of the first warning, the proximity to the site of the emergency and the type of structure inhabited The only significant variable related to mobilization time is the personalization of the warning. Perceived threat, age and family size were not related to mobilization time. The analysis points to the need for additional research to help understand the variability of human behavior in evacuations.
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Patel, Toral. "A cost–benefit analysis of the effect of shipboard telemedicine in a selected oceanic region." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 6, no. 1_suppl (February 2000): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633001934546.
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Data from a selected oceanic region, the UK search and rescue region, were used to establish the average annual number of ship diversions and emergency service call-outs arising from urgent medical problems of passengers or crew. During the period 1997–8 there were 228 medical evacuations. An attempt was made to estimate the extent to which some or all of the diversions and call-outs could have been averted if telemedical facilities had been available on-board the ships. The analysis showed that telemedicine would be an expensive alternative to existing evacuation methods, but did not allow for the fact that helicopter and lifeboat evacuations cannot be carried out in bad weather or at distances over 200 nautical miles (370 km) from land. Taking into consideration the cost of ship diversions in such circumstances produces completely different results. Telemedicine could clearly provide substantial cost-savings for the shipping industry, and a separate analysis focused on the shipowner alone would make an overwhelming economic argument for investment in a telemedicine service simply on the strength of diversion avoidance.
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Wang, Zhenfei, Chuchu Zhang, Junfeng Wang, Zhiyun Zheng, and Lun Li. "Research on Path Planning Algorithm for Crowd Evacuation." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (July 24, 2021): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081339.
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In recent years, crowded stampede incidents have occurred frequently, resulting in more and more serious losses. The common cause of such incidents is that when large-scale populations gather in a limited area, the population is highly unstable. In emergency situations, only when the crowd reaches the safe exit as soon as possible within a limited evacuation time to complete evacuation can the loss and casualties be effectively reduced. Therefore, the safety evacuation management of people in public places in emergencies has become a hot topic in the field of public security. Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the crowd path selection, this paper proposes an improved path-planning algorithm based on BEME (Balanced Evacuation for Multiple Exits). And pedestrian evacuation simulation is carried out in multi-exit symmetrical facilities. First, this paper optimizes the update method of the GSDL list in the BEME algorithm as the basis for evacuating pedestrians to choose an exit. Second, the collision between pedestrians is solved by defining the movement rule and collision avoidance strategy. Finally, the algorithm is compared with BEME and traditional path-planning algorithms. The results show that the algorithm can further shorten the global evacuation distance of the symmetrical evacuation scene, effectively balance the number of pedestrians at each exit and reduce the evacuation time. In addition, this improved algorithm uses a collision avoidance strategy to solve the collision and congestion problems in path planning, which helps to maximize evacuation efficiency. Whether the setting of the scene or the setting of the exit, all studies are based on symmetric implementation. This is more in line with the crowd evacuation in the real scene, making the experimental results more meaningful.
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Brachman, Micah L., Richard Church, Benjamin Adams, and Danielle Bassett. "Wayfinding during a wildfire evacuation." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 29, no. 3 (December 24, 2019): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2019-0216.
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Purpose Emergency evacuation plans are often developed under the assumption that evacuees will use wayfinding strategies such as taking the shortest distance route to their nearest exit. The purpose of this paper is to analyze empirical data from a wildfire evacuation analyzed to determine whether evacuees took a shortest distance route to their nearest exit and to identify any alternate wayfinding strategies that they may have used. Design/methodology/approach The wildfire evacuation analysis presented in this paper is the outcome of a natural experiment. A post-fire online survey was conducted, which included an interactive map interface that allowed evacuees to identify the route that they took. The survey results were integrated with several additional data sets using a GIS. Network analysis was used to compare the routes selected by evacuees to their shortest distance routes, and statistical hypothesis testing was employed to identify the wayfinding strategies that may have been used. Findings The network analysis revealed that 31 percent of evacuees took a shortest distance route to their nearest exit. Hypothesis testing showed that evacuees selected routes that had significantly longer distances and travel times than the shortest distance routes, and indicated that factors such as the downhill slope percentage of routes and the elevation of exits may have impacted the wayfinding process. Research limitations/implications This research is best regarded as a spatiotemporal snapshot of wayfinding behavior during a single wildfire evacuation, but could inspire additional research to establish more generalizable results. Practical implications This research may help emergency managers develop more effective wildfire evacuation plans. Originality/value This research presents an analysis of an original data set that contributes to the broader body of scientific knowledge on wayfinding and spatial behavior during emergency evacuations.
