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Journal articles on the topic 'European Union – European Commission'
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Fazil qızı Bayramova, Günel. "MONEY LAUNDERING PROCESS IN EUROPEAN UNION." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/401-404.
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It is no secret today that money laundering process continues in the world. We can find different cases about money laundering process in practice. To struggle with money laundering is the most important activity of European Union Member States. The specific crime of money-laundering is among the priority areas identified in the Action Plan and data has been collected by Eurostat from the Member States in several stages, followed each time by a careful analysis of the figures received and subsequent adjustment of the methodology. The contribution to this process of the Commission's Directorate-General for Home Affairs is gratefully acknowledged. The fight against money laundering is one of the European Commission’s strategic priorities. Today the Commission also publishes a report which will support Member State authorities in better addressing money laundering risks in practice. Because of struggle money laundering, European Union legislation development is very important. Key words: economic crime, anti-money laundering, stage, process, directive
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Oktay Huseynova, Gunel. "AVIATION SECURITY IN EUROPEAN UNION. EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/297-300.
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Faced with a massive increase in air traffic resulting from the successful implementation of the single aviation market, the European Union ensures that all European citizens can enjoy the high level of safety in the sky. The European Commission developed a set of basic civil aviation security standards with the Regulation (EC) No 2320/2002, establishing common rules in the field of civil aviation security which was adopted on 16th December 2002 by the European Parliament. In 2008, Regulation (EC) No 300/2008 repealed this Regulation and introduced a series of new measures aimed to improve, streamline and simplify existing procedures. In 2002, the Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 was the founding document of a new entity, the European Aviation Safety Agency. Areas of activity were Certification and Maintenance of aircraft. On 18 March the new Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, repealing the original Basic Regulation was published and applicable from 08 April on. By virtue of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, the EU extended the common aviation safety rules and the corresponding responsibilities of EASA to aircraft operations and aircrew licensing and training. Key words: aviation, security, European Aviation Safety Agency, Joint Aviation Authorities, Joint Aviation Requirements
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Şanta, Ana-Maria Iulia. "The energy union - Perspectives for consolidating the European Union through a common energy market." Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2019-0016.
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Abstract The European Union develops a new energy policy as an answer to the challenges of climate change which is a global issue affecting all of us. The package “Clean Energy for All Europeans” adopted by the European Commission in 2016, contains instruments for a new energy policy at the level of the European Union, based on an Energy Union, on promoting energy efficiency and the use of Clean Energy. These are the first steps in creating an institutional and legal framework for a common energy market of the European Union. This way the Internal Market of the European Union would be completed by a common energy market and the result would be a consolidated European Union. This is the research hypothesis the present paper is dealing with. It analyzes as well the impact of the new energy policies on the business environment in terms of new innovative business models at European Union level. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach considering aspects of European policy, European law, business and economics. Qualitative research methods, such as the analysis of European regulations and provisions representing the basis for a harmonized framework in the energy sector at European Union level and case studies from European Union Member States will be applied. Relevant indicators provided by the European Commission and by Eurostat statistics analyzed in the present paper will complete this assessment.
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Şanta, Ana-Maria Iulia. "The energy union – a new step towards sustainability by promoting clean energy." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 896–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0080.
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Abstract The Energy Union is an important issue on the agenda of the European Commission, which is addressed in the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”, adopted by the European Commission in November 2016. The present paper deals with the role of the Energy Union in ensuring an optimal framework for a common energy market at the level of the European Union, aimed for the benefit of the consumers in the European Union and of a modern and functional business environment. Which perspectives opens this possible win-win situation is a topic to be analyzed in the present article. The Energy Union is a stronger form of integration within the European Union, related to the internal market of the European Union, which brings more than harmonization of standards and mutual recognition: it brings a common policy and shared values. The goal of this project is to ensure consumer protection through common rules and harmonization, which is a trend at the level of the European Union occurring in various fields of activity and business sectors, such as the Energy Union, the Banking Union, data protection and the competition framework. The main focus on the consumer is new, compared to former attempts of harmonization in specific fields. The challenge rising from this project is to achieve a union in a strategic sector, such as energy. Possible aspects that could hamper the building of the union will be analyzed, for example the fact that some member states of the European Union still rely on fossil fuels, such as the coal industry. The switch to renewable energy sources is related to high costs, as well as to social turbulences on the labour market, that have to be taken into consideration. When drafting measures for the Energy Union, the effects on climate change as well as socio-economic parameters have to be weighed, in order to find the proper balance. It is therefore important to draft appropriate measures ensuring a smooth transition from fossil fuels to Clean Energy. The present paper focuses on these measures proposed by the European Commission. The key elements of the Energy Union will be analyzed in the measures drafted by the European Commission in the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”. Case studies will illustrate the debated aspects and will provide best practice guidelines as a result. An interdisciplinary approach will be used in the present paper, combining economic and legal issues in a comparative manner.
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Basedow, J. Robert. "The Achmea Judgment and the Applicability of the Energy Charter Treaty in Intra-EU Investment Arbitration." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz025.
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Abstract The Energy Charter Treaty is the most frequently used investment treaty worldwide to launch investment arbitration against host states. The vast majority of disputes is of intra-European Union nature in that they involve an EU investor as claimant and an European Union member state as respondent. The recent Achmea judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union may thus have ramifications for the Energy Charter Treaty. The judgment has triggered a heated legal and political debate within the European Union over the future of intra-European Union investment arbitration. In the context of this debate, the European Commission claimed that the application of the Energy Charter Treaty in intra-European Union investment disputes is based on an incorrect interpretation of this treaty. This article critically assesses the Commission’s statement by evaluating the travaux préparatoires of the Energy Charter Treaty as a supplementary means of interpretation. It finds that the European Union member states and the European Commission in all likelihood opted for a mixed ratification for legal reasons rather than to ensure its intra-European Union applicability. Indeed, the EU initially pushed for a disconnection clause to prevent the application of the Energy Charter Treaty in intra-European Union relations but dropped this request during the negotiations. At least from a historical perspective then, the Commission’s claim that the Energy Charter Treaty is not meant to apply in intra-European Union relations is inaccurate in that the European Union consciously accepted this possibility.
