Journal articles: 'European Union Norway'

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Martín, Carlos Javier, and María Carmen Carnero. "Evaluation of Sustainable Development in European Union Countries." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 4880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224880.

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Despite the great importance of sustainable development for a country, it is possible to say, having reviewed the literature widely, that this research is the first to use a Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) to analyze the sustainability of EU countries, considering different dimensions and weighting the criteria with the help of a group of experts. This paper therefore sets out a Multi-Criteria Model for analyzing the development of sustainability in EU countries (and Norway and Iceland). This required prior filtering and analysis of the data from the Eurostat database. The model was built with the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Four experts in sustainability participated in the weighting process. The results of the AHP model are identified by areas of sustainability, with the highest value found in Norway, and the rest are found around it forming rings of sustainability, where sustainability decreases the further a country is from Norway. This research could be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each country with regard to sustainable development, and by analyzing the measures taken by Norway and other countries with very high sustainability, by continuous improvement processes, reach similar levels of sustainable development.

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Barnes, Richard. "United Kingdom/Norway." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 36, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10044.

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Abstract On 30 September 2020, the United Kingdom and Norway signed the Framework Agreement on Fisheries that will provide the basis for future cooperation in the sustainable management of their fisheries. The Agreement is the first such agreement adopted by the UK following its decision to the leave the European Union. This note provides some background to the Agreement and examines its key features. Whilst the content of the Agreement appears to be rather basic, this is broadly consistent with other framework agreements, and it does provide some insight into the direction and focus of fisheries management in the North Sea, and how cooperation may develop between coastal States and the European Union.

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Nergaard, Kristine, and Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke. "The puzzles of union density in Norway." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 4 (November 2007): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300409.

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The level of union density in Norway is medium high, in contrast to the other Nordic countries where high density levels are supported by unemployment insurance funds. Developments in union density over time are stable in Norway, contrary to developments in most western European countries outside the Nordic region. This article traces the effects of unemployment insurance funds by comparing density levels in Norway with those in Finland and Sweden. In addition, the stability witnessed in union density in Norway over time is a particularly puzzling phenomenon, and the authors seek to explain it on the basis of specific institutional and labour market factors.

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Hillion, Christophe. "Integrating an Outsider: An EU Perspective on Relations with Norway." European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 4 (November 1, 2011): 489–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011033.

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Through a dense network of agreements covering a wide range of policy areas, the multilayered association between the EU and Norway has led to a high degree of integration that, at least in substantive terms, brings Norway close to EU membership. Viewed as an effective tool for EU norm projection and a vector of generous external support for the Union policies at a relatively modest institutional cost, the specific EU Norway formula of integration without membership, with the EEA as its cornerstone, is often referred to by the Union as a template for the development of its neighbourhood policy. Several factors, not least the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, have, however, led the Union to call for a review of that formula, with a view to crafting a new 'comprehensive approach'. This article locates the specific EU-Norway arrangement in the broader context of the Union's relations with its European neighbours. In particular, it attempts to expose the main driving force of the EU's policy towards states in its vicinity and how Norway fits into the wider process of European integration, as seen from the Union. It then analyses the main challenges to the current EU-Norway arrangement from an EU perspective and discusses how those could be addressed.

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Oosterhof, Albert. "Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations." Leiden Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.

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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.

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Thorpe, Suzanne. "Online Legal Information in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 1 (2001): 25–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000846.

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Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are among the most technologically advanced countries in the world. It is not surprising, therefore, to find sophisticated online systems offering extensive access to legal information in each country. This article briefly traces the development of online legal information in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In addition, it provides a country by country overview of the legal databases and online guides to electronic legal resources that are currently available. Most of the databases discussed can be accessed, wholly or in part, without charge via the Internet. A few are restricted to paid subscribers or are available only on CD-ROM. It should be noted that, while Denmark and Sweden are members of the European Union, this article does not cover the databases in either country specifically devoted to European Union law.

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Khúlová, Lucia. "Export into EFTA and transportation costs." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no. 35 (December 1, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.

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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.

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Arnholtz, Jens, Guglielmo Meardi, and Johannes Oldervoll. "Collective wage bargaining under strain in northern European construction: Resisting institutional drift?" European Journal of Industrial Relations 24, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118790816.

