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Smythe, Dion. "The euthanasia debate: religious aspects." International Journal of Palliative Nursing 10, no. 7 (July 2004): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2004.10.7.14582.
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Wijsen, Frans. "Global Christianity: A European Perspective." Exchange 38, no. 2 (2009): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254309x425382.
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AbstractReflecting from a European perspective upon the shift of the centre of gravity of Christianity to the global South, the author explores the implications of this shift for intercultural communication and hermeneutics within world Christianity. Are North-South relationships within world Christianity simply to be reversed, and does European Christianity end up exclusively at the receiving end? Discussing his studies of Christian immigrants in The Netherlands, the author states that the struggle between Western and non-Western Christians is a struggle about the values of modernity. This is shown in de debates about abortion, single sex marriages and euthanasia. The author holds that European theologians cannot simply return to pre-modern values, stick to modern universalism or be satisfied with post-modern relativity. They must develop further a trans-modern hermeneutic.
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Keown, D., and J. Keown. "Killing, karma and caring: euthanasia in Buddhism and Christianity." Journal of Medical Ethics 21, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.21.5.265.
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Hariharan, Mohan, and Saumya Mohan. "Concept of Death and Euthanasia: Do Sociocultural, Psychological and Religious Orientation Matter Besides Medico-Legal Decision?" Indian Journal of Health Studies 03, no. 01 (2021): 08–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56490/ijhs.2021.3101.
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Euthanasia, which earlier referred to ‘Good Dying’ evolved to connote ‘Assisted dying’. This has medical, legal and psychosocial implications. Netherlands is the country which legalised the process followed by few other countries. Cross-cultural acceptance and implementation of euthanasia is something that looks extremely difficult because it involves a number of cultural factors. It is closely associated with the connotation each culture gives to the concept of ‘death’. There are psychological, social, religious, political, medical and legal aspects associated with euthanasia or assisted death. The sociocultural variations across three continents, viz, Asia, Europe and Africa are projected. The ancient Indian concept of euthanasia and the contemporary social and legal reactions to euthanasia are discussed in this article.
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Stokłosa, Iga, Maciej Stokłosa, Gniewko Więckiewicz, Mateusz Porwolik, Maciej Bugajski, Wilhelm Masarczyk, Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg, Magdalena Piegza, Robert Pudlo, and Piotr Gorczyca. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Polish Students’ Opinions on Euthanasia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 5019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095019.
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Due to the continuous development of palliative care and methods of pain relief in the last moments of patients’ lives, we are faced with the question of how long we should take measures to delay inevitable death for, without providing prolonged therapy against the patient’s will. For terminally ill and people experiencing unimaginable suffering, euthanasia is considered as one of the possible options for a dignified farewell. The aim of the study was to determine the views on euthanasia in a group of students from Polish universities. Questionnaire responses were analyzed for 9686 students (79.9% of women and 20.1% of men) aged 18–35 years. Respondents were asked to complete their own questionnaire on demographic data and attitudes toward euthanasia in the case of severe terminal illness or paralysis preventing independent living. Euthanasia was significantly more acceptable among women (85% vs. 75%, p < 0.0001; 69% vs. 62%, p < 0.0001) and non-believers [98% vs. 97% (denominations other than Christian), 84% (other forms of Christianity), 69% (Roman Catholic); p < 0.0001] in every case considered. Religious affiliation was the factor that most influenced attitudes toward euthanasia. Among the other elements influencing attitudes toward euthanasia, residence and field of study were distinguished. Considering the large sample size and specific conclusions, the article should be an important argument in the discussion on euthanasia.
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Verulava, Tengiz, Mariam Mamulashvili, Iago Kachkachishvili, and Revaz Jorbenadze. "The Attitude of the Orthodox Parishioners Toward Euthanasia: Evidence From Georgia." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 39, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x18819963.
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Background The right of euthanasia is the subject of worldwide discussion today, as it is one of the most controversial medical, religious, political, or ethical issues. This study aims to survey the attitudes of Orthodox parishioners toward the euthanasia. Methods: Within the quantitative study, the survey was conducted through a semistructured questionnaire. Respondents were the parishioners of the Orthodox Church. Within the qualitative study, the survey of the experts of the Orthodox Church, in particular the clergy, was conducted. During the survey of the experts, we used the snowball method. Results The majority of respondents (81%) were aware of euthanasia. The dominant opinion is that euthanasia is “ the consent to life termination during the illness, when there is no way out and recovery is impossible” or “ a terminally ill person voluntarily decides to end life painlessly.” Those who disagree with euthanasia rely on the religious factors (why the church prohibits it). Those who agree with euthanasia action argue the legitimate human rights and free will of person. Most of the respondents (86%) have not heard about euthanasia practices in Georgia. Most of the respondents (71%) knew that the Orthodox Church prohibits euthanasia; 39% of the respondents believe that euthanasia is justified in medical terms. Conclusion It is advisable to raise public awareness on euthanasia in religious, medical, cultural, social, and legal aspects.
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Gielen, Joris, Stef van den Branden, and Bert Broeckaert. "Religion and Nurses' Attitudes To Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide." Nursing Ethics 16, no. 3 (May 2009): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733009102692.
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In this review of empirical studies we aimed to assess the influence of religion and world view on nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. We searched PubMed for articles published before August 2008 using combinations of search terms. Most identified studies showed a clear relationship between religion or world view and nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia or physician assisted suicide. Differences in attitude were found to be influenced by religious or ideological affiliation, observance of religious practices, religious doctrines, and personal importance attributed to religion or world view. Nevertheless, a coherent comparative interpretation of the results of the identified studies was difficult. We concluded that no study has so far exhaustively investigated the relationship between religion or world view and nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia or physician assisted suicide and that further research is required.
