Academic literature on the topic 'European Union Norway'
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Journal articles on the topic "European Union Norway"
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Martín, Carlos Javier, and María Carmen Carnero. "Evaluation of Sustainable Development in European Union Countries." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 4880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224880.
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Despite the great importance of sustainable development for a country, it is possible to say, having reviewed the literature widely, that this research is the first to use a Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) to analyze the sustainability of EU countries, considering different dimensions and weighting the criteria with the help of a group of experts. This paper therefore sets out a Multi-Criteria Model for analyzing the development of sustainability in EU countries (and Norway and Iceland). This required prior filtering and analysis of the data from the Eurostat database. The model was built with the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Four experts in sustainability participated in the weighting process. The results of the AHP model are identified by areas of sustainability, with the highest value found in Norway, and the rest are found around it forming rings of sustainability, where sustainability decreases the further a country is from Norway. This research could be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each country with regard to sustainable development, and by analyzing the measures taken by Norway and other countries with very high sustainability, by continuous improvement processes, reach similar levels of sustainable development.
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Barnes, Richard. "United Kingdom/Norway." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 36, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10044.
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Abstract On 30 September 2020, the United Kingdom and Norway signed the Framework Agreement on Fisheries that will provide the basis for future cooperation in the sustainable management of their fisheries. The Agreement is the first such agreement adopted by the UK following its decision to the leave the European Union. This note provides some background to the Agreement and examines its key features. Whilst the content of the Agreement appears to be rather basic, this is broadly consistent with other framework agreements, and it does provide some insight into the direction and focus of fisheries management in the North Sea, and how cooperation may develop between coastal States and the European Union.
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Nergaard, Kristine, and Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke. "The puzzles of union density in Norway." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 4 (November 2007): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300409.
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The level of union density in Norway is medium high, in contrast to the other Nordic countries where high density levels are supported by unemployment insurance funds. Developments in union density over time are stable in Norway, contrary to developments in most western European countries outside the Nordic region. This article traces the effects of unemployment insurance funds by comparing density levels in Norway with those in Finland and Sweden. In addition, the stability witnessed in union density in Norway over time is a particularly puzzling phenomenon, and the authors seek to explain it on the basis of specific institutional and labour market factors.
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Hillion, Christophe. "Integrating an Outsider: An EU Perspective on Relations with Norway." European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 4 (November 1, 2011): 489–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011033.
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Through a dense network of agreements covering a wide range of policy areas, the multilayered association between the EU and Norway has led to a high degree of integration that, at least in substantive terms, brings Norway close to EU membership. Viewed as an effective tool for EU norm projection and a vector of generous external support for the Union policies at a relatively modest institutional cost, the specific EU Norway formula of integration without membership, with the EEA as its cornerstone, is often referred to by the Union as a template for the development of its neighbourhood policy. Several factors, not least the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, have, however, led the Union to call for a review of that formula, with a view to crafting a new 'comprehensive approach'. This article locates the specific EU-Norway arrangement in the broader context of the Union's relations with its European neighbours. In particular, it attempts to expose the main driving force of the EU's policy towards states in its vicinity and how Norway fits into the wider process of European integration, as seen from the Union. It then analyses the main challenges to the current EU-Norway arrangement from an EU perspective and discusses how those could be addressed.
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Oosterhof, Albert. "Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations." Leiden Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.
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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
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Thorpe, Suzanne. "Online Legal Information in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 1 (2001): 25–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000846.
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Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are among the most technologically advanced countries in the world. It is not surprising, therefore, to find sophisticated online systems offering extensive access to legal information in each country. This article briefly traces the development of online legal information in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In addition, it provides a country by country overview of the legal databases and online guides to electronic legal resources that are currently available. Most of the databases discussed can be accessed, wholly or in part, without charge via the Internet. A few are restricted to paid subscribers or are available only on CD-ROM. It should be noted that, while Denmark and Sweden are members of the European Union, this article does not cover the databases in either country specifically devoted to European Union law.
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Khúlová, Lucia. "Export into EFTA and transportation costs." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no. 35 (December 1, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.
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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.
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Arnholtz, Jens, Guglielmo Meardi, and Johannes Oldervoll. "Collective wage bargaining under strain in northern European construction: Resisting institutional drift?" European Journal of Industrial Relations 24, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118790816.
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Internationalization, trade union decline, enforcement problems and rising self-employment all strain the effectiveness of collective wage bargaining arrangements in northern European construction. We examine Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK, and show that these strains have pushed trade unions to seek assistance from the state to stabilize wage regulation, but with results that vary according to employer strategies and the power balances between the actors. While Denmark and the UK have barely introduced any state support, Norway has followed the Netherlands and Germany in introducing legal mechanisms for extension of collectively agreed minimum wage terms. The country studies suggest that state assistance alleviates some of the strain, but does not reverse the trends, and the comparison indicates that both institutional innovation and reorganization may be required if wage bargaining is not to drift into different functions.
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Knudsen, Laine Fogh, and Signe Balina. "Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Across the European Union, Iceland and Norway." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 (January 2014): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.569.
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Rapaic, Stevan. "Energy market in European Union and interests of Serbia." Medjunarodni problemi 61, no. 4 (2009): 515–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0904515r.
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The author deals with energy market in Europe by presenting the gross consumption of energy as well as production of energy within the European Union. The need of EU for natural gas and crude oil is one of the main factors why Russia is still the key player in Europe's energy market. European Union is trying to leave Russia behind by importing crude oil and natural gas from countries like Norway, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Iraq, but Europe is still highly dependent of Russian energy. Considering these facts, Serbia recognizes that its economic and political interest is to become a strategic partner with European Union as transit country for Russia's natural gas and crude oil. .
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European Union Norway"
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Valberg, Jenny Eline Linge. "The European Union and Norway in the Arctic: Conflict or cooperation? : A study of the European Union and Norway's Arctic relationship." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for historie og klassiske fag, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16691.
