Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'European Union Norway'

In the field of European studies, the notion of ‘differentiated integration’ (Stubb 1996) was developed in the late 1990s as an alternative to the crude membership/non-membership dichotomy. While the theoretical benefits of this approach are broadly discussed in the existing literature, further empirical studies have been deemed necessary (Holzinger and Schimmelfennig 2012). The Nordic states constitute a particularly interesting laboratory in order to study this phenomenon. Indeed, while these states share several socio-economic and political characteristics, they also differ in terms of their relationship with the European Union. Several studies on these relationships emphasise the relevance of certain contextual variables as key explanatory factors for the variation in attitudes between the Nordic states. However, there is also lack of analysis that looks into the domestic political features that these countries share. Furthermore, most studies in the field tend to ignore the respective government’s positions on European integration, and mostly adopt a top-down approach when focusing on the nation-state as a whole. Adopting a most similar systems design, this thesis aims to answer the following question: have Nordic government preferences on European integration been influenced by domestic political factors? In order to answer this question, four domestic variables are introduced and analysed: relative strength of parties in parliament; composition of government; type of government; and government ideology. Within this comparative framework, three Nordic countries have been selected: the first one belonging to the ‘inner core’ of the European Union (Finland);; while the second is located at its ‘outer core’ (Sweden);; and the third one serves as a control case as an ‘EU-outsider’ which is still located in the Union’s ‘inner periphery’ (Norway). For each state, the analysis starts in the early 1990s, when ‘Europe’ developed into a politically salient issue in domestic politics. The focus is furthermore set on their respective government’s positions regarding five distinct policy areas: participation in the European Economic Area; application for European Union membership; participation in the Schengen Area; participation in the Economic and Monetary Union; and participation in European Battle Groups. The main findings of the thesis suggest that when analysing governments’ positions on (differentiated) European integration, the domestic political features should not be downplayed. For instance, the Swedish government’s opposition to participation in the EMU in 1997 is mostly explained by a lack of party consensus over this issue, unlike in Finland where a broad inter-party agreement was secured for this policy area. The analysis further suggests that studies on party and government preferences on Europe should focus on policy areas rather than on the issue of integration as a whole. Such a focus provides for better understanding of the nature of ‘Euroscepticism’ in the Nordic region and, to a broader extent, in Europe.

This thesis analyzes the differing immigration policies and issues within Italy, France and Norway by looking at the factors of historical background, politics, and economics. Each of these factors plays a different role in shaping immigration. Italy with a shift to the center right politically although currently with a technocratic government in power; a large unstable economy; and also a society not quite standardized culturally yet becoming increasingly multi-ethnic with immigration, is beginning to become stricter with immigration policy as it has been increasing in recent years. France with a newly left-wing socialist political party in power after a many years of a center right political dominance, a strong economy, and a very nationalist society also has a very strict immigration policy that many view inadequate for the integration of France. Lastly, Norway with a social-democratic labor led party in support of a strong welfare state; a strong economy; and a historical society of relative homogeneity that values equality and individuality, seeks immigration policy to maintain those values and encourage integration. Also, important to note is the role of the European Union which has an effect on all of these countries with many new initiatives to further the integration of immigration within the European Union as well as causing new migration flows with its expansion.
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
International and Global Studies

This diploma thesis is focused on main aspects of the economic cooperation between Norway and Czech Republic. Theoretical part describes main determinants of international economic cooperation. The analytical part analyses business environment in both countries, an influence of European Union on the economic cooperation, an activity of investment agencies and SWOT analysis of the Norwegian market. One chapter is focused on an import of the natural gas from Norway to Czech Republic, which is the most important part of the economic cooperation.

