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1
Kaveshnikov, N. Y. "European Union Energy Saving Policy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-109-115.
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This article analyses methods of energy efficiency stimulation in the European Union. The author investigates basic areas of the EU activity; in particular, the author estimates results of implementation of the Energy Star program, new provisions of labeling of energy-using products, measures to increase energy efficiency in buildings. The paper also analyzes the provisions of the Directive 2012/27 that is the first EU document, providing for a comprehensive approach to energy saving at all stages: production, transformation and consumption. Today EU policy includes: 7) a general political and regulatory framework laid down by the European action plan on energy efficiency and Directive 2012/27; 2) national action plans on energy efficiency, which should be in line with indicative targets set at the EU level; 3) special EU documents in key areas of energy efficiency (buildings, energy-consuming equipment etc.); 4) accompanying instruments, such as target funding, information dissemination, support of specialized networks. The paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the key methods of implementation of EU policy in the area of energy saving. The author concludes that EU operates within the framework of the open method of coordination. The system of mandatory/voluntary technical standards has allowed to achieve significant success, but indicative planning and monitoring of national actions are not completely effective. In the long term EU policy in the area of energy efficiency is restrained by member states unwillingness to delegate to the European Union a more detailed powers in this field and to give the EU bodies facilities to execute more strict control. In the short term - in conditions of economic crisis, the EU countries are not ready to invest significant budget funds in projects with long payback period.
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Vavrek, Roman, and Jana Chovancová. "Energy Performance of the European Union Countries in Terms of Reaching the European Energy Union Objectives." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205317.
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European energy policy, especially the project of the Energy Union, is one of the most rapidly developing areas of the EU, and one through which European institutions are obtaining gradually more extensive power over the performance of the national energy sectors. The paper focuses on an analysis of the energy performance of EU member states (MS) with regard to the priorities of the European Energy Union. For an assessment of the energy performance of EU countries, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was chosen, using the Coefficient of Variation method (CV) as an objective method for determining the weights of eight input indicators, including CO2 intensity, electricity and gas price, energy productivity, energy dependence, consumption of renewables and research and development. The analysis for the period from 2008 to 2016 showed significant changes in the input indicators, which directly influenced the results of both methods mentioned above. Long-term differences between the best- and worst-rated countries are seen mainly in CO2 emissions, energy imports and total consumption of renewable energy sources. It is these aspects of comprehensive energy performance and their convergence at the level of EU countries that we believe should be addressed in the near future.
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Vié, Aymeric, Cinzia Colapinto, Davide La Torre, and Danilo Liuzzi. "The long-run sustainability of the European Union countries." Management Decision 57, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2018-0518.
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Purpose Energy and environmental concerns have gained a significant role in public policy agenda as well as in energy economics literature. As policies often rely on imprecise information on data and goals, fuzzy goal programming (FGP) modeling is a relevant choice to evaluate multi-criteria sustainability. This technique is suitable for the analysis of the Europe 2020 strategy plan dealing with several possibly conflicting objectives in economy, environment, energy and employment. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a FGP model for sustainable implementations for all European Union (EU) countries with respect to Europe 2020 policy goals and provides insights for decision makers to better satisfy conflicting criteria by suggesting optimal allocations of workers in several economic sectors. Findings The analysis shows an overall great performance of European Union countries in the environmental and social criteria and outlines the needs for significant additional policy measures to reduce energy consumption while increasing the economic output. Comparing the performance of countries within the European Union between those who adopted the euro and those who maintained national currencies shows that Euro countries tend to perform worse in terms of Europe 2020 sustainability, opening opportunities for further research to better investigate on the causes and determinants of these differences. Originality/value The paper presents a conceptual model of sustainable development that improves understanding of the concept and reconciles highly competing policy objectives in a common framework. Applying this model to all European Union countries offers both comparison and policy recommendations at a large new scale.
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Kaveshnikov, N. Y. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ENERGY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-82-91.
