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1
Basov, F. "German Policy towards EU Enlargement." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-4-18-22.
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This article is dedicated to the German policy towards the EU enlargement. Its history as well as the current German policy towards prospective enlargements are analyzed in this paper. The article offers party-political and sociological analysis of Germany`s attitude towards the EU enlargement, also the reasons for it are determined. FRG supported all of the European Community and European Union enlargements. This line is being continued, but nowadays only step to step approach is being supported. Germany‘s motives to the EU enlargement are based on the liberal concept of the common security. The main goals of this policy are the including of European countries into the Western community of developed countries (the EU), the extension of the stability and security area. The economic integration is also very important for Germany. The key priority of the EU enlargement is the Western Balkan region (the so called “Europeanisation” of Western Balkans). This process is being supported by political elites of the region and by the European Union itself. It is recognized, that the Europeanisation of Western Balkans was used as a sample for the Eastern Partnership Program. Without consideration of the Russian factor, though, this strategy towards the post-Soviet countries has many weaknesses. But the EU-membership for the Eastern Partnership members is not excluded.
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Oosterhof, Albert. "Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations." Leiden Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.
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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
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Krajišnik, Milenko, and Aleksandra Žutić. "Impact of the Enlargement of the European Union on the Foreign Trade and Development of the New Members." ECONOMICS 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eoik-2017-0010.
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SummaryOne of the most important characteristics of the process of globalization is the creation of different regional economic integrations. The most developed regional economic integration in the world is the European Union. Since it was found, when six founder countries created the free trade area for coal and steel, European Union passed all the phases of development of the economic integration, through the customs union and common market to the economic and monetary union. Through the six waves of enlargement European Union has become the integration of 28 countries with over 500 million habitants. Every enlargement of this regional integration had an impact on the economic position and the development of both the old and the new members. The biggest increase in the number of members brought the 5th big enlargement of the European Union, when the number of the member countries increased in total for 12 countries, first for 10, and then for 2 more.The effects of this enlargement on former soviet countries are specially interesting not only because of the number of the new members, but also because of the fact that these countries during the joining have also pass the process of the transition to the market economy.The aim of this work is to examine the effects of the enlargement on the foreign trade of the new members, and the effects of the changes in foreign trade on the economic development of these countries. The analysis of the effects of joining the European Union could be interesting for the countries which strive to become members of this economic regional integration.
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Lodge, Juliet. "European Union and the EFTA countries: enlargement and integration." International Affairs 71, no. 1 (January 1995): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624064.
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Sbragia, Alberta, and Thomas Pedersen. "European Union and the EFTA Countries: Enlargement and Integration." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 25, no. 1 (1995): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3330662.
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Podpiera, Richard, and Tomás Dvorák. "European Union Enlargement and Equity Markets in Accession Countries." IMF Working Papers 05, no. 182 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451862010.001.
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Dvořák, Tomáš, and Richard Podpiera. "European Union enlargement and equity markets in accession countries." Emerging Markets Review 7, no. 2 (June 2006): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2005.09.009.
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Redzepagic, Srdjan. "Agriculture of central and eastern European countries in the European Union." Panoeconomicus 53, no. 4 (2006): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0604457r.
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Agriculture posed considerable tensions for the processes of enlargement of the European Union, because of its continuing importance both in the economies of the applicant countries of Central and Eastern European countries which have joined EU on the 1st may 2004., and in the EU budget and acquits communautaire. The preparation of agriculture in the candidate countries to join the EU was rendered more complex by the fact that the Community's Common Agricultural Policy was a moving target. The aim of this paper is to show the bases elements of the Common Agricultural Policy, but also to provide a survey of recent developments relating to agriculture in the EU and new member states of the EU before their accession to EU and their preparation to access on the enlarged market, in order to indicate the main challenges and difficulties posed by enlargement. It seems likely that agricultural policy in the enlarged EU will attach increased priority to objectives such as rural development and the environment. However, these new priorities may be expensive to realize, and may impose a growing burden on the national budgets of EU member states.
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Kovačič, Art. "European Union and Sustainable Development Indicators." Management of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msd-2017-0018.
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Abstract Assessment of sustainable position of selected countries is the important challenge in the last years. The sustainable theory has changed from the years of Rio conference and the availability of statistical resources is becoming better. Sustainable development is an important objective for each country. Enlargement of the EU has brought the current priorities and future direction of EU environmental policy sharply into focus. Enlargement process has increased the standards of environmental protection and social development. Significant environmental investments are necessary and the new members need to speed up their preparation for implementing the Gothenburg strategy “sustainable strategy”.
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Winzen, Thomas, and Frank Schimmelfennig. "Explaining differentiation in European Union treaties." European Union Politics 17, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 616–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116516640386.
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Since the early 1990s, European integration has become increasingly differentiated. Analysing the conditions under which member states make use of the opportunity to opt out of, or exclude other countries from, European integration, we argue that different explanations apply to treaty and accession negotiations, respectively. Threatening to block deeper integration, member states with strong national identities secure differentiations in treaty reform. In enlargement, in turn, old member states fear economic disadvantages and low administrative capacity and therefore impose differentiation on poor newcomers. Opt-outs from treaty revisions are limited to the area of core state powers, whereas they also occur in the market in the context of enlargement.