Le fait que dès ses années d'exil scandinave, entre 1933 et 1947, le jeune Willy Brandt se lance dans le débat sur l'avenir d'une Europe unifiée et en propose des conditions concrètes de réalisation est encore très largement méconnu. Pourtant, la question de l'Europe jalonne les écrits d'exil du jeune socialiste réfugié en Norvège. Cette thèse de doctorat met en lumière ces primes idées européennes, le « rêve des Etats-Unis d’Europe », que Willy Brandt développe en exil. Elle interroge non seulement le rôle de l’exil scandinave dans l’émergence d’une pensée fédérale européenne chez Brandt, mais également la teneur de son projet et son éventuelle originalité. Cette étude repose sur un corpus de textes écrits de la main de Willy Brandt en Scandinavie entre 1933 et 1947. Dans ses ouvrages consacrés à la politique internationale, dans ses articles rédigés pour la presse ouvrière mais aussi, parfois, dans sa correspondance personnelle, l’objectif est d’identifier, dans une perspective d’analyse du discours, le motif de l’Europe unie et de l’analyser en contexte afin de le comprendre et de discerner ses potentielles évolutions. Cette étude se base sur des sources originales et pour partie non exploitées, ce qui a nécessité un travail conséquent de recherches en archives mais aussi, dans la mesure où Brandt publie à cette époque en norvégien et en suédois, l’apprentissage des langues scandinaves. Cette thèse de doctorat montre que par son influence contextuelle et culturelle, l’exil scandinave a marqué la pensée européenne de Brandt et que son modèle d’Europe sociale et démocratique porte indéniablement l’empreinte du socialisme scandinave
The fact that during his Scandinavian exile between 1933 and 1947, the young Willy Brandt has been engaged in the debate about the future Europe and even proposed concrete conditions for its realization is still largely unknown. Still, the question of Europe marked out his exile writings and was as such the focus of particular attention from the young socialist refugee in Norway as early as 1939. This doctoral thesis aims to highlight these early European ideas, the “dream of the United States of Europe”, that Willy Brandt developed during his exile. It shall question not only the role of his Scandinavian exile on the emergence of a European federal thought in Brandt’s exile writings, but also the content of his project, its particularities and furthermore its possible originality. At a time when resistance groups were massively discussing the idea of the European unification, what may characterize Brandt's proposal for Europe? And how did these first European ideas evolve during the Second World War as the contexts of conception and communication also changed. To answer these questions, this PhD thesis is based on the analysis of texts written by Willy Brandt in Scandinavia between 1933 and 1947. The corpus consists of three types of documents: books or monographs about the war and the global international context, journalistic writings (newspaper articles, brochures, pamphlets, conference manuscripts all signed by Brandt between 1933 and 1947) and personal correspondence. The objective has been to identify in all these exile writings the motive of Europe as well as any other element relating to the theme of a united Europe or likely to be part of a more general reflection on international politics and the new post-war European order. This thesis has the particularity of being based essentially on original documents and hitherto largely unexploited sources, which has required a considerable amount of archival research. Moreover, since the sources used in this PhD thesis were written in Norwegian, Swedish and German, learning two Scandinavian languages, namely Norwegian and Swedish, was necessary. This study shows that through its contextual and cultural influence, the Scandinavian exile marked the emergence and evolution of Brandt’s European ideas between 1933 and 1947. The model of a social and democratic Europe the young Brandt dreamed of and developed during the Second World War undeniably bears the imprint of Scandinavia, and in particular Scandinavian socialism. By doing so, the thesis sheds new light on Willy Brandt’s political foothold and shows the importance of his exile years in the formation of a statesman and his foreign and European policy
Die Tatsache, dass Willy Brandt während seines Exils in Skandinavien zurinternationalen Diskussion über die Zukunft eines vereinten Europas beigetragen, und sogarkonkrete Bedingungen für eine künftige Einigung des Kontinents vorgeschlagen hat, ist nochkaum beachtet worden. In seinen Exilschriften tauchte das Thema „Europa“ allerdings immerwieder auf. Vor allem ab 1939 schenkte der junge Flüchtling dem Projekt einer künftigeneuropäischen Einigung besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Zum ersten Mal wird in der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit ein eingehender Überblick über Willy Brandts Europavorstellungen im Exil,deren Ursprung und deren Entwicklung, angeboten, und zwar im Rückgriff auf ursprüngliche,zum Teil bisher unbenutzte Quellen aus deutschem und skandinavischem Archivmaterial.Die Dissertation setzt sich zum Ziel, die Entstehung und die Entwicklung von WillyBrandts frühen Europavorstellungen im besonderen Kontext des skandinavischen Exilszwischen 1933 und 1947 zu analysieren, und fragt folgendes: Inwiefern hat das Exil inSkandinavien die Entstehung und die Ausformung von Brandts außenpolitischenKonzeptionen dauerhaft geprägt? Willy Brandts journalistische und literarische Schriften aus der Exilzeit zwischen 1933und 1947, die ein umfangsreiches Archiv aus Zeitungs-, bzw. Zeitschriftenartikeln, Büchern,Broschüren und gemeinsamen Veröffentlichungen bilden, liegen der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit zugrunde. Ziel ist es gewesen, in diesen Exilschriften das Motiv „Europa“sowie jedes andere Element zu identifizieren und zu erörtern, das sich auf das Thema einesvereinten Europas beziehen oder Teil einer allgemeineren Reflexion über die internationalePolitik und die neue europäische Nachkriegsordnung sein dürfte.Die Besonderheit dieses Forschungskorpus besteht in seiner Mehrsprachigkeit. Die imRahmen des vorliegenden Forschungsprojekts benutzten Texte und Manuskripte wurdennämlich auf Deutsch aber auch auf Norwegisch und auf Schwedisch verfasst. Wichtig war esin dieser Hinsicht, die Originalfassungen heranzuziehen, und damit der gesamtenForschungsarbeit nicht nur Authentizität sondern auch Originalität zu verleihen. In diesemZusammenhang gehörte das Erlernen von zwei skandinavischen Sprachen, nämlichNorwegisch und Schwedisch, natürlich auch zu den Grundlagen des Projekts.Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass das skandinavische Exil die Entstehung und dieAusformung von Brandts frühen Europavorstellungen zwischen 1933 und 1947 kontextuellund inhaltlich geprägt hat. Im Modell des sozialistischen und demokratischen Europa, wovoner im Exil träumte und das er im Laufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges weiter entwickelte, lassensich nämlich etliche programmatische, kulturelle und politische Einflüsse der skandinavischen– und insbesondere der norwegischen – Sozialdemokratie erkennen. Dabei hat die vorliegendeDissertation die Bedeutung des skandinavischen Exils für die menschliche und politischeEntwicklung des Willy Brandt sowie für die Entstehung eigener außenpolitischer, ja sogareuropäischer Konzepte beim späteren Staatsmann nachvollziehen können

