Academic literature on the topic 'Europeans Australia Attitudes History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Europeans Australia Attitudes History"
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Langfield, Michele. "Attitudes to European immigration to Australia in the early twentieth century." Journal of Intercultural Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1991.9963369.
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Levesque, Sebastian, Thomas M. Polasek, Eric Haan, and Sepehr Shakib. "Attitudes of healthy volunteers to genetic testing in phase 1 clinical trials." F1000Research 10 (March 30, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26828.1.
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Background: Genetic testing in clinical trials introduces several ethical and logistical issues to discuss with potential participants when taking informed consent. The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes of healthy volunteers in phase 1 studies to the topics of genetic security, genetic privacy and incidental genetic findings. Methods: Healthy volunteers presenting for screening appointments at a phase 1 clinical trial unit (CMAX Clinical Research, Adelaide, Australia) took an anonymous paper survey about genetic testing. Results: There were 275 respondents to the survey. The mean age was 27 years (range 18-73); 54% were male and 53% were of North/Western European ethnicity. Just over half the healthy volunteers thought genetic security (56%) and genetic privacy (57%) were “important” or “very important”. However, the security of their genetic information was ranked less important than other personal information, including mobile phone number, internet browser search history and email address. Two-thirds of respondents would trade genetic privacy for re-identifiability if information relevant to their health were discovered by genetic testing. Healthy volunteers favoured the return of incidental genetic findings (90% indicated this was “important” or “very important”). A level of risk (10 to 90%) for developing a serious medical condition that would “trigger” the return of incidental genetic findings to participants was not identified. Conclusions: Healthy volunteers screening for phase 1 clinical trials have mixed views about the importance of genetic security and genetic privacy, but they strongly favour the return of incidental genetic findings that could affect their health. These issues should be discussed with potential participants during informed consent for phase 1 clinical trials with genetic testing.
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Leroy, Matthew. "Controlling the Ever Threatening ‘Other’." Australia, no. 28/3 (January 15, 2019): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.28.3.12.
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Ideas of Australia being invaded by a foreign ‘Other’ have been present throughout much of its history and this legacy is still present today. My paper will reveal the red thread of control that runs through Australia’s attitude and policy towards asylum seekers since European arrival. Claims of current restrictions against asylum seekers being mere Islamophobia ignore this history. From the grudging admission of Jewish refugees during times of Nazi oppression to quotas placed on certain nationalities and later draconian punishments for those claiming asylum without a prior visa, control of the ‘Other’ has been a constant theme, with current policies of mandatory detention and off shore processing on far away Pacific islands separating the Australian ‘Self’ from the foreign ‘Other.’
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Waterhouse, Richard, Richard Waterson, and Alan Atkinson. "The Europeans in Australia: A History, Volume I." Labour History, no. 76 (1999): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516638.
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Bandelj, Nina, and Christopher W. Gibson. "Contextualizing Anti-Immigrant Attitudes of East Europeans." Review of European Studies 12, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v12n3p32.
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This paper article examines attitudes toward immigrants by analyzing data from the 2010 and 2016 waves of the EBRD’s Life in Transition Survey among respondents from 16 East European countries. Logistic regressions with clustered standard errors and country fixed effects show significantly higher anti-immigrant sentiments after the 2015 immigration pressures on the European Union borders compared with attitudes in 2010. Almost two thirds of the respondents agreed in 2016 that immigrants represented a burden on the state social services, even when the actual immigrant population in these countries was quite small. In addition, East Europeans expressed greater negative sentiments when the issue of immigration was framed as an economic problem—a burden on state social services—than as a cultural problem—having immigrants as neighbors. On the whole, these results point to the importance of contextualizing anti-immigrant attitudes and understanding the effect of external events and the framing of immigration-related survey questions.
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Craw, Charlotte. "Gustatory Redemption?" International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v5i2.87.
