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Journal articles on the topic 'Eutrophic wetlands'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Satish, N. S., C. G. Shruthi, and Kiran B. M. "Applications of GIS & RS for Wetland Management in Mudigere Taluk, Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 9 (June 24, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i9.85.

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'Wetland' denotes a large body of water surrounded by land, whether natural or artificial,permanent or temporary with water that is lentic or lotic. Wetlands perform some useful functions in the maintenance of overall balance of nature. Due to economic growth,urbanization,population increase and industrialization, more and more waste materials were discharged in to it, make it unfit for any uses. Hence to maintain the ecological balance,it is imperative to preserve these wetlands to make it fit for various purposes. Study is being undertaken in Mudigere taluk of Chikkamagaluru District, to identify the number of wetlands in the taluk and to assess the status of wetlands), Geographic Information System(GIS) is used to develop a system for the functional analysis of wetlands and to estimate the rainfall and runoff pattern using land-use/land-cover on wetlands and associated ecosystems .The study involves a detailed investigation of physical and chemical water quality parameters of 7 lake, carried out for a period of three months from March to May, the result reveals that the water is not polluted only turbidity exceeds the permissible limit due storm water runoff and 2 lakes have attended the Eutrophic condition due to agriculture run-off, sewage pollution and anthropogenic activities. A System for the Functional Analysis of Wetland using GIS,remote sensing data, topographical maps. Rainfall and Runoff pattern is estimated using land-use/land-cover, Soil using GIS and Remote Sensing Technique.
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2

Santos Neves, Joanna Maria da Cunha de Oliveira, Glauca Torres Aragon, and Emmanoel Vieira da Silva Filho. "Effects of eutrophication and Typha domingensis Pers on methanogenesis in tropical constructed wetland." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 23, no. 2 (June 2011): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2011000200005.

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AIM: Constructed wetlands (CWs) have shown to be an efficient way for removing nutrients from wastewaters. However, a negative effect is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Methane (CH4) is a GHG released from the organic matter degradation under anaerobic conditions by methanogenic bacteria. In CWs, the excessive nutrient inputs may stimulate both primary production and methanogenesis and then affect the overall cost-benefit balance of this system. Here, we assessed the role of cattail stands (Typha domingensis Pers) on CH4 concentrations in eutrophic and mesotrophic constructed wetlands. METHODS: CWs were filled with water and sediment colonized by the aquatic macrophyte Typha domingensis Pers from two tropical freshwater lakes, one mesotrophic and another eutrophic. RESULTS: Our results showed consistently higher CH4 concentrations in waters and sediment in the eutrophic CWs than in the mesotrophic CWs (two times), indicating a positive influence of eutrophication on methanogenesis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, CH4 emissions from tropical CWs demand to be considered or even mitigated in any use of this system.
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Steinman, Alan D., Michael Hassett, and Maggie Oudsema. "Effectiveness of Best Management Practices to Reduce Phosphorus Loading to a Highly Eutrophic Lake." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102111.

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Reducing nonpoint source pollution is an ongoing challenge in watersheds throughout the world. Implementation of best management practices, both structural and nonstructural, is the usual response to this challenge, with the presumption that they are effective. However, monitoring of their efficacy is not a standard practice. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of two wetland restoration projects, designed to handle runoff during high flow events and serve as flow-through retention basins before returning flow further downstream. The Macatawa Watershed is located in west Michigan, is heavily agricultural, and drains into Lake Macatawa, a hypereutrophic lake with total phosphorus concentrations usually exceeding 100 µg/L. We measured turbidity, total phosphorus, and soluble reactive phosphorus both upstream and downstream of these wetland complexes during base flow and storm events. While both turbidity and phosphorus increased significantly during storm events compared to baseflow, we found no significant difference in upstream vs. downstream water quality two years following BMP construction. We also measured water quality in Lake Macatawa, and found the lake remained highly impaired. Possible reasons for the lack of improved water quality: (1) The restored wetlands are too young to function optimally in sediment and phosphorus retention; (2) the scale of these BMPs is too small given the overall loads; (3) the locations of these BMPs are not optimal in terms of pollutant reduction; and (4) the years following postconstruction were relatively dry so the wetlands had limited opportunity to retain pollutants. These possibilities are evaluated.
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Day, John, William Conner, Ronald DeLaune, Charles Hopkinson, Rachael Hunter, Gary Shaffer, Demetra Kandalepas, et al. "A Review of 50 Years of Study of Hydrology, Wetland Dynamics, Aquatic Metabolism, Water Quality and Trophic Status, and Nutrient Biogeochemistry in the Barataria Basin, Mississippi Delta—System Functioning, Human Impacts and Restoration Approaches." Water 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050642.

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Here we review an extensive series of studies of Barataria Basin, an economically and ecologically important coastal basin of the Mississippi Delta. Human activity has greatly altered the hydrology of the basin by decreasing riverine inflows from leveeing of the river and its distributaries, increasing runoff with high nutrient concentrations from agricultural fields, and channelization of wetlands of the basin interior that has altered flow paths to often bypass wetlands. This has resulted in degraded water quality in the upper basin and wetland loss in the lower basin. Trophic state analysis found the upper basin to be eutrophic and the lower basin to be mesotrophic. Gross aquatic primary production (GAPP) was highest in the upper basin, lowest in the mid basin, and intermediate in the lower basin. Forested wetlands in the upper basin have degraded over the past several decades due to increased periods of flooding, while there has been massive loss of emergent wetlands in the lower basin due to increasing water levels and pervasive alteration of hydrology. Restoration will entail reconnection of waterways with surrounding wetlands in the upper basin, and implementation of river sediment diversions, marsh creation using dredged sediments and barrier island restoration. Findings from this review are discussed in terms of the functioning of deltas globally.
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5

Farid Ahmad Rezazada. "Constructed floating wetlands mediated nutrient management of eutrophic lakes." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.7.1.0255.