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Internationalization, trade union decline, enforcement problems and rising self-employment all strain the effectiveness of collective wage bargaining arrangements in northern European construction. We examine Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK, and show that these strains have pushed trade unions to seek assistance from the state to stabilize wage regulation, but with results that vary according to employer strategies and the power balances between the actors. While Denmark and the UK have barely introduced any state support, Norway has followed the Netherlands and Germany in introducing legal mechanisms for extension of collectively agreed minimum wage terms. The country studies suggest that state assistance alleviates some of the strain, but does not reverse the trends, and the comparison indicates that both institutional innovation and reorganization may be required if wage bargaining is not to drift into different functions.

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Knudsen, Laine Fogh, and Signe Balina. "Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Across the European Union, Iceland and Norway." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 (January 2014): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.569.

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Rapaic, Stevan. "Energy market in European Union and interests of Serbia." Medjunarodni problemi 61, no. 4 (2009): 515–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0904515r.

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The author deals with energy market in Europe by presenting the gross consumption of energy as well as production of energy within the European Union. The need of EU for natural gas and crude oil is one of the main factors why Russia is still the key player in Europe's energy market. European Union is trying to leave Russia behind by importing crude oil and natural gas from countries like Norway, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Iraq, but Europe is still highly dependent of Russian energy. Considering these facts, Serbia recognizes that its economic and political interest is to become a strategic partner with European Union as transit country for Russia's natural gas and crude oil. .

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Raspotnik, Andreas, and Kathrin Keil. "The European Unions Gateways to the Arctic." European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 1 (February 1, 2014): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014006.

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The European Union (EU) is increasingly depicted as an actor with a growing interest towards the Arctic region. In order to shed light on the various possibilities for the EU's involvement in Arctic affairs, this article aims to have a close look at potential EU 'gateways' to the Arctic, subdivided into geographical-institutional and policy links, and their logical interaction. The former aspect looks at the historical, institutional, and legal links between the EU and the three Arctic actors Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. The latter examines concrete steps of cooperation between the EU and these countries in selected, Arctic-relevant policy areas. These include the challenges of environmental protection in general and climate change and sustainable development in particular, and the possibilities of benefitting from newly available Arctic resources such as oil and gas, shipping routes and fishing grounds.

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Murinkó, Lívia, and Ivett Szalma. "Men’s Fertility in Second Unions in Three European Countries: The Effect of Parenthood Status." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 50 (March 14, 2016): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.51497.

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In the present paper we investigate how fatherhood influences childbirth in the second union of men in three European countries. We use data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey for France (2005), Norway (2007/8) and Hungary (2004/5) and we apply piecewise exponential event history models. The analysis complements earlier literature by focusing on men, taking a comparative perspective, looking at change over time, considering both cohabiting and marital unions, and also differentiating between the effects of non-residential and (part- or full-time) residential fatherhood.Findings show that the probability of childbearing in the second union is the lowest if both partners already have child(ren) and highest if neither of them are parents. However we found different results if only one of the partners has pre-union children in the three countries. Findings are discussed in view of demographic trends, family and gender role attitudes, and relevant family policies.

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Brandão, Pedro. "European policies on same-sex relationships, adoption and assisted reproduction." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20221961.

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Same-sex civil union, marriage, adoption and access to assisted reproduction have progressively been more accepted worldwide. However, many differences exist in national legislation regarding the matter. This work is a review of current national policies of 31 European countries, including all the European Union, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. At the moment, many European countries recognize same-sex civil unions, marriage and adoption, as well as the access of single women and lesbian couples to assisted reproduction, specially the northern and western countries. However, there is still an important number of countries where there is no official recognition of gay partnerships and adoption, and fertility treatments are exclusive to heterosexual couples. In addition, given the need to surrogacy, male couples have quite limited options concerning assisted reproduction in Europe. Europe is progressively allowing same-sex couples to legalize their relationship and to open adoption and assisted reproduction to everyone, regardless of gender, sexual orientation or marital status.

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Kvakkestad, Valborg, and Arild Vatn. "Regulating the Release of GMOs: Contrasts between the European Union and Norway." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 968–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c05116s.

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The European Union (EU) and Norway have assessed the release of genetically modified organisms as commercial products quite differently. Of twenty-four notifications approved by the EU, Norway has approved four, rejected ten, and has ten pending. We analyse whether these differences could be explained by different value judgments. Three aspects of the formulation and implementation of the regulations are discussed: the effects to be prevented and encouraged, response to uncertainty and ignorance, and the burden of proof necessary. Norwegian rejections are found to be explicable by the combination of no real benefit to society, lack of scientific knowledge, and involved risks. EU approvals are based upon seeing no reason to believe that there will be any adverse effects on health and the environment. We conclude that problems arise when value conflicts are understood and treated solely as technical issues, as normal in the EU.