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In this article, I critique the historical narratives surrounding the consumption of Australian native foods by European settlers. I argue that culinary historians and other commentators present the contemporary consumption of native foods as a means of rejecting the colonial attitudes of the past. In this narrative, early settlers lacked appreciation for Australian native foods and, by extension, Indigenous Australian culture and knowledge. Based on this depiction of colonial history, the current interest in native foods becomes symbolic of a wider revaluing of Australia’s previously denigrated indigenous flora and fauna and Indigenous people. However, as I relate, some early European settlers and their descendants ate a wide variety of native Australian foods. These historical episodes challenge the conventional narrative of Australian culinary history and, in particular, the idea that contemporary consumption constitutes a novel break from past culinary practices. Moreover, as I demonstrate, settler interest in native foods was often consistent with the attitudes that justified and underwrote colonisation. By drawing attention to the role that native foods played in the colonial project, I complicate the idea that recognition of these foods is sufficient to address this history.
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Lightfoot, Diane. "A history of human quarantine in Australia: settlement to 1980." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20048.
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Roberts, Evan. "The Europeans in Australia: A History. Volume Two: Democracy." History: Reviews of New Books 34, no. 1 (January 2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526736.
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Petrow, Stefan. "The Europeans in Australia: A History, Volume 1: The Beginning." History: Reviews of New Books 26, no. 4 (July 1998): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528238.
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Nelson, E. Charles. "Historical revision XXII: John White (c. 1756-1832), surgeon-general of New South Wales: biographical notes on his Irish origins." Irish Historical Studies 25, no. 100 (November 1987): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400025074.
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John White was appointed chief surgeon to the First Fleet on 24 October 1786 and sailed with that fleet, aboard theCharlotte, on 13 May 1787 for Botany Bay on the eastern seaboard of New Holland (Australia) where a penal colony was to be established. Between 18 and 20 January 1788 the entire fleet arrived at its destination and thus began the settlement of Australia by Europeans. White served as surgeon-general of the new colony, New South Wales, for almost six years until 17 December 1794 when he sailed on theDaedalusfor Europe, never to return to Australia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Europeans Australia Attitudes History"
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Muldoon, Paul (Paul Alexander) 1966. "Under the eye of the master : the colonisation of aboriginality, 1770-1870." Monash University, Dept. of Politics, 1998. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8552.
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Dewar, Mickey. "Strange bedfellows : Europeans and Aborigines in Arnhem land before World War II." Master's thesis, University of New England, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/274469.
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I first arrived in Arnhem Land in November 1980 as a trainee teacher determined to seek adventure having recently finished a BA (Hons) degree in History at Melbourne. I returned in January of the following year to take up a position as teacher to post-primary girls at Milingiinbi Bilingual School.
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Sendziuk, Paul 1974. "Learning to trust : a history of Australian responses to AIDS." Monash University, School of Historical Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9264.
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Featherstone, Lisa. "Breeding and feeding: a social history of mothers and medicine in Australia, 1880-1925." Australia : Macquarie University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/38533.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Department of Modern History, 2003.Bibliography: p. 417-478.
Introduction: breeding and feeding -- The medical man: sex, science and society -- Confined: women and obstetrics 1880-1899 -- The kindest cut? The caesarean section as turning point -- Reproduction in decline -- Resisting reproduction: women, doctors and abortion -- From obstetrics to paediatrics: the rise of the child -- The breast was best: medicine and maternal breastfeeding -- The deadly bottle and the dangers of the wet nurse: the "artificial" feeding of infants -- Surveillance and the mother -- Mothers and medicine: paradigms of continuity and change.
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw profound changes in Australian attitudes towards maternity. Imbibed with discourses of pronatalism and eugenics, the production of infants became increasingly important to society and the state. Discourses proliferated on "breeding", and while it appeared maternity was exulted, the child, not the mother, was of ultimate interest. -- This thesis will examine the ways wider discourses of population impacted on childbearing, and very specifically the ways discussions of the nation impacted on medicine. Despite its apparent objectivity, medical science both absorbed and created pronatalism. Within medical ideology, where once the mother had been the point of interest, the primary focus of medical care, increasingly medical science focussed on the life of the infant, who was now all the more precious in the role of new life for the nation. -- While all childbirth and child-rearing advice was formed and mediated by such rhetoric, this thesis will examine certain key issues, including the rise of the caesarean section, the development of paediatrics and the turn to antenatal care. These turning points can be read as signifiers of attitudes towards women and the maternal body, and provide critical material for a reading of the complexities of representations of mothers in medical discourse.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Castle, K. A. "An examination of the attitudes toward non-Europeans in British school history textbooks and childrens periodicals, 1890-1914 : With special reference to the Indian, the African and the Chinese." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372570.