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Baranova, N. N. "Routing Problems during Medical Evacuation of Victims in Emergency Situations: Results of SWOT Analysis of Solutions of Situation Tasks in Suburban and Remote Areas. Message 2." Disaster Medicine, no. 2 (June 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/2070-1004-2021-2-68-76.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze and to evaluate the decisions of specialists of the Disaster Medicine Service of the regions on the application of routing principles during medical evacuation of victims in emergency situations and to identify ways to improve the quality and efficiency of medical evacuation measures in emergencies with a large number of victims arisen in suburban – up to 50 km from the city – zone and in remote – more than 50 km from the city – area. Materials and research methods. The materials of the study were 85 variants of solutions to the situational task «100 affected». The task had different structure of lesions in their localization and severity, different proportion of adults and children and variants of the place of occurrence of emergency situations. The tasks solutions were analyzed using case study technology and SWOT analysis method. Research results and their analysis. Medical specialists who took part in solving situational tasks-cases and experts from the Headquarters of the All-Russian Disaster Medicine Service revealed a fairly large number of factors affecting the quality of medical evacuation measures in emergencies. These factors in relation to SWOT analysis can be structured into «internal» (strengths and weaknesses) and «external» – enlarging opportunities for high-quality medical evacuation measures and reducing their risks. Analysis of the identified factors in relation to medical evacuations in emergencies revealed strengths and weaknesses of each option: — prevalence of «internal» strengths during medical evacuation in an emergency in the city, and the presence of certain risks – see Message 1 – option No. 1; — similar positions are determined during medical evacuation in an emergency in a suburban area, but with a number of differences affecting routing – Message 2 – option No. 2; — in an emergency in a remote area, a large number of «internal» weaknesses and «external» risks are compensated by available opportunities – Message 2 – option No. 2. For all emergency conditions, a weighted score of factors is given. As a result, the goal of the SWOT analysis was achieved – ways to improve treatment and evacuation measures were identified to develop strategies for «breakthrough», «development», «defense» and «containment» in each scenario of emergencies.
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Egodage, Nishadi, Fathima Nishara Abdeen, and Pournima Sridarran. "Fire emergency evacuation procedures for differently-abled community in high-rise buildings." Journal of Facilities Management 18, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-07-2020-0043.
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Purpose The incidence of disability is increasing globally over the past decades. Despite the increased proportion of disabled individuals, established fire emergency evacuation procedures for disabled in high-rise buildings are lacking attention. Hence, this paper aims to focus on investigating fire emergency evacuation procedures for differently-abled people in high-rise buildings. Design/methodology/approach To address the gap, the case study strategy under the qualitative research approach was deployed by focussing 10 high-rise buildings. Data collected through semi-structured interviews and document reviews were analysed using content analysis. Findings The study findings revealed that even though a fire disaster is a major area to be considered, there is a noticeable gap in legal requirements related to differently-abled fire evacuation in Sri Lanka compared to the global context. Moreover, it was identified that importance given to differently enabled fire evacuations procedures varied based on the type of high-rise facilities in which hospitals and hotels provided more importance compared to office buildings, apartments and shopping complexes. Further, the study has highlighted the main gaps in the evacuation procedures and improvements required. Lack of imposed regulations for disabled evacuation was identified as a major barrier hindering the development of effective fire evacuation procedures for disabled, which creates a cascading effect. Further, the consideration given to legal, organisational, individual and technological factors would assist in straightening the identified issues. Originality/value This research provides a clear insight into the necessity of focussing at disabled individuals when developing fire emergency procedures. Most importantly, this study had exposed the current gaps in fire emergency evacuation procedures for the disabled community. Understanding these gaps is of high value for industry practitioners to ensure disabled safety during a fire emergency.