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Solum, Eva Merethe, Berit Viken, and Anne Lyberg. "First Year’s Work Experiences of Foreign Educated Nurses Coming to Norway From Other European Countries." SAGE Open Nursing 6 (January 2020): 237796082097000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2377960820970003.

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Introduction Nurses educated in the European Union and European Economic Area are automatically given professional authorization to work in all member states, facilitating workforce mobility between countries. Along with many other European countries, Norway faces nursing shortages in healthcare. European Foreign Educated Nurses are often recruited to work in Norway by agencies or apply for work themselves. Aims To explore the experiences Foreign Educated Nurses from European Union and European Economic Area had with their preparation and orientation programs and their first year of work in Norwegian elderly care institutions Methods The study followed a qualitative explorative design. Nine open, dialogue-based, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Foreign Educated Nurses from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Iceland, and Spain. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings One main theme, struggling to adjust to professional competence standards, and four subthemes emerged from our data (1) deficiencies in preparation and orientation by recruitment agencies and institutions, (2) language skills and communication challenges at work, (3) cultural differences in the nursing role in clinical practice, and (4) social interactions at work. Conclusion More comprehensive preparation and orientation programs regarding language skills and local healthcare systems are needed. Foreign Educated Nurses make important contributions to the Norwegian healthcare work force, but the challenges brought to light in this study negatively affected their work conditions and can possibly threaten patient safety. More research is suggested to address the lack of collaboration between agencies, healthcare institutions, and other stakeholders in establishing professional standards and appropriate support for Foreign Educated Nurses from European Union and European Economic Area.

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Jensen, Carsten Strøby. "Political attitudes and trade union membership in the Nordic countries." European Journal of Industrial Relations 23, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680117708372.

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Do political attitudes influence the likelihood of employees being members of a trade union, and to what extent is this the case in the Nordic countries with their high aggregate levels of membership? In this article, I address these questions using European Social Survey data from 2012. The results show that left-wing political attitudes have the most impact on the likelihood of trade union membership in Sweden and to a lesser extent in Denmark. In Norway and Finland, there is no statistically significant impact. I argue that the impact of left-wing political attitudes on unionization in Sweden and Denmark reflects a conception among employees that trade unions are normative organizations.

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Strezhneva, M. "Structuring of Political Space in European Union (the end)." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2010): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-1-61-72.

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Emergence of the EU political system led to the denationalization of its economic space. This political system can be characterized as a democratic one. Yet through European elections, the European citizens do not elect the government acting at the supranational level. It is not them, but the European political class, who determines the integration agenda. The article exposes а linkage between changing parameters of political democracy in the EU member states and transition from centralized national governance to a multilevel one (MLG), accompanied by development of new governance modes. Participatory democracy serves in the EU as an important supplement for representative democracy. Privileged partners (such as Switzerland or Norway) are allowed to participate in the MLG. Yet representatives of the transnational European civil society or governments of those states, which are not full EU members, are not admitted to the decision-making stage.

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Leifman, Håkan. "Homogenisation in alcohol consumption in the European Union." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 1_suppl (February 2001): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s06.

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Håkan Leifman: Homogenisation in alcohol consumption in the European Union This article examines the trends in aggregate alcohol consumption in 15 European countries (14 European Union or EU member states and Norway) from 1950 to 1995. One of the aims is to outline the general trends in total consumption and beverage preferences, focusing on the dispersion over time between all the countries involved, another to look more closely behind these trends and to analyse the development for different groups of countries. Evidence points to a clear homogenisation for the whole study period in qualitative terms, that is, in beverage preferences. In terms of quantity, the homogenisation of the last 15–20 years is less distinct and can be explained mainly by a drastic reduction in wine consumption in the Mediterranean wine-drinking countries. As to the remaining countries (beer and former spirits-drinking countries), there has not been any quantitative homogenisation from the mid-1970s onwards. The results are discussed in the light of the on-going globalisation of economy, politics and culture, not least between the EU member states.