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This s'tudy examinesthe imageof the Indian, the African, and the Chinese in British school history textbooks and childrens pericxiicals published between 1890 and 1914. This worlc both exemines the portrayal of the British in their historical and .corrtemporary relations with the three groups, and the selective information provided of the character and behaviour of the alien. These three groups were selected as representing areas of the world where the British had-particular interests in the pericxi, and illustrate the relationship between British attitudes and the particular historical experiences and contenporary concerns centred upon each of the three. The choice of textbooks and popular reading material reflected a desire to examinematerials read both for instruction and entertairnnent, and consider the relationship between the operation of the images in both. The s'tudy has deronstrated that both textbook historians and popular writers shared a concern that, Britain's youth should be secured in the prevailing attitudes toward race and nationality. The images which they presented of Britain's role in India, Africa and China, and of the nature of these countries' inhabitants, were mutually reinforcing. Entry for the foreigner into either set of materials dependeduponhis service in supporting and activating an appreciation of British national character and the maintenance of Empire. The sensi ti vity of the imageof the non-Europeanto Britain 's national concerns in this period was reflected in the era of the Boer War, whenthe textbooks and periodicals display a heightened patriotism which was reflected in the textbook's treatrrent of the Indian Mlltinyand periodical jingoism. Although the characterisation of each group differed in their particular contribution to the character formation of Britain's i.nperial sons and daughters, the study showshowclearly the historian and the popular juvenile press transrnitted images of the three which was dependent upon the controlling imperatives of Britain's national and imperial needs.
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Standfield, Rachel, and n/a. "Warriors and wanderers : making race in the Tasman world, 1769-1840." University of Otago. Department of History, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090824.145513.
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"Warriors and Wanderers: Making Race in the Tasman World, 1769-1840" is an exploration of the development of racial thought in Australia and New Zealand from the period of first contact between British and the respective indigenous peoples to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. It analyses four groups of primary documents: the journals and published manuscripts of James Cook's Pacific voyages; An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales by David Collins published in 1798; documents written by and about Samuel Marsden, colonial chaplain in New South Wales and the father of the first mission to New Zealand; and the Reports from the British House of Commons Select Committee into the Treatment of Aborigines in the British Empire from 1835 to 1837. This study employs a transnational methodology and explores the early imperial history of the two countries as a Tasman world of imperial activity. It argues that ideas of human difference and racial thought had important material effects for the indigenous peoples of the region, and were critical to the design of colonial projects and ongoing relationships with both Maori and Aboriginal people, influencing the countries; and their national historiographies, right up to the present day.
Part 1 examines the journals of James Cook's three Pacific voyages, and the ideas about Maori and Aboriginal people which were developed out them. The journals and published books of Cook's Pacific voyages depicted Maori as a warrior race living in hierarchical communities, people who were physically akin to Europeans and keen to interact with the voyagers, and who were understood to change their landscape as well as to defend their land, people who, I argue, were depicted as sovereign owners of their land. In Australia encounter was completely different, characterised by Aboriginal people's strategic use of withdrawal and observation, and British descriptions can be characterised as an ethnology of absence, with skin colour dominating documentation of Aboriginal people in the Endeavour voyage journals. Aboriginal withdrawal from encounter with the British signified to Banks that Aboriginal people had no defensive capability. Assumptions of low population numbers and that Aboriginal people did not change their landscape exacerbated this idea, and culminated in the concept that Aboriginal people were not sovereign owners of their country.
Part 2 examines debates informing the decision to colonise the east coast of Australia through the evidence of Joseph Banks and James Matra to the British Government Committee on Transportation. The idea that Aboriginal people would not resist settlement was a feature not only of this expert evidence but dominated representation of the Sydney Eora community in David Collins's An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, such that Aboriginal attacks on the settlement were not said to be resistance. A report of the kidnapping of two Muriwhenua Maori men by Norfolk Island colonial authorities was also included in Collins Account, relaying to a British audience a Maori view of their own communities while also opening up further British knowledge of the resources New Zealand offered the empire.