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Leruth, Benjamin. "Differentiated integration in the European Union : a comparative study of party and government preferences in Finland, Sweden and Norway." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16175.
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In the field of European studies, the notion of ‘differentiated integration’ (Stubb 1996) was developed in the late 1990s as an alternative to the crude membership/non-membership dichotomy. While the theoretical benefits of this approach are broadly discussed in the existing literature, further empirical studies have been deemed necessary (Holzinger and Schimmelfennig 2012). The Nordic states constitute a particularly interesting laboratory in order to study this phenomenon. Indeed, while these states share several socio-economic and political characteristics, they also differ in terms of their relationship with the European Union. Several studies on these relationships emphasise the relevance of certain contextual variables as key explanatory factors for the variation in attitudes between the Nordic states. However, there is also lack of analysis that looks into the domestic political features that these countries share. Furthermore, most studies in the field tend to ignore the respective government’s positions on European integration, and mostly adopt a top-down approach when focusing on the nation-state as a whole. Adopting a most similar systems design, this thesis aims to answer the following question: have Nordic government preferences on European integration been influenced by domestic political factors? In order to answer this question, four domestic variables are introduced and analysed: relative strength of parties in parliament; composition of government; type of government; and government ideology. Within this comparative framework, three Nordic countries have been selected: the first one belonging to the ‘inner core’ of the European Union (Finland);; while the second is located at its ‘outer core’ (Sweden);; and the third one serves as a control case as an ‘EU-outsider’ which is still located in the Union’s ‘inner periphery’ (Norway). For each state, the analysis starts in the early 1990s, when ‘Europe’ developed into a politically salient issue in domestic politics. The focus is furthermore set on their respective government’s positions regarding five distinct policy areas: participation in the European Economic Area; application for European Union membership; participation in the Schengen Area; participation in the Economic and Monetary Union; and participation in European Battle Groups. The main findings of the thesis suggest that when analysing governments’ positions on (differentiated) European integration, the domestic political features should not be downplayed. For instance, the Swedish government’s opposition to participation in the EMU in 1997 is mostly explained by a lack of party consensus over this issue, unlike in Finland where a broad inter-party agreement was secured for this policy area. The analysis further suggests that studies on party and government preferences on Europe should focus on policy areas rather than on the issue of integration as a whole. Such a focus provides for better understanding of the nature of ‘Euroscepticism’ in the Nordic region and, to a broader extent, in Europe.
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Belmonte, Christina. "A comparative analysis of the immigration policy in italy, france, norway, and the role of the european union." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/661.
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This thesis analyzes the differing immigration policies and issues within Italy, France and Norway by looking at the factors of historical background, politics, and economics. Each of these factors plays a different role in shaping immigration. Italy with a shift to the center right politically although currently with a technocratic government in power; a large unstable economy; and also a society not quite standardized culturally yet becoming increasingly multi-ethnic with immigration, is beginning to become stricter with immigration policy as it has been increasing in recent years. France with a newly left-wing socialist political party in power after a many years of a center right political dominance, a strong economy, and a very nationalist society also has a very strict immigration policy that many view inadequate for the integration of France. Lastly, Norway with a social-democratic labor led party in support of a strong welfare state; a strong economy; and a historical society of relative homogeneity that values equality and individuality, seeks immigration policy to maintain those values and encourage integration. Also, important to note is the role of the European Union which has an effect on all of these countries with many new initiatives to further the integration of immigration within the European Union as well as causing new migration flows with its expansion.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
International and Global Studies
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Andrlík, Jiří. "Bilaterální ekonomická spolupráce Norska a České republiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10539.
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This diploma thesis is focused on main aspects of the economic cooperation between Norway and Czech Republic. Theoretical part describes main determinants of international economic cooperation. The analytical part analyses business environment in both countries, an influence of European Union on the economic cooperation, an activity of investment agencies and SWOT analysis of the Norwegian market. One chapter is focused on an import of the natural gas from Norway to Czech Republic, which is the most important part of the economic cooperation.
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Patry, Pénélope. ""Drømmen om Europas forente stater" ("Le rêve des Etats-Unis d'Europe"). Entre internationalisme et européisme, l'autre Europe du jeune Willy Brandt en exil (1933-1947)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN047/document.