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Gullberg, Anne Therese. "Access to climate policy-making in the European Union and in Norway." Environmental Politics 20, no. 4 (July 2011): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2011.589572.

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Solberg, Ulrik, Gregor Burkhart, and Margareta Nilson. "An overview of opiate substitution treatment in the European Union and Norway." International Journal of Drug Policy 13, no. 6 (December 2002): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-3959(02)00067-1.

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Christodoulou, Aris, and Panayotis Christidis. "Measuring Cross-Border Road Accessibility in the European Union." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154000.

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Border regions are in the forefront of geographical cohesion of the European Union but often lag behind more central areas on development and connectivity. As transport infrastructure—or rather the lack of it—plays a primary role in this, specific policy measures to improve the quality of road connections and address the overall issues of geographic isolation are often necessary. The methodology presented here provides a set of indicators and tools that allow policy makers to measure accessibility and connectivity of border regions, identify areas where transport infrastructure may be lacking, and prioritize potential investments based on specific policy-relevant criteria. The approach uses very detailed spatially disaggregate data covering EU28 plus Norway and Switzerland at grid level (1 km by 1 km), as well as the complete road network. This level of resolution allows many of the specificities of the areas covered to be taken into account.

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Rychtaříková, Jitka. "Length of life, health and attitudes in the European Union." Geografie 120, no. 4 (2015): 542–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120040542.

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The contribution addresses three fields of investigation: mortality, health, and attitudes in the countries of EU28, Norway and Iceland. The data of EUROSTAT and EUROBAROMETER 378 were analyzed. In 2011, life expectancy at the age of 65 was shorter in post-Communist countries and there was also a smaller share of years lived in self-perceived good health. Two-level regression modelling has shown that the higher the age, the lower the satisfaction with health and with life. Higher-educated people and those living in a partnership are generally happier than the rest. Compared with other age and gender groups, young people and men perceive someone as old much sooner. Pessimistic attitudes are, to a smaller extent, intensified by living in former Communist countries.

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LEVY, PHILIP I., and DONALD H. REGAN. "EC–Seal Products: Seals and Sensibilities (TBT Aspects of the Panel and Appellate Body Reports)." World Trade Review 14, no. 2 (April 2015): 337–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000051.

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AbstractThe EC–Seal Products case stemmed from complaints by Canada and Norway against European Union regulations that effectively banned the importation and marketing of seal products from those countries. The EU said it had responded to European moral outrage at the killing of seals. Canada and Norway challenged the regime under various provisions of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement and the GATT. This article considers TBT aspects of the Panel and Appellate Body decisions. It discusses issues such as whether there is any bright line to be drawn between legitimate and illegitimate purposes in regulation, the proper legal meaning of a ‘technical regulation’, and the interpretation of TBT 2.1.

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TAKALA, TUIJA, and PEKKA LOUHIALA. "Healthcare Ethics in Finland." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12, no. 3 (July 2003): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180103123067.

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Finland is a country in Northern Europe with a population of approximately 5.1 million people. It lies between Sweden and Russia and has a border with Norway too. It is part of the European Union and also belongs to the European Monetary Union. It is a welfare state in the sense that healthcare services, schools, universities, and social services are for the most part paid for by tax-based funding. In terms of basic healthcare, the state, through local municipalities, provides comprehensive coverage to all residents, and this is utilized by both the wealthy and the poor.

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Nordeng, Zuzana, and Frode Veggeland. "The implementation of European Union (EU) rules on cross-border care: moving towards convergence?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 15, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413311800035x.

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AbstractThis article studies the implementation of the European Union (EU)’s Patients’ Rights Directive in Germany and Norway. The objective of the Directive was to allow EU member states to have a say in the regulatory work, ensure predictability and uniformity in the application of EU rules on cross-border care, and enhance a move towards EU harmonisation in this area. So far, the implementation processes in Norway and Germany have mixed results regarding the likelihood of achieving uniformity and harmonisation. Although the Directive has had convergent effects on certain areas of cross-border care, such as setting up National Contact Points and providing patients with the basic right to treatment abroad, implementation also shows divergent patterns. In both countries, adapting to EU rules has strengthened patients’ rights to choose freely among health-service providers in a wider European health-service market. However, due to legal discretion and country-specific institutions within which the new rules are applied, divergent patterns prevail.

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Bajrami, Vedat. "COMPARISON OF INCLUSIVE POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN SOME COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND IN KOSOVO." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 1593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31051593b.