Throughout the history of archaeology, the Sámi (the indigenous people in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in the Russian Federation) have been conceptualized as the “Others” in relation to the national identity and (pre)history of the modern states. It is only in the last decades that a field of Sámi archaeology that studies Sámi (pre)history in its own right has emerged, parallel with an ethnic and cultural revival among Sámi groups. This dissertation investigates the notions of Sámi prehistory and archaeology, partly from a research historical perspective and partly from a more contemporary political perspective. It explores how the Sámi and ideas about the Sámi past have been represented in archaeological narratives from the early 19th century until today, as well as the development of an academic field of Sámi archaeology. The study consists of four main parts: 1) A critical examination of the conceptualization of ethnicity, nationalism and indigeneity in archaeological research. 2) A historical analysis of the representations and debates on Sámi prehistory, primarily in Sweden but also to some extent in Norway and Finland, focusing on four main themes: the origin of the Sámi people, South Sámi prehistory as a contested field of study, the development of reindeer herding, and Sámi pre-Christian religion. 3) An analysis of the study of the Sámi past in Russia, and a discussion on archaeological research and constructions of ethnicity and indigeneity in the Russian Federation and the Soviet Union. 4) An examination of the claims for greater Sámi self-determination concerning cultural heritage management and the debates on repatriation and reburial in the Nordic countries. In the dissertation, it is argued that there is a great need for discussions on the ethics and politics of archaeological research. A relational network approach is suggested as a way of opening up some of the black boxes and bounded, static entities in the representations of people in the past in the North.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
En el presente estudio examinaré la Protección ambiental existente dentro de los procesos de integración económica, como son: El MERCOSUR y la Unión Europea, cuales son las normas ambientales originarias, como han evolucionado con el correr del tiempo, su marco actual, sus falencias, para finalmente entregar algunas críticas y recomendaciones.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária
A deontologia é uma disciplina da ética que estabelece o exercício de uma determinada profissão, através de tratados, princípios, deveres e normas adoptadas a um grupo específico de profissionais. A ética, por sua vez, é o domínio da filosofia que tem por objectivo o domínio do juízo de apreciação que distingue o bem e o mal, o comportamento correto do incorrecto. Nesses sentido, os códigos que normatizam a conduta de uma determinada profissão são dificilmente separáveis da deontologia profissional, pelo que não é pouco frequente os termos ética e deontologia serem utilizadas indiferentemente. O objectivo desse trabalho de pesquisa pretende abordar as principais semelhanças e diferenças dos diferentes códigos deontológicos dos países da União Europeia, nomeadamente, Portugal, Espanha, França e Reino Unido, bem como, demonstrar a influência do Council European Dentists sobre cada um dos países mencionados. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica do Código de Ética do Médico Dentista da União Europeia, bem como dos Códigos Deontológicos Português, Espanhol, Britânica e Francês. Foram, entretanto, pesquisados livros do tema em questão. Relativamente às Normas Legais em geral, verificamos que apesar das diferenças tipicamente culturais, encontramos semelhanças, visto que todos os países respeitam a Lei Maior, sendo nesse caso, as Normas do Council European Dentists, que vigora como Lei Suprema. The ethics is a discipline of ethics establishing the pursuit of a given profession, through treaties, principles, duties and standards at a specific group of professionals. Ethics, in turn, is the domain of philosophy that seeks the domain judgment of discretion that distinguishes good and evil, the correct behavior incorrect. In that sense, codes of are hardly separable from the professional ethics, so it is not uncommon the terms ethics and deontology are used interchangeably. The purpose of this research work aims to address the main similarities and differences of the different ethical codes of EU countries, including Portugal, Spain, France and United Kingdom, as well as demonstrate the influence of the Council European Dentists on each of the mentioned countries. We conducted a literature review of the Code of Ethics of the European Union Dentists and the Portuguese, Spain, United Kingdom and France Codes of Ethics. They have now been research them books in question. With regard to Legal Standards in general, we find that despite some differences that will be presented throughout the presentation of the work, due to the typically cultural differences, we find many similitaries, since all countries respect the highest law, in which case, the Standards European Council of Dentists.

El presente estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar la importancia de los procesos regulatorios de tipo acelerado para la aprobación de registros sanitarios en Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, Canadá y Perú, siendo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se empleó la metodología PRISMA que permitió revisar los procesos regulatorios documentario de tipo acelerado de Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, Canadá y Perú, cuya muestra está representada por la normativa que rige los mismos. Entre los resultados se encontró que tanto la FDA, la EMA y Health Canadá llevan a cabo procesos de aprobación acelerada, cada uno desde sus propias versiones y realidades en cuanto a los requisitos y periodos de evaluación, mientras que en el Perú no se implementan estos procedimientos debido a diversos factores como falta de normativa, escasez de expertos, la inexistencia de claridad sobre los procedimientos establecidos en la norma que debe regir el registro de productos farmacéuticos, entre otros. Se concluyó que los procesos regulatorios de tipo acelerado para la aprobación de registros sanitarios son de gran interés para la humanidad, en virtud de que estos ofrecen beneficios tanto a la industria farmacéutica como los pacientes que requieren de medicamentos para atender sus padecimientos.