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Malone, Margaret Mary. "European Union, 2017." Administration 66, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2018-0008.
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Abstract The year 2017 was eventful for the EU and its member states. Given the widespread Euroscepticism and populism which appeared to be on the rise last year, election results in the Netherlands, France and Germany were greeted with relief and hope for the future. The EU was in an optimistic mood. European Commission President Jean- Claude Juncker used his State of the European Union speech in September to note that the EU had the ‘wind in its sails’ (Juncker, 2017). At the same time, he cautioned that the fair weather conditions would not last long - there was no room for complacency. The EU had to act to protect, empower and defend its citizens. The EU moved forward on a number of policy fronts in the wake of the Brexit vote and also concluded high-profile international trade deals in an effort to fill the vacuum left by the protectionist policies of the Trump administration.
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Pawlak, Mateusz. "The European Union governance – the independence of the European Commission." Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 140–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ksm201210.
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Şanta, Ana-Maria Iulia. "The common energy market of the European Union – utopia or reality?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0010.
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Abstract The European Commission has the initiative to foster the sector of renewable energy and to build an Energy Union, with a common energy market at the level of the European Union, but is this only an utopic vision or is this possible to achieve? The topic of clean energy is very new and of great interest for the European Union, which is shown by the fact that the European Commission recently adopted on the 30th November 2016 the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”, which contains proposals for the modernization of the energy market at the level of the European Union. But which are the challenges such a project is confronted with? According to the literature, such challenges are related to the process of liberalization of electricity markets. Conflicts between national interest and international actors of the energy market might occur. Due to the oligopolistic structure of the energy market, there are several barriers to the market entry. In order to answer to the research questions, case studies regarding the liberalization of the energy market will be analyzed in a comparative manner, offering an international overview. Furthermore, the legal provisions on which the common energy policy of the European Union relies, will be analyzed, as well as their economic and social impact. The package “Clean Energy for All Europeans” comprises a proposal of the revised Renewable energy Directive, energy efficiency measures and issues related to the Energy Union Governance. It contains as well proposals for the electricity market design, which will be analyzed and the present paper outlines the contribution of this proposal in building a common energy market of the European Union. What role does competition play in implementing the common energy market of the European Union? Which role do competition authorities have in this context? These are interesting aspects to be analyzed in the present paper.
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Şanta, Ana-Maria Iulia. "The Common Energy Market of the European Union–Challenges and Perspectives." Management & Marketing 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2017-0020.
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Abstract The European Commission has the initiative to foster the sector of renewable energy and to build an Energy Union, with a common energy market at the level of the European Union, but is this only a utopic vision or is this possible to achieve? The topic of clean energy is very new and of great interest for the European Union, which is shown by the fact that the European Commission recently adopted on the 30th November 2016 the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”, which contains proposals for the modernization of the energy market at the level of the European Union. But which are the challenges such a project is confronted with? According to the literature, such challenges are related to the process of liberalization of electricity markets. Conflicts between national interest and international actors of the energy market might occur. Due to the oligopolistic structure of the energy market, there are several barriers to the market entry. In order to answer to the research questions, case studies regarding the liberalization of the energy market will be analyzed in a comparative manner, offering an international overview. Furthermore, the legal provisions on which the common energy policy of the European Union relies, will be analyzed, as well as their economic and social impact. The package “Clean Energy for All Europeans” comprises a proposal of the revised Renewable energy Directive, energy efficiency measures and issues related to the Energy Union Governance. It contains as well proposals for the electricity market design, which will be analyzed and the present paper outlines the contribution of this proposal in building a common energy market of the European Union. What role does competition play in implementing the common energy market of the European Union? Which role do competition authorities have in this context? These are interesting aspects to be analyzed in the present paper.
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van Ommeren, Emile, Arlo Poletti, and Dirk De Bièvre. "The European Union and the political economy of enforcing international trade rules." European Union Politics 22, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211001514.
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The European Commission keeps track of foreign trade barriers through its Market Access Strategy. In this study, we examine some of the key political-economic conditions under which the European Union decides whether and how to address these trade issues. Drawing on an original dataset of (allegedly) illegal foreign trade barriers faced by European Union businesses, we show that industries dominated by a few large companies are more successful in gaining the support of the Commission to challenge these foreign trade barriers. Moreover, we find that the European Commission’s strategy depends on the economic power relationship with the trading partner: the European Union privileges negotiations when seeking to enforce international trade rules against economically weaker states, while it prefers to use litigation against stronger trading partners.
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D’ascenzo, Fabrizio, Adrian Tantau, Marco Savastano, and Ana-Maria Iulia Şanta. "New Energy Policies for Smart Cities - a Comparison among Smart Cities in the European Union." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 1140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0100.
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Abstract Given the current challenges of climate change our society is dealing with at a global level, the European Union develops a new energy policy based on clean energy. The package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”, which has been adopted by the European Commission in 2016, contains measures for a new energy policy at the level of the European Union, based on promoting an Energy Union by following a harmonized framework and common objectives. Considering this European policy debate an interesting topic, the present paper deals with the research question what will be the reaction of the business environment to the energy policy measures proposed by the European Commission in terms of innovation. Indeed, it focuses on innovative solutions based on clean energy, that will arise for achieving the three dimensions of social, economic and environmental sustainability, such as smart cities. The initiative of helping the development of smart cities is currently supported by the European Commission in the project “European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities”. Innovative measures are related to new financing schemes for the new projects, as new investments are needed for implementing innovative solutions. Case studies from different Member States of the European Union, e.g. Italy, Austria and Romania, will illustrate the concept of smart cities and their development in the European Union allowing for an in depth analysis and comparison among the different business models implemented. The present work presents a mixed method approach based on the combination of both qualitative research methods, such as multiple-case studies and quantitative methods, represented by the analysis and triangulation of data and indicators provided by European institutions. Furthermore, this study presents a multidisciplinary perspective, considering aspects of European policy, European law, business and economics.
