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Journal articles on the topic 'European Union – Latvia'
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1
Ezmale, Sandra. "SPATIAL PLANNING AND PRACTICE IN LATVIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 25, 2018): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3102.
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The current system of territorial planning in Latvia has been formed after regaining its independence in 1991. The European Union has had a great impact on the development of the concept and practice of spatial planning throughout the entire Europe and in each of the Member States, including Latvia. The common planning activities and initiatives at the European level had influenced planning practice in all the Member States. The aim of the research is to describe the development of the spatial planning system, as well as the features of planning practice in Latvia in the context of spatial planning activities at the European Union level. During the research, the author describes the development of the spatial planning concept, the typology and system of spatial planning in the European Union. Additionally, the author characterises the development of the legal framework for and practice in the spatial planning system of Latvia, as well as identifies the features of the Latvian spatial planning system and practice in the context of spatial planning activities at the European Union level. Research methods – content analysis, deductive and inductive methods, theoretical analysis of scientific literature, EU and Latvian legislation analysis, comparative analysis, etc.
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Locmelis, Kristaps, Andra Blumberga, Uldis Bariss, Dagnija Blumberga, and Lauma Balode. "Industrial Energy Efficiency Towards Green Deal Transition. Case of Latvia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0004.
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Abstract Energy efficiency policy has been one of the European Union top priorities for decades and will continue to play a vital role in the next 10 years with the introduction of The Clean energy for all Europeans. Likewise, in Latvia energy efficiency has been given high priority; however, the energy efficiency targets for industry has lacked ambitions. This research focuses on evaluating the Latvian industrial energy efficiency policy using top-down approach and benchmarking energy intensity of Latvian industry to the average of the European Union’s. Results confirm that on average Latvian industry consumes 2.6 times more energy to produce the same amount of value added compared to the average in the European Union; however, every saved energy unit in Latvia would save twice less CO2 emissions considering already largely decarbonized energy mix. In the spotlights of the Green Deal proposed by the European Commission, much higher contribution in terms of CO2 reduction and energy efficiency will be expected from the industry. Nevertheless, energy efficiency targets for Latvian industry should be sector-specific, separately addressing CO2 intensive sectors, and non-intensive CO2 sectors with low added value.
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Mikelsteins, Zaiga, and Thomas G. Ryan. "Increasing Inclusion and Reducing the Stigma of Special Needs in Latvia: What Can We Learn from Other Countries?" International Journal of Educational Reform 27, no. 4 (September 2018): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678791802700404.
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Latvia regained its independence in 1991 and has been slowly transforming the education system to meet the standards of the European Union (EU) and the Western world. Since regaining independence Latvia has started to integrate children with special education needs into regular schools and society; yet the process is quite restrained and measured, causing many to suggest that there must be a way and means to accelerate this process. If only Latvians could access and use practices found (Alberta) Canada or another inclusive country (Finland), that has successfully integrated students and adults with disabilities into school and society, to diminish Latvian problems such as life long dependency, poverty and social exclusion that adds to an already existing stigma of intellectual disability according to the European Union Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP, 2005). Stigma is the one issue that keeps surfacing as the key challenge for people with special needs in Latvia (Fine-Davis & Faas, 2014). Latvian society at present has minimal exposure and experience with children and adults with special needs, resulting in unawareness, avoidance, and a general misunderstanding of this population.
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Adijāne, Iveta. "ASYLUM PROCEDURE IN LATVIA - A PART OF COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v2i7.3494.
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The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) conditions apply to Latvia. Development of the Common European Asylum System impacts Latvian legislation and has an effect on the work of judicial institutions. Any European Union scale change affects Latvia. Common European Asylum System conditions in Latvia are being met by direct implementation of the EU instructions. Well-considered position and evaluation of CEAS conditions according to Latvian interests is necessary. Goal of this article is to review demands of the Common European Asylum System towards the member states as well as concordance of the Latvian asylum procedure with conditions of the Common European Asylum System. Objectives of this research is to examine development of legislation in the EU and Latvia, to analyse and compare current legislation of the asylum procedure in the EU member states as well as to analyse impact of CEAS towards the asylum procedure in Latvia. In order to achieve objectives, following research methods were used: monographic research of theoretical and empirical sources in order to analyse and evaluate various asylum domain information, analytical method in order to acquire legislative content and verities, comparative method in order to discover differences in legislation of asylum procedure in the EU countries, systemic method in order to disclose interconnections in legislation, descriptive statistics method and correlation analysis in order to analyse process of the asylum procedure and determine interconnections in the asylum procedure time frame between legislation and practical instances in EU countries.
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Barānova, Daira. "Youth Unemployment Problems in European Union and Latvia." Journal of Economics and Management Research 6 (2017): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jemr.6.2017.05.
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Zaļaiskalne, Anita. "Non-formal adult education in Latvia: opportunities and challenges." Pedagoģija: teorija un prakse : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Pedagogy: Theory and Practice : collection of scientific articles, no. IX (April 6, 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/ptp.2020.09.127.
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The article “Non-formal adult education in Latvia: opportunities and challenges” includes a presentation of adult education planning in the European Union and Latvian education policy documents. Based on data on adult participation in education and theoretical aspects of adult learning, methodological recommendations for developing the content of adult non-formal education programmes are developed.
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Biukšāne, Inese. "THE EUROPEAN UNION STRUCTURAL FUNDS’ SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATGALE." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 4 (June 23, 2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1823.
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The European Union structural funds financing is apportioned unevenly among the regions, including counties and cities. When allocating the received structural funds financing, the level of social and economic development of an area is not taken into account. Besides the problems of poor municipalities co–funding in the uptake of the European Union structural funds are not considered. The existing problems do not allow to the regions of Latvia to develop and to compete equally, all in all impeding development and growth of the country. According to the author’s opinion, in order to solve the social and economic problems Latvia makes inefficient use of the allocated European Union structural funds financing.
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Andžāns, Māris, Kārlis Bukovskis, and Andris Sprūds. "Europeanization by European Parliament Political Groups: The Case of Latvia 2004-2019." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2020-0012.