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Braskerud, B. C., T. Hartnik, and Ø. Løvstad. "The effect of the redox-potential on the retention of phosphorus in a small constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0583.

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Building wetlands in small arable streams is a popular supplement to best management practice on arable fields. Particle bound phosphorus settles in the small constructed wetlands (CWs), receiving agricultural diffuse pollution. The sorption behavior of phosphorus is, however, redox-sensitive, and bound phosphorus may be remobilized in periods with low redox potential. This paper investigates changes in the redox potential in the free water of wetland Berg (Norway) during a three-year period, and how these redox changes affect the total phosphorus (TP) and total reactive phosphorus (TRP) retention. Despite eutrophic conditions in the wetland, the redox potential was never negative, and usually higher than 400 mV, indicating aerobic conditions. The relative retention was 44% and 43% for TP and TRP, respectively. The specific retention was 100 g TP and 43 g TRP m−2 yr−1. Loss of phosphorus was only observed during less than 19% of the total period of time. The net loss was less than 5% of the specific retention. The high positive redox potential probably conserves the redox-sensitive phosphorus in the wetland sediment as long as water flows through the CW.
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7

Ortega-Mayagoita, Elizabeth, Carmen Rojo, and Marfa A. Rodrigo. "Factors masking the trophic cascade in shallow eutrophic wetlands: Evidence from a microcosm study." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 155, no. 1 (December 7, 2002): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/155/2002/43.

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HE, Sheng-Bing, Li YAN, Hai-Nan KONG, Zhi-Ming LIU, De-Yi WU, and Zhan-Bo HU. "Treatment Efficiencies of Constructed Wetlands for Eutrophic Landscape River Water." Pedosphere 17, no. 4 (August 2007): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(07)60062-9.

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9

Rodrigo, Maria A., and Nuria Carabal. "Selecting submerged macrophyte species for replanting in Mediterranean eutrophic wetlands." Global Ecology and Conservation 24 (December 2020): e01349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01349.

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10

Hernández-Crespo, C., S. Gargallo, V. Benedito-Durá, Beatriz Nácher-Rodríguez, M. A. Rodrigo-Alacreu, and M. Martín. "Performance of surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating eutrophic waters." Science of The Total Environment 595 (October 2017): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.278.

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11

Wu, Qing, Jingjing Xiao, Lijuan Fu, Mengxing Ma, and Sen Peng. "Microporous intermittent aeration vertical flow constructed wetlands for eutrophic water improvement." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 14 (March 3, 2020): 16574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08067-x.

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12

Zhao, Chunyu, Songlin Liu, Zhijian Jiang, Yunchao Wu, Lijun Cui, Xiaoping Huang, and Peter I. Macreadie. "Nitrogen purification potential limited by nitrite reduction process in coastal eutrophic wetlands." Science of The Total Environment 694 (December 2019): 133702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133702.

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13

Tang, Xianqiang, Suiliang Huang, Miklas Scholz, and Jinzhong Li. "Nutrient removal in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating eutrophic river water." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 91, no. 7-8 (June 15, 2011): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067311003782674.

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14

Longhi, Daniele, Marco Bartoli, Daniele Nizzoli, Alex Laini, and Pierluigi Viaroli. "Do oxic–anoxic transitions constrain organic matter mineralization in eutrophic freshwater wetlands?" Hydrobiologia 774, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2722-x.

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15

Keilhauer, Mary G., Tiffany L. Messer, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Thomas G. Franti, and Jessica Corman. "Nitrate Removal by Floating Treatment Wetlands Amended with Spent Coffee: A Mesocosm-Scale Evaluation." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13431.

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HighlightsA floating treatment wetland design was evaluated for water quality improvements.Nitrate-N removal rates were quantified using spent coffee grounds as a carbon source.Nitrate-N removal rates increased throughout the growing season Abstract. The Midwestern U.S. is vulnerable to eutrophic conditions from high nutrient concentrations. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are an innovative wetland design for nutrient removal from nonpoint sources and provide a unique treatment. The objectives of this project were to quantify nitrate removal in traditional and carbon-amended FTWs planted with Midwestern plant species during the establishment year. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted throughout the growing season using 18 mesocosms. Two vegetation designs were evaluated: rush species ( and ) and diverse species (, , , , , and ). Spent coffee grounds were applied to 9 of the 18 mesocosms as a carbon amendment. Nitrate-N removal increased during the establishment growing season in the FTW systems (Spring: 15.0% to 17.3%, Summer 1: 82.8% to 92.6%, Summer 2: 86.4% to 94.7%). Nitrate-N removal was also impacted by carbon amendments (FTW without amendment: 82.8% to 94.7%, FTW with amendment: 88.4% to 96.1%). Carbon additions were found to enhance denitrifying conditions even in the absence of FTWs (decreased dissolved oxygen, increased available organic carbon). Significant differences in nitrate-N removal were not observed between FTW vegetation designs. This study provides new insight on the impacts of the growing season, plant species, and carbon amendments on FTW nitrate-N removal performance during the establishment year. Keywords: Best management practices, Carbon amendment, Floating treatment wetlands, Nitrogen removal, Spent coffee grounds
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16

Equiza, María Alejandra, and Janusz J. Zwiazek. "Nitrogen form affects physiological responses and root expansigenous honeycomb aerenchyma in the emergent macrophyte Acorus americanus." Botany 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0037.