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Korostichenko, Ekaterina. "Christian view on treating animals: theological criticism of P. Singer." St. Tikhons' University Review 104 (December 29, 2022): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022104.46-67.
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P. Singer is called one of the most influential living philosophers in the world, and one of the most controversial. The author of "Animal Liberation", "Practical Ethics", "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" created his own project of preference utilitarianism, in which he placed animals as moral subjects equal to man. In this, he questions Christian anthropocentrism: a human in his system of ethics is intrinsically no better than a chimpanzee or a dog. He recognizes the uniqueness of all species, speaking out against speciesism (discrimination on grounds of species). Singer's ethics is completely independent of religion. Raising issues related to abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc., the philosopher inevitably arrived to confrontation with Christian ethics and religious worldview in general. Religion, especially Christianity, plays a significant role in his works, since he considers many of the provisions of Christianity: the special position of humans in the natural world, the attitude to the sanctity of life - to be morally problematic. The article analyzes Peter Singer's critical theses on the Christian religion, including Christian ethics. The second section considers the responses of a number of modern religious thinkers to Singer's criticism of Christianity. In conclusion, the arguments of both sides are analyzed, their strengths and weaknesses are outlined, involving a broader tradition of secular-religious dispute. Conclusions are made about the validity of P. Singer's criticism of religion. Although said criticism is broadly integrated into the works of the philosopher, it is hardly a focus point - rather a tool to solidify Singer's position on practical questions like abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc. The negative attitude to religion has roots in Singer's early acquaintance with the Bible and the unhappy past of his family (two of the philosopher's grandparents died in concentration camps). The question of the meaninglessness of suffering largely determines the philosophy and practical ethics of P. Singer. Arguing with theologians, he most often resorts to the classical argument from evil. Singer's criticism of Christian religion is limited, reduced to the problem of the meaninglessness of suffering, the Euthyphron dilemma, criticism of the sanctity of human life, the "dominion" of man over nature. With the exception of a detailed analysis of the bias of Christianity against animals, the criticism is not original.
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Testoni, Ines, Camilla Bortolotti, Sara Pompele, Lucia Ronconi, Gloria Baracco, and Hod Orkibi. "A Challenge for Palliative Psychology: Freedom of Choice at the End of Life among the Attitudes of Physicians and Nurses." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10100160.
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This article considers a particular aspect of palliative psychology that is inherent to the needs in the area of attitudes concerning Advance Healthcare Directives (AHDs) among Italian physicians and nurses after the promulgation of Law No. 219/2017 on AHDs and informed consent in 2018. The study utilized a mixed-method approach. The group of participants was composed of 102 healthcare professionals (63 females and 39 males). The quantitative part utilized the following scales: Attitudes toward Euthanasia, the Religious Orientation Scale, the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, and the Testoni Death Representation Scale. The results were mostly in line with the current literature, especially concerning a positive correlation between religiosity and the participants’ rejection of the idea of euthanasia. However, the qualitative results showed both positive and negative attitudes towards AHDs, with four main thematic areas: “Positive aspects of the new law and of AHDs”, “Negative aspects of the new law and of AHDs”, “Changes that occurred in the professional context and critical incidents”, and “Attitudes towards euthanasia requests.” It emerged that there is not any polarization between Catholics or religious people and secularists: Their positions are substantially similar with respect to all aspects, including with regard to euthanasia. The general result is that the law is not sufficiently understood, and so a quarter of the participants associate AHDs with euthanasia. Discussions on the opportunity for palliative psychologists to help health professionals to better manage these issues through death education courses are presented.
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Verpoort, Charlotte, Chris Gastmans, Nele De Bal, and Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé. "Nurses’ Attitudes to Euthanasia: a review of the literature." Nursing Ethics 11, no. 4 (July 2004): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733004ne708oa.
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This article provides an overview of the scarce international literature concerning nurses’ attitudes to euthanasia. Studies show large differences with respect to the percentage of nurses who are (not) in favour of euthanasia. Characteristics such as age, religion and nursing specialty have a significant influence on a nurse’s opinion. The arguments for euthanasia have to do with quality of life, respect for autonomy and dissatisfaction with the current situation. Arguments against euthanasia are the right to a good death, belief in the possibilities offered by palliative care, religious objections and the fear of abuse. Nurses mention the need for more palliative care training, their difficulties in taking a specific position, and their desire to express their ideas about euthanasia. There is a need to include nurses’ voices in the end-of-life discourse because they offer a contextual understanding of euthanasia and requests to die, which is borne out of real experience with people facing death.
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Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava. "Some Neglected Aspects of Medieval Muslim Polemics against Christianity." Harvard Theological Review 89, no. 1 (January 1996): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000031813.
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Muslim medieval authors were fascinated with religious issues, as the corpus of Arabic literature clearly shows. They were extremely curious about other religions and made intense efforts to describe and understand them. A special brand of Arabic literature—theMilal wa-Niḥal(“Religions and Sects”) heresiographies—dealt extensively with different sects and theological groups within Islam as well as with other religions and denominations: pagan, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, Hindu, and others. Of course, most of the heresiographies were written in a polemical tone (sometimes a harsh one, like that of the eleventh-century Spaniard Ibn Ḥazm's:Al-Faṣl fi-l-Milal wa-l-Ahwā wa-l-Niḥal[“Discerning between Religions, Ideologies, and Sects”]), but some come close to being objective, scholarly descriptions of other religions (for example, Al-Shahrastānī'sMilal wa-Niḥalbook from the twelfth century).
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Morgan, Robert. "Historical and Canonical Aspects of a New Testament Theology." Biblical Interpretation 11, no. 3 (2003): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851503790507954.