This thesis discusses introducing CNC machining centers to the markets of the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (currently the Eurasian Economic Union). The first chapter of the thesis focuses on the legal requirements for placing the products on the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, their comparison, systematic analysis of the problem, and certification schemes. The second chapter of the thesis analyses safety requirements for CNC machining centers, discusses CNC machines checklists development and their comparison for the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è rappresentato dalla definizione di un metodo di ricerca terminologica e documentazione, nonché di traduzione assistita, supportato dalle moderne tecnologie disponibili in questo campo (Antconc, Bootcat, Trados ecc.), valido per la traduzione di questo tipo di documenti, gli standard, ma sfruttabile anche in altri ambiti della traduzione tecnico-scientifica, permettendo al traduttore e, di conseguenza, al committente, di ottenere un documento “accettabile” e qualitativamente idoneo in lingua di arrivo. Il percorso tracciato in questo elaborato parte dalla presentazione del quadro storico generale, per poi passare alla classificazione degli additivi alimentari in base alla tipologia e agli impieghi in campo alimentare. Verranno illustrati in modo generale i metodi di analisi degli additivi e i criteri di validazione dei metodi impiegati, in funzione degli standard internazionali relativi alla materia, rivolgendo particolare attenzione al quadro normativo e alle agli organi coinvolti nella regolamentazione e nel controllo di queste sostanze, sia in Italia che in Russia e nel resto del mondo. Tutto ciò in funzione degli avvenimenti sul piano geopolitico e su quello culturale: da un lato le sanzioni economiche tra UE e Russia, dall’altro EXPO 2015, opportunità per numerosi traduttori e terminologi di approfondire e arricchire le proprie conoscenze in un ambito tanto importante: alimentazione e sicurezza alimentare, in relazione al progetto di gestione terminologica VOCA9. La parte finale della tesi è dedicata alla presentazione degli standard russi GOST R e alla loro traduzione in italiano, in funzione della documentazione e alla ricerca terminologica necessarie per la traduzione tramite CAT tools ed indispensabili per la creazione di glossari.

This article compares and analyzes how member States of the European Union, the United States of America and the United Kingdom combat tax avoidance through its legal systems. The article addresses issues such as the influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the case Cadbury Schweppes in establishing anti-avoidance rules in member States of the European Union and the application of Business Purpose Doctrine in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
El presente artículo compara y analiza la manera en que los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido combaten la elusión tributaria a través de sus sistemas legales. El artículo aborda temas como la influencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y el caso Cadbury Schweppes en el establecimiento de normas antielusivas en los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y la aplicación de la doctrina de la simulación en los Estados Unidos y en el Reino Unido.

This Master's thesis summarizes the current legislative requirements resulting from the Directives of the European Parliament and Council and the legislative requirements of the Czech Republic in the field of cutting machines, with a focus on band saws. Furthermore, there is also an analysis of the requirements of the relevant harmonized standards. For information sorting, check lists for the construction of a band saw and a process map of the construction of the saw have been made. In the last part of this work, the selected safety applications were completed for the band saw.

Esta investigación se ha centrado en la gestión adecuada de los procesos que involucran la exportación directa de frutas y hortalizas a la Unión Europea cumpliendo los requerimientos técnicos mínimos por dicha Comunidad plasmados en una normativa. La información primaria incluyó entrevistas a personas con conocimientos y experiencia profesional en contabilidad y auditoría interna. La información secundaria recogida de las principales fuentes estadísticas y bibliográficas fueron: Libros sobre Control Interno, Agricultura, Gestión de Calidad, Logística, Auditoría Interna, Comunicación Comercial, Mercadotecnia, Contabilidad Financiera, Ética, Microbiología, Capitalismo, Manual sobre Transparencia Fiscal y Páginas webs sobre definiciones, crisis empresariales y el nuevo proyecto peruano INACAL. También fueron consultadas diversas publicaciones y estudios en torno al fraude en las empresas por parte de las grandes firmas de consultoría a nivel mundial como EY y KPMG; y en el Perú se analiza el caso CLAE, todas las informaciones recopiladas sirvieron para analizar el control interno que se lleva a cabo para reducir los riesgos críticos en una empresa.
Trabajo de investigación

The master's thesis "Role of technical standardization in international trade" focuses on the role of technical standardization in international trade, and what benefits standards may have for companies trading with the foreign countries. The aim of the thesis is to map the present role of the technical standardization in international trade with an emphasis on quality management systems standards, environment systems standards and health and safety at work systems standards. The other objective of this thesis is to carry out a comparison of present standardization in the European Union and outside the EU and the results of the theoretical part verify by questionnaire survey of selected companies and its results interpret and draw conclusions. The primary objective of the survey is to determine the role of the standard's use in trade with foreign countries. Contribution of the author consists of presentation a coherent overview of the current process of standardization in the world and the impact of standards on international trade. Structure of the thesis is divided into two main chapters, the first chapter deals with the basic theoretical framework of the topic and the second chapter is devoted to the practical part, i. e. questionnaire survey. Both chapters are further divided into their respective subchapters.