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High nitrogen (N) concentrations and high NH4+:NO3− ratios that are characteristic of heavily eutrophic and constructed wetlands may be detrimental to the growth and establishment of macrophytes in wetlands formed in the oil sands reclamation areas. This study investigates the effects of N form on the physiology, growth, and root expansigenous honeycomb aerenchyma structure of Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf., an important macrophyte targeted for wetland reclamation in Canada. Three populations of A. americanus were grown in aerated solution culture and provided for up to 3 months with two different concentrations of N (2 mmol·L−1, 8 mmol·L−1) as NH4+, NO3−, or NH4+ + NO3−. Fresh mass and physiological parameters including gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal traits, nitrogen and chlorophyll concentration, root morphology, and aerenchyma structure were examined. The effects of N form were concentration-dependent. At 2 mmol·L−1 N, NH4+ + NO3− plants had higher fresh mass, photosynthetic rates, number of first-order roots, root diameter, and maximum root length than those provided solely with NH4+ or NO3−. At 8 mmol·L−1 N, both NH4+ and NH4+ + NO3− treatments had a negative impact on growth, net photosynthesis, and chlorophyll concentrations, and they also led to thinner and shorter roots with necrotic tips, a significant reduction in fractional root porosity, and a denser aerenchyma with smaller lacunae. The results indicate that high levels of NH4+-N may negatively affect the establishment of A. americanus plants in constructed wetlands through its impact on growth, net photosynthesis, and root morpho-anatomy.
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Feng, Shugeng, Shengjun Xu, Xupo Zhang, Rui Wang, Xiaona Ma, Zhirui Zhao, Guoqiang Zhuang, Zhihui Bai, and Xuliang Zhuang. "Myriophyllum aquaticum-Based Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands for Enhanced Eutrophic Nutrient Removal—A Case Study from Laboratory-Scale up to Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetland." Water 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2018): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101391.

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Water pollution caused by various eutrophic nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), such as outbreaks of eutrophication in rivers and lakes, has become a serious environmental problem in China. Such problems have spurred extensive studies aiming at finding environmentally friendly solutions. Various constructed wetlands (CWs), planted with different macrophytes, have been considered as environmentally safe technologies to treat various wastewaters for several decades. Due to their low energy and operational requirements, CWs are promising alternative solutions to water eutrophication problems. Within the CWs, macrophytes, sediments, and the microbial community are indispensable constituents of such an ecosystem. In this study, a laboratory-scale surface flow CW (LSCW) was constructed to investigate the effects of two different plants, Eichhornia (E.) crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Myriophyllum (M.) aquaticum, on the removal of eutrophic N and P. The results showed that both plants could significantly reduce these nutrients, especially ammonium (NH4+), and LSCW planted with M. aquaticum performed better (82.1% NH4+ removal) than that with E. crassipes (66.4% NH4+ removal). A Monod model with a plug flow pattern was used to simulate the relationship of influent and effluent concentrations with the kinetic parameters of this LSCW. Based on the model, a pilot-scale surface flow CW (PSCW) was designed, aiming to further enhance N and P removal. The treatment with M. aquaticum and polyethylene materials showed the best removal efficiency on NH4+ as well as on total nitrogen and phosphorus. In general, the enlarged PSCW can be a promising solution to the eutrophication problems occurring in aquatic environments.
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Day, John W., Bin Li, Brian D. Marx, Dongran Zhao, and Robert R. Lane. "Multivariate Analyses of Water Quality Dynamics Over Four Decades in the Barataria Basin, Mississippi Delta." Water 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 3143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113143.

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Here we examine a combined dataset of water quality dynamics in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana based on transect studies from 1977 to 1978 (Seaton) and from 1994 to 2016. The Davis Pond river diversion into Lake Cataouatche began discharging Mississippi River water into the mid-basin in 2005, and so the later dataset was divided in Pre- and Post-diversion periods. The stations from these three datasets (Seaton, Pre- and Post-diversion) were combined into eleven station groupings for statistical analysis that included ANOVA and principal component analysis. In addition, Trophic State Index (TSI) scores were calculated for each grouping during the three time periods. Lake Cataouatche changed the most with the opening of the Davis Pond river diversion, becoming clearer and less eutrophic with addition of river water, which passed through a large wetland area where sediments were retained before entering the lake. The TSI results for the Seaton re-analysis were very similar to the original analysis and to that of the Pre- and Post-diversion datasets, indicating that the trophic status of the basin waters has remained relatively unchanged. The upper-basin has remained eutrophic with degraded water quality while the lower-basin has remained more mesotrophic without significant water quality deterioration. A main cause of water quality deterioration is agricultural runoff and pervasive hydrologic alteration that bypasses wetlands and causes most runoff to flow directly into water bodies.
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Jana, B. B., S. K. Nandy, S. Lahiri, J. N. Bhakta, J. K. Biswas, S. K. Bag, P. Ghosh, S. M. Maity, and S. Jana. "Heterogeneity of water quality signature and feedbacks to carbon sequestration in wetlands across some districts of West Bengal, India." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 434–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.102.