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AbstractIn nineteenth-century discussions of the scope and methods of New Testament theology more attention was paid to the new historical methods than to the reasons for this discipline. Its independence from dogmatics was new, but it was the role of Scripture in the life of the Church which made it important in educating clergy. Theological interpretation of any passage of Scripture might serve as a source of Christian faith and theology, but for Scripture to be a norm, a survey of the whole New Testament is needed. New Testament theologies using historical exegesis and attending to all the canonical writings can offer (or imply) proposals about the identity of Christianity, and in the conversation between such proposals a measure of consensus can be expected where there is agreement to respect textual intention. Most Christian reading of Scripture to nourish and communicate faith is done through translations and without asking about authorial intention, but theologians making proposals about the identity of Christianity which accord with the witness of Scripture are subject to more constraints for the sake of consensus. They need to survey the whole New Testament using critical historical exegesis and background knowledge of the ancient world to inform a perspective derived from their contemporary understandings of Christianity. Such theologically interested surveys are properly called New Testament theologies.
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Kelleher †, Michael J., Derek Chambers, Paul Corcoran, Helen S. Keeley, and Eileen Williamson. "Euthanasia and Related Practices Worldwide." Crisis 19, no. 3 (May 1998): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.3.109.
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The present paper examines the occurrence of matters relating to the ending of life, including active euthanasia, which is, technically speaking, illegal worldwide. Interest in this most controversial area is drawn from many varied sources, from legal and medical practitioners to religious and moral ethicists. In some countries, public interest has been mobilized into organizations that attempt to influence legislation relating to euthanasia. Despite the obvious international importance of euthanasia, very little is known about the extent of its practice, whether passive or active, voluntary or involuntary. This examination is based on questionnaires completed by 49 national representatives of the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP), dealing with legal and religious aspects of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, as well as suicide. A dichotomy between the law and medical practices relating to the end of life was uncovered by the results of the survey. In 12 of the 49 countries active euthanasia is said to occur while a general acceptance of passive euthanasia was reported to be widespread. Clearly, definition is crucial in making the distinction between active and passive euthanasia; otherwise, the entire concept may become distorted, and legal acceptance may become more widespread with the effect of broadening the category of individuals to whom euthanasia becomes an available option. The “slippery slope” argument is briefly considered.
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Yang, Lucinda. "Aspects of Pentecostal Christianity in Zimbabwe, by Lovemore Togarasei (ed.)." Pneuma 41, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-04102030.
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Onieva-Zafra, María Dolores, Juan José Fernández-Muñoz, María Laura Parra-Fernandez, Cristina Romero-Blanco, and Elia Fernández-Martínez. "Adaptation and validation of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale into Spanish." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 5 (August 25, 2019): 1201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019864162.
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Background Considering the extensive debate that is currently taking place in Spain regarding euthanasia, it is important to examine the attitude of professionals who perform most of their duties at the bedside of these patients and their families. Objectives The aim of the present study was to present an adaptation and validation of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties among a sample of nursing students in Spain. Research design A cross-sectional study design was conducted. Participants and research context Non-probabilistic sampling was used to recruit 396 Spanish nursing students. Methods A self-report questionnaire, including socio-demographic data and the Euthanasia Attitude Scale, were used for data collection. The psychometric properties of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale were assessed, including reliability and validity. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. Ethical considerations This study was approved by the Hospital Ethical Committee. Students were informed of the aims and procedures and provided written informed consent prior to data collection. Results The factorial solution comprised four domains and the scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .878). For the exploratory factor analysis, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin index of sampling adequacy was .905 and the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was 2972.79 (p < .001). The initial factorial solution revealed four factors with eigenvalues of 6.78 for the first factor, 1.90 for the second one, 1.29 for the third, and 1.10 for the fourth factor. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between religiosity and the domains of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale. Discussion This study obtained a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .88 which is in consonance with the findings reported by other studies whereby none of the items were removed and the initial structure based on four domains was conserved, with a factorial solution that explains 52.79% of the total variance. The displacement of some items of the domain may be explained by certain religious and/or cultural components as, in accordance with other studies, people with firm religious beliefs are more inclined to refuse euthanasia. Conclusion According to the findings of this study, the Euthanasia Attitude Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the attitudes toward euthanasia in a sample of Spanish nursing students. This Spanish adaptation will be valuable in future studies examining the attitude and implication of nurses, understanding that nurses are key figures in the euthanasia debate.
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Cohen, Cynthia B. "Christian Perspectives on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: The Anglican Tradition." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 4 (1996): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01881.x.
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We have always had the ability to commit suicide or request euthanasia in times of serious illness. Yet these acts have been prohibited by the Christian tradition from early times. Some Christians, as they see relatives and friends kept alive too long and in poor condition through the use of current medical powers, however, are beginning to question that tradition. Are assisted suicide and euthanasia compassionate Christian responses to those in pain and suffering who face death? Or are they ways of isolating and abandoning them, of fleeing from Christian compassion, rather than expressing it?The Committee on Medical Ethics of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington recently issued a report addressing assisted suicide and euthanasia. These matters cry out for religious contributions and perspectives, the Committee believes. The group recognizes that religious voices should not determine public policy, but believes they should be heard as we develop a social consensus about assisted suicide and euthanasia.
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Baume, P., E. O'Malley, and A. Bauman. "Professed religious affiliation and the practice of euthanasia." Journal of Medical Ethics 21, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.21.1.49.
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Hurlbut, D. Dmitri. "Review: Aspects of Pentecostal Christianity in Zimbabwe, edited by Lovemore Togarasei." Nova Religio 23, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2020.23.4.141.
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Handaric, Mihai. "Aspects related to the influence of Christianity on the Society." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v2i2.215.