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Szymańska, Agata. "Tax revenues in the European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 5 (May 26, 2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0921.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse tax revenues and examine similarities of selected tax revenues (mainly VAT, CIT, PIT and excise duty) in the European Union countries. The analysis of the EU members concerns the period between 2003 (i.e. the year preceding the biggest enlargement of the EU) and 2012 (due to data completeness). Tax rates and the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries were compared and then the cluster analysis was applied to assess the similarity of tax revenues. The analysis suggests that the process of tax harmonization, which took place in the period considered, did not exert a significant impact on the similarity of the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries. The structure seems to be still determined by e.g. social, economic or historical factors, which influenced the tax systems creation in particular EU countries.
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Morokvasic, Mirjana. "Migrations in Europe: Fears due to the enlargement of the EU to the East." Stanovnistvo 41, no. 1-4 (2003): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0304131m.
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The European Union is confronted with the biggest enlargement in its history: ten states, among them eight middle European - the so called "buffer zone" in the new European migration landscape - will become members in 2004. Other candidates hope to join in the coming years. For all Eastern and Eastern European countries, including those that are not candidates, the end of the bi-polar world meant a hope of "return to Europe". When shifting its borders to the East, the European Union both includes and excludes. The final objective to achieve Europe as "a space of freedom, security and justice", is conditioned by the capacity and necessity to control the migratory flows. The prospect of free circulation for the citizens of the new Union members entails also fears: the EU countries are afraid of the consequences the enlargement would have on migratory flows from the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and which transit through that area. The perception of migrants as a threat inspired the conditions that the Union imposed on the candidate countries concerning migration policy issues and which mostly focus on the protection of its Eastern borders. For the future Union members however, protecting of the thousand of kilometers of their Eastern border, implies a number of quite different problems. These countries are afraid of the impact the restrictive measures they are obliged to implement would have both on many economic and family ties which have been maintained since the socialist period and on more recently engaged cooperation with the neighbours which are not candidates. The challenge of enlargement is different therefore for the EU members, for the candidate countries and for those who are for the moment excluded from the process. The fears do not seem to be always grounded. Thus, the impact of enlargement which, it was feared, could have been so destabilizing for the Union because of potentially large migration flows, is more likely to be destabilizing for the new candidate countries, especially concerning their relations with their neighbours excluded from the enlargement process.
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Zulkarnaen, Muhammad Jave. "EU ENLARGEMENT: TURKISH ACCESSION AND IDENTITY." DIA Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/dia.v18i2.4381.
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Turkey is one of the most important countries for the EU because it has a strategic position in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and even the Middle East. The good relationship between Turkey and the EU is based on history such as war, diplomacy, trade, art, cuisine, to culture. For centuries, the relationship between the two marked the deep economic, cultural, artistic, and social cooperation between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers of the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. At the same time, conflict and competition create an identity perception among EU countries towards Turkey. This paper attempts to explain the identity of Turkey and the European Union and to determine whether the identity as cultural or political affected the Turkish application to be a member of the European Union.
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Dabic, Dragana. "The crisis of democracy in Eastern Europe: (un)successful political integration of new members?" Medjunarodni problemi 71, no. 2 (2019): 188–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1902188d.
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The main hypothesis of this paper is that when it comes to its member states, the European Union does not possess effective legal and political mechanisms to sanction and/or reverse their democratic backsliding. Emphasis is put on the examples of violations of liberal-democratic norms undertaken by governments in Hungary, Poland and Romania, in order to analyse political will, ability, and legitimacy of the European Union to defend basic values stated in the Founding Act. The aim of the author is to examine the impact of questionable political integration of Eastern European countries in regards to the continuation of the enlargement of the Union in the region of the Western Balkans. It is concluded that due to the pragmatic policy of support to the stabilitocracy regimes and, in general, due to the ambivalent attitude towards the future of enlargement, the European Union could face negative consequences in the coming years. Conceding to candidate countries in fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria in exchange for meeting the current geopolitical interests of the European elites (as was the case in some of the earlier EU enlargements) would have following implications for the Union itself: first, internally, casting further doubts on already shaken credibility of the project to build a European identity based on common values; and secondly, externally, the loss of reputation of a normative power that facilitates global relations by spreading its own principles and values.
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TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ), A. E. "Enlargement of the European Union ... an historic opportunity." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 57, no. 3 (November 29, 2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15045.
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Enlargement is one of the most powerful political tools of the European Union and the driving force which has helped in the transformation of the Central and East Europe. From the moment it was created in 1950 is continuously enlarging and has recendy inspired ambitious reformations for Turkey, Croatia and West Balkans. Its founder members call the people of Europe which put their ideas and unified their efforts. Since that time and according to the article 49 of the European Union, it has been grown up from the 6 initial states to 9, 10, 12, 15 and recently to 25. The process still goes on today with new candidate countries, such as Bulgaria and Romania and with accession negotiations with Turkey just as this country could meet the political criteria for accession and the respect of human rights. On completion of this phase the European citizens could live and work in an extended area beyond the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and from Nicosia to Kiruna and could work under standard procedures in the biggest and without borders market of the world. Also, they will benefit from their neighbours, who have stable democracies and good market economies. It is a careful procedure for the transition of the countries involved, dispersing peace, stability, well being, democracy, human rights and a state of justice in the whole Europe. Further, when our children will become grownup, they will live in a European Union consisted of thirty or more states and with more than twenty languages, a unique polymorphic culture embracing more than 500.000.000 people.
