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Journal articles on the topic 'European Union – Scandinavia'
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1
Stoupos, Nikolaos, and Apostolos Kiohos. "Scandinavia: Towards the European Monetary Union?" Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 74 (November 2019): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2019.01.006.
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Pavlenko, Valerii. "Military and Political Integration of the Scandinavian Countries in the European Security Architecture after the Second World War." European Historical Studies, no. 8 (2017): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.08.39-52.
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The Article examines the military and political integration of Scandinavia in the European security architecture after 1945 and analyzes the historical experience of the countries of the North Europe in the late 1940s-1960s in the security space issues. Particular attention is paid to the close link between the military and political rapprochement with the processes of the economic, technological and political integration in the Western European region. It is emphasized that the economic basis of common interests encourages the EU member states all the time to seek peaceful means to resolve possible disputes. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of alternative approaches to the European security that the North European countries have used in their foreign policy. The role and place of these countries in the sphere of the European security during the late 1940s-1960s was determined. The influence of the USA and the USSR on the formation of the foreign policy of the Scandinavian countries, especially the pressure of the Soviet Union on Finland in its attempts to get a neutral state status, has been shown. The reasons for the failure to implement the military and political cooperation projects in the form of the Scandinavian Defense Alliance have been revealed.
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Björnberg, Alf, and Ola Stockfelt. "Kristen Klatvask fra Vejle: Danish pub music, mythscapes and ‘local camp’." Popular Music 15, no. 2 (May 1996): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000008084.
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The town of Skagen is situated on the northernmost tip of Jutland (i.e., mainland Denmark). This is a remote and crisis-stricken area by Danish standards: the capital, Copenhagen, is eight hours away by train, the County of Northern Jutland has the highest unemployment rates in Denmark, and in recent years the region has been the target of several development projects financed by European Union funds. However, geographically, Skagen's position is quite central in Scandinavia. Ferry routes connect the nearby port of Frederikshavn (40 kilometres/25 miles away) with such relatively large Scandinavian cities as Oslo (9 hours away by ferry) and Gothenburg (3½ hours away). The town can also be reached from the south of Norway via the ferry route between Kristiansand and Hirtshals (also 40 kilometres/25 miles from Skagen). By these and other routes, tourists from Norway and Sweden, as well as from other parts of Denmark, regularly invade the town, in the summer season roughly doubling its 15,000 population.
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Strömgren, Erik. "The Development of the Concept of Reactive Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, S4 (May 1989): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295779.
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The concept of reactive or psychogenic psychoses has had a peculiar fate. Especially at the beginning of the century, under the influence of the writings of Jaspers (Jaspers, 1913) which included definitions of ‘psychogenic’ and ‘psychoses’, the term ‘psychogenic psychoses’ came into common use in European psychiatry. In Scandinavia, this trend was greatly reinforced by August Wimmer's monograph in 1916 on the subject. In the later editions of Kraepelin's standard textbook, the concept appeared quite frequently, and the same was the case in other leading textbooks, for instance in the Soviet Union and Japan.
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Lubińska, Dorota. "Polish Migrants In Sweden: An Overview." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsp-2013-0006.
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ABSTRACT The current Polish migrant group in Sweden is the largest in Scandinavia, and experienced a significant growth after the enlargement of the European Union in 2004. The present overview is an attempt to give a systematic picture of this group, and is based on a selection of publications from a larger bibliography. The bibliography was compiled by the author in order to survey the knowledge on Polish migrants in Sweden, and is attached to this overview. The overview is primarily confined to the period between 1940 and 1990 because this period is covered by the scholarly literature.
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Mahamatov, T. M., and A. Nakova. "Objective Ground of National and Ethnic Identity as self-consciousness of an Ethnic Group." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-1-57-62.
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The Globalisation process and its achievements have exacerbated migration problems, creating a demographic crisis in the European Union and the Russian Federation. The authors of the article from the position of social philosophy and sociology examine the impact of the increasing migration flow from the problem regions of Asia and Africa to the more prosperous countries of Europe on the concepts of national and ethnic identity and tolerance, as well as on social capital and public trust in political leadership. The article draws attention to the borderline nature of the movement of identarism formed in the countries of Scandinavia, Western and Eastern Europe, with right-wing and extreme nationalist movements.
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Williams, F. "Introduction: The Challenge of Gender and Multiculturalism: Re-examining Equality Policies in Scandinavia and the European Union." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 15, no. 1 (February 20, 2008): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxn006.
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Rodriguez Martinez, Pilar. "Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Scandinavia and Southern Europe." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341500.
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Abstract This article will focus on the significant differences shown by the data found by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey of women who may or may not have suffered physical Intimate Partner Violence against Women (IPVAW). The authors present the model and result of the discriminant function analysis that they carried out separately for the countries from southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, and Malta) and Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden). Their hypotheses were that women with less income, lower educational level, who are divorced, who have children, are from rural areas, who are housewives, with bad health, older aged, immigrants, and those who had suffered some physical violence from other people – apart from the partner or ex-partner –, will suffer more violence than the rest of women. One of the most relevant conclusions from their analysis was this: the more often a woman experienced physical violence from someone other than a partner/ex-partner beginning at the age of 15 years old, the more probable it will be that she will suffer IPVAW. The authors discuss this and other significant findings here.
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Menrad, Michael, and József Varga. "From Analogue to Digital Banking: Developments in the European Union from 2007 to 2019." Regional and Business Studies 12, no. 2 (November 28, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33568/rbs.2516.
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Research on banking regularly assumes that digitalisation has an impact on banking. This blanket assumption is not erroneous, but it is too inaccurate, too undifferentiated and probably only applies in the long term. Results of this study show that the customers’ habits and requirements and thus the willingness to accept digital technologies in the banking sector are changing within a significantly different speed. The spread ranges from almost complete use, as in Scandinavia, dynamic development, as in the Czech Republic and Greece, to almost complete rejection, as in Bulgaria and Romania. This paper examines and demonstrates the influence of various socio-demographic and emotional characteristics on the use of digital media. Shifts in customer behaviours are revealed and discrepancies are identified by time series analyses and factor analyses. The results reveal the forthcoming death of the bank branch network accompanied by a regionally varying acceptance of Internet and mobile banking. This area of tension requires banks to have a good understanding of customer requirements regarding the demand for digitisation in order to avoid misguided decisions. However, the bank’s side in the adoption process of new technologies by customers has been neglected by scientific studies so far. In order to measure the state of digitisation of banking services, a comparison equation is presented that allows banks to be benchmarked in terms of the degree of digitisation and enables banks to dynamically track changes in their customer portfolios.