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Abstract This article assesses the top-down Europeanization of national political parties by the political groups of the European Parliament. Based on the premise that the national political parties alter their agendas and argumentation because of ties to their respective European Parliament political groups, the paper presents a case study of Latvia in the period from 2004 to 2019. The analysis focuses on the agendas of three political parties whose continuity can be clearly traced during the fifteen years – the “New Unity”, the “National Alliance” and the “Latvian Russian Union”. It concludes that the small number of members of the European Parliament elected from Latvia, migration of individual politicians from party to party, and low durability of Latvian parties themselves has limited the sustainability of Europeanization and impeded downloading of EU topics and principles to the national party level. Meanwhile, party programs of all three observed parties have Europeanized since 2004 in terms of the number and depth of the EU issues addressed.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CREATION OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 4 (June 23, 2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1827.
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The proposed theme is topical from the perspective of state and public security as well as the perspectives of the law enforcement institutions tasks in regard to the Schengen Area. Tasks of law enforcement institutions should be based on harmonized international legislation as well as the Latvian and the European Union legislation. Taking into account the socio–economic development level, the small size and quantity of the population in the Republic of Latvia, law enforcement institutions can not afford to tolerate any mistakes in the control of migration process. Such mistakes are not permissible since in 2012 Latvian law enforcement institutions will have to prove the Schengen evaluation committee the ability to implement the Schengen acquis requirements on free movement of persons. The research was done during 2007 and 2012. The research emphasizes the fact that further strengthening of the status of Latvia in the European Union and the Schengen Area is possible upon the improvement of legislation, harmonization of basic concepts in legislation and terminology, standardization of the practice of law according to uniform internationally accepted principles in the context of internal and external borders legislation.
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Bulis, Aldis, Sajal Kabiraj, and Md Nur Alam Siddik. "Economic Cooperation Between Latvia and China on the Background of Belt and Road Initiative with Focus on Cargo Potential." FIIB Business Review 7, no. 2 (June 2018): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319714518789760.
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Latvia is a Belt and Road Initiative country and can contribute to its Eurasian Land Bridge. The existing railway infrastructure can be used for establishing the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch via Latvia, but the problem is a lack of cargo for this route. It can be integrated into the existing Eurasian Land Bridge with specialization to connect China and some European countries—the Scandinavian countries. The aim of the study is to assess the potential volume of Latvian cargo for the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch through Latvia. The methods of the study are statistical analyses and the forecasts of experts. Forecast of experts is an innovative method for investigating this topic. The study contributes to the discussion regarding One Belt One Road and Eurasian Land Bridge. The research shows that it is possible to establish regular container block train between Latvia and China for distribution of Chinese goods in the Scandinavian countries and vice versa because cargo potential for this route is growing, the seaport of Riga in Latvia is the shortest route to the seaport in the European Union and previous demonstration trains were successful.
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Agapova, Olena. "International Cooperation Between Ukraine and Latvia in the Area of Justice (Executive Branch of Power)." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.067-074.
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Implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union has opened additional opportunities for establishing bilateral cooperation between bodies, institutions and organisations in the field of justice. The article examines the structure and management system of the Ministries of Justice of Ukraine and Latvia. In the course of a detailed analysis of the institutional structure and functional purpose, it was established that the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Latvia have similar activities and management systems, typical for many European countries. Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, reflected in its commitments under the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other, demonstrate Ukraine’s serious intentions to change its approach to justice. It is established that in the direction of the development of cooperation in the field of justice between Ukraine and Latvia fruitful cooperation is established, which is reflected in the Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Latvia.
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Bartová, Ľubica, Peter Fendel, and Eva Matejková. "ECO-EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE OF EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2931.
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The objective of the paper is to estimate efficiency and eco-efficiency of agriculture in 24 EU Member States from 2006 to 2015. In the study, a panel of yearly aggregated data [Eurostat 2018] of the total value of agricultural goods output (AGO), labour (AWU), utilised agricultural area (UAA), fertilisers N, P, K (NPK) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agriculture of selected EU Member States were used. The directional distance functions (DDF) approach both with and without undesirable output (GHG emission) were employed. Malmquist-Luenberger indices were applied to measure productivity changes and their decomposition to identify sources of these changes. GHG emission reduction per agricultural output in all EU MS was observed. Significant growth of GHG per UAA occurred especially in the OMS: The Netherlands, Austria, Germany, France, while an increase of GHG per UAA was less pronounced in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary (NMS). The highest efficiency and eco-efficiency in agricultural production over 2006-2015 was reached by the Netherlands and Denmark. The most inefficient and eco-inefficient agriculture was noted in the agriculture of Ireland and Finland (OMS). The highest inefficiency among NMS was detected in the agriculture of Lithuania, Poland and Latvia, while the most eco-inefficient were Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Improvement of productivity and eco-productivity due to technological improvement occurred in all 24 EU MS. Agricultural technical eco-efficiency fell in Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Portugal and Hungary.
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Grinberga Zalite, Gunta, and Andra Zvirbule. "Digital Readiness and Competitiveness of the EU Higher Education Institutions: The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact." Emerging Science Journal 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2020-01232.
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Nowadays, students expect that their university will not only provide a valuable source of practical knowledge for them, but will also be ready to offer appropriate distance learning opportunities both on a daily basis to diversify and enrich the study process experience and during global pandemic crises, which will probably be the reality of their lives in the next decades. The novelty and topicality of this study is justified by the need to assess the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the European Union higher education system and its adaptability to switch from traditional to remote study forms. The objectives of the study were: 1) to analyse the need to improve digital skills in the European Union by investigating the achievements of the Digital Economy and Society Index; 2) to assess the current digital environment of Latvian public universities and conduct an in-depth study of the digital environment of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. The research methodology is based on the desk study, social survey, comparative analysis and logical construction research methods. The results of the study revealed the digital gap that still exists between the more developed Nordic European countries and the less developed Southern and Eastern European countries. However, detailed analysis of the situation in Latvia leads to the conclusion that Latvian higher education institutions have significantly increased the amount of digital content in both external and internal communication systems and can offer competitive educational services that comply with the contemporary education requirements.