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The article analyses development of external energy policy of the European Union (EU). In spite of the Lisbon treaty didn’t substantially expend EU powers in external energy policy, European Commission (EC) became more active in recent years. Decision on exchange of information about bilateral energy agreements between Member States (MSs) and third countries may deprive producers of opportunity to differentiate terms of infrastructure projects and energy supply in different MSs. European Commission participation in MSs negotiations with third countries as a guardian of energy market provisions will inevitably increase negotiation power of MSs. Nevertheless, only smooth and modest extension of powers of the EC would be possible because of opposition of numerous countries which makes a search of consensus very difficult. Among priority activities of the EU external energy policy one could identify ‘export’ of energy market provisions in neighbor countries; diversification of suppliers and prioritization of politically selected supply routes; dramatic increase of regulatory activity at EU level. All these activities are partially successful, but they all have some shortages. Several EU legislative and regulatory measures risk to run counter to existing obligations of MSs.
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Reichert, Götz. "The Future of Energy." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 1, no. 2 (December 2013): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v1.i2.8.
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My aim for this presentation today, is to give you a broad overview of the diverse challenges the energy sector in Europe is confronted with today and the various policy approaches of the European Union in this respect. In order to illustrate the European perspective on energy policy, part one of my presentation will illustrate important challenges European countries have to face, and the respective role of the European Union in developing policy responses. The second part of my presentation will deal with the four major policy approaches in this field: the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the promotion of energy efficiency, the development of renewable sources of energy, and finally, the necessary adaptation of the energy infrastructure.
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Morales-Lage, Rafael, Aurelia Bengochea-Morancho, and Immaculada Martínez-Zarzoso. "Are CO2 emissions converging in the European Union? Policy implications." Notas Económicas, no. 49 (December 6, 2019): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_49_5.
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This paper focuses on the process of convergence in per capita CO2 emissions that would occur if the measures taken by the European Union to meet the Kyoto Protocol commitments had been effective. We apply a time series and cross-sectional analysis to test for the existence of convergence among countries and for different economic sectors. The sample covers data for the 28 member countries from 1960 to 2012. The results show weak absolute convergence across countries but clear evidence of conditional convergence, with GDP, the weight of industrial sector and the use of renewable energies being the main drivers of divergence. Concerning sectors, there is an increase of emissions in the agricultural sector, but a reduction in the industrial and energy sectors. Different patterns arise in the energy subsectors where manufacturing and electricity notably reduced their emissions while the transport sector increased them in all countries.
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Yudina, O. "Forming the European Union Common External Energy Policy: Key Events and Results." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-39-48.
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Received 08.05.2020. Energy has always been of particular importance to the European Union. Meanwhile, up to the beginning of the 21st century, this area had been in exclusive competence of member states, with timid attempts of the European Commission (EC) to receive part of the powers in the energy sphere. The article is devoted to the issues of the EU common external energy policy development that was accompanied by a dichotomy of interests between the member-states, which hardly like the idea of the energy sector communitarisation, and the European Commission, which has been the main driver of supranationalisation of the energy sphere for a long period of time. The author characterizes the main achievements towards the EU common external energy policy, including the law regarding the export of energy to neighboring non-member countries through various organizations, such as the Energy Community, the Eastern Partnership, MEDREG, and launching of the European Energy Union (EEU) in 2015. Special attention is paid to external factors that facilitated the enhancement of the European Commission’s role in the energy sphere. The new era for the EU common external energy policy started in 2015 with the EEU and energy security as one of its priority, partly due to the gas crises and political tension between the European Union and Russia. It is noted that the EEU has facilitated the adoption of some EC’s legal proposals that could not be adopted for a long time, such as the mechanism of consultations on new intergovernmental contracts. In general, the creation of the Energy Union should certainly be seen as strengthening the supranational energy competences of the European Commission. It is concluded that the European Commission has made a significant progress towards a common external energy policy, strongly supported by the public opinion that the European Union should speak one voice with third countries. Despite the lack of legally supported competencies in energy for the EC, it gained authority in different directions of the EU energy policy development. Under these circumstances, the common energy market that has led to energy interdependent of the member states, forces them to cooperate at a supranational level. The author argues that third countries should clearly understand the dynamic and processes of communitarisation of the energy sphere and adopt their cooperation with the European Union based on this knowledge.
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Luty, Lidia, and Monika Zioło. "Differentiation of climate and energy policy in the countries of the European Union." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 166 (2023): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.32.