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Le fait que dès ses années d'exil scandinave, entre 1933 et 1947, le jeune Willy Brandt se lance dans le débat sur l'avenir d'une Europe unifiée et en propose des conditions concrètes de réalisation est encore très largement méconnu. Pourtant, la question de l'Europe jalonne les écrits d'exil du jeune socialiste réfugié en Norvège. Cette thèse de doctorat met en lumière ces primes idées européennes, le « rêve des Etats-Unis d’Europe », que Willy Brandt développe en exil. Elle interroge non seulement le rôle de l’exil scandinave dans l’émergence d’une pensée fédérale européenne chez Brandt, mais également la teneur de son projet et son éventuelle originalité. Cette étude repose sur un corpus de textes écrits de la main de Willy Brandt en Scandinavie entre 1933 et 1947. Dans ses ouvrages consacrés à la politique internationale, dans ses articles rédigés pour la presse ouvrière mais aussi, parfois, dans sa correspondance personnelle, l’objectif est d’identifier, dans une perspective d’analyse du discours, le motif de l’Europe unie et de l’analyser en contexte afin de le comprendre et de discerner ses potentielles évolutions. Cette étude se base sur des sources originales et pour partie non exploitées, ce qui a nécessité un travail conséquent de recherches en archives mais aussi, dans la mesure où Brandt publie à cette époque en norvégien et en suédois, l’apprentissage des langues scandinaves. Cette thèse de doctorat montre que par son influence contextuelle et culturelle, l’exil scandinave a marqué la pensée européenne de Brandt et que son modèle d’Europe sociale et démocratique porte indéniablement l’empreinte du socialisme scandinaveThe fact that during his Scandinavian exile between 1933 and 1947, the young Willy Brandt has been engaged in the debate about the future Europe and even proposed concrete conditions for its realization is still largely unknown. Still, the question of Europe marked out his exile writings and was as such the focus of particular attention from the young socialist refugee in Norway as early as 1939. This doctoral thesis aims to highlight these early European ideas, the “dream of the United States of Europe”, that Willy Brandt developed during his exile. It shall question not only the role of his Scandinavian exile on the emergence of a European federal thought in Brandt’s exile writings, but also the content of his project, its particularities and furthermore its possible originality. At a time when resistance groups were massively discussing the idea of the European unification, what may characterize Brandt's proposal for Europe? And how did these first European ideas evolve during the Second World War as the contexts of conception and communication also changed. To answer these questions, this PhD thesis is based on the analysis of texts written by Willy Brandt in Scandinavia between 1933 and 1947. The corpus consists of three types of documents: books or monographs about the war and the global international context, journalistic writings (newspaper articles, brochures, pamphlets, conference manuscripts all signed by Brandt between 1933 and 1947) and personal correspondence. The objective has been to identify in all these exile writings the motive of Europe as well as any other element relating to the theme of a united Europe or likely to be part of a more general reflection on international politics and the new post-war European order. This thesis has the particularity of being based essentially on original documents and hitherto largely unexploited sources, which has required a considerable amount of archival research. Moreover, since the sources used in this PhD thesis were written in Norwegian, Swedish and German, learning two Scandinavian languages, namely Norwegian and Swedish, was necessary. This study shows that through its contextual and cultural influence, the Scandinavian exile marked the emergence and evolution of Brandt’s European ideas between 1933 and 1947. The model of a social and democratic Europe the young Brandt dreamed of and developed during the Second World War undeniably bears the imprint of Scandinavia, and in particular Scandinavian socialism. By doing so, the thesis sheds new light on Willy Brandt’s political foothold and shows the importance of his exile years in the formation of a statesman and his foreign and European policy
Die Tatsache, dass Willy Brandt während seines Exils in Skandinavien zurinternationalen Diskussion über die Zukunft eines vereinten Europas beigetragen, und sogarkonkrete Bedingungen für eine künftige Einigung des Kontinents vorgeschlagen hat, ist nochkaum beachtet worden. In seinen Exilschriften tauchte das Thema „Europa“ allerdings immerwieder auf. Vor allem ab 1939 schenkte der junge Flüchtling dem Projekt einer künftigeneuropäischen Einigung besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Zum ersten Mal wird in der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit ein eingehender Überblick über Willy Brandts Europavorstellungen im Exil,deren Ursprung und deren Entwicklung, angeboten, und zwar im Rückgriff auf ursprüngliche,zum Teil bisher unbenutzte Quellen aus deutschem und skandinavischem Archivmaterial.Die Dissertation setzt sich zum Ziel, die Entstehung und die Entwicklung von WillyBrandts frühen Europavorstellungen im besonderen Kontext des skandinavischen Exilszwischen 1933 und 1947 zu analysieren, und fragt folgendes: Inwiefern hat das Exil inSkandinavien die Entstehung und die Ausformung von Brandts außenpolitischenKonzeptionen dauerhaft geprägt? Willy Brandts journalistische und literarische Schriften aus der Exilzeit zwischen 1933und 1947, die ein umfangsreiches Archiv aus Zeitungs-, bzw. Zeitschriftenartikeln, Büchern,Broschüren und gemeinsamen Veröffentlichungen bilden, liegen der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit zugrunde. Ziel ist es gewesen, in diesen Exilschriften das Motiv „Europa“sowie jedes andere Element zu identifizieren und zu erörtern, das sich auf das Thema einesvereinten Europas beziehen oder Teil einer allgemeineren Reflexion über die internationalePolitik und die neue europäische Nachkriegsordnung sein dürfte.Die Besonderheit dieses Forschungskorpus besteht in seiner Mehrsprachigkeit. Die imRahmen des vorliegenden Forschungsprojekts benutzten Texte und Manuskripte wurdennämlich auf Deutsch aber auch auf Norwegisch und auf Schwedisch verfasst. Wichtig war esin dieser Hinsicht, die Originalfassungen heranzuziehen, und damit der gesamtenForschungsarbeit nicht nur Authentizität sondern auch Originalität zu verleihen. In diesemZusammenhang gehörte das Erlernen von zwei skandinavischen Sprachen, nämlichNorwegisch und Schwedisch, natürlich auch zu den Grundlagen des Projekts.Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass das skandinavische Exil die Entstehung und dieAusformung von Brandts frühen Europavorstellungen zwischen 1933 und 1947 kontextuellund inhaltlich geprägt hat. Im Modell des sozialistischen und demokratischen Europa, wovoner im Exil träumte und das er im Laufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges weiter entwickelte, lassensich nämlich etliche programmatische, kulturelle und politische Einflüsse der skandinavischen– und insbesondere der norwegischen – Sozialdemokratie erkennen. Dabei hat die vorliegendeDissertation die Bedeutung des skandinavischen Exils für die menschliche und politischeEntwicklung des Willy Brandt sowie für die Entstehung eigener außenpolitischer, ja sogareuropäischer Konzepte beim späteren Staatsmann nachvollziehen können
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Ojala, Carl-Gösta. "Sámi Prehistories : The Politics of Archaeology and Identity in Northernmost Europe." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108857.