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Żurawski vel Grajewski, Przemysław. "Twelve EU Countries on the Eastern Flank of NATO: What about Ukraine?" East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus514.
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The Trimarium Initiative (TI) is a platform for co-operation of twelve central and eastern European (CEE) countries of the eastern flank of the European Union (EU), introduced by Poland and Croatia in 2015. The TI is based on member co-operation in the development of transport and communication, energy, raw materials (gas and oil) transfer infrastructure, and digitization. The region is an important and rapidly growing market, and the TI goal is to boost economic co-operation among these twelve countries. Ukraine is not an EU member state, so it cannot be a full member of the TI; however, several TI infrastructural projects are open to Ukrainian companies. As Russia’s aggressive energy policy impacts Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Scandinavia, and Slovakia, the TI has a potential to meet this challenge. Transport and communication and energy transit infrastructure are promising areas of co-operation among TI countries and Ukraine. U.S. support has added optimism and prestige to the initiative.
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Heick, Thies Marten, Anne Lisbet Hansen, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, and Lise Nistrup Jørgensen. "QoI Resistance in Sugar Beet Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe betae) in Scandinavia." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-01-19-0004-br.
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Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe betae is one of the major fungal diseases in sugar beet in Denmark and Sweden. Frequent applications of fungicides mitigate the risk of powdery mildew epidemics and, consequently, reduce yield losses conferred by the disease. So far, mixtures of quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and triazoles have provided good efficacy against E. betae in field trials and common farming practice. However, development of fungicide resistance is a real risk, because only a limited number of active ingredients are available for the control of powdery mildew in sugar beet, and several other active ingredients are expected to be banned following reevaluation when the most recent European Union legislation is implemented. The G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance has been previously found in the United States. In this brief, its presence in Europe is reported for the first time. The current finding strongly encourages the adoption of anti-resistance strategies that minimize the spread of QoI resistance in sugar beet powdery mildew. Those strategies should be based on integrated pest management measures, including disease monitoring, the use of resistant cultivars, and the use of biological products. A sole reliance on QoI fungicides for sugar beet powdery mildew control should be avoided.
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Urbanyi-Popiołek, Ilona. "Challenges for Polish ferry market development in Baltic Sea Region." SHS Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185801030.
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Polish ferry market has become one of the prime segments of ferry shipping in Baltic Sea Region. It dominates in ferry industry in South Baltic. The ferry cargo and passenger traffic has been growing steadily since Poland’s accession to the European Union. The estimates show that in 2017 the operators transported more than 1,2 million passengers and over 520 thousand cargo vehicles between ports in Poland and Sweden. The increase in trade turnover between Scandinavia and Central Europe as well as growth of tourism affect the demand for ferry transport. The aim of this paper is to explore the prime determinants influencing the development of Polish ferry shipping and to research the challenges that carriers operating the ferry services from Poland to Sweden must face such as internal competition between the operators in Polish market, competition from German and Lithuanian routes and low cost airlines as well as increasing trade volumes. The research hypothesis is: the growth of trade between Scandinavia and Central Europe as well as tourism traffic will increase the demand for ferry transport from Polish ports. Detailed research hypotheses are that: ferry services between Poland and Sweden constitute the primary market on the South Baltic and new tonnage investments to increase the capacity have to be taken.
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Ennals, Richard. "Democratic Dialogue and Development: An Intellectual Obituary of Björn Gustavsen." International Journal of Action Research, no. 2-3/2018 (January 11, 2019): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/ijar.v14i2-3.06.
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Björn Gustavsen, with an original professional background as a lawyer and judge in his native Norway, had a formative role in organisational development processes in Norway, Sweden, Scandinavia and the European Union over four decades. Following in the tradition of Norwegian working life research by Trist and Thorsrud, he provided the conceptual framework and practical case studies which have driven major national and international programmes. He learned from different experience of organisational change in, for example, the USA and Japan, but he identified a distinctive way forward for the European Union, where he acted as a senior adviser. In contrast to conventional Taylorist top-down management and reliance on expert consultants, his approach was bottom up and concept driven, with a focus on empowering workers. With a commitment to long-term sustainable processes, he emphasised the importance of capacity building and succession planning, highlighting development organisations. His approach to partnership and coalition building enabled collaboration across sectors, in the cause of creating collaborative advantage. He had a distinctive fluent academic writing style, but spentmost of his time engaged in the design and practice of development, and editing the work of younger colleagues. He saw the role of academic journals and edited books in the development process, so encouraged new publications, but without seeking to dominate. He took ideas of Action Research and case studies, and applied them to national enterprise development programmes, working with the labour market parties. This resulted in a distinctive research and development culture.
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Berger, Stefan. "‘Organising Talent and Disciplined Steadiness’: the German SPD as a Model for the British Labour Party in the 1920s?" Contemporary European History 5, no. 2 (July 1996): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003763.
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In comparative Labour history there is a long tradition of adhering to a typology of labour movements which distinguishes south-western European, ‘Latin’ labour movements (France, Spain, Italy) from north-eastern European labour movements (Germany, Austria, Scandinavia, east and south-east Europe) and invokes a third category: Anglo-American labour movements. The British Labour Party is usually subsumed under this latter category, whereas the German SPD is regarded as the spiritual leader of the second. Insofar as these comparisons explicitly deal with the time before the First World War, their argument is indeed a strong one. After all, the SPD was the largest socialist party in the world before 1914, at a time when the Labour Party did not even allow individual membership. At least in its organisational strongholds, the SPD resembled a social movement providing for its members almost ‘from cradle to grave’. The Labour Party, by contrast, is often portrayed as a trade union interest group in parliament with no other purpose than electoral representation. Where the Labour Party avoided any ideological commitment before 1914, the SPD had at least theoretically adopted Marxism as its ideological bedrock after 1890.
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Patrakov, Vladimir Petrovich. "EUROPEAN GENOCODES OF NATIONAL CULTURES. IN VARIETATE CONCORDIA." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 14 (June 16, 2018): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i14.112.