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Purpose: The energy policy of the European Union focuses mainly on three areas: renewable energy, reducing the emission of harmful pollutants, in particular CO2, and increasing the efficiency of electricity used. Sustainable energy management, in turn, is undoubtedly associated with the increased use of renewable energy sources ensuring energy security as well as the diversification of energy supplies that support and improve the quality of the environment. The aim of the article is to present the diversity of the European Union countries in terms of actions taken in the field of energy policy resulting from climate and energy goals. Design/methodology/approach: On the basis of the objectives of the energy policy presented in the EU directives, indicators describing the activities of the Member States in this respect were selected. Then, they were subjected to substantive and statistical verification, leaving 6 variables. The tool of Multidimensional Statistical Analysis, which is a synthetic measure, was used to develop a synthetic measure of the level of achievement of the goals of the climate and energy policy. Two types of analyses were used: static for international comparisons between the European Union countries, conducted for 2021, and dynamic, for the years 2011-2021. Findings: The most favourable situation in terms of activities aimed at reducing emissions of harmful substances and improving the energy efficiency of countries can be observed in the hitherto leaders of Sweden and Finland. Together with Denmark, these countries have set very ambitious national targets for achieving a share of at least 50% from renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. All countries have increased their energy productivity index. Bulgaria, Italy and Slovakia have made the greatest reductions in pollutant emissions. In the interests of energy independence, countries are trying to increase energy production from domestic resources. The greatest improvements in this field were made in Ireland, Latvia, Portugal and Finland. The division into three groups of countries implementing the energy and climate policy introduced by the EU showed that the indicators that differentiate countries to the greatest extent, among the group of selected variables, are greenhouse gas emissions and the energy dependency ratio. Keywords: energy and climate policy, EU countries, synthetic measure. Category of the paper: Research paper.
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Grecu, Robert-Adrian. "Synchronization of Business Cycles in European Union Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activity worldwide. Despite the progress made by vaccination campaigns, important uncertainties still linger amid persistent global value chains disruptions and the ongoing energy crisis. A proper understanding of the behavior of the economy is therefore essential for future policy decisions. While there are plenty of studies regarding business cycles, using various methods from univariate filters to more complex methods, less papers focus on large scale comparisons. In this paper, we provide an overview of business cycles in European Union countries. We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter in order to measure the cyclical component of the gross domestic product and the Bry-Boschan-Quarterly algorithm for further analysis, namely the duration and the amplitude of the business cycles. Our results show that their size in European Union countries varies from 2.7 to 6 years and their amplitude is between 1.6 and 5.6 percentage points. We show that in developed economies, business cycles are more stable. Furthermore, strong correlations in terms of business cycles are found in the case of certain groups of countries, such as the Baltic ones or Belgium, Austria and France. In the case of Romania, its business cycle is more similar to the one of Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. These results could provide useful information for policymakers in terms of future policy decisions conditional on both the current state of the economy and its structural characteristics. Under these circumstances, support measures should also take into consideration such properties of the economy.
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Tantau, Adrian, and Ana-Maria Iulia Şanta. "New Energy Policy Directions in the European Union Developing the Concept of Smart Cities." Smart Cities 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010015.
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In the context of the European Union promoting clean energy, sustainability and better living conditions for its citizens, the development of smarts cities is an initiative supported at the European Union level, in line with the new energy policies of the European Union promoted by the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”. The concept of smart cities gains increasing importance in the European Union, a fact that is reflected in the project “European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities” of the European Commission. Smart cities are a practical example of how the new energy policies shape the lives of the European Union citizens, trying to improve it. As a consequence, new business models arise in big cities, involving the use of technology for better living conditions. These new, technology-based business models are important, as they improve the life quality of the inhabitants, they reduce the climate change impact, and they contribute as well to job creation in the IT-industry, promoting innovation. They have as well a social impact, as they bring experts from energy policies, business, economics, legal and IT together in order to project a new type of city—the smart city. The research hypothesis of the present article is that there is a high acceptance towards the concept of smart cities at the European Union level and that this concept could be implemented with the help of information technology and of artificial intelligence. This way, legal provisions, economic measures and IT-tools work together in order to create synergy effects for better life quality of the citizens of the European Union. The research hypothesis is analyzed by means of the questionnaire as a qualitative research method and is as well assessed by using case studies (e.g., Austria, Finland, Romania). The novelty of the case studies is that the development of smart cities is analyzed due to the new trend towards sustainability in two countries with different living conditions in the European Union.
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Molo, Beata. "The external dimension of the European Union’s energy policy and practice of German energy policy." Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 13 (December 31, 2019): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2019.13.15.