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In this paper the author analyzes the influence of Christianity on society. There will be demonstrated that through its structure, man was created to live in the community. He discovers himself by relating to the world surrounding him, as it is argued by Martin Heidegger, and Martin Buber. Here we also include the relationship with the transcendent. The philosophical and sociological arguments help us understand the influence Christianity had on European society. The religion of the European nations had a strong influence on the civilization of the continent and the world. Researchers have come to the conclusion that man was created with an innate religious feeling. Rudolf Otto sought to demonstrate that man's religious experience can only be explained by the aprioric existence of the sacred. So did Mircea Eliade, who introduced a new term "hierophany" to define the act of experiencing the sacred. There were also researchers who reinterpreted the relationship with the sacred. Emile Durkheim argued that ultimately, religion in its present form will be replaced by a so-called "civic religion," which will replace religious services in churches. Accepting the perspective of Scripture, the author tries to show the idea of the presence of Divinity in the believer's life (John 14:15-26). Jurgen Moltman asserts that if society were to enter the process of Christ's discipleship, she would discover the divine alternatives that bring the long-awaited results. Max Weber argued that Christian religion, and especially the sects of Protestantism, had a decisive role in influencing the culture and civilization of modern Europe, and the world at large. From his point of view, the decision of man in capitalist society to make a great effort in his work, has a religious motivation, namely, the doctrine of predestination. Considering that the moral and theological dimension of Christianity lies at the root of human significance, Christians struggle to defend the revealed message. A good example is given by Francis Schaeffer, who in his book Trilogy pleads to preserve the traditional moral values of the Bible. Schaeffer attempts to link the idea of revelation, as it is presented in the Christian Bible, with the discovering of man's significance.
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Kim, Kirsteen. "Christianity’s Role in the Modernization and Revitalization of Korean Society in the Twentieth-Century." International Journal of Public Theology 4, no. 2 (2010): 212–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973210x491903.
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AbstractThe development of South Korea and its growth to become the world’s eleventh largest economy has been accompanied by the introduction of Christianity and its increase to become the major religious group, to which nearly thirty per cent of the population are affiliated. This article probes the connection between these two spectacular examples of development; economic and religious. By highlighting moments or episodes of Christian contribution to aspects of development in Korean history and linking these to relevant aspects of Korean Christian theology, there is shown to be a constructive, although not always intentional, link between Korean Christianity and national development. The nature of the Christian contribution is seen not primarily in terms of the work ethic it engenders (as argued by Max Weber in the case of European capitalism) but mainly in the realm of aspirations (visions, hope) of a new society and motivation (inspiration, empowerment) to put them into effect. In other words, it was the public theology of Christianity that played a highly significant role in the modernization and revitalization of Korean society in the twentieth century.
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Yang, Xiaoli. "Contemplative Aspects of Pentecostal Spirituality." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 28, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-02702008.
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How is the dynamic power of the Holy Spirit working through contemplative aspects of Pentecostal spirituality in Asia where Christianity thrives in a hostile environment today? Are there any insights that Pentecostal churches of the Global North can learn and experience deeper transformation through the Holy Spirit in a post-Christian world? This article shares a recent experience of a retreat with a group of Asian Pentecostal pastors. It describes how they, both individually and as a group, encountered God through contemplative practice within the praxis of their spiritual tradition. Drawing from their experiences grounded in Scripture, the article explores the key theological issues of silence, body, and response. Pentecostal churches are therefore encouraged to be eager to learn from the lived experiences of pastors in Asia and receptive to contemplative aspects of Pentecostal spirituality.
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Engelke, Matthew, and Frans J. Verstraelen. "Zimbabwean Realities and Christian Responses: Contemporary Aspects of Christianity in Zimbabwe." Journal of Religion in Africa 30, no. 4 (November 2000): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581596.
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Hughes, Rebecca C. "Expanding the Bounds of Christianity and Feminism." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 1-2 (June 3, 2022): 22–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340223.
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Abstract As headmistress of the London Missionary Society’s Girls’ Boarding School from 1915–1940 in Mbereshi, Zambia, Mabel Shaw (1889–1973) created an innovative educational programme that embraced local culture and empowered women. Shaw drew from theological, anthropological, and feminist perspectives to guide her understanding of Bemba culture. Shaw built upon fulfilment theology with its premise that all religions had an element of God’s truth in them. In doing so, Shaw differentiated Western culture from Christian culture, creating space to accommodate practices such as ancestor veneration and polygamy. While scholars have been reluctant to label Shaw as a feminist, this author argues she must be recognized as one. Shaw actively collaborated with Bemba women and raised them as Christian saints. Moreover, Shaw was unique in that she urged her British audiences to listen to African voices and to consider the value of adopting aspects of African worship.
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Avis, Paul. "Stephen Sykes and the Essence of Christianity." Ecclesiology 15, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-01501006.
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Stephen Sykes chastised English (especially Anglican) theology for its neglect of systematic and doctrinal theology and worked for its revival. He viewed the liberal tendency in English theology in the 1960s and 1970s as attributable, at least in part, to lack of doctrinal rigour and to ecclesiastical woolliness. Sykes contributed to methodological reflection on systematic theology, but his occasional forays into systematics were not his major efforts. However, one systematic theological topic to which Sykes made a significant contribution was the question of the essence of Christianity, which he pursued in critical dialogue with a galaxy of modern theologians. His account of the essence in relation to the ‘external’ and ‘internal’ aspects of Christianity is not satisfactory and his conclusion that the essence is an ‘essentially contested concept’ is disappointing. Nevertheless, his discussion sheds light on the problem and remains a stimulus and resource for further work on this topic.
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Appiah, Simon Kofi. "Thinking Africa in Postmission Theology: Implications for Global Theological Discourse." Exchange 51, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-bja10007.