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Throughout the history of archaeology, the Sámi (the indigenous people in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in the Russian Federation) have been conceptualized as the “Others” in relation to the national identity and (pre)history of the modern states. It is only in the last decades that a field of Sámi archaeology that studies Sámi (pre)history in its own right has emerged, parallel with an ethnic and cultural revival among Sámi groups. This dissertation investigates the notions of Sámi prehistory and archaeology, partly from a research historical perspective and partly from a more contemporary political perspective. It explores how the Sámi and ideas about the Sámi past have been represented in archaeological narratives from the early 19th century until today, as well as the development of an academic field of Sámi archaeology. The study consists of four main parts: 1) A critical examination of the conceptualization of ethnicity, nationalism and indigeneity in archaeological research. 2) A historical analysis of the representations and debates on Sámi prehistory, primarily in Sweden but also to some extent in Norway and Finland, focusing on four main themes: the origin of the Sámi people, South Sámi prehistory as a contested field of study, the development of reindeer herding, and Sámi pre-Christian religion. 3) An analysis of the study of the Sámi past in Russia, and a discussion on archaeological research and constructions of ethnicity and indigeneity in the Russian Federation and the Soviet Union. 4) An examination of the claims for greater Sámi self-determination concerning cultural heritage management and the debates on repatriation and reburial in the Nordic countries. In the dissertation, it is argued that there is a great need for discussions on the ethics and politics of archaeological research. A relational network approach is suggested as a way of opening up some of the black boxes and bounded, static entities in the representations of people in the past in the North.
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Finsterbusch, Romero Christian. "Protección ambiental en los procesos de integración económica, Mercosur y Unión Europea." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2003. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/114422.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)En el presente estudio examinaré la Protección ambiental existente dentro de los procesos de integración económica, como son: El MERCOSUR y la Unión Europea, cuales son las normas ambientales originarias, como han evolucionado con el correr del tiempo, su marco actual, sus falencias, para finalmente entregar algunas críticas y recomendaciones.
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Gomes, Joyce. "Comparação deontológica dos médicos dentistas na União Europeia." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5131.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina DentáriaA deontologia é uma disciplina da ética que estabelece o exercício de uma determinada profissão, através de tratados, princípios, deveres e normas adoptadas a um grupo específico de profissionais. A ética, por sua vez, é o domínio da filosofia que tem por objectivo o domínio do juízo de apreciação que distingue o bem e o mal, o comportamento correto do incorrecto. Nesses sentido, os códigos que normatizam a conduta de uma determinada profissão são dificilmente separáveis da deontologia profissional, pelo que não é pouco frequente os termos ética e deontologia serem utilizadas indiferentemente. O objectivo desse trabalho de pesquisa pretende abordar as principais semelhanças e diferenças dos diferentes códigos deontológicos dos países da União Europeia, nomeadamente, Portugal, Espanha, França e Reino Unido, bem como, demonstrar a influência do Council European Dentists sobre cada um dos países mencionados. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica do Código de Ética do Médico Dentista da União Europeia, bem como dos Códigos Deontológicos Português, Espanhol, Britânica e Francês. Foram, entretanto, pesquisados livros do tema em questão. Relativamente às Normas Legais em geral, verificamos que apesar das diferenças tipicamente culturais, encontramos semelhanças, visto que todos os países respeitam a Lei Maior, sendo nesse caso, as Normas do Council European Dentists, que vigora como Lei Suprema. The ethics is a discipline of ethics establishing the pursuit of a given profession, through treaties, principles, duties and standards at a specific group of professionals. Ethics, in turn, is the domain of philosophy that seeks the domain judgment of discretion that distinguishes good and evil, the correct behavior incorrect. In that sense, codes of are hardly separable from the professional ethics, so it is not uncommon the terms ethics and deontology are used interchangeably. The purpose of this research work aims to address the main similarities and differences of the different ethical codes of EU countries, including Portugal, Spain, France and United Kingdom, as well as demonstrate the influence of the Council European Dentists on each of the mentioned countries. We conducted a literature review of the Code of Ethics of the European Union Dentists and the Portuguese, Spain, United Kingdom and France Codes of Ethics. They have now been research them books in question. With regard to Legal Standards in general, we find that despite some differences that will be presented throughout the presentation of the work, due to the typically cultural differences, we find many similitaries, since all countries respect the highest law, in which case, the Standards European Council of Dentists.
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Vásquez, Gonzales Jenny Flor. "Estudio de procesos regulatorios documentarios de tipo acelerado para la aprobación de registros sanitarios en Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, Canadá y Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/17385.
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El presente estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar la importancia de los
procesos regulatorios de tipo acelerado para la aprobación de registros sanitarios en
Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, Canadá y Perú, siendo un estudio descriptivo de corte
transversal donde se empleó la metodología PRISMA que permitió revisar los procesos
regulatorios documentario de tipo acelerado de Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, Canadá
y Perú, cuya muestra está representada por la normativa que rige los mismos. Entre los
resultados se encontró que tanto la FDA, la EMA y Health Canadá llevan a cabo procesos
de aprobación acelerada, cada uno desde sus propias versiones y realidades en cuanto a
los requisitos y periodos de evaluación, mientras que en el Perú no se implementan estos
procedimientos debido a diversos factores como falta de normativa, escasez de expertos,
la inexistencia de claridad sobre los procedimientos establecidos en la norma que debe
regir el registro de productos farmacéuticos, entre otros. Se concluyó que los procesos
regulatorios de tipo acelerado para la aprobación de registros sanitarios son de gran
interés para la humanidad, en virtud de que estos ofrecen beneficios tanto a la industria
farmacéutica como los pacientes que requieren de medicamentos para atender sus
padecimientos.
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Drozdov, Filipp. "Problematika uvádění obráběcích center na trh Evropské unie a Společenství nezávislých států." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433557.
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This thesis discusses introducing CNC machining centers to the markets of the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (currently the Eurasian Economic Union). The first chapter of the thesis focuses on the legal requirements for placing the products on the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, their comparison, systematic analysis of the problem, and certification schemes. The second chapter of the thesis analyses safety requirements for CNC machining centers, discusses CNC machines checklists development and their comparison for the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.