The Master´s thesis concerns about the safety of tool grinder, and in the research part deals with the legislative requirements of the European Union and the Czech Republic. The basic legal provisions governing machinery manufacturers are described and analyzed here. The second part deals with the safety of tool grinder, risk analysis and proposal of preventive measures for risk reduction. The tool grinder is analyzed here and the results are summarized in the block diagram is drawn. Moreover, there are identified potential hazards for individual parts and the appropriate safety requirements are construed.

This Master’s thesis deals with the safety of an operated CNC milling machine. The first part of the thesis is focused on the legislative requirements of the European Union and the Czech Republic, system analysis of the topic and used methods. The second part of the thesis is focused on the risk analysis of the chosen machinery.

This diploma thesis deals with the safety assessment of operator’s activities at the MCFV 1260 vertical machining center. Then a system analysis of the issue is created with a proposal and justification of the chosen procedure. In the second part of the thesis there is solved the failure risk analysis, which is focused on the operations of the operator in the area of maintenance, service and during the operation of the vertical machining center located in the company TAJMAC – ZPS Zlín. The result of this thesis is the design and recommendation of preventive measures to reduce unacceptable risks in the relevant operations at the machining center.

JEL Classificação: F12, F14
This study investigates determinants of the bilateral intra-industry trade (IIT) types between Norway and the European Union trading partners over the period 2000-2013. In the study there is applied comprehensive approach by analysing determinants of the IIT types in terms of country- and industry-characteristics. Intra-industry trade is decomposed into horizontal (HIIT) and vertical (VIIT) parts based on products’ unit values per kilogram for two different values of dispersion factors. Trade pattern between Norway and the EU in analysed period suggests that only around 16% of trade occurs under IIT with greater domination of VIIT. In our empirical research we use fit panel-data models by employing feasible generalized least square method. Apart from traditional country-characteristics like difference in relative factor endowments, economic size and geographical proximity, there is also examined the impact of integration schemes, FDI inflows and endowments in specific natural resources. Furthermore, the study analyses the effect of increase in net migration flows on IIT and shows that it significantly promotes all types of IIT. In cross-industry analysis, the study argues that horizontal and vertical product differentiation are needed in considering determinants of IIT and confirms that intensification of the scale economies, market structure, market concentration and multinational character of the market have significant and positive impact on both HIIT and VIIT.
O presente estudo analisa os determinantes do comércio intra-ramo (CIR) bilateral entre a Noruega e os países membros da União Europeia no período 2000-2013. O estudo desenvolve uma análise abrangente focando os determinantes dos vários tipos de CIR tanto em termos de características dos países como dos setores. O comércio intra-ramo é decomposto em comércio intra-ramo horizontal e vertical com base na utilização de fatores de dispersão para os valores unitários. O padrão de comércio entre a Noruega e a UE no período analisado sugere que apenas 16% corresponde a CIR e que este respeita fundamentalmente a CIR vertical. No estudo empírico, usamos modelos com dados de painel, nomeadamente o FGLS. No que concerne às características dos países, consideramos aspetos tradicionalmente incluídos como a diferença nas dotações fatoriais, dimensão económica ou proximidade geográfica mas também o impacto da integração económica, fluxos de IDE e dotações em recursos naturais específicos. Adicionalmente, o estudo coloca grande ênfase na análise do impacto dos fluxos migratórios, fator que se revela potenciador de todos os tipos de CIR. No quadro da análise cross-industry, o estudo confirma a relevância da diferenciação horizontal e vertical e confirma que fatores como economias de escala, estrutura de mercado, concentração e natureza multinacional do mercado têm um impacto positivo e significativo tanto no comércio intra-ramo horizontal como vertical.