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Abstract Water quality measurements can indicate carbon status or algal biomass. Microalgae have an excellent ability to utilize all forms of dissolved inorganic carbon at different pH conditions. Water quality signature (WQS) using three different expressions with (i) pH; (ii) total alkalinity, hardness and total dissolved solids; and (iii) nitrate and conductivity of water was assessed in 32 wetlands distributed across 5 districts of West Bengal, India. Two zones were clearly discernible: coldwater (15–23 °C) high-altitude lakes in Darjeeling, and tropical (31–32 °C) low-altitude wetlands. Multivariate analysis of the Akaike information criterion (ACI) model revealed location-specific variability of agro-climatic and biogeochemical interactions. Dissolved inorganic carbon and inorganic nitrogen appeared to be important in regulating the phytocarbon content of microalgae. The wetlands located in the Gangetic alluvial tropical or semi-coastal areas (Hooghly, 24-Parganas, Nadia, Midnapore) were alkaline (pH = 7.52–7.97) where half-bound carbon dioxide comprised the major component (18–26%) of total inorganic carbon, with moderate to eutrophic (PO4-P− 0.16–0.23 mg/l) states which have a negative feedback to global warming. The heterogeneity of measured water quality signature consolidated the sanative nature of wetlands for their complex functional attributes with agro-climatic, biogeochemical and soil-water-biological interactions.
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Ivanova, Anastasia A., Alexey V. Beletsky, Andrey L. Rakitin, Vitaly V. Kadnikov, Dmitriy A. Philippov, Andrey V. Mardanov, Nikolai V. Ravin, and Svetlana N. Dedysh. "Closely Located but Totally Distinct: Highly Contrasting Prokaryotic Diversity Patterns in Raised Bogs and Eutrophic Fens." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040484.

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Large areas in Northern Russia are covered by extensive mires, which represent a complex mosaic of ombrotrophic raised bogs, minerotrophic and eutrophic fens, all in a close proximity to each other. In this paper, we compared microbial diversity patterns in the surface peat layers of the neighbouring raised bogs and eutrophic fens that are located within two geographically remote mire sites in Vologda region using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Regardless of location, the microbial communities in raised bogs were highly similar to each other but were clearly distinct from those in eutrophic fens. Bogs were dominated by the Acidobacteria (30%–40% of total 16S rRNA gene reads), which belong to the orders Acidobacteriales and Bryobacterales. Other bog-specific bacteria included the Phycisphaera-like group WD2101 and the families Isosphaeraceae and Gemmataceae of the Planctomycetes, orders Opitutales and Pedosphaerales of the Verrucomicrobia and a particular group of alphaproteobacteria within the Rhizobiales. In contrast, fens hosted Anaerolineae-affiliated Chloroflexi, Vicinamibacteria- and Blastocatellia-affiliated Acidobacteria, Rokubacteria, uncultivated group OM190 of the Planctomycetes and several groups of betaproteobacteria. The Patescibacteria were detected in both types of wetlands but their relative abundance was higher in fens. A number of key parameters that define the distribution of particular bacterial groups in mires were identified.
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Nummi, Petri, Veli-Matti Vaananen, Antti-Juhani Pekkarinen, Visa Eronen, Markku Mikkola-Roos, Jarkko Nurmi, Antti Rautiainen, and Pekka Rusanen. "Alien predation in wetlands – the Raccoon Dog and water birds breeding success." BALTIC FORESTRY 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46490/vol25iss2pp228.

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Alien predators are known to potentially strongly affect their prey populations. We studied the impact of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) on waterbird breeding success in eight semi-urban wetlands in Finland. We manipulated raccoon dog density in two wetlands by removing individuals (2002 protection year, 2003 and 2004 removal years). We additionally performed nest predation experiments. We monitored raccoon dog density, estimated hunting bag size and observed waterbird breeding success. Our hypothesis predicts that the omnivorous raccoon dog plays a role in waterbird breeding success by depredating nests. Our experiments shown that the raccoon dog hunting bag in eutrophic wetlands may be large, as we removed 8.6–20.0 animals per km2. Both our nest predation experiment and field data indicated that raccoon dogs affect the breeding success of waterbirds. We found a significant relationship between raccoon dog density index and predation rate of the artificial nests, but not between red fox (Vulpes vulpes) density and predation on artificial nests. We did not find an association between raccoon dog abundance and the breeding success of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and great crested grebes (Podiceps cristatus). However, our study shows that birds species with different breeding strategies – e.g. great crested grebe, mute swan (Cygnus olor), mallard, Eurasian wigeon (Mareca penelope), coot (Fulica atra), lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) – when considered together showed higher breeding success both in 2003 and 2004 when compared to breeding success before removal. There was, however, variation in how strongly the species responded to raccoon dog removal. Our results indicate that the removal of alien raccoon dogs can be an important tool in wetland management. Keywords: ducks, invasive species, lapwing, nest predation experiment, Nyctereutes procyonoides, predator removal
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Wrigley, TJ, JM Chambers, and AJ McComb. "Nutrient and gilvin levels in waters of coastal-plain wetlands in an agricultural area of Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880685.

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The Peel-Harvey catchment lies on a sandy coastal plain, largely cleared for agriculture, and drains into a eutrophic estuarine system. Sixty-eight wetlands in the catchment had total phosphorus concentrations of 0.4-7.8 mg I-1, the high values being atrributed to agricultural activity. Conductivity was 150-8770 �S cm-1, pH 4.1-9.3. Waters contained high concentrations of gilvin, up to 262 g440 m-1 with a mean ratio of 6.2. Particulate material contributed little to light absorption at lower wavelengths (400-450 nm) but governed absorbance at 600-700 nm. Wetlands with the largest concen- trations of gilvin were located in the grey Bassendean sands, leachates from which had gilvin levels up to 748 g440 m-1. NO phytoplankton blooms were observed, and it is suggested that high gilvin levels and the consequent reduction in light penetration are important in maintaining low phytoplankton biomass in these lakes.
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Zhao, Feng Liang, Qin Fen Li, Xiaoe Yang, and Jing Kun Liu. "A Review on Water Eutropication: The Causing Factors and Purifying Technologies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.763.