Books on the topic "European Union Norway"
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1940-, Brown Tony, Norway Embassy (Ireland), Commission of the European Communities. Dublin Information Office., Institute of European Affairs, and Norway and the European Union - After the Referendum (Conference) (1995 : Dublin, Ireland), eds. Norway and the European Union. Dublin: Institute of European Affairs, 1996.
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Norway outside the European Union: Norway and European integration from 1994 to 2004. New York: Routledge, 2005.
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Emerson, Michael. Navigating by the stars: Norway, the European Economic Area and the European Union. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2002.
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European Union Contest for Young Scientists (13th 2001 Bergen, Norway). 13th European Union Contest for Young Scientists: September 2001, Grieghallen, Bergen, Norway. Edited by Blythe Graham, Groenli Anders, European Commission. Directorate General for Research., and Stiftelsen Ungdom og forskning. Brussels: European Commission, Research Directorate-General, 2001.
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Jagland, Thorbjørn. Ti teser om EU og Norge. Oslo: Aschehoug, 2003.
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Europeanization, integration and identity: A social constructivist fusion perspective on Norway. New York: Routledge, 2012.
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Jagland, Thorbjørn. Ti teser om EU og Norge. Oslo: Aschehoug, 2003.
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Jagland, Thorbjørn. Ti teser om EU og Norge. Oslo: Aschehoug, 2003.
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. The state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway: Annual report 2003. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003.
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Rieker, Pernille. From territorial defence to comprehensive security?: European integration and the changing Norwegian and Swedish security identities. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "European Union Norway"
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Łazowski, Adam. "Eea Countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway)." In The European Union and its Neighbours, 95–146. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-507-0_4.
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Jevnaker, Torbjørg, Leiv Lunde, and Jon Birger Skjærseth. "EU-Norway Energy Relations towards 2050: From Fossil Fuels to Low-Carbon Opportunities?" In Decarbonization in the European Union, 222–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137406835_11.
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Almlid, Geir K. "The Establishment of the EEA and the European Union, 1984–1994." In Britain and Norway in Europe Since 1945, 157–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61473-7_7.
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Trocin, Cristina, Jan Gunnar Skogås, Thomas Langø, and Gabriel Hanssen Kiss. "Operating Room of the Future (FOR) Digital Healthcare Transformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence." In Digital Transformation in Norwegian Enterprises, 151–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05276-7_9.
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AbstractNew technologies are emerging under the umbrella of digital transformation in healthcare such as artificial intelligence (AI) and medical analytics to provide insights beyond the abilities of human experts. Because AI is increasingly used to support doctors in decision-making, pattern recognition, and risk assessment, it will most likely transform healthcare services and the way doctors deliver those services. However, little is known about what triggers such transformation and how the European Union (EU) and Norway launch new initiatives to foster the development of such technologies. We present the case of Operating Room of the Future (FOR), a research infrastructure and an integrated university clinic which investigates most modern technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) to support the analysis of medical images. Practitioners can benefit from strategies related to AI development in multiple health fields to best combine medical expertise with AI-enabled computational rationality.
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Stokke, Torgeir Aarvaag. "Norway." In Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945, 503–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65511-3_12.
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Gorynia, Marian, Barbara Jankowska, and Katarzyna Mroczek-Dąbrowska. "The new normal." In Brexit and the Future of the European Union, 142–46. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in the European economy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003008606-10.
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Brataas, Gunnar, Geir Kjetil Hanssen, Xinlu Qiu, and Lisa S. Græslie. "Requirements Engineering in the Market Dialogue Phase of Public Procurement: A Case Study of an Innovation Partnership for Medical Technology." In Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, 159–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98464-9_13.
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AbstractContext and Motivation: In 2016, the European Union introduced ‘innovation partnerships’ to facilitate innovative development of the EU through public procurement. Requirements engineering is one of the main challenges in the public procurement of innovative products. Nevertheless, there is little empirical research on public procurement, particularly managing requirements in the pre-tender dialogue phase between potential suppliers and problem owners.Question/Problem: This paper investigates the market dialogue phase of an innovation partnership project in Norway. We aim to understand critical factors of the dialogue phase that clarify and focus needs and requirements. This leads to the research question: How can we clarify and focus needs and requirements for a new solution in the market dialogue phase?Principal Ideas/Results: We have conducted a case study at a major Norwegian hospital. The objective of this innovation partnership is to make the emergency room in a Norwegian hospital more efficient. The case study illustrates how requirements have been developed by the joint effort of the procurement team, the active engagement of potential suppliers, and the learning and mutual trust between them. By discussing the vision and getting feedback on opportunities and limitations in existing and projected technologies, the procurement team has refined their ambition and focused on the core of the innovation.Contribution: This paper contributes to the literature on requirement engineering in public procurement by describing how requirements are focused during the dialogue phase of an innovation partnership facilitated by a cross-functional procurement team with sufficient competencies, resources, and trust.
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Olsen, Espen D. H. "Norway’s Approach to Migration and Asylum as a Non-EU State: Out, But Still In." In The European Union in International Affairs, 199–224. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53997-9_8.
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Oberndorfer, Lukas. "Between the Normal State and an Exceptional State Form: Authoritarian Competitive Statism and the Crisis of Democracy in Europe." In The State of the European Union, 23–44. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25419-3_2.
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Gänzle, Stefan, and Thomas Henökl. "From ‘Awkward Partner’ to ‘Awkward Partnership’? Explaining Norway’s Paradoxical Relations with the European Union." In Nordic States and European Integration, 79–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57562-9_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "European Union Norway"
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Aniebo, Igolo Nonye, and Joseph Samuel Akpan. "Energy Transition: Implications, Considerations, and Roadmap Development for Sub-Saharan Africa." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211990-ms.