The connection with Maori communities facilitated by British kidnapping and subsequent visits by Maori chiefs to New South Wales encouraged the New South Wales colonial chaplain Samuel Marsden to lobby for a New Zealand mission, which was established in 1814, as discussed in Part 3. Marsden was a tireless advocate for Maori civilisation and religious instruction, while he argued that Aboriginal people could not be converted to Christianity. Part 3 explores Marsden's colonial career in the Tasman world, arguing that his divergent actions in the two communities shaped racial thought about the two communities of the two countries. It explores the crucial role of the chaplain's connection to the Australian colony, especially through his significant holdings of land and his relationships with individual Aboriginal children who he raised in his home, to his depiction of Aboriginal people and his assessment of their capacity as human beings.
Evidence from missionary experience in New Zealand was central to the divergent depictions of Tasman world indigenous people in the Buxton Committee Reports produced in 1836 and 1837, which are analysed in Part 4. The Buxton Committee placed their conclusions about Maori and Aboriginal people within the context of British imperial activity around the globe. While the Buxton Committee stressed that all peoples were owners of their land, in the Tasman world evidence suggested that Aboriginal people did not use land in a way that would confer practical ownership rights. And while the Buxton Committee believed that Australia's race relations were a failure of British benevolent imperialism, they did not feel that colonial expansion could, or should be, halted. Evidence from New Zealand stressed that Maori independence was threatened by those seen to be "inappropriate" British imperial agents who came via Australia, reinforcing a discourse of separation between Australia and New Zealand that Marsden had first initiated. While the Buxton Committee had not advocated the negotiation of treaties, the idea that Maori sovereignty was too fragile to be sustained justified the British decision to negotiate a treaty with Maori just three years after the Select Committee delivered its final Report.
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Turnell, Sean. "Monetary reformers, amateur idealists and Keynesian crusaders Australian economists' international advocacy, 1925-1950 /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/76590.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Dept. of Economics, 1999.Bibliography: p. 232-255.
Introduction -- Cheap money and Ottawa -- The World Economic Conference -- F.L. McDougall -- The beginnings of the 'employment approach' -- Coombs and consolidation -- Bretton Woods -- An international employment agreement -- The 'employment approach' reconsidered -- The Keynesian 'revolution' in Australia -- Conclusion.
Between 1925 and 1950, Australian economists embarked on a series of campaigns to influence international policy-making. The three distinct episodes of these campaigns were unified by the conviction that 'expansionary' economic policies by all countries could solve the world's economic problems. As well as being driven by self-interest (given Australia's dependence on commodity exports), the campaigns were motivated by the desire to promote economic and social reform on the world stage. They also demonstrated the theoretical skills of Australian economists during a period in which the conceptual instruments of economic analysis came under increasing pressure. -- The purpose of this study is to document these campaigns, to analyse their theoretical and policy implications, and to relate them to current issues. Beginning with the efforts of Australian economists to persuade creditor nations to enact 'cheap money' policies in the early 1930s, the study then explores the advocacy of F.L. McDougall to reconstruct agricultural trade on the basis of nutrition. Finally, it examines the efforts of Australian economists to promote an international agreement binding the major economic powers to the pursuit of full employment. -- The main theses advanced in the dissertation are as follows: Firstly, it is argued that these campaigns are important, neglected indicators of the theoretical positions of Australian economists in the period. Hitherto, the evolution of Australian economic thought has been interpreted almost entirely on the basis of domestic policy advocacy, which gave rise to the view that Australian economists before 1939 were predominantly orthodox in theoretical outlook and policy prescriptions. However, when their international policy advocacy is included, a quite different picture emerges. Their efforts to achieve an expansion in global demand were aimed at alleviating Australia's position as a small open economy with perennial external sector problems, but until such international policies were in place, they were forced by existing circumstances to confine their domestic policy advice to orthodox, deflationary measures. -- Secondly, the campaigns make much more explicable the arrival and dissemination of the Keynesian revolution in Australian economic thought. A predilection for expansionary and proto-Keynesian policies, present within the profession for some time, provided fertile ground for the Keynesian revolution when it finally arrived. Thirdly, by supplying evidence of expansionary international policies, the study provides a corrective to the view that Australia's economic interaction with the rest of the world has largely been one of excessive defensiveness. -- Originality is claimed for the study in several areas. It provides the first comprehensive study of all three campaigns and their unifying themes. It demonstrates the importance to an adequate account of the period of the large amount of unpublished material available in Australian archives. It advances ideas and policy initiatives that have hitherto been ignored, or only partially examined, in the existing literature. And it provides a new perspective on Australian economic thought and policy in the inter-war years.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Foster, Robert K. G. "An imaginary dominion : the representation and treatment of Aborigines in South Australia, 1834-1911 / Robert Foster." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21336.