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Water eutrophication has become a worldwide environmental problem, and understanding the causing factors of water eutrophication will help for prevention and remediation of water eutrophication. The major causing factors of water eutrophication and purifying technologies were reviewed in this paper. There are many factors causing water eutrophication, including human activities, air deposition, precipitation, fertilizer runoff, animal waste and rural household pollution. Therefore, it is difficult to remediate eutrophic water. Constructed wetlands and floating beds have proven to be promising treatment alternatives in developing countries. Moreover, the biomass from phytoremediation ecological engineering can be used bioenergy feedstocks or animal feeds.
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Zhong, Fei, Wei Liu, Mengdan Lv, Zifa Deng, Juan Wu, Hongjiu Ji, and Shuiping Cheng. "The use of vertical flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of hyper-eutrophic water bodies with dense cyanobacterial blooms." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (December 21, 2017): 1186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.635.

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Abstract Eutrophication often leads to the periodic proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs), which threaten the sustainability of freshwater ecosystems and lead to serious environmental, health and economic damage. Hence, it is vitally important to take effective measures to manage HCBs and associated problems. In this study, vertical flow constructed wetlands (CWs) were operated under different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to treat a hyper-eutrophic water body with HCBs. Six sampling ports (representing different layers) were evenly distributed along the water flow direction to study the purification processes of CWs. With HLRs ranging from 0.2 m/d to 0.8 m/d, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), COD, total suspended solid (TSS) and Chlorophyll a (Chl.a) were efficiently treated by CWs, and they were mainly removed at the second layer of CWs. The concentrations of two cyanobacterial metabolites (geosmin and β-cyclocitral) in the effluent were mostly below their odorous threshold concentrations. As the HLRs increased, the treatment efficiencies of the CWs decreased gradually. There was no removal of TP, Chl.a, geosmin, or β-cyclocitral at an HLR of 1.0 m/d. Under suitable HLRs, this type of CW could provide a promising way to control HCBs and associated odorous problems in hyper-eutrophic water bodies.
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Braskerud, B. C., K. S. Tonderski, B. Wedding, R. Bakke, A. G. B. Blankenberg, B. Ulén, and J. Koskiaho. "Can Constructed Wetlands Reduce the Diffuse Phosphorus Loads to Eutrophic Water in Cold Temperate Regions?" Journal of Environmental Quality 34, no. 6 (November 2005): 2145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0466.

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Li, Linfeng, Yinghao Li, Dilip Kumar Biswas, Yuegang Nian, and Gaoming Jiang. "Potential of constructed wetlands in treating the eutrophic water: Evidence from Taihu Lake of China." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 6 (April 2008): 1656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.001.

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Wu, Haoping, Feng Li, Beibei Hao, Wen Zhou, Wei Xing, Wenzhi Liu, and Guihua Liu. "Does hydrological reconnection enhance nitrogen cycling rates in the lakeshore wetlands of a eutrophic lake?" Ecological Indicators 96 (January 2019): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.013.

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Kalfayan, Mathias, and Jan R. E. Taylor. "Dragonfly assemblages in four Mediterranean wetlands of Samos Island, Greece (Odonata)." Fragmenta Entomologica 52, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2020.470.

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Dragonflies (Odonata) are considered to be valuable indicators of hydroecosystems. This study reports the composition of the dragonfly assemblages in four wetlands of Samos Island, Greece, in a geographic area especially vulnerable to climate change where a trend towards a drier climate has been observed in the last decades. Dragonfly assemblages have not yet been studied on Samos. The analysis based on the number of different species and their autochthony revealed clear differences among the wetlands. The eutrophic Glyfada Lake, despite its variable hydrology resulting from drought – the seasonal decrease in water availability – harboured the largest diversity of dragonflies, larger than the oligotrophic Mesokampos Lake. The assemblage of the spring and rivulet at Mytilini, although also influenced by drought, had its own set of species of high autochthony. The seasonal brackish lake and marsh of Psili Ammos had the lowest number of species and was dominated by one very abundant breeding species. Drought was the main factor affecting the number and composition of species. The collected data create a reference for the future monitoring of trends in the composition of odonatofauna under the changing climate of Samos Island.
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Dunck, B., IS Nogueira, and SA Felisberto. "Distribution of periphytic algae in wetlands (Palm swamps, Cerrado), Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, no. 2 (May 2013): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000200013.

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The distribution of periphytic algae communities depends on various factors such as type of substrate, level of disturbance, nutrient availability and light. According to the prediction that impacts of anthropogenic activity provide changes in environmental characteristics, making impacted Palm swamps related to environmental changes such as deforestation and higher loads of nutrients via allochthonous, the hypothesis tested was: impacted Palm swamps have higher richness, density, biomass and biovolume of epiphytic algae. We evaluated the distribution and structure of epiphytic algae communities in 23 Palm swamps of Goiás State under different environmental impacts. The community structure attributes here analyzed were composition, richness, density, biomass and biovolume. This study revealed the importance of the environment on the distribution and structuration of algal communities, relating the higher values of richness, biomass and biovolume with impacted environments. Acidic waters and high concentration of silica were important factors in this study. Altogether 200 taxa were identified, and the zygnemaphycea was the group most representative in richness and biovolume, whereas the diatoms, in density of studied epiphyton. Impacted Palm swamps in agricultural area presented two indicator species, Gomphonema lagenula Kützing and Oedogonium sp, both related to mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions for total nitrogen concentrations of these environments.
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Yan, Zhiqiang, Benru Song, Li Zhang, Mian Liu, Yan Liu, Xiaoye Wu, Yunhui Tian, Zhanghe Chen, and Jiangang Zhao. "Effects of Submerged Plants on the Growth of Eutrophic Algae and Nutrient Removal in Constructed Wetlands." OALib 03, no. 10 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103056.

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González-Alcaraz, María Nazaret, Héctor Miguel Conesa, and José Álvarez-Rogel. "Nitrate removal from eutrophic wetlands polluted by metal-mine wastes: Effects of liming and plant growth." Journal of Environmental Management 128 (October 2013): 964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.002.