碩士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所
91
After World War II, European countries discerned the importance of cooperation. They integrated the resources of coal, steel and atomic energy, and then they expanded their cooperation to the field of economy, so that they recovered the prosperity of the postwar Europe successfully. The scale of integration is bigger and bigger. The issues of cooperation penetrate deep into the fields of politics and diplomacy. The boundary of the Community is expected to enlarge to all European countries. Naturally, the process of deepening and enlarging is agreed by some countries and disagreed by others. Especially for those countries which are preparing for entering the European Union, they need entire consideration. The process of democratization is always reflected by the referendum. When the government expect to expand the diplomatic channel by entering the EU, people have been accustomed to live in the traditional economic mode or hold on to the nationalistic ideology. Under different reasons of contrast between yes and no, not all countries could join the EU so peacefully. Norway is the most special and typical example. Norway was the only European country that rejected the Community by twice referendum. But the governments still have dedicated to maintain the relationship with the Community consistently and hard. They have kept participation into the decision-making of the Community and the frequent diplomatic communication with the Community by an inter-governmental organization behind the Community --- the European Economic Area. Besides, they keep the Community out of the internal affairs and governing authority of their own country successfully. Therefore, the attitude of the Norway government has attended to join the Community for a long time. But a opposition force always uses many kinds of means to effect the people’s confidence and determination of entering the Community. If entering the Community could help the country’s development realistically, why people give up the thought so easily under the little instigate of the opposition force? Why the reason that the government claim can never strengthen people’s faith before the referendum? Is it possible that Norway joins into the EU in the near years? What is the proper way of keeping the close relationship with EU without attacking the faith of the people and the civil affairs of the country? This thesis will focus on deep discussion of the reasons that caused the twice rejections of referendum for clarifying the thought of that fishery is the key problem effecting Norway’s entry, that will appear Norway’s role and importance. Then, we will research the possible help to Norway or possible impact after entering the EU in order to predict the future possibility of Norway’s entering the EU, the proper time, or the possible mode of entering the EU. If Norway would keep outside the European Union in the near future, it could still join the making process of regulation of the European Union? Will the EEA be the best channel to keep governmental relationship with the EU? Facing with the clear EU’s enlargement schedule, will Norway not be effected really? All above is the main object and the consequence of this thesis.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
O presente trabalho evidencia pesquisas, de cunho jurídico e político, realizadas em torno dos Investimentos Diretos Estrangeiros no contexto da União Europeia, tendo em conta a introdução de competência da União pelo advento do Tratado de Lisboa de 2007, com entrada em vigor em 2009. Enfoca em uma das diversas consequências consideradas pela mudança de paradigma operada por Lisboa e sua contribuição na “Política Comercial Comum” da União: os investimentos. Percorre as problemáticas jurídicas enfrentadas pela União Europeia quanto à efetivação de sua competência na fase de transição, em que se indagou sobre o modelo de investimento e de resolução de controvérsias que os acordos de investimentos firmados pelos Estados e também entre eles, anteriormente a 2009, deveriam seguir. Explora também as consequências deste novo paradigma sob a condução dos conflitos e normas estabelecidos pelo Tratado da Carta da Energia. Propõe apontar os novos rumos da disciplina do Direito Internacional dos Investimentos no âmbito europeu, notadamente pela constatação do desenvolvimento de um modelo próprio de proteção de investimentos pela União Europeia e da inovação no sistema de resolução de controvérsias investidor-Estado pela almejada implementação do Tribunal Multilateral de Investimentos. Vislumbra relatar as tendências a serem adotadas por este modelo e concluir sobre a importância prática de suas escolhas. Consiste em um estudo do tipo qualitativo, de caráter descritivo, desenvolvido a partir de pesquisas doutrinárias, legislativas, jurisprudenciais e institucionais no tocante às perspectivas trazidas pelo Tratado de Lisboa ao investimento. Busca explorar a doutrina europeia, suas ideias e as problemáticas em que se debruça, as quais decorrem de decisões tomadas pelas instituições da União e, consequentemente, pelos tribunais que tem o condão de decidir sobre os diferendos relativos ao investimento. São trazidas algumas disputas para a ilustração das questões levantadas, a fim de mostrar como os julgadores têm decidido: as lacunas que perpetuam e as impotências a que estão submetidos. A limitação nos meios de resolução de controvérsias para a matéria em tela é aprofundada, abordando-se desde a proteção diplomática e suas inconsistências ao direito do investidor, até o mecanismo de resolução investidor-Estado. A mobilização, notadamente da Comissão e do Parlamento, em estabelecer o Tribunal Multilateral de Investimentos, em caráter permanente, visa suprir as demandas não respondidas pelos métodos atualmente usados. A União Europeia tem concluído nos últimos anos que pouco importaria reformar seus standards de proteção de investimentos se não poder dispor de um mecanismo que assegure a execução destes em aspecto de constrangimento direto. Despede-se da arbitragem clássica entre investidor e Estado, para lançar-se em acordos que aperfeiçoam esta última sistemática em um ambiente de maior confiança das decisões, menores custos e maior celeridade, por exemplo. É indiscutível que a União Europeia tem por fito reformar toda a matéria de investimentos. Visa criar um modelo novo, moderno e adequado aos seus auspícios. Ambiciona introduzir e exportar suas novas regras, estabelecendo-se como a grande referência mundial no assunto. Impulsiona uma maior liberalização dos mercados de investimento e faz frente aos parâmetros de proteção do investidor outrora orquestrados pelos Estados Unidos.
The present work emphasizes the legal and political research carried out on Foreign Direct Investments in the context of the European Union, bearing in mind the introduction of competence of the Union by the advent of the Lisbon Treaty of 2007, which entered into force in 2009. It focuses on one of the several consequences considered by the shift of paradigm operated by Lisbon and its contribution to the Union’s “Common Commercial Policy”: the investments. It goes through the legal problems faced by the European Union regarding the establishment of its competence in the transition phase, in which the model of investment and of settlement of disputes that the investment agreements concluded by the States, and also between them, before 2009 should follow were questioned. It also explores the consequences of this new paradigm under the conduct of the conflicts and standards established by the Energy Charter Treaty. It proposes to point out the new directions in the discipline of International Investment Law within the European framework, notably by observing the development of a European Union model of its own for investment protection and the innovation in the investor-State dispute settlement system by the desired implementation of the Multilateral Investment Court. It aims at reporting the trends to be adopted by this model and at concluding on the practical importance of its choices. It consists of a qualitative study, of descriptive nature, developed from doctrinal, legislative, jurisprudential and institutional research on the perspectives to investment raised by the Lisbon Treaty. It seeks to explore the European doctrine, its ideas and the problems it addresses, which are the result of decisions taken by the Union institutions and, consequently, by the courts that have the power to decide on investment disputes. To illustrate the issues raised, some disputes are brought up, in order to show how arbitrators have decided: the gaps that remain and the situations of powerlessness that they are subjected to. The limitation on the means of settling disputes for the matter in question is deepened, ranging from diplomatic protection and its inconsistencies with investor rights to the Investor-State settlement mechanism. The mobilization, notably from the Commission and the Parliament, to permanently establish the Multilateral Investment Court aims to meet the demands not answered by the methods currently used. The European Union has concluded in recent years that a reform of its investment protection standards would be of little importance if the Union cannot have a mechanism to ensure the execution of such standards through direct constraint. The European Union moves away from classical arbitration between investor and State to engage in agreements that improve this latter mechanism in an environment of more reliable decisions, lower costs and greater celerity, for example. It is unquestionable that the European Union aims at reforming the whole subject of investments. The Union intends to create a new and modern model suitable to its interests. It aspires to introduce and export its new rules, establishing itself as the world’s main reference in the subject. It drives a greater liberalization of investment markets and it confronts the parameters of investor protection once orchestrated by the United States.