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Bigelli, Marco, and Gianluca Ghini. "Eastward enlargement: Privatization in MECC." Corporate Ownership and Control 2, no. 4 (2005): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv2i4p2.
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This paper tries to offer a review of the literature on the main privatisation methods adopted by the Central and East European Countries which have joined European Union in 2004. After having analysed the major advantages and short comes of each privatisation method the paper briefly describes the privatisation processes adopted by each single country.
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Hrubinko, Andriy. "British Policy toward the eastern enlargement of the European Union: historical aspects." European Historical Studies, no. 5 (2016): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.05.20-32.
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The article describes historical features of shaping and implementation of British policy toward the Eastern enlargement of the European Union, its impact on the implementation of the Сommon Foreign and Security Policy in the Central and Eastern Europe region. The author denotes that the history of participation of the UK in implementing Eastern enlargement of the EU not been sufficiently investigated. According to the author’s vision, the policy of the enlargement of the EU is seen as an integral part of united foreign and security policy and as a factor of its implementation in countries of the nearest periphery. The 31 enlargement process is a part of the EU enlargement policy as a geopolitical phenomenon. The United Kingdom became one of the biggest supporters of further enlargement as a permanent phenomenon in its history among countries of the Community, forming their own specific conceptual approaches and strategy. The factors of shaping active and positive positions of the British governments in connection with the enlargement of the EU toward the East have been analyzed. The author came to the conclusion that the Eastern enlargement had questionable effect for the development of the effective CFSP. The UK as one of the leading powers in the EU came to a forefront in this process. The enlargement of the EU has become an integral part of the country’s leadership strategy in the political integration. However, the confrontational European policy of the David Cameron’s government in 2010–2016 has resulted in a loss of the previous governments’ achievements in developing the cooperation and support for the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and escalated the decrease of the country’s original positions in the region.
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Makul, Anes, and Adem Olovčić. "We Are (Not) a Family? Analysis of Argumentation in Favor of Eu Enlargement in the Western Balkans after the 2003 and 2018 Summits." Društvene i humanističke studije (Online) 7, no. 1(18) (March 4, 2022): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2022.7.1.333.
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This paper aims to investigate the change in EU rhetoric on enlargement to the Western Balkans using analysis and comparison of the arguments of EU officials and strategic documents, which are closely related to the Union's enlargement policy to the Western Balkans, after the European Council summits on the enlargement of the Union, in 2003 and 2018. Following the fundamental tendency to enlarge the Union in the context of the common foreign and security policy, European officials articulated this differently in the context of the two summits. While during and after the first Summit, the European Union was presented in various discursive representations as a highly successful political community capable of attracting countries to adapt to its strict rules and norms to achieve the possibility of integration; during the second Summit, in 2018, the importance of the accession of the Western Balkan countries to the Union was persistently emphasized. In this way, the patronizing discourse present in rhetorical representations during and after the first Summit was replaced by the discourse according to which the European Union insists on the accession of these countries to the Union, regardless of the complete fulfillment of previously set normative criteria. The reason for that is the growing influence of China in the Western Balkans and the growing Russian appetite for power and political action in this region.
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Tangermann, S. "EU enlargement in agriculture and the WTO process." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (February 29, 2012): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5268-agricecon.
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Inclusion of the countries in Central Europe (CECs) in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union raises a large number of issues, not the least in the context of the accession negotiations among the current EU member states and the newcomers. However, in the process of enlargement, negotiations will also be necessary with other countries. This is because both the EU and the accession candidates have commitments in the WTO and inclusion of the CECs in the CAP may affect the nature of these commitments, as well as the ability of the enlarged Union to honour them. The paper deals with the fundamental problems in connection with presented themes.
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Art, Kovačič. "European Union and Sustainable Development Assessment in the Business Sector." Management of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msd-2018-0006.
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Abstract Assessment of sustainable position of selected countries is the important challenge in the last years. The sustainable theory has changed from the years of Rio conference and the availability of statistical resources is becoming better. Sustainable development is an important objective for each country. Enlargement of the EU has brought the current priorities and future direction of EU environmental policy sharply into focus. Enlargement process has increased the standards of environmental protection and social development. Significant environmental investments are necessary and the new members need to speed up their preparation for implementing the Goethenburg strategy “sustainable strategy”. CEE countries and also SEE countries are implementing sustainable development approach through integration process with European Union. So, the national strategies and development programmes are taking sustainability approach with EU documents
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Siriski, Sofija. "Europe at the crossroads: Constitution, enlargement and the future of European Union." Medjunarodni problemi 57, no. 4 (2005): 529–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0504529s.