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32

Sánchez Colón, Yashira Marie, and Fred Charles Schaffner. "A Case Study of the Effects of Management Interventions on the Phosphorus Dynamics at a Coastal, Eutrophic, Caribbean lagoon (Laguna Cartagena, Puerto Rico)." Water 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040449.

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Laguna Cartagena is a coastal, eutrophic, shallow lake and freshwater wetland in southwestern Puerto Rico, managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This ecosystem has been impacted by phosphorus loading from adjacent agricultural areas since the 1950s, causing eutrophication and deteriorating wildlife habitats. Herein, we describe phosphorus input and export during September 2010–September 2011 (Phase One) and October 2013–November 2014 (Phase Two). These two phases bracket a period of intensified management interventions including excavation and removal of sediment and vegetation, draining, and burning during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Results indicate that Laguna Cartagena retains a phosphorus (sink) in its sediments, and exhibits nutrient-releasing events (source, mainly total phosphorus) to the lagoon water column, which are associated with rainfall and rising water levels. External factors including water level fluctuations and rainfall influenced phosphorus export during Phase One, but after management interventions (Phase Two), internal processes influenced sink/source dynamics, releasing elevated phosphorus concentrations to the water column. When exposed sediments were re-flooded, phosphorus concentrations to the water column increased, releasing elevated P concentrations downstream to an estuarine wetlands area and the Caribbean Sea. Herein we offer management recommendations to optimize wildlife habitat without elevating phosphorus concentrations.
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Wu, Lin Hui, Ji Zhao, Min Hui, and Yu Qin Shao. "The Quantitative Characters of Soil Microbes under Different Vegetations in an Eutrophic Lake Wetland." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.178.

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There was varying degrees of correlation between the number of soil microbial and soil physicochemical properties, there existed a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the number of soil microbial and soil organic matter, total nitrogen; while there existed a significant negative correlation(P<0.01) between the number of soil microbial and pH, which showed that the salinization was the key factor that affected the distribution of soil microbial quantity.The study on variation of the number of soil microbial and soil physicochemical properties of the four kinds of plant community at WuLiangSuHai wetlands, reveals that: Chenopodiacea (Suaeda glauca Bunge) plots, Zygophyllaceae (Nitraria tangutorum Bobr) plots, Artificial Tamarix plots and Artificial Elaeagnus angustifolia plots. The results showed that: 0-20cm of the topsoil, the soil microbial population of them was different, Bacteria, Actinomycete and Fungi on the Artificial tamarix soil was significantly higher than other plant. The number of microbe in Chenopodiacea (Suaeda glauca Bunge)plots soil was the lowest.
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Valcev, Vladimir, and Danijela Stojeva. "Study of aquatic macrophytes in the wetlands on the territory of Vrachanski Balkan nature park." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 119 (2010): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1019077v.

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An overall study of the species composition and abundance of macrophytes in all open water bodies of a large protected territory was made for the first time in Bulgaria. Four high-mountain eutrophic lakes and the upper stretches of three rivers within the boundaries of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park were investigated. Thirty-nine macrophyte species (higher plants and mosses) were identified scattered around, or forming more or less distinct vegetation groups. Three of the lakes are new for the country locations of the species Elatine alsinastrum and Peplis portula. The processes of eutrophication are more advanced in the lakes. The habitats formed around the investigated water bodies have been determined. They are three habitats of European Community interest for Bulgaria. The major threats for the investigated wetlands on the territory of the Park are pointed out.
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Ni, Qijun, Tao Wang, Jialin Liao, Wansheng Shi, Zhenxing Huang, Hengfeng Miao, Peng Wu, and Wenquan Ruan. "Operational Performances and Enzymatic Activities for Eutrophic Water Treatment by Vertical-Flow and Horizontal-Flow Constructed Wetlands." Water 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072007.

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In this study, pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) and horizontal-flow constructed wetland (HFCW) were constructed to treat eutrophic water, and dissolved oxygen (DO) distributions, decontamination performances and key enzymes activities were compared under different influent loads. The influent load increase caused reductions of DO levels and removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), NH4+−N and organic nitrogen, but it had no remarkable effect on the removal of NO3−−N and total phosphorus (TP). The interior DO concentrations of VFCW were higher than those of HFCW, indicating a vertical hydraulic flow pattern was more conducive to atmospheric reoxygenation. The VFCW and HFCW ecosystems possessed comparable removal capacities for TN, NO3−−N and TP. VFCW had a remarkable superiority for COD and organic nitrogen degradation, but its effluent NH4+−N concentration was higher, indicating the NH4+−N produced from organic nitrogen degradation was not effectively further removed in the VFCW system. The activities of protease, urease and phosphatase declined with the increasing depth of substrate layers, and they were positively correlated with DO concentrations. The enzymatic activities of VFCW were significantly higher than that of HFCW in the upper layers. Taken together, VFCW and HFCW presented a certain difference in operational properties due to the different hydraulic flow patterns.
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Carrer, G. M., M. Bonato, D. Smania, A. Barausse, C. Comis, and L. Palmeri. "Beneficial effects on water management of simple hydraulic structures in wetland systems: the Vallevecchia case study, Italy." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.623.