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This paper has summarized the foundations of the author’s interdisciplinary concept of national cultures genocodes (NCG), which represents synthesis of of the Hegelian doctrine about national spirits (Volksgeist), the Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious, system of hexagrams of the Ancient Chinese Book of Changes and Girt Hofstede’s measurements of national cultures. There are generic genes (archetypes) and species ones in the national genocodes. Generic genes are the cornerstone of 6 cultural kingdoms, and specific genes — separate national cultures. All countries measured by Hofstede are divided into 6 cultural kingdoms. Kingdoms of Qian, Creative (USA, Canada, Australia, Poland and Scandinavia), Lee, Radiance (Western Europe) and Gen, Keeping Still (Japan) have an individualistic genocode. Kingdoms Zhen, Arousing (Russia, the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Central Asia), Dui, Joyous (Africa, Latin America, Middle East) and Kun, Receptive (China, India and Southeast Asia) have a collectivist genocode. The basis of European civilization is the generic genes of the kingdoms of Lee, Qian and Zhen. The interaction between the generic and species genes of these kingdoms, their complementarity or conflict lies at the heart of alliances or wars between states. It has been shown that the greatest conflicts are observed between countries with individualistic and collectivist cultures, therefore the Balkan countries, Greece, Turkey and Russia throughout history were in a varying degree unfavorable relations with the Western European countries. But studying NCG will allow to minimize tension between countries, to understand a role and the place of each country in the World and in particular the European Cultural Space, to lay a way to the long-term union of peoples and states.
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Hartikainen, Armi, Timo Anttila, Tomi Oinas, and Jouko Nätti. "Is Finland Different? Quality of Work Among Finnish and European Employees." Finnish Journal of Social Research 3 (December 15, 2010): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110698.
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The issue of the quality of work-life has risen in popularity due to concerns about the economic and social sustainability of European societies. Throughout the continent, global competition, technological change and the intensification of work are common developments which are seen to affect the well-being of the workforce. Nevertheless, European countries differ substantially in terms of job quality. According to earlier research, employees in Sweden and Denmark (and to lesser extent in Finland) report a higher quality of work tasks than elsewhere in Europe. The aim of this paper was to investigate, in a cross-national context using multivariate techniques, whether job quality in Finland really is divergent from that of other Nordic countries and rest of the Europe. Empirical analyses were based on the fourth wave of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) collected in 2005. In this study we used data from the 25 Member States of the European Union and Norway (n=21,196 interviews). Our results support earlier findings that Finland lags behind other Nordic countries in terms of work discretion and the perceptions of being well paid. Instead, Finnish employees were less worried about health issues. When comparing Finland to Scandinavia, we did not find major differences in the amount of highly skilled jobs, insecurity nor the quantity of jobs requiring great effort. We also examined the associations of the dimensions of job quality to job satisfaction. The results indicated that the subjective aspects of job quality were more important determinants of job satisfaction, and that there were only modest differences in the determinants of job satisfaction between country clusters.
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Peeters, A. "Production and other ecosystem services from extensive grassland-based systems in Europe: policy options and technical innovations." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030866.
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Extensive systems Extensive agricultural systems are usually presented as a type of agriculture that uses low quantity of inputs per surface unit (land), like fertilizers, feeds, seeds, pesticides, irrigation water and energy. They are frequently associated with low investments (capital) in machinery and/or buildings per surface unit and low land prices. They can also be characterized by labour-extensive systems. European extensive grassland-based systems are mainly located at high latitudes (Scandinavia) and high altitudes (mountain areas), in Mediterranean dry rangelands, in the lowlands of the Eastern part of the Union (recent accession countries), as well as in hills and uplands of the British Isles. Grasslands and rangelands covered 56 million ha (33% AA) in the EU-27 in 2005. This area included about 17.5 million ha of rangelands, in mountain and Mediterranean areas mainly (EUROSTAT, 2008). Extensive grasslands and rangelands cover thus more than 30% of the total grassland and rangeland area in Europe. Forage yields and animal productions per ha are significantly lower in these areas compared with intensive lowland grasslands. For instance an extensive range can produce about 5-6 times less DM/ha than fertilised grasslands. Production costs per kg of product are often significantly higher in extensive systems. Farmers must manage larger areas in these systems for a total income that is regularly lower compared wit smaller intensive farms.
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Steensen, Birthe Marie, Michael Schulz, Nicolas Theys, and Hilde Fagerli. "A model study of the pollution effects of the first 3 months of the Holuhraun volcanic fissure: comparison with observations and air pollution effects." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 15 (August 3, 2016): 9745–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9745-2016.
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Abstract. The volcanic fissure at Holuhraun, Iceland started at the end of August 2014 and continued for 6 months to the end of February 2015, with an extensive lava flow onto the Holuhraun plain. This event was associated with large SO2 emissions, amounting up to approximately 4.5 times the daily anthropogenic SO2 emitted from the 28 European Union countries, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland. In this paper we present results from EMEP/MSC-W model simulations to which we added 750 kg s−1 SO2 emissions at the Holuhraun plain from September to November (SON), testing three different emission heights. The three simulated SO2 concentrations, weighted with the OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite averaging kernel, are found to be within 30 % of the satellite-observed SO2 column burden. Constraining the SO2 column burden with the satellite data while using the kernel along with the three simulated height distributions of SO2, we estimate that the median of the daily burdens may have been between 13 and 40 kt in the North Atlantic area under investigation. We suggest this to be the uncertainty in the satellite-derived burdens of SO2, mainly due to the unknown vertical distribution of SO2. Surface observations in Europe outside Iceland showed concentration increases up to > 500 µg m−3 SO2 from volcanic plumes passing. Three well identified episodes, where the plume crossed several countries, are compared in detail to surface measurements. For all events, the general timing of the observed concentration peaks compared quite well to the model results. The overall changes to the European SO2 budget due to the volcanic fissure are estimated. Three-monthly wet deposition (SON) of SOx in the 28 European Union countries, Norway and Switzerland is found to be more than 30 % higher in the model simulation with Holuhraun emissions compared to a model simulation with no Holuhraun emissions. The largest increases, apart from extreme values on Iceland, are found on the coast of northern Norway, a region with frequent precipitation during westerly winds. Over a 3-month average (during SON 2014) over Europe, SO2 and PM2.5 surface concentrations, due to the volcanic emissions, increased by only ten and 6 % respectively. Although the percent increase of PM2.5 concentration is highest over Scandinavia and Scotland, an increase in PM exceedance days is found over Ireland and the already polluted Benelux region (up to 3 additional days), where any small increase in particulate matter concentration leads to an increase in exceedance days.
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Lawler, Peter. "Scandinavian Exceptionalism and European Union." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 35, no. 4 (December 1997): 565–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00089.