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Kobia, Roland. "European union commission policy in the DRC." Review of African Political Economy 29, no. 93-94 (September 2002): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240208704631.
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Buromenskiy, M. V., and P. V. Otenko. "IMPACT OF POLITICIZATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 140 (2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2019.140.1.58-66.
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Complex and comparative analysis of the election and nomination procedure of Commissioners and the President of the EU Commission has been made from the date of creation of the High Authority within the European Coal and Steal Community until the establishment of the modern EU Commission in accordance with the last amendments that have been made by the Lisbon Treaty. It is proved that due to the entering into force of the Maastricht Treaty, sharpening of the «democratic deficit» problem and because of other political processes at the beginning of 1990’s within the European Communities, European Parliament obtained ample powers and leverage on the functioning, election and nomination procedure of Сommissioners and the President of the EU Commission. It is emphasized that election and nomination procedure of Commissioners and the President of the EU Commission is sufficiently politicized and bureaucratized at the contemporary stage of the existence of the European Union. The definition of the phenomenon «politicization of the EU Commission» has been specified. It is outlined that the phenomenon of politicization of the EU Commission has both positive and negative consequences on the EU Commission and the EU as a whole. It is established that «politicization» of the EU Commission may cause disruption of the cornerstone principles on which the EU has been created, first of all those principles that are related to the theory of functionalism in International Law.
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Fernández Burgueño, Borja. "La transposición de la Directiva de Procedimientos de Asilo y la efectividad coercitiva de las decisiones de infracción de la Comisión Europea." RIEM. Revista internacional de estudios migratorios 7, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/riem.v7i4.1967.
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En este trabajo se estudia el nivel de transposición de la Directiva de Procedimientos de Asilo, centrándose en el papel de la Comisión Europea como órgano supervisor de la implantación del Derecho de la Unión Europea (UE) en los Estados Miembros. En concreto, se analizará el estado de tramitación de los procedimientos de infracción a los Estados miembros incoados por la Comisión Europea por incumplir con sus obligaciones de transposición, llegando a las siguientes conclusiones: (i) los progresos en los procedimientos de infracción han sido mínimos y muchos de ellos han quedado congelados en fases intermedias; (ii) la inactividad de la Comisión Europea equivale de facto a un consentimiento implícito para que los Estados infractores continúen con sus prácticas contrarias al derecho de la UE; y (iii) resulta necesario un papel más activo de la Comisión Europea. This paper studies the record on transposition of the Asylum Procedures Directive, focusing on the role of the European Commission as the monitoring body of the implementation of the European Union (EU) Law among Member States. In particular, it will be analysed the current status of the infringement proceedings brought by the Commission to State Members for failing to comply with their transposition obligations, finding that: (i) the progress made in the infringement proceedings has been marginal and many proceedings have been put on ice at intermediate stages; (ii) the Commission’s inactivity amount to an implied consent for the infringing Member States to continue with their practices contrary to Community law; and (iii) a more active role of the European Commission is needed.
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Picchi, Marta. "Violence against Women and Domestic Violence: The European Commission’s Directive Proposal." Athens Journal of Law 8, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-4-3.
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The Commission proposed to enshrine in the law of the European Union minimum standards to criminalise certain forms of violence against women; protect victims and improve access to justice; support victims and ensure coordination between relevant services; and prevent these types of crimes from happening in the first place. In particular, the Commission’s proposal would make it possible, on the one hand, to surmount the gaps existing in some Member States and, on the other hand, to standardise the various national legislations with a single discipline valid in all the countries of the European Union. This paper focuses on the contents of the European Commission’s proposal by highlighting and reflecting on the key points. Keywords: Violence against women; Domestic violence; Directive proposal; European Commission; Minimum standards
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Bello, Judith Hippler, and Beate Rudolf. "Commission of the European Communities v. Council of the European Union." American Journal of International Law 91, no. 2 (April 1997): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954215.
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Aliheydar Damirli, Sevil. "THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AS THE GUARDIAN OF THE TREATIES." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/160-163.
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As in any community, coexistence and cooperation only works if it is well organized. In the EU, there are EU bodies for this purpose. We all know that living together of different members can often lead to a dispute. In the European Union, the subject of dispute can not only be the violation of primary law, but also the violation of secondary community law. In order to better understand the important role of the Commission in the EU, we examine in this paper its composition and Tasks. We know that the European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every EU activity is based on treaties that have been accepted by all EU Member States on a voluntary and democratic basis. A contract is a binding agreement between the EU member states. It sets out the objectives of the EU, the rules governing the EU institutions, the decision-making process and relations between the EU and its Member States. Therefore it is important to adhere to these treaties to carry out community policy. According to Art. 258 and 259 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, actions for breach of contract can be filed against a Member State by the EU Commission or another Member State (1, Art.258-259). For the European Commission, as the «Guardian of the Treaties», this option is a particularly important instrument of power politics that it can use against member states' governments that do not recognize or do not comply with the norms of Community law. In practice, the infringement procedures requested by the Commission are of particular importance for ensuring compliance with Community law by the Member States. In no other area does the Commission have so much power and independence against the Member States. Now we should take a closer look at the EU institution and especially the EU Commission.
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Evens, Tom, Karen Donders, and Adelaida Afilipoaie. "Platform policies in the European Union: Competition and public interest in media markets." Journal of Digital Media & Policy 11, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00026_1.