Orientação: José D`Assunção Teixeira Trigo ; co orientação: João Leite Garcia
A dissertação aqui apresentada pretende sintetizar as causas das deteriorações em edifícios correntes de betão armado e os princípios e métodos de proteção e reparação propostos pela NP EN 1504. Apresenta-se em modo de nota histórica, a evolução do betão armado e do seu surgimento em Portugal, com referência a obras de betão armado aparente. Aborda-se também a durabilidade do betão armado e os cuidados a ter desde o fabrico do betão à sua cura em obra. Aprofunda-se este trabalho com o desenvolvimento das diferentes causas de deterioração do betão armado, enfatizando as causas eletroquímicas onde se inclui nomeadamente a que tem origem na carbonatação no betão, seguindo-se a descrição dos métodos para concretizar cada princípio proposto na norma EN 1504. Desenvolvem-se os cuidados a ter na escolha do método e na preparação do substrato anterior à intervenção propriamente dita. Por fim são apresentados casos práticos de obras visitadas, reabilitadas com métodos normalizados aplicáveis a qualquer estrutura de betão armado. O presente trabalho é ilustrado com fotografias, esquemas e quadros dos diferentes assuntos, com a intenção de uma melhor compreensão dos temas desenvolvidos.
The dissertation here presented, is intended to summarize the causes of deterioration in current buildings of reinforced concrete and the principals and methods of protection and repair in NP EN 1504. It´s presented in order of an historical note, the evolution of reinforced concrete and the emergence of it in Portugal, with reference works of reinforced apparent concrete. It´s also mentioned the durability of reinforced concrete and the cautions since the manufacturing stage to the cure. This work develops the different causes of spoilage at reinforced concrete, emphasizing the electrochemical causes, in particular the one that starts carbonation in concrete, followed by the treatment methods to fill the principals of the NP EN 1504. It´s developed the precautions to take before choosing the method and the preparation of the practical intervention. Finally it´s presented the practical cases of visits, rehabilitated with standard methods that can be applied to any reinforced concrete structure. This work it´s illustrated by photographs, diagrams and tables, with the aim of a better understanding.

This thesis focuses on the analysis of a possible formation of the EU disinformation policy by norm entrepreneurs including Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, France and Germany. The work is based on the theory of social constructivism and the concept of norms. Through the analytical framework of the norm life cycle, it seeks to find out how the disinformation policy can be integrated into the EU by norm entrepreneurs, and what normative clashes can be found in the process of the birth of the disinformation policy of the EU. A possible formation of the EU disinformation policy is analysed through three stages of the norm life cycle - norm emergence, norm cascade and norm internalisation. In the norm emergence part, the Baltic states with France and Germany are examined in terms of their motivation and efforts to promote a disinformation-related norm. The norm cascade part discusses a normative clash of a regulation norm and the norm of freedom of expression. Lastly, the norm internalisation part analyses the challenges of the incorporation of the norm in the system once the previous stages are accomplished. The research has shown that even though a common regulation norm of the EU is inevitable, the EU should introduce a cooperative mechanism of its member states and private actors to prevent clash with...