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Abbott, Alison. "European Union research finds Scandinavian model." Nature 376, no. 6542 (August 1995): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376628a0.
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Einaudi, Luca. "‘The Generous Utopia of Yesterday Can Become the Practical Achievement of Tomorrow’: 1000 Years of Monetary Union in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 172 (April 2000): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200109.
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Monetary unions have been a recurring element in European history, driven by the need to overcome obstacles to trade caused by the fragmentation of political authority. Between the 14th and the 19th centuries, a series of coinage unions were set up in the German speaking world, which served as models for the Latin and Scandinavian monetary unions in 1865 and 1872. With the growing size of participating states and the transformation of money, thanks to the end of bimetallism and the wider use of bank notes and deposits, the objectives and the practical management of monetary unions became more complex and more political. Monetary union became strictly associated with European federalism and required new common institutions after the end of the classical metallic standards in 1914.
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Scudamore, K., S. Patel, and S. Edwards. "HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in commercial cereal processing in the United Kingdom, 2004-2007." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1119.
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Legislation for mycotoxins in the European Union is being considered for T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2). A four-year study on the fate of Fusarium mycotoxins in commercial milling and processing of cereals examined the incidence and concentrations of T-2 and HT-2 in wheat, oats and maize at intake to United Kingdom mills and during subsequent processing. Levels in wheat and maize were low and were not found in maize from Argentina although they did occur in some French consignments of maize. However, every sample of oats was contaminated with levels >20 µg/kg up to 1,600 and >3,000 µg/kg of T-2 and HT-2 respectively, the highest being found in consignments from the United Kingdom and Ireland while levels from Scandinavia were usually lower. Because of the low incidence and concentrations little information could be obtained on their fate during milling and food processing although their distribution in milling streams of wheat and maize was similar to that for other mycotoxins. In oats, most of the mycotoxins were found in the hulls after their removal from the groats so that levels in oats flakes produced from the groats never exceeded 65 and 55 µg/kg respectively. De-hulling of oats thus resulted in a co-product in which mycotoxins were concentrated, >100 µg/kg each of T-2 and HT-2. Two samples analysed for T-2 and 15 for HT-2 contained residues >1000 µg/kg, with maxima of 6,100 and 24,000 µg/kg respectively. Removal of discoloured oat groats by colour sorting reduced mycotoxin levels in the oat flake end product. Manufacture of batches of retail products from wheat and maize resulted in one snack product in which HT-2 at 12 µg/kg was detected. T-2 and HT-2 were undetected in other products. HT-2 was detected in 2 samples of the aqueous liquid drained from cookers during breakfast cereal manufacture.
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KOWALSKA, DOROTA, and ANDRZEJ GUGOŁEK. "European badger." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 01 (2019): 6185–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6185.
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The European badger (Meles meles) is the largest member of the mustelid family (Mustelidae) found in Poland. It lives almost all over Eurasia, except northern areas of the former Soviet Union and the Scandinavian countries. The European badger most often inhabits densely wooded areas. It feeds on both animal and plant foods, and is classified as a carnivore. Badger skins are not fully used in the fur industry They are usually used for production of skin rugs and accessories, such as hunting bags.
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KOWALSKA, DOROTA, and ANDRZEJ GUGOŁEK. "European badger." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 02 (2019): 6189–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6189.
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The European badger (Meles meles) is the largest member of the mustelid family (Mustelidae) found in Poland. It lives almost all over Eurasia, except northern areas of the former Soviet Union and the Scandinavian countries. The European badger most often inhabits densely wooded areas. It feeds on both animal and plant foods, and is classified as a carnivore. Badger skins are not fully used in the fur industry They are usually used for production of skin rugs and accessories, such as hunting bags.
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Leśniewski, Leszek. "Integracja gospodarcza Danii, Finlandii i Szwecji z Unią Europejską." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (December 5, 2015): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2015.1.10.
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This paper explores economic integration of the Scandinavian states (Denmark, Finland and Sweden) with the European Union during the global crisis. The aim of this paper is to present comparative study of different choices made by these countries with regard to the European integration: EMU opt – out clause in Denmark, membership of Finland in the European Monetary Union and derogation for Sweden – and as result different reaction to the financial and economic crises
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Torp, Kristian, and Jakob B. Sørensen. "The Second Look in European Union Competition Law: A Scandinavian Perspective." Journal of International Arbitration 34, Issue 1 (February 1, 2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2017003.
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Under European Union (EU) law, arbitrators and national courts are obligated to apply, ex officio, EU competition law. Also according to EU law, any failure by an arbitral tribunal to apply such rules, or any erroneous interpretation or application hereof, constitute grounds for setting aside the subsequent award, if and when such measure is dictated by the Member State’s procedural rules. This article examines the relevant procedural rules in Denmark and Sweden based on two recent decisions by the national Supreme Courts. It concludes that under Scandinavian procedural law, courts will generally limit their inquiry to a superficial review of the premises of the award and will only reluctantly set aside an otherwise valid award based only on matters of merit. The main purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the position of the Scandinavian courts, thus helping to ‘map’ the European arbitration landscape. Even so, we have attempted to include and contribute to a few of the main discussions concerning the landscape in which the decisions were rendered in the introductory section. In the last section, we build on the reasoning of the two Supreme Courts in order to propose a framework for understanding the interplay between national and EU law, at least in the Scandinavian countries.
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Sakowicz, Marcin. "Struktury terytorialne państwa – w poszukiwaniu optymalnych rozwiązań." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (December 3, 2012): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.1.5.
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The article presents changes in the territorial structure, especially in the local governments, that have taken place in selected countries of European Union in the last 20 years. Changes on the local level and adjustments on the regional level as experienced by unitary states (Scandinavian and Baltic states), federal states (Belgium), states with regional autonomy (Spain) and states that underwent devolution (United Kingdom) are presented. The territorial organization of European Union member states reflects differences in governing and managing structures adjusted to the characteristics of each state. The undertaken reforms relate on the one hand to political, economic and civilizational conditions, and on the other hand to brand new approach to fulfillment of the tasks of public administration (both governmental and self governmental) that would be the most effective, efficient and satisfying the needs of citizens. In many countries, particularly Scandinavian, reforms have been implemented aiming at decreasing of the number of communes.
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Zielke, Rainer. "Anti-avoidance Legislation of Scandinavian Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member States: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden Compared." Intertax 41, Issue 12 (December 1, 2013): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2013066.