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Bibliography : leaves 351-380xxii, 380 [37] leaves : ill., map ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 1994?
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Foster, Robert Kenneth Gordon. "An imaginary dominion : the representation and treatment of Aborigines in South Australia, 1834-1911 / Robert Foster." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21336.
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Krichauff, Skye. "The Narungga and Europeans: cross-cultural relations on Yorke Peninsula in the nineteenth century." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/50133.
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The Narungga are the Aboriginal people of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. This thesis explores cross-cultural encounters and relations between the Narungga and Europeans in the nineteenth century. Contemporary Narungga people, hoping to learn about the lives of their forebears, instigated this research. The Narungga have not previously been the focus of serious historical or anthropological investigation. This thesis therefore fills a significant gap in the historiography. This thesis seeks to re-imagine the past in a way which is empathetic and realistic to Narungga people who lived in the nineteenth century. To understand the impact of the arrival and permanent settlement of Europeans upon the lives of the Narungga, it is necessary to look closely at the cultural systems which orientated and encompassed both the Narungga and the newcomers. The two groups impacted on and shaped the lives of the other and neither can be looked at in isolation. This work has been inspired by the writings of historical anthropologists and ethno-historians. The findings of anthropologists, linguists, geographers, botanists and archaeologists are drawn upon. First hand accounts which provide graphic and immediate depictions of events have been closely analysed. The primary sources that have been examined include local and Adelaide newspapers, official correspondence between settlers, police, the Protector of Aborigines, the Governor and the Colonial Secretary, and private letters, diaries, paintings, photographs and sketches. The archives continuously reveal great injustices committed against the Narungga, and this thesis does not seek to minimize the brutality of ‘white’ settlement nor the devastating outcomes of British colonialism on the Narungga. But the records also reveal the majority of Narungga people living in the nineteenth century were not helpless victims being pushed around by autocratic pastoralists or disengaged bureaucrats. On Yorke Peninsula in the nineteenth century, the future was unknown; the Narungga were largely able to maintain their autonomy while Europeans were often in a vulnerable and dependent position. The Narungga were active agents who adapted to and incorporated the new circumstances as they were able and as they saw fit. Rather than living in a closed or static society, the Narungga readily accommodated and even welcomed the Europeans, with their strange customs and exotic animals, plants and goods. The Narungga responded to the presence of Europeans in a way which made sense to them and which was in keeping with their customs and beliefs.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339729
Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2008
Books on the topic "Europeans Australia Attitudes History"
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A new land: European perceptions of Australia, 1788-1850. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1993.
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Gardner, P. D. Through foreign eyes: European perceptions of the Kurnai Tribe of Gippsland. Churchill, Vic: Centre for Gippsland Studies, Gippsland Institute of Advanced Education, 1988.
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Through foreign eyes: European perceptions of the Kurnai Tribe of Gippsland. Ensay, [Australia]: Ngarak Press, 1994.
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Australia, National Library of, ed. Upside down world: Early European impressions of Australia's curious animals. Canberra, A.C.T: National Library of Australia, 2010.
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Davis, Michael. Writing heritage: The depiction of indigenous heritage in European-Australian writings. Kew, Vic: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2007.
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The Europeans in Australia: A history. Melbourne, AU: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Atkinson, Alan. The Europeans in Australia: A history. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997.
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Steven, Margaret. First impressions: The British discovery of Australia. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1988.
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Genocide and the Europeans. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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History), British Museum (Natural, ed. First impressions: The British discovery of Australia. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Europeans Australia Attitudes History"
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Ngai, Mae M. "The Chinese Question." In Global History of Gold Rushes, 109–36. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520294547.003.0005.