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Abstract It is necessary to consider the place of Africa in postmission theology, described here as ‘postmissionality,’ because of the high Christian percentage of the African population. This demography means that Africa is now, more than ever before, of great significance to global Christianity. In the same vein, it reveals that Christianity is an important variable in the development of Africa. The relevance of this dialogical relationship between Africa and Christianity extends beyond Africa into global Christianity, which is today experienced as the innovative realization of the Christian religion in de-imperializing contests. This paper discusses three – political/liberationist, multicultural/pluralism, and Pentecostal – of the many aspects of ‘postmissionality’ and shows how they can influence and advance the development of global theological discourse.
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Kobyliński, Andrzej. "Ethical Aspects of the Prosperity Gospel in the Light of the Arguments Presented by Antonio Spadaro and Marcelo Figueroa." Religions 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12110996.
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The main aim of the article is to analyze the Prosperity Gospel as an important element of the contemporary pentecostalization of Christianity. The essence of this global process is the emergence of thousands of new Pentecostal denominations and the transformation of other traditional churches into a single, syncretic variety of charismatic Christianity on a global scale. Pentecostal religiosity is characterized, among other things, by prayer in tongues, miracles, exorcisms, healing services, etc. Another key element of this new syncretic religiosity is the Prosperity Gospel which represents the belief that faith may lead to wealth, health and prosperity, and the lack of it ends in poverty, disease, and misfortune. Critics of this new religiosity point out that God must not be seen merely as a realizer of human dreams of happiness, health and wealth. The first part of the article discusses the specific nature of the global process of the pentecostalization of Christianity. It then goes on to present an interpretation of the most important elements of the Prosperity Gospel. In the next part of the article, various charges against the Prosperity Gospel are analyzed, including arguments presented in the widely commented articles that Antonio Spadaro and Marcelo Figueroa published on this topic in 2017–2018.
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Dadaeva, A. I. "RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF DEATH IN “HARRY POTTER”: MOTIFS OF RESURRECTION AND SACRIFICE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 5 (October 14, 2022): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-5-1110-1114.
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The article explores recurring motifs of dying, resurrection and sacrifice in the Harry Potter series that one way or another are related to the theme of death in its religious interpretation. The author of this article analyzes the exact ways in which J.K. Rowling builds semantic fields of the theme of death, «marrying» tradition with modernity and referring to intertextuality, especially in her use of elements from Christianity and its tradition.
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Cherenkov, Mychailo. "Human rights, "orthodoxy" and "heresy": philosophical and religious framework of interpretations." Religious Freedom 1, no. 19 (August 30, 2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/rs.2016.19.1.925.
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Post-secularism activates the role of religions in problematic and redefining seemingly inviolable foundations, axial ideas, key modernist concepts, including "human rights." It is worth noting that religious leaders and theologians evaluate "human rights" not only externally - as a political theory, ideology or even a separate religion, but each time they raise the question of the internal connection between Christianity and "human rights", which can acquire forms as "Orthodoxy", and "heresy". Attention to this connection, its forms and interpretations is exacerbated to the extent that the more expressive are the claims of postsecular versions of religiosity to the actual understanding of human rights and how weaker general, universal, transcendental foundations become. It is interesting to trace how the "heretical" and "orthodox" understanding of human rights changes as an example of Christianity, as the ratio of these understandings changes, and in the end, as the boundaries of "heretical" and "orthodox" in the Christianity themselves change - in its political-legal and philosophical-religious aspects .
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CHEN, Kai. "涅槃與安樂——從佛教的立場看“安樂死”問題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.51447.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.安樂死問題是當代生命倫理學中一個重要的問題，對於這一問題各界爭論不休。但是，就理論資源的角度來說，大多只是集中於醫學、哲學以及倫理學等領域，宗教倫理尤其是佛教倫理中蘊藏著豐富的理論資源，為我們認識安樂死問題提供了一個全新的視角，可以對安樂死問題的解決給出全新的答案。The problem of euthanasia (or mercy killing) is quite important in contemporary ethics. There have been a large amount of arguments among many circles. However, most contemporary discussions are limited to the theoretical resources of medicine, philosophy and ethics. In religious ethics, especially Buddhist ethics, there exists abundance of intellectual resources that could be drawn on.This essay analyses several general representative value judgments which support euthanasia. It is not difficult to find that both extreme utilitarian views and extreme human rights views on euthanasia can be taken as originating from either the classical Greek thinking or the modern Enlightenment thinking. Contemporary moralists are unable to take advantage of such views to get out of the difficulty around the issue of euthanasia. Such views often consist of some general principles, such as autonomy, beneficence, justice and etc. Interestingly, both the supporters and opponents of euthanasia can use the same set of such principles to make their arguments, and cannot persuade the other side. This situation indicates the impoverishment of such views for solving bioethical problems. It is then necessary to introduce some other traditional resources, especially Eastern religious perspectives, to reconsider the problem of euthanasia from a wider background.From the Buddhist view, all sides of the contemporary debate over the problem of euthanasia - no matter whether it is from the background of Christianity or from modern humanist thinking, actually share the same theoretical presuppositions and originate from the same cultural traditional background, although they seem to be dramatically and severely different. Both Christian theologians and modern Western Humanist intellectuals cut death from daily human life, viewing death as an enemy which people should challenge and overcome. As Buddhists see it, this attitude will surely bring the problem of euthanasia to a mess. Buddhism understands that death and life cannot be entirely separated from each other. This does not mean that Buddhism must support active euthanasia. Rather, to introduce Buddhist thinking resources into consideration over this problem could provide us a brand new perspective of understanding this problem, and may give us some new resolutions of euthanasia.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 135 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Giese, Constanze. "German Nurses, Euthanasia and Terminal Care: a Personal Perspective." Nursing Ethics 16, no. 2 (March 2009): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733008100368.