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Zia, Kashif, Umar Farooq, Muhammad Shafi, and Alois Ferscha. "On the effectiveness of multi-feature evacuation systems: an agent-based exploratory simulation study." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (May 19, 2021): e531. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.531.
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Evacuation modeling and simulation are usually used to explore different possibilities for evacuation, however, it is a real challenge to integrate different categories of characteristics in unified modeling space. In this paper, we propose an agent-based model of an evacuating crowd so that a comparative analysis of a different sets of parameters categorized as individual, social and technological aspects, is made possible. In particular, we focus on the question of rationality vs. emotionalism of individuals in a localized social context. In addition to that, we propose and model the concept of extended social influence, thereby embedding technological influence within the social influence, and analyze its impact on the efficiency of evacuation. NetLogo is used for simulating different variations in environments, evacuation strategies, and agents demographics. Simulation results revealed that there is no substantial advantage of informational overload on people, as this might work only in those situations, where there are fewer chances of herding. In more serious situations, people should be left alone to decide. They, however, could be trained in drills, to avoid panicking in such situations and concentrate on making their decisions solely based on the dynamics of their surroundings. It was also learned that distant connectivity has no apparent advantage and can be ruled out while designing an evacuation strategy based on these recommendations.
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Arkhangelskiy, D. A., Yu N. Zakrevskiy, and V. Yu Rybnikov. "Medical evacuation of patients (injured) in the Arctic zone by non-staff units of the Disaster Medicine Service of the Northern Fleet of Russia." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 4 (February 10, 2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2018-0-4-27-33.
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Relevance.The development of the Arctic territories of Russia determines the need to protect civilian and military facilities and improve the provision of emergency specialized medical care to servicemen in remote garrisons.Intention. To study the organization of medical evacuation of military personnel with community-acquired pneumonia from remote garrisons in the Arctic zone of Russia for 2013–2017.Methodology.We conducted a retrospective analysis of all cases of medical evacuations of military personnel from remote Arctic garrisons. In addition, we studied data from 87 case histories, medical evacuation cards for military personnel with moderate and severe community-acquired pneumonia transferred to the 1469th Naval Clinical Hospital of Severomorsk and the central military medical organizations from 2008 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2017.Results and Discussion. In 20% and 20–30% of cases, medical evacuation was performed, respectively, due to injuries and community-acquired pneumonia. A structural-functional model of the provision of emergency specialized medical care to servicemen with community-acquired pneumonia in remote Arctic garrisons has been formed using the forces and means of emergency forces of the Disaster Medicine Service of the Northern Fleet of Russia. The results of optimization of the organization of medical evacuation of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia are presented.Conclusion.To improve the effectiveness of emergency medical care in patients with community-acquired pneumonia, it is advisable to include in the system of special training of medical staff and nursing staff a training course on the organization of medical evacuation in the Arctic zone of Russia.
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Yang, Zhijie, and Xiaolong Chen. "Compensation Decisions on Disruption Recovery Service in Urban Rail Transit." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, no. 4 (August 10, 2019): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i4.2985.
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Ride-hailing, in addition to a common mode of daily transportation, is an attractive option for evacuating stranded passengers and supplementing bus bridging in the early stages of an urban rail transit (URT) disruption. This paper proposes a service supply chain comprised of ride-hailing vehicles, ride-hailing platforms, and stranded passengers wherein the URT and ride-hailing chain together provide emergency evacuation services. The emergency evacuation service supply chain can be coordinated under an effort-based revenue sharing contract. A URT-dominated Stackelberg game model between the URT and ride-hailing platform is then formulated to optimize compensation decisions on the part of the URT; numerical analysis reveals critical factors affecting the said decisions. The main contributions of this paper are two-fold: first, it provides new information regarding collaboration between URT operators and ride-hailing platforms for stranded passenger evacuation, including a ride-hailing platform pricing strategy; and second, the URT compensation decision process is solved via Stackelberg game model while revealing an incentive coefficient parameter for the URT decision and solver.