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Rozentale, Arta, Inta Kotane, and Imants Zarembo. "ENERGY AUDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM." Journal of Regional Economic and Social Development 14 (December 20, 2022): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/jresd2022vol14.6971.
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The opportunities provided by energy audits to improve the competitiveness of companies by reducing energy consumption and introducing energy-efficient solutions also allow for achieving the environmental goals set by the European Union and Latvia in relation to climate neutrality. It is important to consider the results of energy audits in the development of both local and regional and national policies, thus setting more precise results to be achieved. At present, there is no unified energy audit development information system in Latvia, in which all audit stages and calculations could be performed; this would reduce clerical and calculation errors and allow data to be predicted and used in policy development, research. Within the framework of the work, the authors researched the concept of energy audit, its process and the results to be achieved by companies by implementing energy efficient measures, as well as the policy goals of the European Union and Latvia in environmental improvement programs. The paper summarizes and analyses the programs and methods available in Latvia, which are used to develop energy audits of companies, as well as the practices of other countries and their results.The research goal is to develop the specification of the energy audit information system, based on the analysis of the used energy audit information systems. Based on the findings, the authors developed a specification of the program's energy audit information system requirements, which is suitable for the Latvian market.
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Pruse, Ilze. "European union emissions trading system with regard to climate change mitigation in Latvia." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 8, no. -1 (November 9, 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-012-0005-y.
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Abstract The goal of this paper is to analyse the volumes of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the European Union Emissions Trading System’s (EU ETS) participants in Latvia in relation to their participation therein. After describing and discussing the EU ETS mechanism and its operation in Latvia in the period 2005-2010, the interconnectedness between the GHG emissions and the EU ETS participants’ operation is analysed. The analysis concludes that, although the EU ETS has contributed towards GHG emission reduction, due to the growth of the economy, overall GHG emissions from the EU ETS participants in Latvia are increasing.
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Murphy, Sean Patrick. "An Interview with Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga." Current History 100, no. 649 (November 1, 2001): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.649.392.
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As the european union begins to expand eastward, nato has announced that it will decide next year whether to expand into the former Soviet republics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Earlier this year, Current History consulting editor Sean Patrick Murphy interviewed visiting Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga in Washington, D.C. about Latvia's possible entry into nato and the implications for Latvia's relationship with Russia. An edited transcript of the interview follows.
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Jonāne, Lolita, Dzintra Iliško, Ilona Fjodorova, and Līga Antoņeviča. "Involvement in the Democratic Life in Europe: A Study on Views and Vision of Youth in Latvia." Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2022-0012.
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Abstract Currently, the educational system in Latvia is undergoing a transition from a traditional to a competence-based curriculum where civic education plays an important place in pupils’ holistic development. In the context of strengthening civic education, it is important to gain experience in practising citizenship in order to promote the active participation and co-responsibility of young people in social and political processes in the country and beyond. The study focuses on the factors that influence the formation of young Latvian people’s civic identity and the role of formal education and their teachers in this process in a broader sustainability context. The article reflects the results of a study about Latvian youngsters’ involvement in political activities, their attitude and interest about political events in Latvia and the European Union.
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Aumeistere, Liva, Liva Aumeistere, and Dace Zavadska. "Raising Awareness About Breast Milk Composition Among Women in Latvia." Journal of Breastfeeding Biology 1, no. 1 (November 13, 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-0105.jbfb-16-1257.
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Background: Breast milk is the ideal food source that contains all components an infant needs. Infants are at risk of receiving possible pollutants and high levels of trans fatty acids through breast milk that may affect their cardiovascular health and cognitive development. Statistics indicate that the proportion of children who are breastfed up to one year of age shows an annual increase in Latvia. Objectives: 1. To review studies conducted among the Latvian population regarding breast milk composition. 2. To evaluate the necessary future studies emphasizing the importance of the trans fatty acid content in a mother’s diet and correspondingly in breast milk and taking into consideration the new changes in Latvian legislation setting the maximum trans fat content in foodstuffs. Conclusions: There is very little research done about the human milk composition in Latvia that could be referable to a general population. It is known that the exposure of breast milk to persistent organic pollutants in Latvia corresponds to the lowest levels detected in the European countries and is not a cause of health disorders. Taking into consideration the adverse effect trans fatty acids have on human’s health regardless of the age, consumption should be as low as possible. Latvia has become the latest European Union country to set the maximum amount of trans fats in foodstuffs, yet there is no information about trans fatty acids content in human milk among women in Latvia. This problem needs to be addressed and set in motion. Therefore, it would be a novel idea to study if the TFA content also declines in milk among Latvian women after the introduction of the new legislation.
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Dundurs, Janis, and Miervaldis Lacis. "Environmental Noise and Policy Implication in Latvia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 471 (December 2013): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.471.143.
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The European Directive 2002/49/EC on the assessment and management of environmental noise obliges European Union Member states to draw noise maps of communities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (agglomerations) and of areas near the major transport infrastructures for the assessment of noise outdoors. The Latvian law On Pollution and the Cabinet Regulation No 597 Procedures for Noise Assessment and Management (Adopted 13 July 2004) were harmonized with this European Directive to provide the legislative background for the local authorities to draw noise maps to be used as a basis for noise reduction plans. Riga Agglomeration strategic noise map was calculated using software IMMI 6.3. The map shows Riga City as rather noisy city because major roads and railway lines cross the city center and close to it. Riga Freeport, located on the banks of river Daugava, with its supply roads and branch-ways also add to contribute in the total noise levels. The European Directive 2002/49/EC on the assessment and management of environmental noise also obliges European Union Member states to draw Noise reduction Action plans. In Latvia, Capital Riga and Daugavpils are required to have the Action Plans. Action Plans must be completed by 18 July 2008. Much to our regret the Riga City noise reduction Action Plan is still under consideration and in process of development because it touches the interests of many parties.