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This article examines which platform policies the European Commission has developed over the last couple of years and whether its policies are taking into account the differences in platform power. We first identify the main structures of platform power. Secondly, we confront the European Commission’s policies affecting media and communication platforms with those structures. Thirdly, we discuss whether what the European Commission is doing will make sense in the longer run. We end with some conclusions and recommendations for further research and policy. Our main finding is that the approach of the European Commission cannot live up to expectations, simply because it is too fragmented in terms of tackling the different dimensions of platform power together. Moreover, in the focus on detrimental effects of (some) platforms on competition, public interest issues often remain neglected.
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Beckman, Hans, and Eva C. A. Nass. "Auditors’ Liability in the European Union." European Company Law 4, Issue 3 (June 1, 2007): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2007028.
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In September 2006 the European Commission published an independent study on the economic impact of current EU rules on auditors’ liability regimes and on insurance conditions in Member States. The authors discuss and evaluate this report, comparing several possible methods for limiting liability.
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Ruffert, Matthias. "The European debt crisis and European Union law." Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 6 (December 1, 2011): 1777–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011070.
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Economic governance in the EU has been undergoing substantial changes since the beginning of the sovereign debt crisis. The re-arrangements are affecting the convergence of European economies, budgetary control and emergency reactions. Some of them are still at proposal stage, such as the "sixpack" proposed by the Commission for a series of legislative measures on convergence and budgetary surveillance, which is still under scrutiny in Parliament and which is accompanied by activity of the European Council (Euro-Plus-Pact, European Semester). Emergency action is being undertaken since May 2010 (Greek package, EFSM, EFSF) and should lead to a newly inserted provision in the TFEU together with a new international financial institution (ESM). From a European constitutional lawyer's view, the soundness of the reforms already at proposal stage, as well as the emergency activity currently undertaken, may be called into question. European constitutionalism is at stake, as core rules of the Treaties are disrespected. Democratic governance is threatened, as most of the new structures are devoid of parliamentary backing. Stability and welfare are jeopardized as the policy of the Union deviates from successful ways of economic governance as enshrined in the Treaties. European legal scholarship must not be reluctant in pointing at such deficiencies and should participate in showing ways out of the crisis.
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Dyt, Tadeusz, and Małgorzata Kozłowska. "Congestion costs in the European Union." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.002.
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In March 2017, the European Commission has published a study report on urban mobility in terms of urban accessibility. Within these studies, the costs of congestion in each Member States of the European Union have been estimated. In this article, against the background of theoretical considerations, the most important results and conclusions of the study are presented.
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Yudina, Olga. "Five Years of the EU Energy Union: Myth or Reality?" Contemporary Europe 101, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope12021190199.
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The article analyzes the results of the EU Energy Union activities from 2015 to 2019 and its contribution to the shaping of the European Union common energy policy. The significance of the activities of the EU Energy Union in promoting a common energy policy is considered in three dimensions: external, internal and in the field of establishing a management system. The author notes a huge increase in the influence of the European Commission on the formation of EU common energy policy, the existence of contradictions between the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty and the actual powers of the European Commission in terms of energy, as well as the continuing dichotomy among the EU member states on the issue of energy communitarisation. It is indicated that the establishment of a clear and predictable management system for the EU Energy Union made a significant contribution to the strengthening of European Commission‟s energy authority. Concluding that the European Commission is doing its best in the formation of a common external energy policy, the author draws attention to the potential internal and external difficulties that the European Commission faces in pursuing a policy aimed at strengthening its powers in the energy field.
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Eckert, Eva, and Oleksandra Kovalevska. "Sustainability in the European Union: Analyzing the Discourse of the European Green Deal." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14020080.
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In the European Union, the concern for sustainability has been legitimized by its politically and ecologically motivated discourse disseminated through recent policies of the European Commission and the local as well as international media. In the article, we question the very meaning of sustainability and examine the European Green Deal, the major political document issued by the EC in 2019. The main question pursued in the study is whether expectations verbalized in the Green Deal’s plans, programs, strategies, and developments hold up to the scrutiny of critical discourse analysis. We compare the Green Deal’s treatment of sustainability to how sustainability is presented in environmental and social science scholarship and point out that research, on the one hand, and the politically motivated discourse, on the other, do not correlate and often actually contradict each other. We conclude that sustainability discourse and its keywords, lexicon, and phraseology have become a channel through which political institutions in the EU such as the European Commission sideline crucial environmental issues and endorse their own presence. The Green Deal discourse shapes political and institutional power of the Commission and the EU.
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Paata Phutkaradze. "CARTEL SETTLEMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 1(43) (January 31, 2020): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/31012020/6884.
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This article points out the first steps of the cartel settlement and Leniency Program in European Union and positive sides of the mentioned tool for the companies participating in the anticompetitive agreements. Cartel Settlement and Leniency Program played an enormous role for the market to be undistorted and free from any type of anticompetitive practices. It is also worth to mention that introducing of Settlement notice as well as Leniency Program played crucial role for Commission and as well for undertakings to find fastest way out from the anticompetitive practices to settle and protect free and undistorted competition on the market. Both tools are very beneficial and useful for competition and its further development.
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Meyer, Christoph O. "Does European Union politics become mediatized? The case of the European Commission." Journal of European Public Policy 16, no. 7 (October 2009): 1047–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501760903226849.
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Ballmann, Alexander, David Epstein, and Sharyn O'Halloran. "Delegation, Comitology, and the Separation of Powers in the European Union." International Organization 56, no. 3 (2002): 551–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081802760199881.
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Although relatively unknown outside of Europe, comitology committees are an object of considerable controversy in the European Union (EU). Controversy stems from their pivotal role in overseeing policy implementation authority delegated from the Council of Ministers (Council) to the European Commission (Commission). In this article, we employ a game-theoretic model to analyze the influence of these, committees on policy outcomes. Our analysis provides three important insights. First, we show that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, comitology committees move outcomes toward the Commission's preferred policies rather than the Council's. Second, we demonstrate that the possibility of a Council veto may also move outcomes away from Council members' policy preferences and toward the Commission's. Third, the 1999 changes to the comitology procedures, designed to enhance the Commission's autonomy in policymaking, may have had the exact opposite effect. Paradoxically, we conclude that comitology serves to enhance the Commission's role in policy implementation and thereby strengthens the separation of powers within the EU.