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Conflicting water uses in coastal zones demand integrated approaches to achieve sustainable water resources management, protecting water quality while allowing those human activities which rely upon aquatic ecosystem services to thrive. This case study shows that the creation and simple management of hydraulic structures within constructed wetlands can markedly reduce the non-point pollution from agriculture and, simultaneously, benefit agricultural activities, particularly during hot and dry periods. The Vallevecchia wetland system is based on a reclaimed 900 ha-large drainage basin in Northern Italy, where droughts recently impacted agriculture causing water scarcity and saltwater intrusion. Rainwater and drained water are recirculated inside the system to limit saltwater intrusion, provide irrigation water during dry periods and reduce the agricultural nutrient loads discharged into the bordering, eutrophic Adriatic Sea. Monitoring (2003–2009) of water quality and flows highlights that the construction (ended in 2005) of a gated spillway to control the outflow, and of a 200,000 m3 basin for water storage, dramatically increased the removal of nutrients within the system. Strikingly, this improvement was achieved with a minimal management effort, e.g. each year the storage basin was filled once: a simple management of the hydraulic structures would greatly enhance the system efficiency, and store more water to irrigate and limit saltwater intrusion.
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Busch, J. "Canopy transpiration rates in eutrophic wetlands dominated by sedges (Carex spp.) differ in a species specific way." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 25, no. 7-8 (January 2000): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(00)00072-1.

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38

Lyu, J. C., G. H. Lin, Z. Y. Fan, W. X. Lin, and Z. Dai. "Suitable plant combinations for ecological floating beds in eutrophic subtropical coastal wetlands under different salinities: experimental evidences." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17, no. 11 (June 20, 2020): 4505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02778-x.

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39

Mandal, Sudipto, Abhishek Roy Goswami, Subhra Kumar Mukhopadhyay, and Santanu Ray. "Simulation model of phosphorus dynamics of an eutrophic impoundment – East Calcutta Wetlands, a Ramsar site in India." Ecological Modelling 306 (June 2015): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.008.

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40

Cheng, Rui, Hui Zhu, Brian Shutes, and Baixing Yan. "Treatment of microcystin (MC-LR) and nutrients in eutrophic water by constructed wetlands: Performance and microbial community." Chemosphere 263 (January 2021): 128139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128139.

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41

DeBusk, T. A., F. E. Dierberg, and K. R. Reddy. "The use of macrophyte-based systems for phosphorus removal: an overview of 25 years of research and operational results in Florida." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0807.

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Phosphorus (P) removal from wastewaters and surface runoff using macrophyte-based systems (MBS) has been a topic of great interest in Florida for over 25 years. During this period, P removal by both treatment wetlands and floating aquatic macrophyte systems has been evaluated from both a research and operational standpoint. Several factors have contributed to the increased focus on the use of MBS for P removal. First, there exist no conventional technologies that can cost-effectively achieve the low outflow P concentrations required to protect the integrity of Florida's relatively pristine surface waters. Second, because MBSs typically provide some water storage, they can accommodate the wide ranges of flows typical for runoff sources such as agricultural drainage waters. Finally, many regions in Florida have sufficient area for deployment of the relatively land-intensive MBS technologies. The first P removal work in Florida was initiated in the mid-1970s, and involved pilot-scale research on domestic wastewater treatment by natural wetlands. Parallel studies were performed with managed (periodically harvested) floating plant systems (i.e., Eichhornia crassipes) for tertiary treatment. Since that time, the range of operational systems that have been deployed include emergent macrophyte-based and forested wetlands, managed floating plant systems, and submerged macrophyte-based systems. Waters treated by MBS include domestic effluents, agricultural runoff and eutrophic lake waters. Phosphorus removal targets for MBS in Florida have been as low as 10 μg/L. In this paper, we summarize research and operational results for MBS in Florida over the past 25 years.
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42

Ferriol, Carmen, Maria Rosa Miracle, and Eduardo Vicente. "Effects of nutrient addition, recovery thereafter and the role of macrophytes in nutrient dynamics of a Mediterranean shallow lake: a mesocosm experiment." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 3 (2017): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15291.

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Eutrophication in coastal wetlands has increased greatly because of human impact, reducing water quality and affecting aquatic plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the eutrophication of Mediterranean wetlands and their possible recovery. An in situ mesocosm nutrient enrichment experiment was performed in a coastal shallow lake from eastern Spain, holding dense Chara meadows. In this lake, 36 mesocosms were installed and fertilised weekly with four levels of N and P addition over an 8-week period from June to August. Mesocosms fertilised with the two higher levels (N:P ≥5:0.5mgL–1) shifted to turbid status with macrophyte loss before Week 4. Saturation concentrations were similar under these two conditions, with averages ~1.0mgL–1 total particulate P and 700µgL–1chlorophyll-a reached in the last 3 weeks. After 5 weeks of the experiment, macrophytes were removed from the mesocosms without nutrient addition and those fertilised with 1:0.1mgL–1 N:P. Macrophyte removal resulted in a release of phosphate and ammonium from sediments, enhancing eutrophication. Three months after stopping nutrient addition, high nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations persisted in the highly fertilised mesocosms, but decreased in the low fertilised mesocoms, which shows that restoration of eutrophic Mediterranean shallow lakes depends to a great extent on previous external loads.
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43

Chengqing, Yin, and Lan Zhiwen. "The nutrient retention by ecotone wetlands and their modification for Baiyangdian lake restoration." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0137.

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Shallow and eutrophic Baiyangdian Lake is a decaying lake and has broad ecotone wetlands, composed of reed communities and ditches. Experiments were carried out to study the fate of nutrients and organic pollutants during the runoff, flowing from a contaminated river through the ecotone to the lake. Under moderate hydrological conditions, water flows through the ditches and through the root zone soil of the reed community. The retention of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) by surface flow through a 300-m ditch was measured to be 42% and 65% respective-ly. The retention of TN and TP by an 8-m stretch of reed community soil was 59% and 88%. The retention by the reed community mainly happened at the rhizosphere below the soil surface. The removal of organic matter was also observed. The retention of nutrients by the subsurface flow was more than 10 times greater than that by surface flow. The harvest of reed biomass recycles 1120 metric tons of nitrogen and 53 tons of phosphorus from lake-side ecotones back to the terrestrial ecosystems each year. There is a potential use of ecotone wetlands as the advanced treatment facility for nutrient-rich water, and a good design can enhance the treatment efficiency. Ecotone engineering for advanced water treatment is an economical method with low environmental risks and high efficiency.
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44

Hong, Jianming, and Binhe Gu. "Responses of nitrogen stable isotopes in fish to phosphorus limitation in freshwater wetlands." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 421 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2020033.