In today's world, where globalisation and internationalization becomes part of our daily life, international entrepreneurship turns into a more actual and important issue. The role of law in this system is to set borders and give directions, which reflect the current state of global society. The aim of the diploma thesis Personal status of legal entities in private international law is both to clarify the actual legal situation of determining the personal status of legal entities and to find out the current grade of global legal integration in these aspects, that either encourages or prevents legal entities from international activities. In order to achieve that, firstly, a theoretical definition of the historically evolved theories for determination of personal status of legal entities is given. Subsequently, their main be- nefits and drawbacks are analysed. The first part is concluded with a definition of the scope of the conflict between the two main theories - incorporation theory and real seat theory. Additionally possible ways, how to solve this conflict together with their potential impact, are sought. Further parts of the thesis deal with such terms as recognition of foreign legal entities and cross-border transfer of seat. These all are essential terms that are bound with the per- sonal status of...

The key research question of my diploma thesis deals with the problem of whether the President of the Czech Republic Milos Zeman creates the same discourse as far-right political parties in the Czech Republic. The research concerns the social discourse surrounding the current migration crisis facing Europe. In this connection, there is a discourse analysis of the themes of migration, Islam, terrorism, external and internal actors. This research is conducted on the basis of the theory of binaries from Teun Van Dijk, which can be applied to a populist political style characterized by President Zeman and extreme right-wing political parties, among which are analyzed the Workers' Party of Social Justice, National Democracy, Dawn - the National Coalition, Freedom And Direct Democracy - Tomio Okamura and the Citizens' Rights Party. Research data is collected from President Zeman's official communications channels and political parties, including official websites and social networks. Based on a discourse analysis of their political views, it is possible to compare President Zeman and the extreme right-wing parties to each topic and to conclude whether they speak the same or differently about these themes.

Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest koncepcja prawa człowieka do zdrowia w prawie międzynarodowym. Zaś punktem wyjścia – pytanie o treść i możliwość praktycznego stosowania przepisów dotyczących prawa człowieka do zdrowia na poziomie międzynarodowym. Rozprawa skupia się na trzech umowach międzynarodowych: Międzynarodowym Pakcie Praw Gospodarczych, Społecznych i Kulturalnych, Europejskiej Karcie Społecznej oraz Afrykańskiej Karcie Praw Człowieka i Ludów. Obok przepisów prawnych szczegółowej analizie poddano praktykę ich stosowania przez odpowiednie międzynarodowe organy ochrony praw człowieka.W doktrynie pojawiają się poglądy, jakoby w katalogu praw człowieka trudno było znaleźć prawo bardziej kontrowersyjne i o bardziej mglistym znaczeniu niż prawo do zdrowia. Obecny stan dyskusji naukowej oraz wieloletnia praktyka organów międzynarodowych pozwalają odeprzeć wiele z tych podnoszonych zarzutów. Nie oznacza to jednak, że z prawem do zdrowia nie wiążą się realne trudności. Dotyczą one chociażby jego skomplikowanej struktury, bardzo szerokiego zakresu czy niejasnego przedmiotu podnoszonych na jego podstawie roszczeń. W pracy założono, że prawo człowieka do zdrowia jest prawem generującym szczegółowe i konkretne zobowiązania o różnym charakterze, które na poziomie międzynarodowym mogą być skutecznie monitorowane oraz egzekwowane. Uznano również, że na poziomie międzynarodowym funkcjonuje spójne i uniwersalne rozumienie prawa do zdrowia. Biorąc pod uwagę elementy strukturalne, przyjęto również, że w prawie do zdrowia można zauważyć dwie warstwy – prawa podmiotowego i normy programowej. Trzy systemy ochrony praw człowieka były analizowane biorąc pod uwagę następujące zagadnienia: ogólne zasady realizacji prawa do zdrowia, zakres podmiotowy (po stronie uprawnionych i zobowiązanych), zakres przedmiotowy (opis szczegółowych zobowiązań i obszarów objętych prawem do zdrowia) oraz granice wymagalności (zasady limitacji i derogacji). Wymienione zagadnienia stały się podstawą porównania prawa do zdrowia w trzech systemów. Ramy teoretyczne przeprowadzonego badania zostały ustalone na podstawie prac R. Alexy’ego dotyczących praw podstawowych.
The subject of this dissertation is the concept of the human right to health in international law. Its starting point is the question of the content and the possibility of practical application of the provisions concerning the human right to health at the international level. The dissertation focuses on three international treaties: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Social Charter and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights. Additionally to legal provision this dissertation analyse also – in detailed – the interpretation of human right to health by international human rights bodies. In the views of many authors it is hard to find more controversial and more vague human right than the right to health. However, the current state of scientific discussion and many years of practice of international bodies allow to rebut many of these arguments. Although, this does not mean that the right to health is not linked to some real difficulties. They concern its complicated structure, wide scope and vague claims raised on the basis of this right.The study assumed that the human right to health is a right that generates detailed and specific obligations of a different nature, which at the international level can be efficiently monitored and enforced. It was also found that at the international level right to health has a consistent and universal understanding. Given the structural elements, it was assumed that the right to health contains two layers - a subjective right and programmatic norm.The right to health in three human rights systems (African, European and Universal) was analysed taking into account the following issues: general principles, subjective scope, material scope (description of specific obligations and covered areas) and the limitation and derogation clauses. These issues formed the basis of comparison of the right to health in the three analysed systems. Theoretical framework of the research was mainly based on the works of R. Alexy on fundamental rights.