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Despite continuous instability in the European Union, Scandinavian countries exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. Three ( Denmark, Norway and Sweden) are not in the Eurozone and one (Norway) is only a European Economic Area Member State. In the article 'Transfer Pricing Planning with Accuracy and Control' (see intertax, issue October 2013, pp.542-550) the author had outlined the importance of transfer pricing planning in international tax planning. As the advantages and strategies of international tax planning with regard to antiavoidance legislation in Scandinavian countries had not been investigated so far, this is now done in detail - with reference to the corporate 2014 income tax burden of the thirty-four OECD Member States.
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Bajrami, Vedat. "COMPARISON OF INCLUSIVE POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN SOME COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND IN KOSOVO." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 1593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31051593b.
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In the last thirty years of pedagogical practice, particular attention has been paid to the inclusion of children with special education needs, multi-lingual children in multi-cultural environments and children living in poverty. Nowadays, inclusive education is a subject and a requirement of all European institutions in the EU and the Council of Europe, many families, experts, non-governmental organizations and individuals.The research sample consists of 8 countries from Europe and Kosovo. The condition for the research countries to be included in the sample is based on the population number not being larger than 8 million. Because of the relevance of the comparative analysis, two older state members of the European Union were chosen (Austria, the Flemish and the French region of Belgium), two members of the European Union (Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Slovenia), two Scandinavian countries (Finland and Norway) and Kosovo. Kosovo has received the status of a potential candidate for European Union membership.
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ZHELANOV, DMYTRO. "HIGHER EDUCATION OF SWEDEN: EUROPEAN STANDARDS AND SCANDINAVIAN STYLE." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.1.126-132.
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The article analyzes certain aspects of the development of higher education in Sweden in the context of modern globalization and integration of socio-economic processes in the countries of the European Union. The article studies the position regarding the features of modern higher education, connected with its output beyond the limits of individual states and transformation into an international institution. It is proved that this circumstance determines significant achievements in the integrated development of the European higher education, leaving, at the same time, the risks of losing its national features and dropping the level of higher education in countries that are not well targeted for the welfare of the population. The necessity of taking into account the essence of these risks has been substantiated in order to increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian higher education institutions in their interrelation and cooperation with universities of Europe. The expediency of studying and introducing the best foreign experience in the national higher education system of the Scandinavian countries in particular and, namely, of Sweden, has been proved.
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Grønbech-Jensen, Carsten. "The Scandinavian tradition of open government and the European Union: problems of compatibility?" Journal of European Public Policy 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501768880000091.
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Wojnar, Jolanta. "Diversity in the use of information and communication technologies among European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3526.
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The aim of the research discussed in the article is to assess the diversity among European Union countries in terms of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). Fifteen indicators describing the use of ICT by natural persons and households were selected for the analysis. The data were obtained from Statistics Poland reports and from the Eurostat database for the year 2017. The method of principal components analysis was applied in the process of analysing the diversity. Moreover, a cluster analysis based on the k-means method was performed. The analysis demonstrates that Scandinavian and Benelux countries are the leaders in using ICT, while countries of southern and south-eastern Europe as well as Poland are the lowest rated.
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Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halásková. "Evaluation Structure of Local Public Expenditures in the European Union Countries." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 3 (2018): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866030755.
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The public sector plays a significant role in securing public needs in a number of countries. The paper aims to evaluate the local public sector by the structure of local public expenditures, emphasizing similarities and differences in EU countries. Attention is paid to the evaluation of local public expenditures by eight functions (general public services, public order and safety, economic affairs, housing and community amenities, recreation and culture, social protection, health, education) in years 2005 and 2015. Local public expenditures by function in the EU are evaluated in connection to lower government levels and fiscal decentralization of expenditures. The evaluation shows that no countries demonstrate similarity of local public expenditures by function, which is associated also with an identical size of fiscal decentralization of expenditures and the number of lower government levels. By contrast, both similarities and differences were proved with respect to the evaluated local public expenditures by the application of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The results have shown that Scandinavian countries represent the most marked differences in the structure of local public expenditures, in comparison to Malta and Cyprus in terms of local public expenditures on social protection, health and education.
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Vuković, Ivan. "Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia." Tourism and hospitality management 13, no. 2 (June 2007): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.7.
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In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.
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Kaczmarek, Krzysztof. "Protection status of the Sami identity in Finland in the first years after accession." Review of Nationalities 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2020-0016.
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Abstract The Sami people are the only native people in Europe. Their identity and culture are related to the nature of the northern part of the Scandinavian peninsula. Due to the difficult natural conditions occurring there, the Saami identity is subject to special protection both in Finland and in the European Union. The activities of external institutions mainly consist in multi-faceted activities aimed at improving the quality of life in those areas and counteracting the depopulation of regions traditionally inhabited by the Sami people.
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Bacsi, Zsuzsanna. "Environmental Awareness in Different European Cultures." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0010.
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Abstract The 28 countries of the European Union represent a rather heterogeneous group regarding their geography, history, and national cultures. Their response to the current global challenges depends on their way of viewing the world, and that is largely influenced by their national values and beliefs. The research compares the environmental awareness in distinct country groups and identifies the components of national culture, which, by their different approaches to the environmental sustainability, influence the most. The time span of the analysis is seven years from 2012 to 2018. National culture is defined by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, and the environmental awareness data were collected from the Eurobarometer surveys of the EU. The main findings show that the environmental awareness in the EU increases with time and is higher in indulgent, more individualistic, and more long-term oriented countries, while the level of masculinity and uncertainty avoidance or power distance did not matter. The Scandinavian countries are remarkably environmentally aware, while the other groups of countries do not differ in this respect.
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Bulis, Aldis, Sajal Kabiraj, and Md Nur Alam Siddik. "Economic Cooperation Between Latvia and China on the Background of Belt and Road Initiative with Focus on Cargo Potential." FIIB Business Review 7, no. 2 (June 2018): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319714518789760.
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Latvia is a Belt and Road Initiative country and can contribute to its Eurasian Land Bridge. The existing railway infrastructure can be used for establishing the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch via Latvia, but the problem is a lack of cargo for this route. It can be integrated into the existing Eurasian Land Bridge with specialization to connect China and some European countries—the Scandinavian countries. The aim of the study is to assess the potential volume of Latvian cargo for the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch through Latvia. The methods of the study are statistical analyses and the forecasts of experts. Forecast of experts is an innovative method for investigating this topic. The study contributes to the discussion regarding One Belt One Road and Eurasian Land Bridge. The research shows that it is possible to establish regular container block train between Latvia and China for distribution of Chinese goods in the Scandinavian countries and vice versa because cargo potential for this route is growing, the seaport of Riga in Latvia is the shortest route to the seaport in the European Union and previous demonstration trains were successful.