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Abstract Climate change is no longer a myth and is evident worldwide in different alterations of the weather. Over the past two decades, scientists worked to find alternate sources of energy that were not fossil-based. Success in this endeavour led to what is now termed as a global transition to renewable and sustainable energy. In most climes, this marks a new beginning filled with opportunities and a chance to allow the earth to heal. Highly developed economies like Norway and some member countries of the European Union, being the driver of the transition, have begun to make policies that align with the new age, setting themselves to have a stake in the profit. The African continent, which has abundant energy resources but is neither a major contributor nor a driver of climate change but suffers just as much as other continents in the world from its effects, is not in a position to take any corrective action, showing the incapacity to participate in any potential economic gain. This paper studies the Sub-Saharan landscape by visiting the histories of the nations in question based on the energy resources within their borders and the current state of energy transition development. It examines the freedom of said countries to create policies that work for them, indicating the implications of lack of planning and the taint it may have on the new trend in the countries of interest. Efforts would also be made in highlighting a roadmap that can serve as a knowledge base to facilitate the implementation of best strategies in enabling successful energy transition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Guštin, Matko. "CHALLENGES OF PROTECTING CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22439.
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The imperative of every state is to protect the children’s rights as the most vulnerable social group. The protection of children’s rights has been particularly intensified with the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which promotes four basic principles – non-discrimination, the right to life, participation in decision-making and active participation in resolving issues that affect their lives, as well as the best interests of the child. The consequences of the (still actual) COVID-19 pandemic are visible in many areas, including the protection of children’s rights. Namely, children had to get used to the “new normal” in an extremely short period of time, which in certain segments had an adverse effect on their development and social integration. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are also visible in the digital environment, which brings with it a number of positive and negative aspects in relation to children and their rights. Although the virtual environment has made it possible to fulfil one of the universal rights of children – the right to education, it has intensified a special form of violence – virtual, cyber violence that threatens the safety of children in the “new normal”. It is important to emphasize that the Council of Europe has adopted Recommendation CM/Rec (2018)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on Guidelines for Respect, Protection and Exercise of the Rights of the Child in the Digital Environment. Given that the digital environment shapes children’s lives in different ways, creating opportunities, but also certain risks to protect their well-being, this document recommends that member states review their legislation, policies and practices to promote the full range of children’s rights in the digital environment and providing effective responses to all the impacts of the digital environment on the well-being of children and the enjoyment of their human rights. European Union policies in the field of protection of children’s rights are also very important. Through its policies, the European Union seeks to enable every child to realize his or her full rights. The European Union’s Strategy on the rights of the child sets children apart from the leaders of tomorrow and the citizens of today. For the issues of this paper, a particularly important part of the Strategy are the guidelines for creating policies aimed at protecting the rights of children in the digital society. In addition to the above, there are a number of other documents of the Council of Europe and the European Union for the protection and promotion of children’s rights, which are analyzed in the context of digitalization. Special emphasis is placed on contemporary issues of development and protection of children’s rights to privacy in the digital environment, the right to access the Internet and digital literacy, but also cyber violence as a form of endangering the child’s safety, and the discussion on which issues was further stimulated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Verrier, Denis, Barbara Vezzoni, Barbara Calgaro, Olivier Bernard, Alberto Previti, Clément Lafaurie, Artur Hashymov, et al. "Codes and Methods Improvements for VVER Comprehensive Safety Assessment: The CAMIVVER H2020 Project." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64169.
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Abstract CAMIVVER (Codes And Methods Improvements for VVER comprehensive safety assessment) is a three years project launched under the European Union research program HORIZON 2020. The main aim of the Project is to develop and improve computer codes and methods for VVER comprehensive safety assessment. VVER reactors constitute a significant and dynamic part of the European energy market. Their safe Long Term Operation (maintenance, refuelling, safety-upgrade, revamping) relies on the industrial use of neutronics and thermal-hydraulics codes and methods that allow studying the behaviour of the plant in normal and accidental conditions. Computer codes development is strongly required for the following reasons: 1) Current codes and methods used for VVER safety assessment are subjected to growing international export controls from outside EU, threatening the EU sovereignty and security in terms of energy supply. 2) A new generation of innovative codes and methods are under development within Europe. They are improving 3D-multiphysics modelling and uncertainty quantification capabilities and are worth being transferred from lab to industry as they will substantially improve the physics comprehension of PWR and VVER. 3) European codes and methods development for VVER safety assessment will open the VVER market to the European nuclear industry. CAMIVVER will perform developments required for the new generation codes and will generalize 3D-multiphysics coupling, performing benchmark against current industrial codes used for PWR and VVER safety assessment. CAMIVVER will demonstrate CFD assets and compatibility with uncertainty propagation in the frame of a safety assessment.
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Velzing, Evert-Jan, Annemiek Van der Meijden, Kitty Vreeswijk, and Ruben Vrijhoef. "Circularity in value chains for building materials." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10196.