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In the last thirty years of pedagogical practice, particular attention has been paid to the inclusion of children with special education needs, multi-lingual children in multi-cultural environments and children living in poverty. Nowadays, inclusive education is a subject and a requirement of all European institutions in the EU and the Council of Europe, many families, experts, non-governmental organizations and individuals.The research sample consists of 8 countries from Europe and Kosovo. The condition for the research countries to be included in the sample is based on the population number not being larger than 8 million. Because of the relevance of the comparative analysis, two older state members of the European Union were chosen (Austria, the Flemish and the French region of Belgium), two members of the European Union (Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Slovenia), two Scandinavian countries (Finland and Norway) and Kosovo. Kosovo has received the status of a potential candidate for European Union membership.

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Zielke, Rainer. "Anti-avoidance Legislation of Scandinavian Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member States: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden Compared." Intertax 41, Issue 12 (December 1, 2013): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2013066.

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Despite continuous instability in the European Union, Scandinavian countries exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. Three ( Denmark, Norway and Sweden) are not in the Eurozone and one (Norway) is only a European Economic Area Member State. In the article 'Transfer Pricing Planning with Accuracy and Control' (see intertax, issue October 2013, pp.542-550) the author had outlined the importance of transfer pricing planning in international tax planning. As the advantages and strategies of international tax planning with regard to antiavoidance legislation in Scandinavian countries had not been investigated so far, this is now done in detail - with reference to the corporate 2014 income tax burden of the thirty-four OECD Member States.

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Lorentzen, Torbj⊘rn. "The Salmon-Agreement Between Norway and the European Union—A Welfare Economic Analysis." International Trade Journal 23, no. 1 (January 16, 2009): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853900802387912.

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Gomes Ferreira, Rui, Joao G. Ferreira, Frans-Joost Boogert, Richard A. Corner, Joao Pedro Nunes, Jon Grant, Johan Johansen, and William F. Dewey. "A multimetric investor index for aquaculture: Application to the European Union and Norway." Aquaculture 516 (February 2020): 734600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734600.

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Nordgaard, Lars Erik, and Michael Sánchez Rydelski. "South Koreas Free Trade Agreements with the EU and EFTA: How Do They Compare?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 10 (October 1, 2012): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012052.

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Given the years of deadlock over the Doha Agenda, many WTO Members have actively engaged in bilateral negotiations to advance their goals of mutual liberalization. The European Union and the four EFTA States (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) are no exception to this development and indeed are most active in pursuing their trade and related interests through bilateral Free Trade Agreements with key trading partners. The most ambitious Free Trade Agreements concluded so far by the European Union and EFTA are both with South Korea. This article describes the key features of both Agreements. It examines how they compare and to what extent they achieve their objectives.

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Pöllmann, Andreas. "European educational research (re)constructed: institutional change in Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, and the European Union." Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 50, no. 8 (September 16, 2019): 1222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1665260.

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Mary, Richardson. "European educational research (Re)constructed: institutional change in Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, and the European Union." Journal of Education Policy 35, no. 4 (May 28, 2019): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2019.1620497.

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Hohmann, Ulrike. "European educational research (Re)constructed: institutional change in Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, and the European Union." Journal of Education for Teaching 45, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2019.1579031.

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Clancy, Sharon. "European educational research (re) constructed: institutional change in Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway and the European Union." Educational Review 72, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1656940.

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Janmyr, Maja. "Norway’s Readmission Agreements: Spellbound by European Union Policies or Free Spirits on the International Field?" European Journal of Migration and Law 16, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342053.

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Abstract This article offers an analysis of the objective and substance of Norway’s readmission agreements in light of European Union readmission policies. It explores how readmission policy developments on the eu level also impact Norway’s practice, and argues that eu practice influences Norway’s work on readmission in three important ways. First, as part of a preventative strategic policy, Norway seeks to conclude readmission agreements with countries with which eu readmission agreements (eura) exist. Second, eu visa facilitation agreements that are paired with euras form an indirect link between eu and Norwegian readmission agreements. Third, Norway uses the eura-format as a basis for negotiations even with countries where no eura exists. This article also examines Norway’s participation in the eu Global Approach on Migration and Mobility (gamm), and finds that it is limited by the gamm being only tangentially within the Schengen cooperation, and also by national political perceptions about linking readmission and development aid.