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Juhász, Tímea, Botond Kálmán, Arnold Tóth, and Annamária Horváth. "Digital competence development in a few countries of the European Union." Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2022-0010.
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Abstract The first computers were made as early as in the 20th century, but the rapid development of digitalisation took place in the 21st century. Nowadays, Industry 4.0 has created a network connection between man and machines. Without computers and the Internet, the world is unthinkable. Digitalisation is pervading every part of our lives. Whether at work or in our leisure activities, digitalisation and the use of digital tools are present. The digital revolution was started by computers and is now an indispensable our lives, for example with the internet, mobile phones, cloud solutions and self-driving cars. It's no coincidence that digital competence is no longer an expectation, but an obligation for employers and employees alike. Several studies have undertaken to define digital skills; however, we can talk about a rather complex competence. The current study examines the question in the dimension of the European Union from a multitude of aspects. The authors use the DESI index and EU statistics on this topic to find correlations between digital potential, use of tools and the exploitation of opportunities offered by digitalisation in thirteen countries. The authors primarily examined the impact of the level of digital infrastructure and the frequency of Internet use on digital skills. It is outlined from statistics that Scandinavian countries have a leading role in the digital competition. Nevertheless, our results throw light on the individual level that digital skills forcefully improve during browsing on the internet, and practical activities have a significant role in development, which the authors named PMP.
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van der Wel, Kjetil A., Espen Dahl, and Karsten Thielen. "Social Inequalities in “Sickness”: Does Welfare State Regime Type Make a Difference? A Multilevel Analysis of Men and Women in 26 European Countries." International Journal of Health Services 42, no. 2 (April 2012): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.42.2.f.
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In comparative studies of health inequalities, public health researchers have usually studied only disease and illness. Recent studies have also examined the sickness dimension of health, that is, the extent to which ill health is accompanied by joblessness, and how this association varies by education within different welfare contexts. This research has used either a limited number of countries or quantitative welfare state measures in studies of many countries. In this study, the authors expand on this knowledge by investigating whether a regime approach to the welfare state produces consistent results. They analyze data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); health was measured by limiting longstanding illness (LLSI). Results show that for both men and women reporting LLSI in combination with low educational level, the probabilities of non-employment were particularly high in the Anglo-Saxon and Eastern welfare regimes, and lowest in the Scandinavian regime. For men, absolute and relative social inequalities in sickness were lowest in the Southern regime; for women, inequalities were lowest in the Scandinavian regime. The authors conclude that the Scandinavian welfare regime is more able than other regimes to protect against non-employment in the face of illness, especially for individuals with low educational level.
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Romaniuk, Krystyna. "Ranking of European Union Member States Based on the Level of Knowledge Created by the Research and Development Sector." Olsztyn Economic Journal 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3164.
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The contemporary era is characterized by revolutionary changes in the economy, technological progress, social and political life. Globalization exerts pressure on businesses and entire economies to increase their competitive strength which is defined as the ability to create knowledge. Knowledge creation and management became the new management paradigms. The responsibility for knowledge creation rests mainly upon the research and development sector. The aim of this study was to rank European Union Member States based on the level of knowledge created by their respective research and development sectors and to identify knowledge creation leaders. The analysis relied on EUROSTAT data for 2007-2011 and linear ranking methods with a reference standard. Our results indicate that Western European and Scandinavian countries are the leaders in the area of knowledge creation.
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Nägele, Horst. "Warum wir uns mit N.F.S Grundtvigs idealismus-kritischen Abhandlungen beschäftigen." Grundtvig-Studier 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v46i1.16189.
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Warum wir uns mit N.F.S. Grundtvigsidealismus-kritischen Abhandlungen beschäftigenBy Horst NägeleHorst Nägele begins his article with the statement that circumstantial evidence suggests that the democratic credibility of the Federal Republic of Germany may be questioned. Nägele argues for this view by comparing social conventions in Scandinavia and Germany.He adduces historical material to support his theory of a cultural difference on this point. The criticism levelled by the poet Jens Baggesen at the High German language for its remoteness from reality, is dealt with first. Then follows a discussion of the similar criticism by Grundtvig of the idealistic German philosophy, which, according to Grundtvig, is linked up with the Imperialist inclinations of Germany. Hence Germany’s propensity to .litism which finds expression in the New High German literary language as well as in philosophy. In Grundtvig’s view, the connection between the litist, and therefore Imperialist, unitary culture of Germany and the idealistic philosophy manifests itself in the detachment from reality that is characteristic of Schelling’s philosophy. When Schelling talks about the I that embodies itself, it becomes the image of nothing perceiving itself, in contrast to an I attached to a body. Grundtvig also finds evidence of this German tendency towards a missing sense of reality in Schiller’s poetical works. On a close examination of Grundtvig’s writings, it will appear that Friedrich Schiller’s (quasi-idealistic) tragedies are as a whole seen to convey the notion of heroes being (lifeless) shadows, easily killed. For Schiller’s higher, moral human nature, determined by liberty, cannot conquer death; in Grundtvig’s view, only the spirit of history can do that. Grundtvig’s view of life contrasts, for instance, with Schiller’s drama Wallenstein, where the protagonist chooses of his own free will to submit to death and evil.After discussing Grundtvig’s interpretation of Schiller’s dramas, Nägele returns to Schelling’s philosophy as an example of a tendency in German idealism. As Grundtvig understood it, life depends on truth. Grundtvig attaches importance to immediate actuality (‘fundamental and ultimate reality’) as it is the prerequisite for the conception that the ideal is the cause of .all temporal reality.. Grundtvig’s attitude contrasts sharply with what he calls the delusive view of the German idealistic philosophers who despise the body and annihilate life in order to idolize an egocentric construct, with the disastrous consequence that life doesn’t count. Thus Schelling mixes good with evil, truth with falsehood, since the absolute ideal, reason perceiving itself, is given the highest priority, i.e. preceding reality. According to Grundtvig, what is ideal, what is possible, always depends on reality, on what is real. In Grundtvig’s view, truth can only be perceived by man in his life on earth in contradistinction to falsehood; therefore it is impossible to identify the divine perception of the eternal truth and the human recognition of truth.This is the main line of thought in Grundtvig’s criticism of Schelling’s philosophy. It is Nägele’s argument that this criticism is highly topical since it is reflected in the debate over morals today, in the endeavours to create dignified social conventions, and in the complex issue of the future character of the European community as either a union or a loose cooperative structure.