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AbstractThe urgency for developing a circular economy is growing, and more and more companies and organisations are concerned with the importance of adapting their business to fit a changing economy. However, many analyses on the circular economy are still rather abstract and there is a lack of understanding about what circularity would mean for specific industries. This insufficient insight especially seems to be apparent in the building and construction sector. Besides, the building and construction sector is responsible for a major part of energy use and emissions. To tackle the issue of insufficient insight into the business consequences of circular devlopments, further research is necessary. Therefore, we propose to collaborate on a research project that aims to provide a more detailed level of analysis. The goal is to identify drivers and barriers to make better use of materials in the building and construction sector. This further research would benefit from an international collaboration between universities of applied sciences and industry from different European countries. An additional benefit of the applied orientation would be the relevance for professional education programmes. References CBS, PBL & Wageningen UR. (2017). Vrijkomen en verwerking van afval per doelgroep, 1990-2014 (indicator 0206, versie 13, 26 janauri2017). Retrieved from: https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0206-vrijkomen-en-verwerking-van-afval-per-doelgroep Cuchí, A.; Arcas, J.; Casals, M. & Fobella, G. (2014). Building a common home Building sector – A global vision report. Produced by the Global Vision Area within the World SB14 Barcelona Conference. De Jesus, A. & Mendonça, S. (2018). Lost in Transition? Drivers and Barriers in the Eco-innovation Road to the Circular Economy. Ecological Economics, 145, 75-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001. EC. (2015). Closing the Loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. Brussels: European Commission. EC. (2019). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the Circualr Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Ghisellini, P; Cialini, C. & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007. Kirchherr, J., Pisciceli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. & Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264-272. Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-Oriented Research & Innovation in the European Union – A problem-solving approach to fuel innovation-led growth. Retrieved from: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/mazzucato_report_2018.pdf Nederland circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie (2016). Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu & Ministerie van Economische Zaken. Stahel, W.R. (2016) The Circular Economy. Nature, 531(7595), 435-438. UN. (2018). 2018 Global Status Report – Towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. United Nations Environment Programme. UNCTAD. (2018). Circular Economy: The New Normal (Policy Brief No. 61). Retrieved from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2017d10_en.pdf
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Morscheck, Luke A., and John J. Roller. "Stress Testing of a New North American Passenger Locomotive Truck Frame in Accordance With International Union of Railways (UIC) Code." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2426.
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MotivePower Incorporated (MPI) a Wabtec company and CTLGroup have completed stress testing of a new two-axle passenger locomotive truck (bogie) frame for use in North America. Testing was performed in accordance with International Union of Railways (UIC) Code 615-4 – Bogie Frame Structural Strength Tests [1]. Static testing was performed to simulate exceptional, main in-service and particular in-service loads. A three-phase dynamic fatigue test of 10 million cycles was also performed. Factors for quasi-static, dynamic and track twist (warp) loads were increased from those recommended by the UIC Code for normal operating conditions on European railways to represent North American track conditions. Significant engineering thought was invested in fixture design, with each load application and reaction point receiving careful consideration. Static testing required ten different servo-controlled loading systems to simulate independent or superimposed vertical, lateral and/or longitudinal forces. The applied loads represented tractive effort, braking effort, curving, vehicle lateral dynamics, vehicle vertical dynamics and track twist. Fatigue testing required four different servo-controlled loading systems utilizing synchronized force functions to simulate alternating quasi-static and dynamic load sequences. The apparatus also included provisions for measuring vertical reactions at each primary spring pocket. Vertical reaction loads were measured by instrumented pedestals using a full Wheatstone bridge configuration to cancel out longitudinal and lateral load effects. Prior to testing, the prototype truck frame was instrumented with 133 strain gages installed at selected points of interest. Stress values discerned from the measured strains conformed to the allowable stress criteria and compared well with those predicted by finite element analysis. Measured force reactions also showed strong correlation with predicted values. No indications of cracks were discovered during periodic non-destructive inspections. In conclusion, the UIC Code 615-4 test protocol was utilized to successfully demonstrate the strength and durability of a new two-axle passenger locomotive truck frame.
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Primorac, Željka. "NORMAL FUNCTION OF A VEHICLE AS A MEANS OF TRANSPORT OR A MACHINE FOR CARRYING OUT WORK IN MOTOR THIRD PARTY LIABILITY INSURANCE WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE LATEST RULINGS OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." In EU LAW IN CONTEXT – ADJUSTMENT TO MEMBERSHIP AND CHALLENGES OF THE ENLARGEMENT. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/7109.
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De Rosa, Felice. "Application of MELCOR Code to a French PWR 900 MWe Severe Accident Sequence and Evaluation of Models Performance Focusing on In-Vessel Thermal Hydraulic Results." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89731.
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In the ambit of the Severe Accident Network of Excellence Project (SARNET), funded by the European Union, 6th FISA (Fission Safety) Programme, one of the main tasks is the development and validation of the European Accident Source Term Evaluation Code (ASTEC Code). One of the reference codes used to compare ASTEC results, coming from experimental and Reactor Plant applications, is MELCOR. ENEA is a SARNET member and also an ASTEC and MELCOR user. During the first 18 months of this project, we performed a series of MELCOR and ASTEC calculations referring to a French PWR 900 MWe and to the accident sequence of “Loss of Steam Generator (SG) Feedwater” (known as H2 sequence in the French classification). H2 is an accident sequence substantially equivalent to a Station Blackout scenario, like a TMLB accident, with the only difference that in H2 sequence the scram is forced to occur with a delay of 28 seconds. The main events during the accident sequence are a loss of normal and auxiliary SG feedwater (0 s), followed by a scram when the water level in SG is equal or less than 0.7 m (after 28 seconds). There is also a main coolant pumps trip when ΔTsat < 10 °C, a total opening of the three relief valves when Tric (core maximal outlet temperature) is above 603 K (330 °C) and accumulators isolation when primary pressure goes below 1.5 MPa (15 bar). Among many other points, it is worth noting that this was the first time that a MELCOR 1.8.5 input deck was available for a French PWR 900. The main ENEA effort in this period was devoted to prepare the MELCOR input deck using the code version v.1.8.5 (build QZ Oct 2000 with the latest patch 185003 Oct 2001). The input deck, completely new, was prepared taking into account structure, data and same conditions as those found inside ASTEC input decks. The main goal of the work presented in this paper is to put in evidence where and when MELCOR provides good enough results and why, in some cases mainly referring to its specific models (candling, corium pool behaviour, etc.) they were less good. A future work will be the preparation of an input deck for the new MELCOR 1.8.6. and to perform a code-to-code comparison with ASTEC v1.2 rev. 1.