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The nursing profession in Germany is facing a public debate on legal and ethical questions concerning euthanasia on request and physician-assisted suicide. However, it seems questionable if the profession itself, individual nurses or the professional associations are prepared to be involved in such a public debate. To understand this hesitation, the present situation is considered in the light of the tradition and history of professional care in Germany. Obedience to medical as well as to religious authorities was long part of nurses' professional identity, but is no longer relevant. The lack of reflection and discussion on how to take a balanced view of ethical and political questions concerning nursing, and the role and responsibility of nurses in end-of-life decisions and situations of caring for dying people are discussed using the situation of nurses in the Netherlands as a comparison.
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Percy, Martyn. "A Practical-Prophetic-Pastoral Exemplar: An Extended Homily on the Ministry and Writings of Percy Dearmer." Journal of Anglican Studies 19, no. 1 (May 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355321000036.
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AbstractAn extended homily or meditation that focuses on some aspects of the life and work of Percy Dearmer. Dearmer, in his pastoral attentiveness, irenic prophetic action, and practical Christianity, sought to continue a distinctive English Anglican tradition of faithfully fulfilling his vocation through a richly incarnational ministry.
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Kings, Graharm. "Foundations for Mission and the Study of World Christianity." Mission Studies 14, no. 1 (1997): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338397x00167.
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AbstractIn this Forum Paper, Henry Martyn Lecturer Graham Kings reflects on three aspects of the legacy of nineteenth century Indian missionary Henry Martyn. The first aspect is that of Martyn as linguist and translator, the second is that of Martyn as a model and inspirer of missionaries, and the third aspect is the legacy of scholarship that Martyn's memory has inspired. Kings focuses particularly on the promise of the newly-relocated Henry Martyn Library at Westminster College, Cambridge.
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Casey, Cornelius. "Guided by Hope and Not by Conscience: An Examination of the Arguments of Ivan Illich." Religions 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14010032.
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Ivan Illich was an incisive critic of aspects of contemporary Western cultures, such as the over-reach of obligatory institutionalized schooling, the excessive medicalization of society, and the dangers of global industrial development. From the outset there was a deeper edge to his work which concerned the formative, but ambivalent, influence of Christianity. His case is that a perversion of Christianity has come to be woven deep into the fabric of modernity and that ‘living by one’s conscience’ is one of the constitutive threads therein. Illich advocates living by hope and not by conscience. The article presents some lines along which Illich’s concern with the centrality of hope could be further developed.
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Nauta, Rein. "The Prodigal Son: Some Psychological Aspects of Augustine’s Conversion to Christianity." Journal of Religion and Health 47, no. 1 (August 1, 2007): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-007-9134-1.
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Clifton, Shane. "Disability and the Complexity of Choice in the Ethics of Abortion and Voluntary Euthanasia." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 46, no. 4 (July 5, 2021): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhab008.
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Abstract In the polarized debates about abortion and voluntary euthanasia, disability advocates, who normally align with left-wing social forces, have tended to side with conservative and religious voices in expressing concerns about the impact of technological and sociopolitical developments on disabled futures. This paper draws on the social model of disability and the virtue ethics tradition to explain the alignment between the religious and disability perspectives, and the theory of transformative choice to highlight the limits and biases of the pro-choice logic. Yet, it also recognizes the inherent contradiction of disabled advocates taking a paternalistic position against the personal agency of women and people facing terminal illnesses. A disability perspective serves the discussion of abortion and euthanasia as an encouragement to work together for the building of a society that enables people with diverse disabilities to exist and flourish, and helps pregnant women, people facing disabling and terminal illnesses, and politicians and social influencers to make informed choices.
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Desnitsky, Andrey S. "Emerging Christianity: what do we know and how?" Orientalistica 4, no. 5 (December 27, 2021): 1301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-5-1301-1321.
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This article, the second in a series, briefly describes the main problems connected with the reconstruction of emerging Christianity. First of all, it is the scarcity of historical sources. They speak almost exclusively about religious beliefs and leave aside all other aspects of life. Then, it is the clearly expressed interest of both ancient authors and modern researchers to present a “rightful” and ideal picture. As a result, emerges an idealized image of such a Christian community that a modern scholar would like to belong to. A possible methodological solution to this problem can be found in the model of religious studies suggested by the modern German scholar Gerd Theissen. Concerning the practical method, one can suggest an analysis of the polemics as reflected in the early Christian texts, mainly epistles.
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Madadin, Mohammed, Houria S. Al Sahwan, Khadijah K. Altarouti, Sarraa A. Altarouti, Zahra S. Al Eswaikt, and Ritesh G. Menezes. "The Islamic perspective on physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420934241.
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Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and euthanasia can be debated from ethical and legal perspectives, and there are a variety of views regarding their acceptability and usefulness. Religion is considered an important factor in determining attitudes towards such practices. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the Islamic perspective on PAS and euthanasia and explore the Islamic approach in addressing the related issues. The PubMed database was searched to retrieve relevant articles, then the references listed in the selected articles were checked for additional relevant publications. Additionally, religious books (Quran and hadith) and legal codes of selected countries were also consulted from appropriate websites. The Islamic code of law discusses many issues regarding life and death, as it considers any act of taking one’s life to be forbidden. Islam sanctifies life and depicts it as a gift from God ( Allah). It consistently emphasises the importance of preserving life and well-being. Therefore Muslims, the followers of Islam, have no right to end their life. All Islamic doctrines consider PAS and euthanasia to be forbidden. However, if the patient has an imminently fatal illness, withholding or withdrawing a futile medical treatment is considered permissible. From a legal perspective, Islamic countries have not legalised PAS and euthanasia. Such practices are therefore considered suicides when patients consent to the procedure, and homicides when physicians execute the procedure.
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Rahman, Syahrul, and Hamdani Hamdani. "Menstrual Taboo; Menguji Wasathiyatul Islam Pada Menstruasi." Jurnal Ulunnuha 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/ju.v9i2.1679.