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Following the largest enlargement of the EU from 15 to 25 Member States many people are asking the question: where does Europe end? The Union has already made political commitments to additional EU members: Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Croatia and the other Balkan countries and in spite of the European Neighbourhood Policy further thinking of the EU enlargement also includes Ukraine and Moldova. But the French and Dutch rejection of the constitutional treaty has made the future EU enlargement uncertain and the EU adopted a new comprehensive enlargement strategy based on consolidation of the EU.
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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Nezirović, Senada, Ana Živko, Belma Durmišević, and Amna Hodžić. "Stabilisation and association agreement between the Western Balkan countries and the European Union." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 12, no. 2 (August 19, 2022): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2022.2.05.
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The European Union (EU) represents a certain partnership and alliance between states and countries. It is not governed as the United States of America, nor intergoverned as the United Nations. Member States of the EU are sovereign countries united to become privileged and globally successful. Every enlargement of the Union is significant, but the fifth enlargement has been recognised, so far, as the most significant, showing the unification of Eastern and Western Europe. However, the most significant enlargement is yet to come with the Western Balkan countries becoming Member States of the EU (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia), considering the political and economic situation of the region. The European Commission has proposed the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP) for South East Europe, as the most significant frame for the EU to ensure relations with the Western Balkan countries and to direct its overall enlargement policy to this part of Europe. Associations of the Western Balkans are usually negative, referring to weak economic development, wars and political instability, which have led to the pre-accession strategy for the EU membership known as the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA). The aim of this paper is to present the progress of the Western Balkan countries towards the EU membership, their current state, and the problems they face on that path and to explain the SAP and the SAA.
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Da Cruz, Marco Ferreira. "The European Union and the creation of the new security periphery." Debater a Europa, no. 25 (December 28, 2021): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_4.
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The European Union (EU) enlargement went through strong processes of Europeanisation that, apart from revealing the regulatory power of the EU, reflect its ability to transform the identity of those countries candidates to membership. Considered as one of the most important and successful instruments of foreign and security action, the succeeding enlargement policies to the East, particularly those of 2004 and 2007, represented a significant contribution for the establishment of an extended security community. An assessment on the countries of the West Balkans is presented, since their processes of accession to the EU now extend for more than a decade. The undeniable geopolitical and geostrategic significance, shown throughout history by the risks of spreading the internal conflicts across the European borders, make this region one of the most vital of the EU’s periphery, to its security. In spite of this significance, the current “enlargement fatigue”, motivated largely by the lack of consensus amongst member-states, drives away the countries of the Balkans from veering towards the EU, thereby rendering them more susceptible to the influence of foreign players, particularly that of China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey. In that context, it is argued that the EU, by setting aside the enlargement politic to the countries of the West Balkans, gives a deeply negative sign to the region, moving them away from the criteria established for the europeanization processes reached so far, and as a consequence, placing themselves under de influence of foreign players, circumstances which jeopardise the stability in the EU periphery.
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Berend, Ivan T. "The further enlargement of the European Union in a historical perspective." European Review 7, no. 2 (May 1999): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003963.
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The article discusses the proposed enlargement of the European Union by the inclusion of the five Central European Countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia and Slovenia in terms of their history. In the past, they have been part of the West at times, but their recent economic history has not been encouraging. What will their prospects be when joining the European Union?
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Phuong, Catherine. "Enlarging ‘Fortress Europe’: Eu Accession, Asylum, and Immigration in Candidate Countries." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 3 (July 2003): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.3.641.
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The European Union is soon to be composed of twenty-seven Member States. The first wave of enlargement is to take place in 2004 and may see the accession of Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the three Baltic states. A few years later, Bulgaria and Romania are also expected to join the EU. Although previous enlargements have taken place,2 the imminent accession of ten countries, mainly from Central and Eastern Europe, is unprecedented not only in terms of scale, but also for its political symbolism: for these states, EU membership confirms the success of their democratic and economic transition efforts and represents their (re-)integration to the European family after decades of isolation under the Soviet domination.
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Hasanova, Jamila. "EU’s Eastward Enlargement Policy in the 1990s and Turkey." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2022): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202201statyi68.
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In Europe the share of international organizations in state-to-state relations sprang up at the close of the 1980s and outset of the 1990s. Early in the 1990s, the European Union, represented by the most powerful states of Europe stood out owing to its specific role and importance in worldwide policy. Bypassing Turkey’s continued efforts to join the European Union, creation of artificial obstacles in this count galvanized attention. Double standard policy against Muslim countries was also rebounded in the EU - Turkey relations.
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Luengo-Fernandez, Ramon, Jose Leal, and Alastair M. Gray. "Cost of Dementia in the Pre-Enlargement Countries of the European Union." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 27, no. 1 (October 28, 2011): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-2011-102019.
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Kerremans, Bart. "Het moeilijke keren van een kolos de Europese Unie in 1995." Res Publica 38, no. 3-4 (December 31, 1996): 607–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v38i3-4.18614.