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Dyhal, Yaroslav. "The issue of the ratio of women and men in central and local government: the European Union and Ukraine." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica 24, no. 324 (May 15, 2021): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20813333.24.7.
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Gender mainstreaming is an integral part of the process of building a democratic society, including in thepolitical sphere. In order to draw conclusions about gender equality in the political sphere, it is necessaryto constantly investigate the current situation. An indicator of gender equality in the political sphere is therepresentation of women and men in the governmental institutions. Therefore, there is a need to analyse thegender structure of central and local authorities in the European Union.The aim of the paper is to analyse the representation of women and men in elected authorities andgovernments of the European Union and Ukraine. The author explored the participation of men and womenin the European Parliament, national parliaments of European countries, national governmental authorities,regional and local parliaments of the EU and Ukraine.The gender structures of different authorities were compared. The countries with gender equality in thepolitical sphere and the countries with the largest imbalances were identified.The author analysed the factors that contributed to the establishment of equality in countries with indicatorsas close as possible to gender balance (Scandinavian countries). Among such factors the most interesting are:emancipation of women; high level of social development; institutional factors and legislation as incentives.A comparison of the gender structures of the central executive and legislative bodies and local councils ofUkraine and Poland was made.
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Moskvina, Julija. "Digital Education: Lithuania among Other European Union States." Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia 47 (December 30, 2021): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/actpaed.2021.47.4.
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Digital learning has become an everyday experience for a significant part of the population during a pandemic, regardless of their technical and psychological readiness. Both the more and less technologically advanced countries have faced the inevitable need for large-scale deployment of digital learning. This paper presents an assessment of the development of digital learning in Lithuania and the EU countries in 2019, i.e., before the pandemic began. The evaluation is carried out using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, developed by the Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS) using official indicators and expert evaluation.Despite the growing number of studies aimed at assessing the digital divide in modern society and in education in particular, there is still a lack of empirical material to shed light on the link between the extent of digitalization, its determinants (such as national governance in promoting digitalization), and changes in learning outcomes caused by digitalization. The findings from the CEPS study presented in the paper are the first attempt to move beyond the assessment of the prevalence of learning digitalization in different European countries, taking a holistic view of digitalisation-induced changes in learning outcomes and participation with a special focus on digital learning policy as an important component of digitalisation development.The aim of this article is to assess the digital learning situation in Lithuania using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, which was developed before the pandemic in 2019. The progress of European Union countries in developing digital learning is reviewed in the paper, based on the results of CEPS (2019) research. The Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning and the results of Lithuania’s assessment using the methodology developed by CEPS are presented here. The description of the situation in Lithuania is based on the second component of the Index titled “Institutions and policies for digital learning”.In order to qualitatively assess the country’s strategic provisions for digital learning, the method of analysis of the country’s strategic documents was applied. Public expert opinions were included into the analysis of the situation in Lithuania. An interpretation of the comparative analysis of the obtained index values is presented.Standard indicators from the Eurostat, Eurobarometer, OECD, Bertelsmann Stiftung, World Bank, and expert surveys were used to create the combined Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning. The index is constructed as a weighted average of indicators divided into three categories: learning participation and outcomes, institutions and policies for digital learning, and availability of digital learning. The assessment of the situation in the EU countries, carried out according to the developed methodology, allowed to calculate the value of the Index for each country. Lithuania ranks 11th in the overall EU-27 ranking with an Index value of 0.623.A more detailed analysis allowed us to see that the countries’ ratings can differ significantly according to the different categories of the Index. The Scandinavian countries lead in terms of learning participation and outcomes and, together with the Netherlands and Austria, in terms of availability of digital learning. Southern European countries received relatively high ratings in the Index category “institutions and policies for digital learning”, which reflects their determination to strengthen their position in the digital world. Estonia and the Netherlands also found themselves among the leaders in this category. Lithuania’s relatively high position in the list is also based on positive evaluations of the indicators of the second component of the Index (i.e., policies and institutions), while participation and learning outcomes were assessed modestly. Using the example of Lithuania, the article provides arguments in favor of why the second component of the Index should not be given.
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Czapliński, Przemysław. "Literature and Geography." Porównania 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/por.2020.2.8.
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This article proposes to treat literature as a template of the collective imagination. The basis for discussion is Polish prose from 1986–2016, with the main thesis being that Polish culture has reached the limits of geographical imagination. This is the result of Poland withdrawing from the larger structures to which it once belonged or to which it aspired (its diminishing presence in the European Union, the disappearance of Central Europe, delayed efforts to pursue the Scandinavian model of the state and civic culture, the destruction of relations with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine). Weakening or breaking ties with neighboring countries has led to isolation from all four sides. In order to get out of this impasse, it is necessary to develop new narratives that would link Poland with the neighboring cultures and would once again put our country back on the European map.
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Stenvik, Are. "Louise Christina Thorning og Solvår Winnie Finnanger: Trademark Protection in the European Union with a Scandinavian View." Lov og Rett 50, no. 09 (November 28, 2011): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-3061-2011-09-06.
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TSIOURIS (Β.Σ. ΤΣΙΟΥΡΗΣ), V. S., I. I. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and E. I. PETRIDOU (Ε.Ι. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ). "Update on the emergence and pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14883.