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Chen, Yitong, and Yinan Wang. "The North Sea and Svalbard Fisheries Management Regimes in the Context of Brexit: Divergence and Implications." Fishes 7, no. 6 (November 27, 2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060351.

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The North Sea fishery has maintained sound and stable cooperative management over the past four decades. European Union (EU) countries exchange quotas with Norway for fish stocks in their respective fisheries jurisdictions within the framework of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (EU CFP) and the Agreement on Fisheries between the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Norway. After beginning the Brexit process with a concomitant transitional arrangement, the United Kingdom remained in the EU CFP until the end of 2020. From 2021 onward, the United Kingdom became a completely independent coastal state outside the EU CFP framework. In this context, the long-standing and stable fisheries access and quota exchange system between Norway and the EU will face tensions. The differences among the United Kingdom, the EU and Norway in fisheries also involve quotas and access to the Svalbard Protection Zone. Norway even intends to expand the fisheries conflict to the Arctic Council. To prevent the adverse consequences of conflict spillover and to achieve sustainable development of fisheries and win–win cooperation in fisheries management, the United Kingdom, the EU and Norway launched a series of actions on fisheries issues. In tripartite negotiations, each party has its advantages. Ultimately, win–win cooperation in the fisheries game is the three parties’ expected outcome.

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Jensen, Leif Christian. "Petroleum discourse in the European Arctic: the Norwegian case." Polar Record 43, no. 3 (July 2007): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006559.

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ABSTRACTThe article addresses old ‘west-east discourses’ and how they continue to develop in the high north, and, not least, in the Norwegian petroleum debate. Adopting a discourse analytical perspective the author shows how environmental safety is used as an argument in favour of Norway producing oil in the Barents Sea at the earliest possible moment. This is only feasible if a connection is made in the public mind between Russia and the environment. These views, it is argued, stem from ideas about Russia that gained currency after the demise of the Soviet Union. While they perhaps have less to do with Russia's petroleum industry and environmental performance today, they nevertheless have a strong impact on how challenges in the high north and Arctic region are perceived. And, perhaps even more importantly, they define freedom of action and available options. In this paper all references to government departments refer to those of Norway.

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Lanko, D. A. "The Northern Dimension as a Promising Model of Interaction between the European Union and Great Powers in Times of Aggravation of Disintegration Processes in the European Space." Administrative Consulting, no. 7 (September 9, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-7-17-28.

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The article discusses the Northern Dimension — the four-lateral policy of the Russian Federation, the European Union, Norway and Iceland — in two instances. On one hand, the Northern Dimension has established itself as an eﬀective instrument of meeting specifc challenges of the northern part of the European continent. On other hand, the article discusses the Northern Dimension as a model of relationship between the EU and its potent neighbours, comparable with Russia in terms of their military power, size of the economy and the scale of political ambitions. The United Kingdom, which is fnishing its exit from the European Union, and which is starting building a new system of relationship with it, has recently emerged as such potent neighbour of the European Union. The article presents the results of analysis based on a dialogue between major theories of European integration: namely neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. Combining the two theories allows analysing the roles of individual EU member states — the article focuses on Finland in that context — and of European supranational institutions in the formation of the Norther Dimension; among supranational institutions, the article focuses on the European Commission. The article concludes that Ireland can play a crucial role in the building of future relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom. The Irish role is comparable with the role that Finland has played in the building of the relationship between the EU and Russia and in developing of the Northern Dimension into an eﬀective and promising model of relationship between the integration union and its great power neighbours.

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Babynina, Lyudmila. "EEA IN THE BREXIT’ SHADOW." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 23, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran520219299.

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The article analyzes the Brexit’s impact on the functioning of the European Economic Area (EEA). Brexit renewed interest to EEA format, as one of the options for future relations between the United Kingdom and the EU. But so close cooperation under the control of the Union did not meet the interests of Britain, which chose the greatest distance from EU rules and regulations. For nonEU EEA countries (Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) Brexit entailed a visible political and economic shake-up. First, the fact of the country’s exit from the EU and the tough position of the British government contributed to the growth of Eurosceptic rhetoric in the non-EU EEA countries. Secondly, in connection with the withdrawal of the UK from all structures of the European Union, these countries had a need to sign new trade and fisheries agreements. These processes were of the greatest impact for Norway, as the most significant player in the EEA, a non-EU member. Analyzing these processes, the author comes to the conclusion that Brexit did not have a significant impact on the functioning of the EEA, but increased interest in various external formats of integration. In addition, the domestic political discourse has become more acute regarding the possible revision of the format of relations with the EU, especially in Norway, which is largely due to national elections,

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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of quinolones in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii37—ii44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab176.