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In 1995 the newly enlarged European Union has proved to be capable to handle its problems and to take decisions in a large array of issues. The EU tried to cope with unemployment, continued the preparation of the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union, adopted its 1996 budget decisions relatively smoothly, and intensified its relations with different parts of the world. On the other hand however, enlargement itself is increasingly affecting the Union as it preparing itself for the upcoming accession of some of its Central European and Mediterranean neighbors. The northern member states look with some suspicion at the budgetary consequences and already show a lot of restraint in paying more to the EU-budget, for the sake of their southern counterparts. Some member states are looking for a balanced enlargement in which the eastern enlargement would be counterbalanced by a Mediterranean one, and for a balance in the financial support that is provided by the EU to third countries. The biggest issue is however, the institutional adaptation of the European Union to a new enlargement. The preparations of the 1996 Intergovernmental Conferencethat took place in 1995, have shown however, that this process will be a difficult one. With the 1995 enlargement, the European Union has increased the number ofmember states that perceive the process of European integration primarily as an economic one. This will make institutional adaptations more difficult and risks to paralyze the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the Union even more than it already did in the past few years. Stated differently, 1995 has left a number of question marks on the EU's future. Whether these will disappear soon, 1996 will show.
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Sardelić, Julija. "The Exclusion of Roma and European Citizenship." Current History 120, no. 824 (March 1, 2021): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.824.100.
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Some 10-15 million members of the Roma minority live in Europe; an estimated 6 million are citizens of the European Union. It was not until the 1990s that European Union institutions began treating Roma as an ethnic minority deserving of human rights protections. Concerns about mass migration of Roma from Eastern European countries where they face severe discrimination was one of the reasons the EU included protections for Roma among the conditions that candidate countries had to meet to qualify for consideration in its most recent rounds of enlargement. Those EU efforts have overlooked similar discrimination and neglect in western member states.
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Simionescu, Mihaela. "The Impact of European Economic Integration on Migration in the European Union." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjbpa-2018-0002.
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Abstract The recent enlargement of the EU (since 2004) and the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union have prompted a growing research interest in the political and academic environment because of the causes and consequences of migration between the CEE countries and those in the Western Europe. In this study, the effects of European economic integration on the number of EU-15 immigrants from the newly integrated EU countries were assessed by econometric techniques. According to panel data models, in the period 2000-2015, the number of migrants from the new member states of the EU has increased, in average, with more than 2200 people only due to their EU membership. This result reflects the positive impact of European economic integration on the number of emigrants from the CEE countries that chose the EU-15 states as destination countries. Moreover, according to some ridge Bayesian regressions, during the period 2004-2015, the EU-15 immigrants coming from the EU-13 states did not negatively affect the economic growth of the EU-15 countries.
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Toggenburg, Gabriel N., and Karen McLaughlin. "The European Union and Minorities in 2013." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 12, no. 1 (November 24, 2015): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004306134_011.
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This article reflects selected developments that took place from 1 January to 31 December 2013 both in the EU’S internal policies (Section ii) as well as in the EU’S external relations (Section iii). With regard to the internal dimension, developments in the field of Roma integration, the fight against hate crime and the protection of minority languages are traced. For the external dimension, the article covers the EU’S enlargement policy, its policies vis-à-vis countries in its wider neighbourhood in the East and in the South, and finally, the EU’S engagement at the broader international level.
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Kolodko, G. W., and M. Postula. "Determinants and implications of the Eurozone enlargement." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-45-64.
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Aside from the United Kingdom, which is withdrawing from the European Union, only Denmark has the option of staying outside the single European currency area. All other member states which have not adopted euro as their currency have the right and obligations to do so under the Treaty of Accession. The condition to join the Eurozone is to meet all five nominal Maastricht convergence criteria and to ensure compliance of national legislation with acquis communautaire, or the EU legal order. What poses special difficulties to candidate countries is the fiscal criterion relating to the maximum allowed budget deficit. If it’s not met, the European Commission launches the Excessive Deficit Procedure, EDP. Currently, this procedure is in place for France, Spain and the United Kingdom. In 2015, EDP for Poland was lifted, but there is no certainty it won’t be imposed again at the end of the decade due to the risk of exceeding once more the threshold of public sector deficit, which stands at 3 percent GDP. It is to be expected that in the 2020s the European Monetary Union will be joined by all the countries that are still using their national currencies, including Denmark, and that the EU will be extended to include new member states, enlarging the euro area, too. Although the issue is not absolutely certain, it needs to be assumed that euro will overcome the present difficulties and come out stronger, though the economically unjustified euroskepticism of some countries, especially Poland, is not helping.
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Горобець, Ігор. "EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROJECT AT THE CONFERENCEON THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 2021–2022." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 1 (2021): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2021-01/115-129.