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Human-induced eutrophication has altered ecological processes in aquatic ecosystems. Detection of ecological changes is a prerequisite for protecting ecosystems from degradation. In this study, nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N) in fish are evaluated as indicators of environmental changes in south Florida wetlands. Stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) data of select fish species and water quality collected from the Florida Everglades between the 1990s and 2000s were used to assess the relationship between total phosphorus concentrations and δ15N ratios. The δ15N ratios in nine of ten select fish species increase significantly as total phosphorus concentration in the surface water increases. There were significant relationships between total nitrogen concentration in the surface water and δ15N ratios in several fish species. The pattern of changes in δ15N ratios along nutrient gradients suggests that increased eutrophication is recorded as the δ15N ratios in fish. The lack of human wastewater loading, the dominance in agricultural runoff and the high TN:TP ratio suggest that phosphorus is the limiting factor driving ecosystem productivity and the changes of δ15N ratios in fish. Results from this analysis demonstrate that δ15N ratios in fish integrate biotic responses to eutrophic process over time and could be a robust indicator for early ecological changes.
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45

Petrescu, A. M. R., J. van Huissteden, F. de Vries, E. P. H. Bregman, and A. Scheper. "Assessing CH4 and CO2 emissions from wetlands in the Drenthe Province, the Netherlands: a modelling approach." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 88, no. 2 (September 2009): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000913.

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AbstractAssessment of land use related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on larger spatial scales is usually achieved by modelling. Surface flux measurements are expensive and measurement locations too widely scattered to serve as spatially reliable flux estimates. Here we assess CO2 and CH4 fluxes from wetland nature reserves in the Dutch province of Drenthe, using the PEATLAND-VU model. Since surface flux observations in the province are absent and cannot be obtained in a short (<1 year) time frame, we extrapolated model validation from elsewhere to the research area. In this way a cost-effective methodology is developed for landuse-related greenhouse gas emission assessments, which can be applied by local governments at a subnational scale.Nature development and restoration in the Netherlands involves usually the restoration of high water tables in former agricultural areas and extensivation or abandonment of agricultural activities. Wet peat soils are known to emit considerable quantities of CH4, while drained agricultural soils emit CO2 from decomposition of the soil organic matter. Therefore, these landuse changes may affect GHG emissions and an assessment of their effects is useful for environmental policy.The PEATLAND-VU Model was used to simulate the CH4 and CO2 emissions for the years 2005-2007 and for May/June 2008. Previous field validation of the model elsewhere was checked for local validity with CH4 and CO2 flux measurements in short field campaigns in May/June 2008, at two locations, Visvliet and Balloërveld. These sites represent respectively eutrophic and oligotrophic peat and peaty soils, and showed large differences in fluxes. These flux differences were simulated correctly by the model by adapting the vegetation net primary production and methane oxidation parameters. Next, model simulations were run for eight combinations of vegetation and soil type. Using the simulated fluxes and the areal extent of the soil combinations, a GIS-based upscaling over all nature reserves was made.This study shows that river valley floors with mesotrophic and eutrophic peat soils dominate the greenhouse fluxes of the area. CH4 fluxes are high in wet terrain, while the CO2 fluxes are high when water table is lower. The fluxes from oligotrophic peat soils are comparatively low. Nature development can contribute to a decrease of the total greenhouse gas flux from peat soils and to conservation of soil organic matter.
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Busch, J., and R. Lösch. "The gas exchange of Carex species from eutrophic wetlands and its dependence on microclimatic and soil wetness conditions." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 24, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(98)00021-5.

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47

Balke, Rebecca, Catherine Owen Koning, and Ben Lundsted. "Watershed model identifies historic wastewater discharge to wetlands as major phosphorus source to a eutrophic lake, NH USA." Lake and Reservoir Management 34, no. 4 (May 21, 2018): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2018.1462869.

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48

Yin, C. Q., C. F. Yang, B. Q. Shan, G. B. Li, and D. L. Wang. "Non-point pollution from China's rural areas and its countermeasures." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0405.

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Most lakes in the eastern part of China are eutrophic and non-point pollution accounts for more than half of the nutrient load to the lakes and reservoirs. Some efforts have been made to reduce the non-point source pollution in the catchments of sensitive water bodies. Technologies for the control of non-point pollution in Chinese rural areas are multipond systems, biogas fermentation, hilly area ecological agriculture, constructed wetlands, ecotone engineering and others. They are effective in the removal of nutrients from the runoff water or reduction of waste, and they are used with multi-purposes. To control non-point pollution, the cooperation with farmers and other residents in the countryside is the key to success, and the program has to consider their benefits. There are still many difficulties with its control, and more efforts are needed to develop suitable technologies and environmental education.
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Kent, Robert, H. T. Odum, and F. N. Scatena. "Eutrophic overgrowth in the self-organization of tropical wetlands illustrated with a study of swine wastes in rainforest plots." Ecological Engineering 16, no. 2 (November 2000): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(00)00065-3.

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50

Nouri, J., S. A. Mirbagheri, F. Farrokhian, N. Jaafarzadeh, and A. A. Alesheikh. "Water quality variability and eutrophic state in wet and dry years in wetlands of the semiarid and arid regions." Environmental Earth Sciences 59, no. 7 (March 13, 2009): 1397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0126-1.

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