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Abstract Objectives Data on quinolone consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of quinolones. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of quinolones, i.e. ATC group J01M, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Quinolone consumption was analysed by subgroups based on pharmacokinetic profile, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, quinolone consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 8.2 between countries with the highest (Bulgaria) and the lowest (Norway) consumption. The second-generation quinolones accounted for >50% of quinolone consumption in most countries. Quinolone consumption significantly increased up to 2001, and did not change significantly afterwards. Seasonal variation increased significantly over time. Proportional consumption of third-generation quinolones significantly increased over time relative to that of second-generation quinolones, while proportional consumption of both third- and second-generation quinolones significantly increased relative to that of first-generation quinolones. Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin represented >40% of quinolone consumption in the community in southern EU/EEA countries. Conclusions Quinolone consumption in the community is no longer increasing in the EU/EEA, but its seasonal variation continues to increase significantly as is the proportion of quinolones to treat respiratory infections.

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Parveen, Sumbul. "Norwegian Asylum Policy and Response to the 2015 Refugee Crisis." International Studies 57, no. 4 (October 2020): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881720965050.

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In recent years, Norway has emerged as an important destination of asylum for refugees. During the refugee crisis of 2015, Norway, with a total population of slightly above 5 million, received more than 31,000 applications for asylum. This was close to the total number of asylum seekers it had received in the last three years. This article discusses Norway’s history as an asylum destination as well as policies for the protection and integration of refugees. It focuses on how the refugee crisis of 2015 unfolded in Norway. The domestic political discourse and the response of civil society organizations are analysed. The article also looks at the changes introduced in the asylum policy and the role of the European Union in determining Norway’s response to the crisis.

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Pahre, Robert. "Divided Government and International Cooperation in Austria-Hungary, Sweden-Norway and the European Union." European Union Politics 2, no. 2 (June 2001): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116501002002001.

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Fountain, Jane, Jon Bashford, Susan Underwood, Jagjit Khurana, Moira Winters, Chloé Carpentier, and Kamlesh Patel. "Drug use amongst Black and minority ethnic communities in the European Union and Norway." Probation Journal 51, no. 4 (December 2004): 362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550504048242.

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Henderson, Nadine, Phill O'Neill, and Martina Garau. "PP106 Twenty Years Of Orphan Medicines Regulation: Have Treatments Reached Patients In Need Across Europe And Canada?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 37, S1 (December 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462321001124.

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IntroductionThe European Union regulation for orphan medicinal products (OMPs) was introduced to improve the quality of treatments for patients with rare conditions. To mark 20 years of European Union OMP regulation, this study compared access to OMPs and the length of their reimbursement process in a set of European countries and Canadian provinces. Access refers to their full or partial reimbursement by the public health service.MethodsData were collated on European Medicines Agency orphan designation and marketing authorizations, health technology assessment (HTA) decisions and reimbursement decisions, and the respective dates of these events for all the OMPs centrally authorized in 14 European countries (Belgium, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) and four Canadian provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec).ResultsSince the implementation of the OMPs Regulation in 2000, 215 OMPs obtained marketing authorization. We found that Germany had the highest level of coverage, with 91 percent of OMPs being reimbursed. The three countries with the lowest reimbursement rates were Poland, Hungary, and Norway (below 30%). We observed that Germany had the quickest time to reimbursement following marketing authorization, followed by Switzerland and Scotland. We observed that Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia consistently had the longest time to reimbursement.ConclusionsWe observed substantial variation in the levels and speed of national reimbursement of OMPs, particularly when comparing countries in Eastern and Western Europe, which suggests that an equity gap between the regions may be present. The data also indicated a trend toward faster times to reimbursement over the past 10 years.

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Ptak, Michał. "Norwegian Tax System from the Point of View of Climate Change Policy." Equilibrium 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2014.005.