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Moroni, Alessandra, Arnoud Willems, and Anamaria Jinaru. "Accountability in Antidumping: The Silent Death of Lisbon." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 6 (June 1, 2019): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019027.
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With the Lisbon Treaty, the European Commission (Commission) gained a prominent role in antidumping, being empowered to adopt antidumping measures with little interference by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. This raises questions on rulemaking accountability and efficacy when sensitive issues are at stake. The controversy underlying antidumping rulemaking is emphasized by the recent surge in antidumping litigation before the courts of the European Union. Through an analysis of the historical evolution of comitology in antidumping, this article identifies the weaknesses of the current mechanisms for securing scrutiny over the Commission’s action in this field. It then considers reform options to address and remedy these weaknesses, including strengthening the legislature’s right of scrutiny, granting observer status to parliamentary representatives and shifting from implementing to delegated acts.
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Feinäugle, Clemens A. "Commission v. Kadi." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 4 (October 2013): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.4.0878.
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In the joined cases brought by the European Commission (Commission), the United Kingdom, and the Council of the European Union (EU) against Yassin Abdullah Kadi, decided on July 18, 2013, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ or Court) sustained the judgment of the General Court that had annulled the Commission regulation freezing Kadi’s funds in accordance with the mandate of the United Nations Security Council’s sanctions committee. The ECJ ruled that, although the majority of the reasons relied on by EU authorities for listing Kadi were sufficiently detailed and specific to allow him to exercise his rights of defense and judicial review effectively, no information or evidence had been produced to substantiate the allegations, when challenged by Kadi, that he had been involved in activities linked to international terrorism.
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Zdanowicz, Mieczysława. "The European citizens’ initiative. Over one million support, and what next?" Przegląd europejski 4 (February 2, 2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7887.
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The subject of the analysis in this article are European citizens’ initiatives, which during 12 months gained the support of over 1 million of the EU citizens from at least seven Member States. The aim of the article is to examine, what actions have been taken in these matters by the European Commission. The following research questions were posed: (1) What was the effect of the Commission’s call to submit, under its power, proposals, for which, in the opinion of the citizens supporting the initiative, the application of the Treaties requires a legal act of the Union? (2) What actions has the Commission taken and what is their justification? The analysis demonstrates that these initiatives have been taken into account by the Commission to a very small extent in the procedures for establishing legislative acts of the European Union. Therefore, it is reasonable to amend the Regulation on the European Citizens’ Initiative.
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Stainforth, Elizabeth. "Collective memory or the right to be forgotten? Cultures of digital memory and forgetting in the European Union." Memory Studies 15, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211044707.
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This article investigates cultures of digital memory and forgetting in the European Union. The article first gives some background to key debates in media memory studies, before going on to analyse the shaping of European Commission and European Union initiatives in relation to Google’s activities from the period 2004–present. The focus of inquiry for the discussion of memory is the Google Books project and Europeana, a database of digitized cultural collections drawn from European museums, libraries and archives. Attention is then given to questions of forgetting by exploring the tension between Google’s search and indexing mechanisms and the right to be forgotten. The article ends by reflecting on the scale of the shift in contemporary cultures of memory and forgetting, and considers how far European regulation enables possible interventions in this domain.
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Breuer, Sebastian, and Steffen Elstner. "Germany’s Growth Prospects against the Backdrop of Demographic Change." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 565–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0094.
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AbstractThis paper shows how the German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE) determines Germany’s potential output, and compares the results with those of the European Commission. The approach of the European Commission is a natural benchmark, as it provides the basis for the deficit and debt rules of the European Union. In comparison with the European Commission’s method, the GCEE’s method places greater emphasis on demographic factors in estimating labour input. Additionally, both approaches differ regarding how they estimate the structural unemployment rate and total factor productivity. Finally, this paper discusses the limitations of, and the different options for estimating potential output.
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Abazi, Vigjilenca. "Whistleblowing in the European Union." Common Market Law Review 58, Issue 3 (June 1, 2021): 813–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2021051.
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The EU Whistleblower Directive, adopted in 2019, shifts whistleblowing in the European Union from a marginal issue to a world leading example of empowering public voices. What explains this shift? The EU Whistleblower Directive cannot be understood without an inquiry into its legislative background. The latter also sheds new light on EU law-making practice, particularly how public participation can have a considerable influence and how the Commission steers legislation, to abide by principles of conferral and subsidiarity, when primary law is silent on its legislative powers. Central in this article is the legal assessment of the EU Whistleblower Directive. The article, however, seeks to go a step further. Drawing on a range of incremental legal developments in whistleblowing, it offers the first sustained account of what it argues has become a field of law of its own – EU whistleblower law.
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van der Veer, Reinout A., and Markus Haverland. "Bread and butter or bread and circuses? Politicisation and the European Commission in the European Semester." European Union Politics 19, no. 3 (April 19, 2018): 524–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518769753.
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Does domestic contestation of European Union legitimacy affect the behaviour of the European Commission as an economic and fiscal supervisor? We draw on theories of bureaucratic responsiveness and employ multilevel and topic modelling to examine the extent to which the politicisation of European integration affects the outputs of the European Semester: the Country-Specific Recommendations. We develop two competing sets of hypotheses and test these on an original large-N data set on Commission behaviour with observations covering the period 2011–2017. We detect a twofold effect on the Commission's recommendations: member states that experience greater politicisation receive recommendations that are larger in scope but whose substance is less oriented towards social investment. We argue that this effect is best explained as an outcome of the Commission's institutional risk management strategy of regulatory ‘entrenchment’. The supranational agent issues additional recommendations while simultaneously entrenching on a stronger mandate substantively, which allows it to maintain its regulatory reputation and signal regulatory resolve to observing audiences.