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Al-Quran gives a firm statement about Muslims as ummatan wasathan which interpreted as the best people or middle people. Al-Quran scholar state that the term of wasathan in al-Baqarah verse 143 applies to all aspect of life, including the aspects of faith, law, worship and others. Based on this verse, moderate Islamic concept is presented, it's just this term is often used to assess religious understanding within the body of Islam itself, while the row of verses talks about the mystical conflicts of the companions of the Prophet after hearing the comments of the Jews and Christians regarding the movement Qibla direction of Muslims. There was a shift in the use of term wasathiyah in Indonesia from a comparison between people (religion) to a comparison of religious understanding in Islam its self. The approach method used in this article is an interpretive approach This article aims to examine the modernity of Islam in the legal aspects of menstruation compared to Judaism and Christianity. These three religious teachings see women who are menstruating should be kept away, it's just there are significant differences in its application. Some make a menstruation women kept away physically like Jews and Christianity. Some others avoid it in the sense they are not justified to perform ritual worship like Islam. This research proves that the teachings of Islam are lighter / more moderate in viewing women who are menstruating compared to Judaism and Christianity and at the same time this confirms the interpretation of scholars towards the word wasathiyah applies to all aspects of life including menstruation.
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Reynolds, Gabriel Said. "On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qurʾān and the Many Aspects of Qur’anic Rhetoric." Al-Bayān – Journal of Qurʾān and Ḥadīth Studies 12, no. 1 (July 8, 2014): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22321969-12340003.
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Many important western works on the Qurʾān are focused on the question of religious influences. The prototypical work of this genre is concerned with Judaism and the Qurʾān: Abraham’s Geiger’s 1833 Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen, or “What Did Muhammad Acquire from Judaism?” In Geiger’s work – and the works of many who followed him – material in the Qurʾān is compared to similar material in Jewish or Christian literature in the hope of arriving at a better understanding of the Qurʾān’s origins. In the present article I argue that these sorts of studies often include a simplistic perspective on Qur’anic rhetoric. In order to pursue this argument I focus on a common feature of these works, namely a comparison between material in the Qurʾān on Christ and Christianity with reports on the teachings of Christian heretical groups. Behind this feature is a conviction that heretical Christian groups existed in the Arabian peninsula at the time of Islam’s origins and that these groups influenced the Prophet. I will argue that once the Qurʾān’s creative use of rhetorical strategies such as hyperbole is appreciated, the need to search for Christian heretics disappears entirely.
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Kim, Taeyoung. "The Religious and Political Defiance and the Reinterpretation of the Morality Play Implied in Doctor Faustus." British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea 146 (September 30, 2022): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2022.146.41.
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From a religious perspective, Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus has primarily been analyzed in two contrasting ways. Some critics have claimed that this play advocates orthodox Christianity and others have argued that Marlowe defies Christianity and the Elizabethan England in the 16th century. There are several reasons why the interpretation of this play has been divided into conflicting views: the confusion in the aftermath of the Reformation, the unexplained notoriety for Marlowe being an atheist, and much of his life and death that has remained a mystery. Both sides have taken a confrontational stance. Accordingly, these conflicting aspects have imposed limitations on analyzing his life and works from an objective perspective. In this paper, the author reinterprets the meaning of the morality play in Marlowe’s own position and conclude that Marlowe capitalized on the morality play as an effective way to ardently criticize the harsh and strict Christianity of England while avoiding the accusation that he is an atheist.
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Dijkstra, Jitse H. F. "Appropriation: A New Approach to Religious Transformation in Late Antiquity." Numen 68, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341610.
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Abstract In this article, I propose the concept of “appropriation,” widely used in cross-cultural contexts, as a new approach to the process of religious transformation in Late Antiquity. This approach has the advantage that it encompasses the entire spectrum of individual responses to the impact of Christianity that characterizes the period. It is thus a particularly dynamic concept, as it accurately takes into account the interactive nature of the process and views it “from the bottom-up,” highlighting human agency. The variety of responses is illustrated by three case studies from Egypt — literature, monumental architecture (temples and churches), and magic — which can be regarded as exemplary for studying similar aspects of the religious transformation process in other areas of the (Eastern) Roman Empire. In each of these cases, the topic has until quite recently been viewed in terms of a “pagan” vs. Christianity framework, which has now been replaced by a more complex picture that exposes to the fullest extent the different forms of appropriation.
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Rayson, Dianne. "Time and Space in the Kingdom of God: Exploring Bonhoeffer’s Worldly and Earthly Christianity in the Anthropocene." International Journal of Public Theology 16, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-01540031.
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Abstract This article considers Bonhoeffer’s treatment of time and space and their relationship to worldly Christianity, and asks how this might be important for life in the Anthropocene. It engages with time and space via aspects of several of his texts including his first published monograph, Creation and Fall: A Theological Exposition of Genesis 1–3 (1937) delivered as the ‘Creation and Sin’ lectures at the University of Berlin through 1932–33; the short lecture, “Thy Kingdom Come: The Prayer of the Church-Community for God’s Kingdom on Earth” (19 November 1932); as well as his Ethics (incomplete manuscripts from 1940–43). It applies these findings to Bonhoeffer’s notion of worldly Christianity. In doing so, it pursues a contemporary development of worldly Christianity in the form of Earthly Christianity, one suitable for the demands of the new age, the Anthropocene, characterised by disruption, dissociation with the world, and a loss of hope.
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Fazel, Seena. "Baha'i Approaches to Christianity and Islam: Further Thoughts on Developing an Inter-Religious Dialogue." Baha'i Studies Review 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/bsr.14.39_1.