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The article is devoted to the process of finding consensus on the further development of the European integration project at the intergovernmental conference on the future of the European Union. The methodological basis of the article is a functionalist and constructivist theory of European integration. This theoretical basis provides an opportunity to analyze the work of the conference on the future of the European Union in terms of political realism. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the coverage of the basic scenarios of the conference on the future process of European integration. The optimistic scenario is to adopt recommendations for the gradual formation of a federal «European Republic». This scenario is opposed by the actions of populist European skeptics. But they do not have effective supranational political structures. Therefore, skeptics are unable to systematically oppose the supranational European bureaucracy. So a skeptical scenario is also unlikely. The British precedent of leaving the European Union highlighted the risks of a radical approach to non-acceptance of European integration in its supranational format. A realistic scenario is most likely. Each country of the European Union accepts its own interests in the recommendations for the future of European integration. Under this inertial-conservative scenario, EU enlargement to the Balkans will continue beyond the 2030s. The enlargement of the EU to the countries of the «associated trio» (Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine) will take place in the long run. The European Union will become more differentiated by groups of Member States with specific regional interests. These trends are evident during the intergovernmental conference on the future of the European Union. Uncertainty about the European Union's development strategy freezes the EU's enlargement process. The realization of the tendency to harmonize different values is hypothetical.
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Zhao, Xuejiao, Chaoying Shi, and Yangjie Li. "Can European Union (EU) Enlargement Boost Regional Economic Common Growth? Multi-Period Difference-in-Difference (DID) Method." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4502628.
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Under the dual background of Britain’s blatant “Brexit” and the steady “expansion” of the European Union (EU) audit list, the economic effect of the development of regional alliances, in the end, is a question worthy of in-depth discussion. Using data from a sample of 27 EU member states from 2000 to 2018, this study examines and compares the impact of EU enlargement on economic growth for countries as a whole, developed and developing countries, and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries using a multi-period difference-in-difference (DID) method and explores the mechanisms underlying that. The results show that EU enlargement contributes to the expected regional economic growth, and the effect is more evident in developed countries and CEE countries; the robustness of the results is tested by the dynamic effect test and counterfactual method; EU enlargement improves the spatial allocation of factor markets through regional integration, increases productivity, and positively promotes the overall national economic growth. As a typical quasi-natural experiment of the development of regional integration, the research results of this study on the enlargement of the EU provide a useful reference for the promotion of the development of cross-administrative integration around the world.
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Lourdelle, Henri. "Social protection and enlargement: challenges for the candidate countries and the European Union." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 1 (February 2003): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900110.
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The central and eastern European countries have undergone radical change, both political and social, since the start of the 1990s. Social protection systems have not been immune to the upheavals. But how should these countries go about establishing pension and healthcare schemes which reconcile the need both for reform and solidarity? How can they resist the temptation to privatise their social security systems, while seeking to keep costs under control and rationalise resources? This article takes stock of the reforms undertaken by these countries in the field of both pensions and health systems, exploring the motivations behind them and their compatibility with the models currently existing within the European Union.
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Tevdoy-Bourmouli, A. I. ""CYCLIST ON THE MARSH": LESSONS AND PROSPECTS OF THE LAST EU ENLARGEMENT." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-106-112.
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The latest cycle of the European Union enlargement generated a panoply of problems unknown of in the anamnesis of this organisation. Specific historic experience of the applicants pre-determined a considerable specialty of west-European fashioned democratic regimes in those countries, weakness of consensus and tolerance culture which has already rooted itself in the West-European society, and which has to a considerable degree secured stable development of Western Europe over the last decades. This constellation resulted particularly in the renaissance on the level of European establishment of the nationalist phobia and memories deeply buried decades ago. Though the scale of the eventual problems was evident to the EU leaders long before the official entry of Central and East-European (CEE) countries to the European Union, it neither blocked the admission of new members nor entailed a refusal to pursue the plans of further enlargement at the time when Brussels’ fears have panned out. The paradox is predetermined by the combination of the EU motives – common interests of the integration group with the interests both of individual members and outside actors.
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Razić, Sanel, and Merim Kasumović. "MACROECONOMIC STABILITY OF NEW MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: FIFTH ENLARGEMENT." ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 8, no. 19 (February 10, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1919055r.
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The historical context of globalization as an organized process, which influenced the majority of national economies linked via international institutional mediators, led to the so called regional economic integration phenomenon. It is interpreted as the efforts of underdeveloped and developing countries to speed up their economic growth and more significantly impact the entire macroeconomic stability by means of some form of regional integration. Nowadays, regional economic integration is one of the pillars for proper functioning of modern economic relations. Experience of developed countries serves as an example to point out that integration processes inevitably contribute to more favorable environment for developing business sector in the countries striving for integration. In the context of global integrations, more frequent forms of regional changes and the establishment of trade blocks come as the consequence as well as the overall need for obtaining trade balance among national economies. Within this context, the European Union is seen as one of the most important regional integration and an imperative in economic, political and cultural segment, as it is the territory with significant economic growth and the region with high living standards.
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Bojnec, Š., and I. Fertő. " Agro-food exports variety from the Central and Eastern European countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 1 (January 17, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/187/2010-agricecon.
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This paper analyses the agro-food exports variety from twelve Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) to the European Union (EU) during the years 1995–2007. The panel regression models explain the agro-food exports by its previous year, income in the importing EU countries, and measure of agro-food export product variety, while the real exchange rate appreciation of the CEEC currencies has negatively influenced agro-food exports. The EU enlargement with the reduction in agricultural protection and the borderless single market has induced agro-food export increases in primary agricultural produce and intermediate food-processed products, but less in higher value-added food-processed differentiated products. The impact of increased number of CEECs agro-food product varieties on agro-food export to the EU is positive.