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Gómez, Ramón Terol. "EUROPEAN UNION REGULATION OF STATE AIDS AND PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL (PART 1)." Часопис цивілістики, no. 35 (February 16, 2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/chc.v0i35.192.
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1. Introducción: la problemática compatibilidad de la financiación pública del deporte (fútbol) profesional con el régimen de ayudas de Estado de la Unión Europea. 2. Referencia a las previsiones del Derecho de la Unión Europea sobre ayudas de Estado. 2.1. La regulación de los artículos 107 a 109 TFUE. 2.2. La referencia al deporte del Reglamento (UE) 2015/1588, del Consejo, de 13 de julio de 2015, sobre la aplicación de los artículos 107 y 108 del TFUE a determinadas categorías de ayudas estatales horizontales. 2.3. La financiación de infraestructuras deportivas en el Reglamento (UE) № 651/2014, de la Comisin, de 17 de junio de 2014, por el que se declaran determinadas categorías de ayudas compatibles con el mercado interior en aplicación de los artículos 107 y 108 TFUE.
1. Introduction: the problematic compatibility of public financing of professional sports (football) withthe State aid scheme of the European Union. 2. Reference to the provisions of European Union Law on State aid. 2.1. The regulation of articles 107 to 109 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). 2.2. The reference to the sport of Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1588 of 13 July 2015 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU to certain categories of horizontal state aid. 2.3. The financing of sports infrastructures in Commission Regulation (EU) № 651/2014 of 17 June 2014, declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU.
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A. Tursynkulova, Dinara, Ainur A. Urisbayeva, Aigul M. Karatayeva, Gulnura A. Khudaiberdina, and Yerik B. Akhmetov. "Modern features of law institutions of the European Union." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 1 (August 2020): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2020-001026.
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The role of the European Union is to understand its legal nature through the struc-tural composition and distribution of powers between the EU institutions, as well as to study the forms and methods of their activities. It is important not only from the standpoint of the participating States, but also in the interests of countries that are not part of the European Union and build their relations with it on the basis of bilateral agreements. The aim of the article is to analyze the modern features of law institutions of the European Union. Legal analysis of such institutions of the European Union as the European Parliament, the European Commission and the EU Court is becoming important condition for the development of international cooperation. This article is devoted to the legal analysis of such institutions of the European Union as the European Parliament, the European Commission and EU Court that participate in the implementation of its tasks and functions, act on its behalf, have the appropriate competence and structure, are endowed with found-ing treaties and legislation of the Union of certain amount of power and apply their inherent forms and methods of activity.
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Marco Colino, Sandra. "What Role for EU Competition Law in Regulated Industries? Reflections on the Judgment of the General Court of 17 December 2015 Orange Polska v European Commission (Case T-486/11)." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 14 (2016): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.13.
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On 17th December 2015, the General Court of the European Union (GC) confirmed a fine of over EUR 127 million imposed by the European Commission (hereinafter the Commission) on the Polish telecommunications company Orange Polska (hereinafter OP), formerly known as Telekomunikacja Polska. According to the fining decision, issued in 2011 (hereinafter the Commission decision), OP abused its dominant position by refusing access to its wholesale broadband services to new entrants, acting in contravention of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
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Spink, Paul, and Ross Petty. "Comparative Advertising in the European Union." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 4 (October 1998): 855–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062564.
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More than 20 years after the measure was first proposed, the European Union has finally succeeded in adopting a directive designed to harmonise disparate national laws relating to the use of comparative advertising in the single market.1 In this article the authors examine the background, rationale and substance of the new legislation, before considering its impact on the current UK law. With a view to the possibility that implementation may contribute to the transatlantic harmonisation of advertising law, the new regime is measured against the liberal benchmark of US case law and recent Federal Trade Commission policy.
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Yudina, O. "Forming the European Union Common External Energy Policy: Key Events and Results." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-39-48.
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Received 08.05.2020. Energy has always been of particular importance to the European Union. Meanwhile, up to the beginning of the 21st century, this area had been in exclusive competence of member states, with timid attempts of the European Commission (EC) to receive part of the powers in the energy sphere. The article is devoted to the issues of the EU common external energy policy development that was accompanied by a dichotomy of interests between the member-states, which hardly like the idea of the energy sector communitarisation, and the European Commission, which has been the main driver of supranationalisation of the energy sphere for a long period of time. The author characterizes the main achievements towards the EU common external energy policy, including the law regarding the export of energy to neighboring non-member countries through various organizations, such as the Energy Community, the Eastern Partnership, MEDREG, and launching of the European Energy Union (EEU) in 2015. Special attention is paid to external factors that facilitated the enhancement of the European Commission’s role in the energy sphere. The new era for the EU common external energy policy started in 2015 with the EEU and energy security as one of its priority, partly due to the gas crises and political tension between the European Union and Russia. It is noted that the EEU has facilitated the adoption of some EC’s legal proposals that could not be adopted for a long time, such as the mechanism of consultations on new intergovernmental contracts. In general, the creation of the Energy Union should certainly be seen as strengthening the supranational energy competences of the European Commission. It is concluded that the European Commission has made a significant progress towards a common external energy policy, strongly supported by the public opinion that the European Union should speak one voice with third countries. Despite the lack of legally supported competencies in energy for the EC, it gained authority in different directions of the EU energy policy development. Under these circumstances, the common energy market that has led to energy interdependent of the member states, forces them to cooperate at a supranational level. The author argues that third countries should clearly understand the dynamic and processes of communitarisation of the energy sphere and adopt their cooperation with the European Union based on this knowledge.
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Zafir, C. Zeynep, and Mohammad Keivanfar. "Comparing Renewable Energy Policies in the European Union and Turkey." International Business Research 10, no. 6 (May 13, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n6p112.