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This chapter, by Mae M. Ngai, locates the origins of the Chinese Question as a global racial discourse in the gold rushes of the nineteenth century and the broader context of the globalization of trade, credit, labor, and the rise of Anglo-American power. The gold rushes launched into motion hundreds of thousands of people from the British Isles, continental Europe, the Americas, Australasia, and China. Notably, they were the first occasions of large-scale contact between Westerners (Europeans and Americans) and Chinese. The chapter traces the development of anti-Chinese politics as it arose in the United States, Australia, and South Africa from conditions that were specific to gold rushes and gold mining in these regions, as well as how politics borrowed from each other and evolved into a global political discourse.
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Mitchell, Peter. "New Worlds for the Donkey." In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0013.
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One of the signature historical phenomena of the past 500 years has been the global expansion of European societies and their trans-Atlantic offshoots. The mercantile networks, commercial systems, and empires of conquest and colonization that formed the political and economic framework of that expansion involved the discovery and extraction of new mineral and agricultural resources, the establishment of new infrastructures of transport and communication, and the forcible relocation of millions of people. Another key component was the Columbian Exchange, the multiple transfers of people, animals, plants, and microbes that began even before Columbus, gathered pace after 1492, and were further fuelled as European settlement advanced into Africa, Australasia, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Donkeys evolved in the Old World and were confined there until the Columbian Exchange was underway. This chapter explores the introduction of the donkey and the mule to the Americas and, more briefly, to southern Africa and Australia. In keeping with my emphasis on seeking archaeological evidence with which to illuminate the donkey’s story, I omit other aspects of its expansion, such as the trade in animals to French plantations on the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius or, on a much greater scale, India to meet the demands of the British Raj. These examples nevertheless reinforce the argument that mules and donkeys were instrumental in creating and maintaining the structures of economic and political power that Europeans and Euro- Americans wielded in many parts of the globe. From Brazil to the United States, Mexico to Bolivia, Australia to South Africa, they helped directly in processing precious metals and were pivotal in moving gold and silver from mines to centres of consumption. At the same time, they aided the colonization of vast new interiors devoid of navigable rivers, maintained communications over terrain too rugged for wheeled vehicles to pose serious competition, and powered new forms of farming. Their contributions to agriculture and transport were well received by many of the societies that Europeans conquered and their mestizo descendants. However, they also provided opportunities for other Native communities to maintain a degree of independence and identity at and beyond the margins of the European-dominated world.
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Walczynski, Mark. "Introduction." In The History of Starved Rock, 1–6. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748240.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an overview of the history of Starved Rock in Illinois. The land that today comprises Starved Rock State Park and the adjacent countryside was nearly continuously occupied by Native Americans until the early nineteenth century. Although the Rock itself was not an occupied Native American site per se, like a semi-permanent village, it was a place where, for millennia, Native Americans camped, sojourned, and in a few instances had their earthly remains interred. West and north of Starved Rock, along the ancient river channels that once crisscrossed the Illinois Valley, aboriginal people hunted, fished, and farmed. Oblivious to the movement of Europeans from the Old World to the New, the Indians in the Starved Rock area established a village named Kaskaskia. European trade goods that made the chores of killing, cleaning, and cooking easier reached the Kaskaskia a decade or so before French missionaries and traders made their debut at Starved Rock. By the early nineteenth century, American frontier settlers would arrive and change the entire dynamic of the Starved Rock area. Their attitudes concerning the use of lands and waterways, and their exploitation of natural resources, embodied values that would have seemed utterly foreign to the Indians who proceeded them.
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Larres, Klaus. "Introduction." In Uncertain Allies, 1–7. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300173192.003.0001.
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This chapter analyzes the history and politics of George Washington's approach toward the slow and cumbersome process of creating a united Europe. It focuses on the decisive turning point in Washington's approach toward the European integration process during the Nixon–Kissinger era. The thoughts and attitudes toward Europe and the wider world as they took shape have had a decisive impact on the following decades. The chapter discusses the Europeans' increasing lack of trust in the US as a reliable ally and the resulting disengagement process that can be traced back to the early 1970s and the Nixon–Kissinger era. The Nixon and Kissinger years constituted a decisive turning point in US support for European unity.