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Huysmans, Martijn. "Enlargement and exit: The origins of Article 50." European Union Politics 20, no. 2 (February 27, 2019): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116519830202.
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Many international organizations and the vast majority of federations lack exit clauses. Existing theoretical explanations of this stylized fact focus on issues of credible commitment, signaling, and the risk of strategic exploitation. However, such accounts are unable to explain the adoption of Article 50 by the European Union, which allows unilateral withdrawal. I theorize and demonstrate empirically that in the case of the European Union, an exit-voice logic lies at its origin during the 2002–2003 European Convention. As a protection to undesired policy changes post entry, countries of the 2004 Eastern accession demanded an exit right. Underlying the fear for policy changes was their much lower level of economic development and corresponding differences in policy preferences. As a mirror image, rich outliers like the United Kingdom and Denmark also supported Article 50, which likely contributed to its final adoption through the Treaty of Lisbon.
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Tovias, Alfred. "Normative and Economic Implications for Mediterranean Countries of the 2004 European Union Enlargement." Journal of World Trade 39, Issue 6 (December 1, 2005): 1135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2005061.
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Samardžić, Slobodan, and Bojan Kovačević. "The fog of enlargement and the agony of accession: the European Union and Serbia in the light of a reform document." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2 (February 9, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17432.1.
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The 2009 public debt crisis onset triggered a fundamental constitutional transformation of the European Union (EU). What is the link between this transformation and the enlargement policy? The authors of the article seek an answer to this question. The main thesis is that the method of impersonal authoritarianism in dealing with the Eurozone crisis spilled over into the EU enlargement policy. On the one hand, we consider the systemic reasons for turning the enlargement policy into an instrument of geopolitical control of the states on the outer periphery. On the other hand, the problem is considered from the point of view of Serbia’s interest as an EU membership candidate country. The authors conclude that opening space for innovation and flexibility in relations would be in the mutual interest of the EU and candidate countries. The analysis of the new enlargement policy reform proposal examines the readiness of European leaders to open the door for a new type of relations with the candidate countries that would correspond to today’s European reality of the historical interregnum.
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Cieślik, Andrzej, and Mehmet Burak Turgut. "Estimating the Growth Effects of 2004 Eastern Enlargement of the European Union." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030128.
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In this paper, we study the growth effects of the 2004 Eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU) using the synthetic control method. We estimate that this EU enlargement had an immediate but modest positive impact on the economic growth of the EU-8 countries in the first few years following their EU accession. The positive impact of the EU enlargement became more apparent from 2007 when the new EU member states were admitted into the Schengen zone. As a result, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita difference between the actual and synthetic EU-8 continued to grow towards the end of the sample period. We found that over the entire 2004–2012 period, GDP per capita of the EU-8 was increased by about 2313 USD per year on average relative to the synthetic EU-8. The growth rate of the GDP per capita in the actual EU-8 for the same period was 2.7% larger than the synthetic EU-8.
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Masyk, Yu. "Analysis of the European integration process Baltic countries: experience for Ukraine." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(46) (December 14, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.2(46).226606.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the integration of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia into the European Union. The stages are highlighted, the principles and mechanisms of the European integration policy of the Baltic States are clarified. The problems of Ukraine's adaptation to the requirements of the European Union, in particular the conditions of the Copenhagen criteria, ways to use the relevant experience of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are revealed. Recommendations for further rapprochement of Ukraine with the EU are considered.
The accession of dozens of new countries to the EU in May 2004 marked a qualitatively new stage in the integration process both in Europe and in the world. As a result of the largest enlargement of the European Union, the state of the economy in the old member states has changed significantly, but rather it has had decisive consequences in all areas of the economy for the new member states. Analysis of the positive and negative phenomena that accompanied the enlargement of the EU is important for countries that have or are considering joining the EU in the future, in the formation of long-term economic policy and deciding on the directions of their integration. The closest to Ukraine in terms of development in the EU are the countries of Central Europe and the Baltics, so their experience will be useful for our country.
Integration with the European Union was less difficult for the three Baltic states than for many other accessing countries, due to their strong social impetus to join Western political, economic and legal culture after they regained their independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. However, the accession of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had several distinctive features related to constitutional origin and institutions, which had a strong impact on the resolution of problems between the government and the EU institutions. The path taken by the Baltic countries upon accession to the EU was difficult and their role in the EU was not easy. Today, the EU-related agenda requires more skills than ever before in finding allies and choosing partners.
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Jarczok-Guzy, Magdalena. "THE STANDARD VAT RATE AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISCAL POLICY IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.2.
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The purpose of this article is to present and assess the impact of a standard VAT rate on fiscal revenues of the European Union Member States. The article follows the method of economic statistical analysis and offers a review of available literature on the subject. The basic VAT rates of the European Union countries are presented, compared and correlated with tax revenues related to consumption taxes in the years 2005–2019. These years were chosen for analysis because of the biggest European Union enlargement which took place during 2004. A statistical analysis was conducted. The data of a correlation coefficient for each country and the dynamics indicators were calculated. The results of the statistical analysis for Member States were interpreted. The article assesses the relationship between the standard VAT rate and the share of consumption tax revenues in GDP.