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Dziedātāja, Indra. "Viaduct Over The Lorupe Ravine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1202, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1202/1/012029.
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Abstract On the 20th July 2018, it was the 50th anniversary of the day when the Lorupe viaduct was opened. Its idea, design and construction were a significant turning point in bridge construction in the whole Soviet Union. In the comparatively small Republic of Latvia it was a unique project that required a lot of boldness and skills of road workers. Therefore, construction of this bridge is memorable, especially since several bridges were built using this technology later in the former Soviet Union. Latvian road workers with their courage, creative and meticulous work implemented a European scale project in difficult, constrained circumstances.
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Ivanova, Svetlana. "Population Income in the European Union and Situation in Latvia." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 213 (December 2015): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.401.
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Malnach, Alexander D. "Latvian “active nationalists” and the Latvian Conservatory." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 2 (2022): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-2-515-526.
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In Latvia, as in several other Eastern European countries, nationalism remains an influential force that sets the agenda. Understanding the ideology and practice of modern nationalism involves studying its origin and evolution. The article uses an interdisciplinary approach and briefly outlines the prehistory and prerequisites for the emergence of Latvian “active nationalism” and, for the first time in historiography, examines in detail the relationship between the largest fascist organization in the first half of the 1920s – the Latvian National Club with the Latvian Conservatory, as well as the indirect influence of the ideas of “active nationalists” and reveals its close connection with the respectable circles of the Latvian bourgeoisie and with the leading Lat-vian bourgeois party Peasant Union. We conclude that a significant part of the Latvian artistic in-tellectuals, including pupils and graduates of the Latvian Conservatory, joined the Latvian fascism, which largely explains both the active cooperation of the Latvian intelligentsia with the Nazis during World War II, and the mass emigration of people of artistic professions from Latvia, in particular musicians, during the retreat of the German army.
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Laizāne, Inga. "Latviešu valodas kā svešvalodas apguve Āzijā." Valodu apguve: problēmas un perspektīva : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Language Acquisition: Problems and Perspective : conference proceedings, no. 16 (May 6, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/va.2020.16.055.
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The Latvian language as a foreign language (LATS) is learned both in Latvia and abroad. It can be done in higher education institutions, as well as in different courses and self-directed learning. Outside Latvia, there are many countries and higher education institutions where it is possible to acquire LATS. In some higher education institutions, the Latvian language has been taught since the beginning of the 20th century. The oldest LATS teaching traditions are in North America, Germany, Sweden, Lithuania and Australia. In some universities, such as Stockholm University, Masaryk University, Saint Petersburg State University, etc., academically strong study programs in Baltic Studies were established. Over time, study programs have been closed for various reasons, at most leaving the Latvian language as an optional course. At some universities, the Latvian language course has been discontinued. Although in some higher education institutions outside Latvia LATS could be acquired starting from the beginning of the 20th century, the most significant interest in the Latvian language was after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Latvia. Then many higher education institutions in Europe established Latvian language and culture study programs. This interest was related to the geopolitical situation. People tried to get to know the post-Soviet countries through the language. When Latvia joined the European Union, interest in the Latvian language decreased in Europe. Nowadays, interest in the Latvian language has increased in Asia, especially in China. In Asia, it is possible to acquire the Latvian language in China and Japan. There are established different Latvian language bachelor programs in universities of China while in Japan the Latvian language is taught for somebody interested in Latvian culture and traditions more than in the Latvian language.
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Walczak, Renata, Marlena Piekut, Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri, Biruta Sloka, Ligita Šimanskiene, and Tiiu Paas. "Health Care Spending Structures in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia Over the Years as Compared to Other EU Countries." Foundations of Management 10, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fman-2018-0005.
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Abstract After joining the European Union in 2004, the post-communist countries have dramatically changed their structure of expenditure for medical services. The cause of this is legislative and ownership changes in the new economy. The study analyzed the expenditure on medical services in the European Union with a special focus on Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The European Union countries were divided into clusters using different methods, that is, Ward’s, Two Step and Centroid Clustering. In the paper, the structure and changes in health expenses were presented according to the types of expenditures over the years 2004-2015. Countries were assigned to clusters based on three variables: medical products, appliances and equipment, outpatient services and hospital services. Variables were considered as a percentage of household budget. In Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, there is a clear increase in the outpatient services spending compared to the hospital services expenditure.
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Plakans, Andrejs. "Latvia." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 23, no. 4 (August 12, 2009): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409342112.
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Nearly two decades after renewed independence, the population of Latvia is quite unhappy with the status quo. The number of inhabitants in the country continues to decline due to outmigration and a low fertility level; the international image of the country is believed by Latvians to be ambiguous at best, negative at worst; there is widespread disillusionment with the new political elite, which is thought to be incompetent as well as corrupt; the market economy has not produced straight-line economic progress but rather a growing subpopulation living at the minimal standard of living; continuing divisions of opinion over a wide range of subjects (such as the meaning of World War II and the question of the country’s official language) continue to suggest at least incomplete social integration; and the openness brought by the instruments of the information revolution appears to many to contribute to dissension and not cohesion. This was not the normality Latvians had aspired to during the heady years of unified opposition to Soviet power in the 1988—91 period, but the characteristics of this normality are shared in different combinations by many members of the European Union.
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Tatarinceva, Anna, and Ina Gode. "LIFELONG EDUCATION AS A KEY FACTOR OF THE TRANSFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL’S POTENTIAL." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2016): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol4.1537.
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The Actuality of the proposed research is caused by the facts that the rapid development of market relations in the Latvian economy and a high level of life in the “old countries” of the European Union affect the outlook of the majority of young people in Latvia. There is a tendency to reduce the motivation for obtaining fundamental education by giving preference to acquisition of certain professional skills allowed to get ‘quick money”. The Object of the research is the transformation process of students’ beliefs, values, competences, experience during their lifelong learning. The Aim of the research in to analyze the influence of lifelong education on the transformation of students’ beliefs, values, competences and experience. The Methods of the research are the following: 1.theoretical methods: the theoretical analysis of the scientific literature on the given problem; 2.quantitative methods: questionnaires; 3.the empirical analysis of the survey’s answers given by students of Latvian higher and vocational schools about the transformation of their beliefs, values, competences, experience during the process of lifelong learning. The Baltic International Academy (Riga, Latvia), The Latvian Agricultural University and the Jelgava College (Jelgava, Latvia) were used as the experimental Base of the research.