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Capp, Bernard. "Introduction." In British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580-1750, 7–21. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857378.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an introduction to the world of Barbary, and to British perceptions and attitudes towards it. It outlines Barbary’s political history, governmental structures, and complex society, made up of Turks, janissaries, Moors, Jews, renegade Europeans, corsairs, and slaves. It covers Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, the three regencies under the nominal rule of the Ottoman Empire, with Algiers serving as the model, and also the very different structures found in Morocco, which never fell under the sway of the Ottomans. Sections on the world of the corsairs explore their rise, operational strategy, ships, leaders, and galley-slaves. It assesses the role of English renegade corsairs in the early seventeenth century, such as the notorious Captain John Ward, and the parallels between Barbary’s corsairs and the Christian corsairs of Malta, Italy, and France. The Introduction also explores the issue of slave numbers, both British and European, the ‘ransom economy’, and the wider labour-value of European captives. The chapter ends by returning to the ambivalent attitudes of the English towards the Ottomans and Barbary, a compound of awe, fear, contempt, and respect. It stresses the need to distinguish clearly between attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire and to the ‘piratical’ regencies.
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Burner, Tony, and Christian Carlsen. "Integrating Migrant Children in Primary Education: An Educator Survey in Four European Countries." In Moving English Language Teaching Forward, 69–90. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.166.ch4.
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This chapter describes the findings of a survey focusing on migrant education of children conducted in four European countries. The survey was carried out as part of the interdisciplinary Erasmus Plus funded project OpenEYE (Open Education for Young Europeans through History, Art and Cultural Learning), with the aim of shedding light on the attitudes and perceived needs of educators (n = 255) working with children of migrant backgrounds relating to pedagogical challenges, learning priorities, institutional support, and desired training. The chapter begins with a description of the aims and participants in the project and an outline of approaches to migrant education in the four countries in question: Greece, Italy, Norway, and Slovenia. The second part of the chapter reports and discusses the findings from the needs survey, highlighting findings that are especially relevant for language teachers, teacher educators and other stakeholders working with multilingual and multicultural children. The findings indicate a need for appropriate further training opportunities for educators working with migrant children, especially concerning multilingualism and the learning potential of cultural expressions to aid integration and language development.
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Calabresi, Steven Gow. "The Common Law Legal Tradition: First Things First." In The History and Growth of Judicial Review, Volume 1, 15–22. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190075774.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explains briefly the origins and development of the common law tradition in order to better understand the rise of judicial review in the seven common law countries discussed in this volume. The common law legal tradition is characterized historically, in public law, by limited, constitutional government and by forms of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation. In private law, the common law tradition is characterized by judge-made case law, which is the primary source of the law, instead of a massive code being the primary source of the law. The common law tradition is also characterized by reliance on the institution of trial by jury. Judges, rather than scholars, are the key figures who are revered in the common law legal tradition, and this is one of the key things that distinguishes the common law legal tradition from the civil law legal tradition. The common law legal tradition emphasizes judicial power, which explains why it has led to judicial review in the countries studied in this volume. It is the prevailing legal tradition in the four countries with the oldest systems of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation: the United States, Canada, Australia, and India. Thus, judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation in these four countries is very much shaped by common law attitudes about the roles of judges.
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Michelson, David A. "Manuscripts without Readers?" In The Library of Paradise, 15—C2.P67. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836247.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter is a cautionary prologue to the study of medieval Syriac readers. It investigates why little attention has been paid to the topic of Syriac monastic readers over the past two centuries of Western scholarship on Syriac texts. This chapter finds an answer through a case study of the descriptions of the Syriac manuscript collection at the British Museum and Library, a collection acquired in the nineteenth century from Dayr al-Suryān, the Syrian monastery in Egypt. The academics who catalogued these manuscripts, William Cureton and William Wright, made foundational contributions to the study of Syriac literature. These men were also, however, constrained by the prejudices of their era. As nineteenth-century European scholars writing in an age of empires based on ideologies of civilizational and racial superiority, they largely ignored or disparaged the role of Syriac monasticism as an historical milieu for the reading of Syriac texts. Their attitudes reflect the interests of Europeans reading Syriac literature in the British Museum, a context far removed from the medieval Syriac readers who first copied and transmitted these texts. The findings of this chapter pose a methodological challenge to future scholarship. Recovery of the neglected history of Syriac contemplative reading must not only be aware of how modern perspectives on reading might mislead but also seek to identify the concerns of past readers within the Syriac monastic traditions.