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This paper aims to present a novel Baha'i contribution to inter-religious dialogue, one that is based on developing intellectual bridges between the religions. It is argued that the concept of continuity of revelation is a framework by which religions can dialogue about their differences and similarities. Some preliminary aspects of this concept are outlined from scripture and current scholarship in Christianity and Islam. There are three aspects to continuity of revelation: commonalities between the religions, non-exclusivity and non-finality in relation to their claims. The paper concludes that a central theme of inter-religious dialogue should be the nature and lives of the prophet-founders. In the context of Christian Muslim dialogue, the challenge that the prophetic career of Muhammad represents for Christians is discussed in relation to Abdu'l-Baha's talks in the West. Finally, the importance for Baha'is of contributing to the western discourse on Islam is explored.
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Hunt, Stephen. "Alpha Programme." Fieldwork in Religion 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/firn.v1i1.49.
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The Alpha course is possibly the most widespread and best known evangelizing initiative of recent times. Billing itself as an introduction into ‘basic Christianity’, Alpha is an innovating course that has been adopted world-wide by tens of thousands of churches. This paper overviews the research methods of a national survey in the UK which were utilized in order to investigate and analyse various aspects of Alpha including its use in different contexts, who joins the programme and why, and its anticipated levels of success. These aspects of Alpha were explored through a variety of research methods; questionnaires; semi-structured interviews; participant observation; and a literature review.
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Francis, Leslie J. "Personality and Attitude towards Religion among Adult Churchgoers in England." Psychological Reports 69, no. 3 (December 1991): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.791.
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A sample of 165 regular churchgoers completed the short form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, together with the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity. While the data demonstrate that the central thesis of Eysenck's theory relating personality with religious attitudes holds good among a religious sample, they also suggest that other aspects of personality theory and measurement relating personality with religious attitudes may function differently in a religiously committed sample than in more general samples.
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Bourdin, Bernard. "Les héritages chrétiens: quel avenir?" Moreana 46 (Number 176), no. 1 (June 2009): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2009.46.1.14.
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The legacy from Christianity unquestionably lies at the root of Europe, even if not exclusively. It has taken many aspects from the Middle Ages to modern times. If the Christian heritage is diversely understood and accepted within the European Union, the reason is essentially due to its political and religious significance. However, its impact in politics and religion has often been far from negative, if we will consider what secular societies have derived from Christianity: human rights, for example, and a religious affiliation which has been part and parcel of national identity. The Christian legacy has to be acknowledged through a critical analysis which does not deny the truth of the past but should support a European project built around common values.
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Doye, Eli. "Mopin and its Sacred Ritualistic Aspects." Dera Natung Government College Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56405/dngcrj.2016.01.01.08.
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This fieldwork-based article provides an ethnographic overview of the Mopin festival of the Galos and its underlying ritualistic aspects. The Galos have a rich, multi-faceted and distinct culture of their own. Among the diverse types of traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) of the Galo tribe, Mopin is the most popular and significant. In fact, it forms a part of the identity and heritage of the indigenous community. Mopin has certain established sacred and religious rituals which are usually accompanied by hymns and incantations chanted by the nyibo (priests) and the bo (co-priests) from their memory. Regrettably, due to modern education and the influence of other religions especially Christianity, rituals associated with Mopin have undergone immense changes in the contemporary time.
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Stinton, Diane. "Jesus—Immanuel, Image of the Invisible God: Aspects of Popular Christology in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Reformed Theology 1, no. 1 (2007): 6–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973107x182613.
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Widespread evidence indicates that Jesus Christ holds a most prominent place in popular cultures across Africa south of the Sahara. In the present article, empirical data generated through qualitative research in Kenya, Ghana, and Uganda serve to illustrate similar phenomena attested across the continent. Initial description and subsequent theological analysis highlight two central aspects of these Christologies: Jesus as Immanuel—God with us—in Africa, and Jesus as the "image of the invisible God" (Col. 1:15). Following a summary overview of Christological images in Africa, conclusions point out their significance to contemporary Christianity, particularly regarding the intrinsic relation between popular and academic theologies.
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Czeglédy, André. "A New Christianity for a New South Africa: Charismatic Christians and the Post-Apartheid Order." Journal of Religion in Africa 38, no. 3 (2008): 284–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006608x323504.
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AbstractThe international growth of Pentecostalism has seen a rush of congregations in Africa, many of which have tapped into a range of both local and global trends ranging from neo-liberal capitalism to tele-evangelism to youth music. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this discussion focuses on the main Johannesburg congregation of a grouping of churches that have successfully engaged with aspects of socio-economic transformation in post-apartheid South Africa. Such engagement has involved conspicuous alignment with aspects of contemporary South African society, including an acceptance of broader policy projects of the nation state. I argue that the use of a variety of symbolic and thematic elements of a secular nature in the Sunday services of this church reminds and inspires congregants to consider wider social perspectives without challenging the sacred realm of faith.
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Sundberg, Albert C. "Enabling Language in Paul." Harvard Theological Review 79, no. 1-3 (July 1986): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001781600002054x.
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Paul of Tarsus, first-century Diaspora-Jew-become-Christian, became, through Augustine and Luther, the canonical theologian for Protestant Christianity. Consequently, his theology has been of overwhelming interest, whether in research, teaching, or preaching. This dominating concern with his theology, however, has diverted interest from other significant deposits Paul left us in his letters. F. W. Beare, in a study on “St. Paul as Spiritual Director,” has shown that this itinerant preacher of primitive Christianity has left us a record of his pastoral concerns that can still serve as a useful model for the modern pastor. A growing number of scholarly articles on Paul and women shows that while Paul sometimes simply reflects a male-dominated social reality, he occasionally envisions freedom and equality for women. Disappointment in other aspects of Paul's social perspective is largely overcome when that perspective is sought within his teaching on the church which, in his apocalyptic orientation, would be the continuing social reality.