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The European Commission’s policy on “climate change and energy” under the Renewable Energy Directive is an important part of the European Commission policies. As a target, the Commission wants its member countries to increase total energy consumption from renewable energy sources to 20% in the European Union (EU) by 2020. This means, any country which is interested in joining the EU should adhere to its policies and conditions regarding energy consumption. In this paper, firstly, we study the trend of renewable energy consumption in the EU. Data illustrate that the EU region, as a whole, is near its goal, although some members still have to work more or undertake reforms to reach the 20% renewable energy target. Secondly, the renewable energy condition in Turkey, a country that has been preparing in the past decade to join the EU, is surveyed. Based on the results, Turkey needs to pay attention to new renewable resources in order to reach the EU’s target.
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Banta, David, Finn Børlum Kristensen, and Egon Jonsson. "A history of health technology assessment at the European level." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (July 2009): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090448.
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This study summarizes the experience with health technology assessment (HTA) at the European level. Geographically, Europe includes approximately fifty countries with a total of approximately 730 million people. Politically, twenty-seven of these countries (500 million people) have come together in the European Union. The executive branch of the European Union is named the European Commission, which supports several activities, including research, all over Europe and in many other parts of the world. The European Commission has promoted HTA by several policy positions and has funded a series of projects aimed at strengthening HTA in Europe. Around fifteen of the European countries now have formal national programs on HTA and some also have regional public programs. All countries that are members of the European Union and do not have a national approach to HTA have an interest in becoming more involved. The HTA projects sponsored by the European Commission have focused on networking and collaboration among established agencies and institutions for HTA, however, also on capacity building, support, and facilitation in creating mechanisms for HTA in European countries that still do not have any program in the field.
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Melnyk, O. "EXTRAJUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE SPHERE OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE EU." Grail of Science, no. 14-15 (June 9, 2022): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.27.05.2022.027.
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In general, there are judicial and extrajudicial ways to protect human rights in the EU. Judicial protection of human rights from violations by international institutions falls within the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice. Extrajudicial institutions that protect the rights of the individual include the following: the Ombudsman of the European Union, the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, and EU bodies such as the European Commission and the Council of the EU. It should be noted that the functions of these bodies in the field of individual rights are to protect the rights of the individual from violations by the bodies of the European Union and not the EU Member States. Extrajudicial bodies responsible for the protection of individual rights should be distinguished as follows. Depending on the purpose of education: specialized institutions for the protection of individual rights: the Agency for Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the Ombudsman of the European Union, and bodies of general competence: the European Commission or the Council of the EU. According to the subject of the appeal to the Institute for Protection of Rights: the Ombudsman of the European Union, for appeals of individuals, the Agency for Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which provides for appeals of certain bodies of the European Union and the Council of the EU. The Council of the European Union is the main body of the EU in terms of performing various functions. It is considered the main rule-making body of the EU. It is important to note that the issue of protection of individual rights is not a priority, but only one of the functions of this EU body. The main executive body of the EU is the Commission of the European Union, which performs the function of investigating illegal actions and can impose penalties on violators. The object of illegal actions may be an offense by a Member State of the requirements imposed on it by the EU's founding treaties, including human rights offenses. The basis in this process, within the framework of the investigation, is the right of both natural and legal persons to apply to the Commission for illegal actions committed by a Member State. The human rights procedures used by the Commission should be considered quite effective, as they combine both information and representation. Since the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, the EU has established a mechanism for the protection of human rights, namely the Ombudsman of the European Union.
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Pawlik, Kurt. "News from the European Union — European Commission DG XII/ Science, Research, and Development." European Psychologist 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.2.1.78.
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Agafonova, Rusa. "International Skating Union versus European Commission: Is the European sports model under threat?" International Sports Law Journal 19, no. 1-2 (July 12, 2019): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40318-019-00155-6.
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Deasy, Geoffrey. "European Union Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: January to June 2019." Air and Space Law 44, Issue 6 (November 1, 2019): 499–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2019032.
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The first half of 2019 has been dominated by the significant number of mergers being decided with no less than 6/7 mergers having been approved by the European Commission (‘Commission ’) in the six-month period. Interestingly, the commitments offered in three previous merger cases have been revisited, and while it would appear novel that the Commission released Air France Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (KLM) from the commitment on one long-haul city pair, the Commission noting that parallel commitments given in the transatlantic joint venture (JV) antitrust case would enable the Commission to review the functioning of the market in the period 2020–2025. The other merger case worth noting is the CityJet/Aer Lingus wet lease arrangement. It was looked at from a merger perspective and where with the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (‘CMA ’) considering the ‘exiting firm’ strategy and it cleared the transaction on that basis. The first half of 2019 has been dominated by the significant number of mergers being decided with no less than 6/7 mergers having been approved by the European Commission (‘Commission’) in the six-month period. Interestingly, the commitments offered in three previous merger cases have been revisited, and while it would appear novel that the Commission released Air France Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (KLM) from the commitment on one long-haul city pair, the Commission noting that parallel commitments given in the transatlantic joint venture (JV) antitrust case would enable the Commission to review the functioning of the market in the period 2020–2025. The other merger case worth noting is the CityJet/Aer Lingus wet lease arrangement. It was looked at from a merger perspective and where with the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (‘CMA’) considering the ‘exiting firm’ strategy and it cleared the transaction on that basis. The adoption and entry into force of Regulation 2019/712 on safeguarding competition in the air transport sector is potentially also a milestone. Whether this will be used by EU air carriers and/or the Commission remains to be seen. Litigation also features heavily in the first half of 2019, with Ryanair being on the successful side twice (being successful in the appeal of a Commission decision, but also successfully supported the Commission in defending its decision against an appeal of a Commission decision brought by Lufthansa. Of particular note for private damages actions is the UK litigation involving British Airways before the Court of Appeal where the air cargo cartel damages claimant was unsuccessful at widening the scope of its damages claim to include the period from 2001 to 30 April 2004 (a period not covered by the Commission’s decision but where there was arguably evidence of cartel behaviour) because the Court of Appeal did not have jurisdiction to hear a claim unless and until the Commission or a national competition authority had taken a decision. The dearth of new State aid investigations in the aviation sector might be the result of the Commission’s modernisation regime having a positive effect. We will wait and see if this trend continues.