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Melece, Ligita. "DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF ORGANIC FARMING IN LATVIA." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2010vol1.2.1789.
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Nowadays the organic farming as method and organic food takes important role for the sustainable and environmental friendly agricultural and food production. The paper analyzes the development and issues of future perspectives of organic farming in the Latvia. Some findings of organic agriculture development are given, estimating the primary information on organic farming in Latvia regarding the trends of the organic farms’ number, utilized organic agricultural and share of organic land in the total agricultural land. Besides, the state policy and support for organic farming have analyzed and compared with European Union (EU) and it’s Member States. The influence of Latvia’s accession to the EU on the organic farming development is assessed. Some issues of further perspectives of development of Latvian organic agriculture are evaluated.
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Nowak, A., T. Kijek, and K. Domańska. "Technical efficiency and its determinants in the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 6 (June 6, 2016): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/200/2014-agricecon.
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The study concerns the measurement of the technical efficiency of agriculture in the 27 European Union (EU) countries in 2010. The studies were conducted based on the result-oriented DEA method assuming variable advantages of scale. Moreover, in the study, the factors affecting technical efficiency were identified, and the econometric modelling of their impact was performed with the use of the Tobit model. The studies indicate that across the 27 EU Member States, the level of the technical efficiency of agriculture is diverse, and the difference between the states with the highest and the lowest efficiencies is 40%. Cyprus, Denmark, Greece, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy and Malta were identified as the countries with the thoroughly technically efficient agriculture. In turn, the least technically efficient agriculture is observed for the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia and Slovakia. Taking into account the factors determining the technical agriculture efficiency, it should be noted that the stimulants have proven to be such factors as: the soil quality, the age of the head of the household and the surcharges for investments. In turn, the size of the farm appeared to be irrelevant from the viewpoint of the technical efficiency of the agricultural sector.
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Ruskule, Erika. "Water Quality Model Description." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 5, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol1.917.
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Water wise use and conservation is one of the key prerequisites for economic sustainable development. Accession to the European Union, Latvia is committed to meeting the EU environmental requirements. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC, 2000) is a legal act, which provides water protection and sustainable management principles and tasks of the European Union. It provides uniform protection and management system for all waters: rivers, lakes, coastal waters and groundwater, providing that they must also achieve good water quality by 2015. year. The Directive provides for the identification of the current water situation and to obtain additional information by following the water monitoring and for basic background information to establish an action program to improve water quality. Therefore, the Latvian conditions are important to assess the flow of nutrients, their sources and amounts of Latvian detention basins using existing models and innovations in methods and model systems for the retention of part of the calculation. Therefore, in this publication are offered in various countries of the world models will be useful in Latvian processing of data.
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Šāberte, Laura. "Pacienta tiesības saņemt pārrobežu veselības aprūpes pakalpojumu, ja pacienta piederības dalībvalstī ir pieejama efektīva stacionārā ārstēšana, taču izmantotā ārstēšanas metode neatbilst pacienta reliģiskajai pārliecībai." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 160–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.160-187.
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In October 29th, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered a judgment in case A. vs Ministry of Health, No C-243/19. The Court in the judgment analysed significant legal issues relevant to Latvia. Therefore, the aim of the article is to analyse the main proceedings about the patient’s right to cross-border healthcare when effective hospital treatment is available in the patient’s Member State but the method of treatment used is against the patient’s religious beliefs. The article also aims to analyse whether the principle of objective investigation and prohibition of legal obstruction by institutions and courts in accordance with Administrative Procedure Law have been obeyed. In the article, European Union and national legal framework and scientific literature in the field of patient’s right to receive cross-border healthcare have been analysed. Facts of main proceedings in national court cases and request to Court of Justice of the European Union for preliminary ruling from the Senate of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia have been studied as well. Next, the Advocate General Gerard Hogan’s opinion and judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union has been analysed. Further, the judgement of the Senate of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia has been investigated. Upon concluding the article, the author draws attention to certain issues of national court’s legal analysis, which could be incompatible with the principle of objective investigation and prohibition of legal obstruction by institutions and courts.
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Bikse, Veronika, Baiba Rivža, and Ieva Brence Latvian. "Competitiveness and quality of higher education: graduates' evaluation." Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2013-0011.
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Abstract The aim of the paper is to find the competitiveness of Latvian university graduates in Latvia and the European Union labour market concerning aspects of entrepreneurship education. To achieve the purpose of this study to determine the competitive and qualitative levels of Latvian universities and necessary improvements that need to be made, a survey of 4,909 graduates (from the years 2006-2011) representing six Latvia universities was performed between November-December, 2011. Results indicate that, in general, the graduates consider themselves competitive in the Latvian labour market. The graduates have positive opinions concerning the quality of theoretical knowledge as well as the abilities to present information and to evaluate, analyse and systematise it. At the same time, there are serious improvements that are necessary in regard to entrepreneurship education and to increase the competitiveness of Latvian universities, which can be done by improving the quality of the study process, the content of courses, teaching (learning) methods and the attitudes of academic staff to better motive students to develop their skills emphasising the practical side of the study process
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Druviete, Ina. "Language as a Value in a Pragmatic World: Global and National Approach." Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture 11 (2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.11.2021.03.
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The article deals with the perception of language and languages in the economy-oriented contemporary world and its specific features in such language-centered countries as Latvia. Two main levels could be discussed concerning the ‘intellectual’, ‘symbolic’ and practical treatment of language: a global (supra-national) and a national one. In majority of countries special laws have been adopted or national level programs have been enacted in order to protect the most significant elements of respective national identities – folklore, traditional ways of life, beliefs and languages in particular. At the beginning of the 21st century, economic and political goals of the European Union have been associated with the ideas of European culture and European identity. At the same time, the popularization of the languages, histories, and traditions of the member states have also been emphasized. The Republic of Latvia belongs to the countries where the diversity of thoughts and viewpoints on language are ever present and intense in both the political debates and even in many informal conversations. The paper gives an insight in Latvian language policy against the background of global and European sociolinguistic processes and wide usage of so-called international languages, English in particular.