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Norway was the first country in the world to fix a carbon dioxide target. Norway was also one of the first countries to implement taxes to increase incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the paper is to analyse the role of environmental taxes in Norwegian climate policy. The author also examines the differences between the climate change policy measures in Norway and in the European Union countries, especially Poland.The first part of the paper contains an analysis of data on greenhouse gas emissions in Norway in the years 1990-2011. In the further sections of the paper the discussion is focused on the characteristics of Norwegian tax system and design of taxes used in Norway as instruments for addressing climate change. Particular attention is paid to the carbon tax, in force since 1991. The tax is responsible for large CO2 emission reductions. The paper is largely based on review of various reports, literature and websites on climate change policy, energy policy and transport policy in Norway.

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Povlsen, Lene, Susann Regber, Elisabeth Fosse, Leena Eklund Karlsson, and Hrafnhildur Gunnarsdottir. "Economic poverty among children and adolescents in the Nordic countries." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 20_suppl (February 2018): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817743894.

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Aims: This study aimed to identify applied definitions and measurements of economic poverty and to explore the proportions and characteristics of children and adolescents living in economic poverty in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden during the last decade and to compare various statistics between the Nordic countries. Methods: Official data from central national authorities on statistics, national reports and European Union Statistics of income and living conditions data were collected and analysed during 2015–2016. Results: The proportion of Nordic children living in economic poverty in 2014 ranged from 9.4% in Norway to 18.5% in Sweden. Compared with the European Union average, from 2004 to 2014 Nordic families with dependent children experienced fewer difficulties in making their money last, even though Icelandic families reported considerable difficulties. The characteristics of children living in economic poverty proved to be similar in the five countries and were related to their parents’ level of education and employment, single-parent households and – in Denmark, Norway and Sweden – to immigrant background. In Finland, poverty among children was linked in particular to low income in employed households. Conclusions:This study showed that economic poverty among Nordic families with dependent children has increased during the latest decade, but it also showed that poverty rates are not necessarily connected to families’ ability to make their money last. Therefore additional studies are needed to explore existing policies and political commitments in the Nordic countries to compensate families with dependent children living in poverty.

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Hamers, F. F., J. Alix, C. Semaille, H. Pilkington, and A. M. Downs. "Surveillance of HIV/AIDS in Europe: update at end 2000." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.05.00210-en.

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In the Western area of Europe, AIDS incidence decreased by 12% in 2000 compared to 1999 (22 cases per million population). In the Eastern area, the incidence of notified cases remained low, but newly diagnosed cases are still rising. In the Centre, the rates of AIDS cases and HIV infections remain low. EuroHIV (European Centre for the Epidemiological of AIDS) coordinates the surveillance of AIDS in the WHO European Region since 1984 and of newly diagnosed HIV infection since 1999. The main findings of the latest update at end 2000 are presented here (1). To take into account the diversity of the epidemiological situation in the region, countries have been grouped into three geographic areas: the West (the 15 countries of the European Union plus Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Israel, Malta) the East (the 15 Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union) and the Centre (the remaining countries of the region).

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Drgas, Michał. "Członkostwo bez akcesji? Norwegia i Islandia a stosowanie prawa Unii Europejskiej." Cywilizacja i Polityka 15, no. 15 (October 26, 2017): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5482.

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Norway and Iceland are two states that are closely integrated with the European Union (EU) despite formally not being its members. Above all this is a result of them being bound by parts of EU law. On the one hand, as members of the European Economic Area, they apply EU laws that constitute its internal market as well as acts related to most of other EU policies once contained in its first pillar. On the other hand, being Schengen associated states, they are also required to apply EU border crossing and asylum rules and regulations. The article examines the mechanisms and procedures employed to enable the two states to apply EU law as well as ensure its proper application. It also investigates the range of EU laws that Norway and Iceland are obligated to follow and the degree to which they do so.

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Rickels, Wilfried, Dennis Görlich, and Sonja Peterson. "Explaining European Emission Allowance Price Dynamics: Evidence from Phase II." German Economic Review 16, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12045.

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Abstract We empirically investigate potential determinants of the allowance price dynamics in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme during Phase II. In contrast to previous studies, we place particular emphasis on the fuel price selection. We show that results are extremely sensitive to choosing different price series of potential determinants, such as coal and gas prices. In general, only the influence of economic activity in Europe and hydropower provision in Norway is robustly explaining allowance price dynamics. The influence of fuel switching on allowance prices and, therefore, equalization of marginal abatement costs - in particular in the long run - is still rather small.

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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.

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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.

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Journal articles on the topic 'European Union Norway'

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