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Hoffmann, Tomasz. "The Status of the European Institutions Officials." Polish Political Science Yearbook 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2007015.
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The European Union increasingly inuences the member states, their political institutions, business groups, commercial business sector and the citizens. The institutions, politics and legal regulations of the Communities inuence also countries and human beings from outside the Union. is inuence means that each member state of the European Union has its own representative in the European Institutions such as European Parliament, European Commission, the Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors
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Leonelli, Giulia Claudia. "The glyphosate saga and the fading democratic legitimacy of European Union risk regulation." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 25, no. 5 (October 2018): 582–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x18796981.
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This article endeavours to explore the glyphosate saga through the prism of a socially acceptable risk approach to the governance of public health and environmental risks in the European Union. After a brief overview on the nature and rationale of socially acceptable risk approaches, the article analyses the controversial case of glyphosate’s renewal of approval, casting light on the position of the agencies and institutions involved throughout the risk assessment and risk management phases. Against this overall backdrop, the article deconstructs the European Commission’s artificial legal narrative on ‘sound’ science and glyphosate and contends that the Commission had scientific and legal grounds, as well as compelling political reasons, to accept the requests put forward by the ‘Ban Glyphosate’ European Citizens’ Initiative and the European Parliament. The Commission relied on a narrow evidence-based approach, disregarding the widespread public perception that the uncertain risks posed by glyphosate are socially unacceptable, and ignoring the argument that the existing risk management measures are insufficient to achieve the intended EU level of public health and environmental protection. In so doing, the Commission has ultimately lost a crucial opportunity to re-legitimise and re-democratise EU risk regulation.
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KAISER, Wolfram. "Towards a European Constitution? The European Parliament and the Institutional Reform of the European Communities 1979-84." Journal of European Integration History 27, no. 1 (2021): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-79.
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Drawing on archival sources of the European Parliament (EP), the EP Groups, and Spinelli’s private papers as well as contemporary media reports and 13 semi-structured interviews with eyewitnesses, this article examines the EP’s attempt to foster European union after its first direct election in 1979. In tracing the conflicts and compromises within the EP during the preparation of its Draft Treaty on European Union (DTEU) the article makes a three-fold argument. First, it demonstrates how this internal process enhanced cross-party cooperation on institutional reform in the EP. Second, it shows how the EP’s work on institutional reform impacted the inter-institutional dynamics with the European Commission and the European Council. Third, it elaborates how the DTEU, although not ratified, nevertheless constituted an important constitutional marker with long-term effects on European integration until the 2009 Lisbon Treaty.
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Klemenčič, Manja, and Fernando Miguel Galán Palomares. "Transnational student associations in the European multi-level governance of higher education policies." European Educational Research Journal 17, no. 3 (November 2, 2017): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474904117736428.
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The article seeks to advance understanding of the involvement of transnational student associations in European governance of higher education policies within the European Union (EU) and the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Specifically, the article explores the mechanisms for interest intermediation that exist for transnational student associations in both policy arenas. Three transnational student associations stand out in terms of their involvement: European Students’ Union (ESU), Erasmus Student Network (ESN) and European Students’ Forum (AEGEE). The findings point to two distinct models of student interest intermediation in European policy-making. Within the EU, the European Commission interacts with all three transnational student associations; however, ESU and ESN participate in more expert and working groups. The roles afforded to each association in relation to the European Commission are demarcated and functionally differentiated. Within EHEA, in neo-corporatist fashion, ESU, as a representative platform of national student unions, holds representational monopoly. In the EHEA and the EU, the involvement of transnational student associations in policy-making can be attributed to the evolving nature of transnational governance regimes in which participation of transnational student associations not only brings expertise to but also aids the legitimacy of the policy processes and outcomes.
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Ivasechko, Olga, and Kateryna Mazur. "European Union public diplomacy agenda." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-189-199.
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The article considers the specifics of the agenda of public diplomacy of the European Union, and it is in this dimension that the emphasis is on building a coordinated policy. The documents of both the internal and external dimensions of the Commission, the Parliament, as well as the European External Action Service were also analyzed, namely, Plan D, The Global strategy for the foreign and security policy of the European Union, White Paper, Annual Activity Reports. It was emphasized that the actions carried out in the field of public diplomacy during 2018 were aimed at promoting joint responses to problems, raising awareness-raising measures, as well as building new strategies for the regions. At the same time, strategic communications remained a priority for the EEAS. It is concluded that EU public diplomacy, in line with the Union’s Global Strategy, should aim to improve strategic communications, investment and integration in various fields in order to better integrate foreign policy with citizens and better communicate it to partners. However, today the European Union also faces certain risks, such as changes in the priorities of member states, the economic crisis, the difficulty of assessing the effectiveness of public diplomacy, as well as low interest in new European Union initiatives.
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Guidotti, Rolandino. "The European Private Company: The Current Situation." German Law Journal 13, no. 3 (March 2012): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200020526.
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The goal of the European Union is not only to harmonize the different national legislations but also to create new company models. These new company models are not intended to replace the national models, but instead to offer a new and free choice to business operators in addition to the national models. It is predictable that among these models will be the European Private Company (Societas Privata Europaea or SPE) regulated by the Proposal for a Council Regulation (presented by the Commission) of 25 June 2008. The other preceding European legal forms have been the European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) of 1985, the European Company (SE) of 2001 and the European Cooperative Society (SCE) of 2003.