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Oborenko, Zaiga, Marga Zivitere, and Elina Konstantinova. "Disability management in the workplace: Problems and trends in Latvia." SHS Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185103010.
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People with disabilities are a largely untapped employment resource in many countries. About 48.5% of people with disabilities are employed in the European Union (EU), compared with only 24.4% in Latvia. Although there has been some progress on employing disabled people in Latvia, as the statistical facts and figures show, the problem still remains. This paper investigates how developing disability management in the workplace could open the possibilities for work for people with disabilities. It can be matched with the opportunities to increase the employment rate according to the European Disability Strategy (2010–2020) objectives, as well as fighting against social exclusion and allowing practical implementation of the United Convention on the rights of this group of people in Latvia. The aim of this research is to analyse the employment problems for people with disabilities and investigate disability management trends in Latvia. The main findings of this research are as follows: 1) people with disabilities are not considered as a prospective labour force by employers, 2) Latvian companies generally play a passive role in recruiting disabled people, especially those who have never had work experience with disabled people, 3) employers think that they do not receive state institutions’ interest and support to encourage them to employ people with disabilities. The disability management is developing, although it shows quite slow movement in understanding people with disabilities as a valuable human resource.
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Murašovs, Vadims, Aleksejs Ruža, Vitālijs Raščevskis, and Valērijs Dombrovskis. "Expecting Refugees in Latvia: Negative Stereotyping." Economics and Business 29, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eb-2016-0022.
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Abstract In response to a dramatic increase of illegal immigration in the European Union, in the fall of 2015 Latvia agreed to accept several hundreds of refugees on its soil. Nevertheless, Latvian society remains very sceptic about these plans, and reportedly demonstrates strong negative attitudes towards refugees. According to the survey, by the end of 2015 the factual experience of interaction with refugees did not exceed ten per cent of Latvian population. This suggests that most of the real attitudes are formed by mass media and other socialisation agents. In order to uncover the nature of these feelings, the present study has been designed to make an in-depth social psychological study on attitudes. One thousand Latvian residents evenly representing Latvia’s demography have taken part in this study. A modified Stephan’s Prejudicial Attitude Survey has been used to study prejudice. Negative stereotyping represents one of the emotional components of attitudes towards refugees. The results illustrate the palette of emotions and the level of their expression in Latvian society, and highlight the feelings, which may shape the identity of the in-group.
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Ulberte, Līga. "THE UNKNOWN HISTORY : BERNHARD REICH ’ S MANUSCRIPT ABOUT VALMIERA THEATRE." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.41.
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Latvian theatre director Anna (Asja) Lācis and her life partner, German theatre director and theoretician Bernhard Reich, began their professional careers in Latvia and Germany in the 1920s during the period of European modernism. During the second half of the 20th century, the paths of both their private and professional relationships lead them to the Soviet Union – a place whose ideological system and theatre they remained intertwined with for the rest of their lives. Both artists were then directly affected by Stalinist repressions. In 1948, Anna Lācis returned to Latvia and began working at Valmiera Drama Theatre. In 1951, Bernhard Reich also moved to Latvia, which remained his place of residence until his death. Both internationally recognized artists were buried at the Rainis Cemetery in Riga. This article provides insight into Bernhard Reich’s unpublished manuscript titled Valmieras teātris (Valmiera Theatre), which reveals the left-leaning western artist’s perspective of the history of Valmiera Theatre in the 1950s and the 1960s as well as the art of Socialist Realism that was both surprising and, at the time, unheard of in the history of Latvian theatre.
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Staube, Tatjana, Guna Ciemleja, and Ineta Geipele. "The Origins of Nanotechnology in Latvia." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.1083.
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This Paper is a review within a number of the planned articles devoted to finding out and determining a range of scientific activity of the Republic of Latvia on a global scale of nanotechnologies. Purpose of the current Paper is to provide a review on the legal fundamentals in creating a local scientific environment for development of the advanced technologies in Latvia. The main methods applied by the authors are analysis of the scientific and professional literature and official documentation, and logical approach. A focus on the local documentation through integration into the European Union is accepted limitation of the Paper. The main findings ensuring the value of the Paper are: Latvia is not named among the priority regions in the newest EU’s smart specialisation platform. Despite for the nearest years the nanotechnologies are announced in the second priority for the Latvian science development, an international collaboration of Latvia is at very high rate - 70% on average and 77% of the investment volume to the scientific projects is assigned from the EU, limitations in local tooling and professionalism are obvious, it cause currently our country is still at the foundation stage.
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Gräbner-Radkowitsch, Claudius, Dennis Tamesberger, Philipp Heimberger, Timo Kapelari, and Jakob Kapeller. "Trade models in the European Union." Ekonomski anali 67, no. 235 (2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2235007g.
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By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different ?trade models? for 22 EU countries and explores their developmental and distributional dynamics. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries on the basis of four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialisation, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the ?primary goods model? (Latvia, Estonia), the ?finance model? (Luxembourg), the ?flexible labour market model? (UK), the ?periphery model? (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the ?industrial workbench model? (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic), and the ?hightech model? (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we provide a comparative analysis of the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. Inter alia, we observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of them, yet find that the ?high-tech model? is an exceptional case, being characterised by relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.
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Naidu, G. N., and Askar Choudhury. "Country Betas and Potential Gains From Diversification in the European Union." Journal of Finance Issues 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2006): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v4i1.2477.