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Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease of broiler chickens, which is caused by Clostridiumperfringens type A or C and is characterized by high mortality and severe intestinal lesions. NE is described as a disease of high economical importance which affects health and welfare of broilers and also may pose a threat to public health. Although NE was known as a disease since 1930, it did not cause serious problems to the poultry industry. The emergence of the disease occurred after 1986 in Scandinavia and 2000 in the European Union and was related with the ban of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoter. Furthermore, the ban of meat meal and bone meal from the feed of broiler chickens and their replacement by fishmeal increased further the occurrence of NE. NE breaks the Koch's postulate, which supports that "a disease-causing organism should not be present in healthy individuals", because C perfringens may be detected in high populations in the gut of birds with no visible signs of NE. Moreover, challenge of birds with C perfringens does not \eadperse to the development of the disease. It is very well accepted that NE is a multi-factorialdisease in which a number of co-factors are usually required for the proliferation and toxinogenesis of C. perfringens and manifestation of the disease. Toxin -a, since 2006, has been proposed to be the main virulence factor for NE in poultry. The origin of this assumption seems to lie to observation that crude supernatant from C perfringens type A cultures induced necrotic lesions in broilers. Moreover, the development of NE lesions prevented partially by antibodies against C. perfringens toxin -a. The interpretation of these early studies is not clear, because they used crude supernatant and the assumption was made that the effects were caused by the dominant protein present (i.e. toxin -a). However, many other proteins are also present in the supernatant ofC perfringens cultures. The most convincing evidence, that toxin -a is not essential virulence factor for the pathogenesis of NE, comes from studies using a toxin -a negative mutant (epa mutant) of a C perfringens strain from NE outbreak, which was able to produce characteristic NE lesions. Recently, netB, a novel toxin that is associated with broiler NE, has been described. A netB mutant of C perfringens was unable to cause necrotic lesions in the gut of experimentally infected broilers, but a complemented netB mutant was virulent, like the wild-type strain. However, netB per se, might not be an essential component of virulence factor for the pathogenesis of NE, because not all strains isolated from diseased birds carry the netB gene. The presence of the toxin -β2, although it has been linked with increased incidence of bovine enterotoxaemia, intestinal disorders in human, horses and diarrhea in piglets, does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of NE in broiler. Most C. perfringens strains isolated from cases of NE do not carry the gene (cpb2) which is responsible for the production of toxin -β2. The efficacy of antitoxin -a toxoid vaccines, the high concentration of toxin-a at the supernatant of C. perfringens culture and feces of diseased birds, as well as the high titer of antibodies against toxin-a in birds with NE, indicate that toxin -a definitely play a role, major or minor, on the pathogenesis of NE in broilers.
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Stec, Małgorzata, and Mariola Grzebyk. "Statistical Analysis of the Level of Development of Renewable Energy Sources in the Countries of the European Union." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 8278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218278.
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Renewable energy sources (RES) are currently the main alternative to fossil fuels and are also seen as an important contributor to slowing down the dangerous climate change on our planet. Energy supplied from renewable sources can reduce the consumption of primary raw materials and reduce emissions of harmful substances that enter the atmosphere in the process of producing electricity and heat, having a negative impact on the environment. This paper provides a multivariate comparative analysis of EU countries in terms of the use of renewable energy. The empirical research used seven variables defining the complex phenomenon under study, collected for 27 EU countries between 2011 and 2020. The research method used was the dynamic version of the non-model method, with a normalisation method based on zero unitarisation. The results of the study confirm that there was a positive change in the use of renewable energy in most EU countries between 2011 and 2020. High levels of renewable energy use were displayed by the Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. In contrast, the least renewable energy use was seen in Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia.
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Kearney, John M., Cees de Graaf, Soren Damkjaer, and Lars Magnus Engstrom. "Stages of change towards physical activity in a nationally representative sample in the European Union." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 1a (January 1999): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000166.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the distribution of the stages of change towards physical activity across Europe and the influence of sociodemographic variables on this distribution.DesignA cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire.SettingThe survey was conducted in the 15 member states of the European Union between March and April 1997.SubjectsThe questionnaire was completed by 15 239 subjects (aged 15 years upwards). Data were weighted by population size for each country and by sex, age and regional distribution within each member state.ResultsTwenty-nine per cent of subjects were in the precontemplation stage, while a similar proportion (30%) were in the maintenance stage. Ten per cent had been physically active but had relapsed recently. Considerable intercountry variation existed with Scandinavian countries tending to be lower in the precontemplation stage and southern countries tending to be higher (particularly Greece and Portugal). Men and younger subjects with a higher education level were more likely to be in the maintenance stage. Overweight and obese subjects were more likely to be in the precontemplation stage than normal-weight subjects. In terms of barriers to participating in physical activity ‘not being the sporty type’ was more important for those in precontemplation stages, while ‘work/study commitments’ was more important for those people in the maintenance stage.ConclusionsThe model of the stages of behavioural change towards physical activity was able to distinguish people according to their level and attitude to physical activity. The considerable intercountry and sociodemographic variation in the distribution of stages of change suggest that targeted programmes aimed at specific subgroups in the population identified using the model may be more effective in promoting physical activity.
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Ikonomou, Constantinos. "An assessment of European integration for the EU-15 (1971-2015)." Region & Periphery 10 (December 7, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/rp.25480.
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A long-term assessment of the EU integration process is attempted for the1971-2015 period, by comparing per capita Gross Domestic Product (in constant Purchasing Power Parities) and its change, for EU-15 and non-EU states that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. A growing divergence is found between Greece but also Portugal and the EU southern periphery on the one hand, and Luxembourg, Ireland and Scandinavian states on the other that have benefi ted from EU integration, especially after the Eurozone was formed. Those EU-15 members that have joined the Eurozone have not benefi ted as much as non-members. It is suggested that two types of states can be trapped by the integration process: The relative or absolute losers of the currency zone, like Greece and states like the UK that have benefi ted less from integration, while choosing to remain at an earlier integration stage. Given the mix of monetary and fi scal policies pursued, resolving the former problem will require setting-up a common production union to advance competitiveness and co-operation, while solution to the latter should avoid the risk of disintegration and of the permanent loss of EU membership.
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Mosov, S. P., and S. M. Saliy. "Features of international cooperation on border security." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 10 (October 2020): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.10-20.116.
Full textAbstract:
Systematized are features of international cooperation of states in the interests of ensuring border security in the context of globalizing world processes, that causes an increase in number of different levels of tasks and problems that arise in the process of forming relations between states on the international platform. The article is focused on feasibility and international experience of integrated management of activities of state bodies at borders within the framework of international cooperation. Analyzed are features of European management model that has prospects for its implementation in a number of European countries outside the European Union, as well as in Central Asia, incl. the Republic of Kazakhstan. Attention is focused on incorrect terminological use of such phrases, as “integrated border management”, “integrated border management”, or “coordinated border management”, that does not correspond to the semantic essence. The correct phrase was introduced, i.e. “integrated management of activities of state bodies at the borders”. The article analyzes features of international cooperation models, based on examples of the CIS member countries and member countries of the Eurasian economic community, African countries and Scandinavian countries in the issues of integrated management of activities of state bodies at borders. Prospects for further researches are determined.