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Prokopijevic, Miroslav. "Alice is not missing wonderland the eastward enlargement of the European Union." Ekonomski anali 50, no. 165 (2005): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0565033p.
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In this paper I will try to show that the EU enlargement from 2004 is not a good economic move for eight newcomers from Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs). It is unlikely that newcomers will get larger FDI, speed up their economic growth and catch up with richer EU countries, although this was broadly advertised both academically and by the EU "propaganda for happiness." The EU subsidies, intended to offset accession costs, turn out to be useless if not damaging for acceding economies, because they change the structure of incentives. So, instead of being rewarded for accession accession countries are going to be punished twice. Firstly, by lower FDI and a persisting GDP gap. Secondly, by getting subsidies which worsen the situation. CEECs would be better off staying outside the EU and continuing to improve economic freedom and the rule of law. But even after they have acceded, there is still some space for reasonable objectives of the CEECs due to unintended consequences of the socialist enlargement design.
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Petrovic, Milos. "The altered enlargement policy: Challenges and concentric circles of integration." Medjunarodni problemi 71, no. 1 (2019): 50–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1901050p.
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The paper examines the implementation of the enlargement policy at the end of the second decade of the 21st century, which occurred under considerably altered circumstances and in different dynamics in comparison to the previous cycles of the ?Eastern enlargements?. Unlike those accession cycles which were conducted under different circumstances and had been regionally and strategically directed in their approach so that the entire groups of countries could simultaneously join the Union, during the last decade there was a growing focus on strictly bilateral relations of Brussels with each candidate and its individual accomplishments within the ?accession regatta?, and on more intensive and earlier conditioning. In combination with the changed international circumstances, these resulted in a different treatment of the current accession candidates. The article points that the reasons for this have been the altered political circumstances and challenges in the functioning of the Union, the different international context, as well as insufficient progress in the remaining ?unintegrated? southeastern countries. With the accession policy falling behind and along with considerations regarding the reform plans within the European Union by the model of concentric cycles of integration, it appears to the author that further accession of EU candidates will retain different dynamics comparing to the previous enlargement rounds, and potentially result in a different form of integration in the future..
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Hennyeyová, K., and I. Okenka. "Selected aspects of development of the Information Society in the enlargement process of the European Union ." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 8 (February 24, 2012): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5215-agricecon.
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The information society represents the most fundamental change in our life, with huge opportunities for all people. Program eEurope has been very successful in extending Internet connectivity and has helped to obtain the adoption of the current legal framework for electronic communications and for e-commerce. The eEurope initiative should also become part of the enlargement process of the European Union. Slovakia and other candidate countries take part in realization of the program eEurope+ to support activities in using new information and communication technologies (ICT). eEurope 2005 carries the ambitious objective of achieving “Information Society for All”. This means not only overcoming geographical and social differences, but also ensuring an inclusive digital society that provides opportunities for all.
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Gerasymova, Elvira M., Svitlana V. Kutsepal, Zorina S. Vykhovanets, Olena P. Kravchenko, and Nataliia F. Yukhymenko. "European Union as a Set of New Values in State-Building Processes in EU Enlargement Candidate Countries." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 71 (December 25, 2021): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.03.
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The aim of the research was to analyze the latest values of the EU in the context of their adaptation in the process of state-building in the candidate countries for enlargement with a view to reforming the legal field of the States. The main method was the observation method as a component of the experimental procedure with subsequent interpretation of the results (description). The results of the study demonstrate the axiological importance of the EU’s main values. At the same time, the need for a gradual implementation of reforms in the sphere of state-building is argued, given the desirability of preserving national identity. It is concluded that the low level of adaptation of the EU pyramid of core values is corroborated and confirmed by statistical data, which requires a qualitative transformation of the reform strategy of the state-building processes of the candidate countries for EU enlargement. Scientific research was concerned with the search for the optimal and effective concepts of the integrated application of European values in the state-building processes in the candidate countries for EU enlargement.
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Raik, Kristi. "EU Accession of Central and Eastern European Countries: Democracy and Integration as Conflicting Logics." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 18, no. 4 (November 2004): 567–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325404269719.
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Although the European Union (EU) has in many ways supported democratization in Central and Eastern Europe, it has also imposed new constraints on the functioning of democracy. The article explores the indirect impact of EU integration on the Eastern applicant countries by exposing the underlying logic of enlargement and analyzing the implications of that logic for democratic politics. The empirical analysis focuses on the preaccession process of one of the new member states, Estonia, but it also examines the overall EU policy toward Eastern candidates, pointing to the limits of enlargement as a form of democracy promotion. It highlights that the principles and norms that dominated enlargement—most notably inevitability, speed, efficiency, and expertise—constrained democratic politics in the applicant countries and limited their EU accession to a narrow sphere of elites and experts. The author links the findings with the democratic deficit in the EU and draws some conclusions concerning future prospects of democracy in and democracy promotion by the enlarged EU.