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This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board. Finance literature has long used estimates of correlation coefficients between a pair of return series to assess the extent of risk-reduction potential by combining the two investments. This study proposes a different measure to assess the diversification potential of an equity market from international investor's point of view. This new measure is called country beta. This new measure, country beta is defined in section III above. We estimated country betas for twenty five countries in the European Union. The country beta estimates reveal that the investors in Germany and France stand to gain more by diversifying into the newer markets of EU such as Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia and Slovenia compared to some other EU countries. The Austrian and Luxembourg markets also offer better diversification potential for the German and French investors. Another interesting finding is that the British investors will gain more if they diversify their holdings into the equity markets of Slovenia, Slovakia, and Latvia than what they could achieve by moving into Italy or Spain.
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Rūse, Ilze. "Civil Society Participation in Advocating Interests on EU Legislation." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 30, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415581880.
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The article analyzes the activity of non-governmental actors in Latvia in advocating their interests on national and European Union legislative proposals. The findings draw on primary data gained from 122 responses from interest organizations in Latvia in an online survey. Despite the large number of societal actors (thirteen thousand registered organizations), the interest group population in Latvia consists of small and financially underequipped NGOs. Their lobbying activities are characterized by predominantly influencing domestic authorities, that is, national route strategies, although there is some variation across the types of interest groups.
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Adijāne, Iveta. "CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASYLUM SYSTEM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5359.
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There still is a lack of unity among EU Member States on asylum issues, both, in the practical application of the existing legal framework and in the direction of the common asylum system. Latvia is subject of both international and European Union common asylum conditions. Any changes in the scale of the European Union affect Latvia, and the world situation in the field of refugees also affects our country. The aim of this article is to analyse the current situation of asylum in the EU, touching upon main trends in the world of refugees, and to identify the main problems in the existing asylum procedure in the EU. In order to achieve objectives, following research methods were used: monographic research of theoretical and empirical sources in order to analyse and evaluate various asylum domain information, analytical method in order to acquire legislative content and verities, comparative method in order to discover differences in legislation of asylum procedure in EU countries, systemic method in order to disclose interconnections in legislation, descriptive statistics method and correlation analysis in order to analyse process of asylum procedure and determine interconnections in asylum procedure time frame between legislation and practical instances in EU countries.
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Adijāne, Iveta. "CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASYLUM SYSTEM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5359.
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There still is a lack of unity among EU Member States on asylum issues, both, in the practical application of the existing legal framework and in the direction of the common asylum system. Latvia is subject of both international and European Union common asylum conditions. Any changes in the scale of the European Union affect Latvia, and the world situation in the field of refugees also affects our country. The aim of this article is to analyse the current situation of asylum in the EU, touching upon main trends in the world of refugees, and to identify the main problems in the existing asylum procedure in the EU. In order to achieve objectives, following research methods were used: monographic research of theoretical and empirical sources in order to analyse and evaluate various asylum domain information, analytical method in order to acquire legislative content and verities, comparative method in order to discover differences in legislation of asylum procedure in EU countries, systemic method in order to disclose interconnections in legislation, descriptive statistics method and correlation analysis in order to analyse process of asylum procedure and determine interconnections in asylum procedure time frame between legislation and practical instances in EU countries.
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Ābeļkalns, Ilvis. "High performance Athletes dual career support opportunities in the context of the European Union." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 30, 2015): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2013vol2.607.
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This article aims to provide an overview of high performance athletes - students dual-career support opportunities in the European Union, in order to create dual career support system in Latvia. The paper provides an explanation of terms, and analyzes the UK, Ireland, Germany, Belgium and other countries' experience in the dual career. In the process is created a comparative overview of the possibilities for support in several European countries. High-performance athletes main types of support are flexible exam schedule, individual study plan, consultations with lecturers, distance learning studies (e-learning), the mentor's advice, and reduced requirements for entrance exams. In Latvia there is not created united support system, each university tries to find support for their athletes at their own discretion.
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Lewis, Oliver. "Mental disability law in central and eastern Europe: paper, practice, promise." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law, no. 8 (September 8, 2014): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v0i8.335.
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<p>This paper explores socio-legal issues within mental disability systems in central and eastern Europe, focusing on the ten countries which have entered into an accession partnership with the European Union (EU) and will become members within the next few years, namely (starting from the north): Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria, countries with a combined population of almost 100 million people. These EU accession countries share a recent history of either being parts of the Soviet Union (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), part of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia (Slovenia) or ruled from communist Moscow (the others).</p>
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Masyk, Yu. "Analysis of the European integration process Baltic countries: experience for Ukraine." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(46) (December 14, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.2(46).226606.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the integration of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia into the European Union. The stages are highlighted, the principles and mechanisms of the European integration policy of the Baltic States are clarified. The problems of Ukraine's adaptation to the requirements of the European Union, in particular the conditions of the Copenhagen criteria, ways to use the relevant experience of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are revealed. Recommendations for further rapprochement of Ukraine with the EU are considered.
The accession of dozens of new countries to the EU in May 2004 marked a qualitatively new stage in the integration process both in Europe and in the world. As a result of the largest enlargement of the European Union, the state of the economy in the old member states has changed significantly, but rather it has had decisive consequences in all areas of the economy for the new member states. Analysis of the positive and negative phenomena that accompanied the enlargement of the EU is important for countries that have or are considering joining the EU in the future, in the formation of long-term economic policy and deciding on the directions of their integration. The closest to Ukraine in terms of development in the EU are the countries of Central Europe and the Baltics, so their experience will be useful for our country.
Integration with the European Union was less difficult for the three Baltic states than for many other accessing countries, due to their strong social impetus to join Western political, economic and legal culture after they regained their independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. However, the accession of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had several distinctive features related to constitutional origin and institutions, which had a strong impact on the resolution of problems between the government and the EU institutions. The path taken by the Baltic countries upon accession to the EU was difficult and their role in the EU was not easy. Today, the EU-related agenda requires more skills than ever before in finding allies and choosing partners.
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Aistara, Guntra A. "Actually existing tomatoes." Focaal 2014, no. 69 (June 1, 2014): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2014.690102.