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Camacho, Amparo, Francisco García Peñalvo, Alicia García Holgadp, Lucy García, and Rita Peñabaena. "CONSTRUYENDO EL FUTURO DE LATINOAMÉRICA: MUJERES EN STEM." In Mujeres en ingeniería: empoderamiento, liderazgo y compromiso. Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Ingeniería - ACOFI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26507/ponencia.1847.
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En la actualidad, todavía existe una brecha de género en las profesiones STEM (ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas) en el campo de la educación como del trabajo, aunque en las últimas décadas se ha dado un progreso relativamente significativo en el avance para la igualdad de genero en diversas dimensiones de la vida humana; esta brecha presenta diferencias entre países y es más profunda en aquellos países que presentan sesgos por estereotipos de genero o normas culturales que influyen en el comportamiento femenino y del entorno familiar de las niñas y mujeres. Según el Foro Económico Mundial [1], las mujeres en el ámbito académico y en el laboral están subrepresentadas en los campos relacionados con STEM, y menos de un tercio de las estudiantes de educación superior eligen estudiar asignaturas con contenidos en matemáticas y propios de la ingeniería. De hecho, solo alrededor del 30% de las investigaciones realizadas en el mundo son desarrolladas por mujeres y quienes trabajan en áreas de conocimiento STEM publican menos y, a menudo, reciben menos remuneración. Si bien esta es una problemática mundial, se ve agudizada en America Latina y el Caribe en donde sólo 5 de los 33 países analizados tienen un índice de desarrollo humano considerado "alto", según la UNESCO [2].Este contexto nos plantea un reto a las instituciones de educación superior de America Latina, por lo cual y con el propósito de formular e implementar soluciones frente a este problemática desde la educación superior, se conformó un consorcio de universidades europeas y latinoamericanas, 15 socios alrededor de 10 países, para el desarrollo del proyecto: “Building the future of Latin America: engaging women into STEM (W-STEM)”. Este proyecto está siendo financiado en el marco del programa de la Unión Europea para creación de capacidad en America Latina, por medio del programa ERASMUS +.W-STEM tiene como objetivo mejorar las estrategias y mecanismos de atracción, acceso y orientación de las mujeres en los programas de educación superior STEM de América Latina.Este trabajo presenta las principales actividades desarrolladas en el proyecto y los resultados logrados por el consorcio, particularmente los de las universidades colombianas manera de ilustración.Referencias:[1] Kahn, S., & Ginther, D. (2017). Women and STEM (No. w23525). National Bureau of Economic Research. [2] Alessandro Bello, “LAS MUJERES EN CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA, INGENIERÍA Y MATEMÁTICAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE”, ONU MUJERES, Mayo 2020.
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Vanderhaegen, Evert, Michae¨l Deneve, Hannes Laget, Nathalie Faniel, and Jan Mertens. "Predictive Emissions Monitoring Using a Continuously Updating Neural Network." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22899.
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In the European Union, power plants of more than 50 MW (thermal energy) need to comply with the Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD, 2001) implying that flue gas emissions need to be measured continuously. Traditionally, emissions from power plants are measured using Automated Measuring Systems (AMS). The LCPD states that no more than 10 days of emission data may be lost within one year including days needed for maintenance. This is the reason why more and more power plants are currently installing a second, back-up AMS since they have problems with the availability of their AMS. Since early 1990’s, Predictive Emissions Monitoring Systems (PEMS) are being developed and accepted by some local authorities within Europe and the United States. PEMS are in contrast to AMS based on the prediction of gaseous emissions (most commonly NOx and CO) using plant operational data (eg. fuel properties, pressure, temperature, excess air, …) rather than the actual measurement of these emissions. The goal of this study is to develop a robust PEMS that can accurately predict the NOx and CO emissions across the entire normal working range of a gas turbine. Furthermore, the PEMS should require as little maintenance as possible. The study does not intend to replace the AMS by a PEMS but rather to use the PEMS as a backup for the AMS. Operational data of a gas turbine, acquired over a long period, was used to identify inputs with a high influence on the NOx and CO formation. Consequently, simulations were done testing different model structures and calibration methodologies. The study shows that a static model failed to predict the emissions accurately over long time periods. In contrast, a dynamic or self-adapting algorithm proved to be most efficient in predicting the emissions over a long time period with a minimum of required intervention and maintenance. The self-adapting algorithm uses measured AMS data to continuously update the neural network. Since the PEMS is developed as a backup for the AMS, these data are readily available. The study shows that in case of a failing AMS, the developed model could accurately predict the NOx emissions for a duration of several weeks. Although not discussed in detail in this study, a quality assurance system of the PEMS is also developed since the PEMS needs to comply to the EN14181 (as does any AMS). The PEMS as a backup of the AMS instead of a second AMS is cost and time saving. Not only is the purchase of a second AMS avoided (between 40 and 100 k€) but equally important and of the same order of magnitude are the cost and time savings with respect to the Quality Assurance of the second AMS.
Reports on the topic "European Union Norway"
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Vitina, Aisma, Silke Luers, Anna-Kathrin Wallasch, Volker Berkhout, Aidan Duffy, Brendan Cleary, Leif I. Husabo, et al. IEA Wind Task 26. Wind Technology, Cost and Performance Trends in Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Norway, the European Union, and the United States. 2007 - 2012. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1215292.
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Vitina, Aisma, Silke Lüers, Anna-Kathrin Wallasch, Volker Berkhout, Aidan Duffy, Brendan Cleary, Lief I. Husabø, et al. IEA Wind Task 26. Wind Technology, Cost, and Performance Trends in Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Norway, the European Union, and the United States: 2007–2012. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1236692.
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Riva, Alberto D., Janos Hethey, Silke Luers, Anna-Kathrin Wallasch, Knud Rehfeldt, Aidan Duffy, David E. Weir, et al. IEA Wind TCP Task 26: Wind Technology, Cost, and Performance Trends in Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, the European Union, and the United States: 2008-2016. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1525772.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.