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In March 2012, a small farm in Latvia with a collection of over 200 tomato varieties was charged with the illegal sale of seeds not included in the European Union's Common Catalogue. The farm's collection includes traditional Latvian varieties that have never been officially registered, Western varieties imported illegally during the Soviet years, and Russian varieties that came into use during the Soviet years and are now defended by Latvian gardeners as "traditionally grown" and representing the taste of their childhoods. The debate highlighted the continuing struggle over Latvia's geopolitical positioning between Russia and the European Union and control over seeds as a tactic of empire. I explore the cultural memories embedded in the contested tomato seeds and how they contribute to an intertwined imaginary of the Latvian landscape idyll with a Soviet sociality. I argue that the innovative resolution to this conflict represents a process of transculturation in a contact zone between empires (Pratt 1992).
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Zīle, Jana. "ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS FOR DRIVING UNDER THE ALCOHOL INFLUENCE." Administrative and Criminal Justice 1, no. 74 (June 30, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v1i74.2884.
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The relative indicators of road traffic safety in Latvia are still amongst the worst in the EU Member States, despite the fact that the road safety level improvement rate in Latvia is one of the best in the European Union. Despite the reduction of severity of road accidents, it is still higher than the best national figures of EU. The publication examines the sanctions for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotic or other intoxicating substances and their impact on traffic safety in Latvia, court statistics is analysed. The authors also provide their proposals for improving the situation.
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Kiseļova, Olga, Baiba Mauriņa, Venta Šidlovska, and Jānis Zvejnieks. "The Extent of Extemporaneous Preparation and Regulatory Framework of Extemporaneous Compounding in Latvia." Medicina 55, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090531.
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Background and objectives: Extemporaneous preparations are pharmaceutical preparations individually prepared for a specific patient or patient group, but also high-risk products accompanied by doubts regarding their safety and quality. Legislation regulating the compounding of extemporaneous preparations is not harmonized among European countries. This problem is partially resolved by Resolution CM/Res(2016)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. In order to understand the relevance of extemporaneous compounding in Latvia and the fulfillment of the abovementioned resolution’s requirements, it is essential to get information about the volume and breakdown of sales of extemporaneous medicinal products in community pharmacies. The purpose of this survey is to identify the sales volume of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies in Latvia in 2017 by analyzing unpublished data of the State Agency of Medicines (SAM), as well as comparing Latvian laws with the requirements of the resolution. Materials and Methods: A separate Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was prepared for each statistical region in order to summarize the unpublished information of SAM on the turnover of extemporaneous preparations in 2017 in all Latvian statistical regions. In order to compare the regulatory framework in Latvia with the resolution, the Latvian Pharmaceutical Law and the Cabinet of Ministers Regulations regulating prescription, compounding and control of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies were analyzed. Results: Only 280 of 384 pharmacies submitted a report of sales of extemporaneous preparations for 2017 to the SAM. These pharmacies represented all Latvian statistical regions. Extemporaneous preparations were mostly sold in Riga (78.93%). The Latvian regulation does not include all paragraphs of the resolution. Most of the paragraphs of the resolution are described in Latvian regulatory enactments only partially. Conclusions: The total number of compounding pharmacies evidence that the service is needed. Latvian example highlights a necessity for European Union countries to compare their national legislation with the requirements of the resolution’s last version and, if necessary, implement relevant amendments.
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Kušners, Edvards, and Esmeralda Balode-Buraka. "Behind the Scenes: EU Accession Challenges." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 19, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897_01901_006.
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The enlargement of the European Union (EU) in 2004, or the “fifth” enlargement, when Latvia also became a member, involved quite possibly the most ambitious transformation of legal thinking, the legal system and public administration throughout the recent history of Europe. The formal framework of the enlargement consisted of relatively standard EU association agreements. However, the internal political and legal processes in the candidate countries, including Latvia, were not considered to be unequivocally stable. Swift and irrevocable progress in implementing EU law was therefore significant. The process was complicated by the fact that the presence and application of international agreements in Latvia was not particularly widespread at the time. The complicated legislative procedures, the small number of professionals permanently involved in this work and politicised debates also significantly slowed the process of law-making, whose aim, in turn, was to form the basis for the stable transformation of the Latvian legal system. This Chapter highlights the most important political and organisational challenges of the EU’s decade of integration (1995–2005) and their solutions, the individual challenges connected to transposition of EU legislation and, most significantly, the impact of integration on the transformation of legal thinking and case law in Latvia.
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Puķīte, Iveta, Iveta Stāmure, and Ineta Geipele. "Capacity of Professional Specialists in Residential Housing Management in Latvia." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjreecm-2016-0008.
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Abstract The issue of residential housing management, depending on the chosen form of the residential housing administration, is topical both from the perspective of residential building apartment owners, if apartment owners have chosen to manage the building themselves, and from the residential house manager’s point of view, if the management of the residential building has been entrusted to a professional manager. This is justified by the fact that the process of residential housing maintenance and management is based on knowledge, experience and financial resources; besides, it should be carried out by meeting the existing legislative requirements of the European Union and the Republic of Latvia, as well as the interests of the apartment owners. In Latvia, in order to manage a residential building, the administrator is required to have appropriate professional education, which, according to the Law of Residential Housing Management, should be at least the 4th level of Professional Qualification accepted in Latvia (the 5th level of European Qualifications Framework, EQK, and Latvian Qualifications Framework, LQK). The topicality of the study is related to the fact that in Latvia the law stipulates that a residential housing manager should have vocational education, which can be obtained at a number of public educational institutions. In the management process owners can choose their preferred management model, but right now the Register of the Ministry of Economics does not provide full information about the professionalism of an administrator. The goal of the study is determined by the topicality of the theme - to explore the existing models of residential housing management in the Latvian market and professional capacity of specialists involved in management. Within the framework of the study, statistical, qualitative and analytical methods have been used. As at present in Latvia there is no unified system for the accounting of housing management education in the market, the research results will contribute to its development and creation.
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Jukšs, Valdis. "Peculiarities of employee professional development in the world, European Union and Latvia." Insights into Regional Development 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/ird.2021.3.4(6).
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