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The article presents selected issues related to shaping the external dimension of the European Union’s energy policy and the main directions and practice of Germany’s energy policy. The beginnings, directions and instruments of the external dimension of EU energy policy are discussed, including problems limiting the effectiveness of external coordination of energy cooperation of the European Union Member States. In addition, the study presents Germany’s position towards the external dimension of EU energy policy as well as the goals, shape and main instruments of Germany’s energy relations with producers, consumers and transit countries of energy resources.
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Siksnelyte, Indre, and Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas. "Achievements of the European Union Countries in Seeking a Sustainable Electricity Sector." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122254.
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The electricity production sector has a significant share of final energy consumption and has a huge potential to use more renewable energy sources. Over the last two decades, the European Union (EU) reform of electricity markets has had positive results, and market liberalization acts as a stimulus for energy efficiency, lower prices, and technological progress. Today’s EU policy for the development of electricity and the entire energy sector seeks to provide system modernization, stability, reinforcement of the single market, and implementation of climate change policy with an emphasis on the decarbonization of energy sources and the increase of energy efficiency. After all of the EU efforts to form an electricity sector in member states, it is necessary to assess the efficiency of the policy implemented and to identify the results achieved in shaping a sustainable electricity sector. The purpose of this article is to carry out a sustainability assessment of the electricity sector in the EU countries. A set of eight indicators designed to assess the sustainability of the electricity sector of different EU countries in 2017 has been drawn up. The assessment is made using the multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM) Technique for Order Preference (TOPSIS). The assessment shows that the electricity market of Slovenia is the most sustainable, with Luxembourg in the second position in the EU.
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Drynochkin, Aleksei V. "“Communitarization” of the EU energy policy." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 3 (2022): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2022-3-216-228.
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The article considers factors influencing the formation of the energy policy of the European Union. It shows the dependence of the evolution of the energy policy priorities on the ever-decreasing supply of energy resour-ces in Europe. The forced need to import energy resource for sustaining the politically expedient economic growth of the EU countries has negative con- sequences in the form of an increase in the energy dependence of the member countries. In turn, that is reflected in the spread of the ideologeme about the unconditional need to increase the coordination of the national energy policies of the EU member states under the control of European supranational bodies. The author substantiates the conclusion about the strengthening of the trend towards communitarianization of the EU energy policy (that is, the growing role of supranational regulation in the area)
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Banelienė, Rūta. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ECONOMIC POLICY UNDER THE EUROPE-2020 STRATEGY IN SMALL EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Ekonomika 92, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2013.0.1418.
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Abstract. The evaluation criteria to measure the efficiency of a state’s economic policy in terms of integration processes in the European Union were determined in the Europe 2020 Strategy endorsed by the European Council in June 2010. According to the Strategy, the European Union has committed to seek progress in the fields of employment, investment in R&D, climate change and energy, education, and poverty reduction. With a view to assessing the economic impact of the above commitments by the European Union vis-a-vis small European Union countries, this article provides an evaluation of the three objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy – employment, education, and investment in R&D – and their impact on the economic growth in smaller countries of the European Union.This article concludes that many of the smaller European Union countries choose not to be ambitious enough in their national objectives of employment, education, and investment in R&D areas under the Europe 2020 Strategy and, during the 2011–2020 period, they show on average a 4.8% lower annual GDP growth than it could potentially be, i.e. they abandon far-reaching ambitious targets.Key words: economic policy, small European Union countries, Europe 2020 Strategy, employment, education, R&D
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Cucchiella, Federica, Alessia Condemi, Marianna Rotilio, and Valeria Annibaldi. "Energy Transitions in Western European Countries: Regulation Comparative Analysis." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 3940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133940.
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Shifting from fossil to renewable energy sources is a major global challenge, and in this context, the European Union has promoted sustainable and environmentally friendly growth as early as the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. To date, European institutions have promulgated a series of environmental regulations and directives aimed at promoting and imposing adoption by member states of internal regulations. This paper is focused on Western Europe, and it explores, for each state under analysis, energy policies adopted, the results achieved and recommendations for the future growth of renewable energy. The results show that in countries where energy policy is not fragmented, the yield in renewable energies has been higher, and also in the states where more and various forms of subsidies are foreseen, growth seems to be greater. Finally, the paper provides useful recommendations and future policy implications for states that have not met the 2020 targets.
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Musiał, Wiesław, Monika Zioło, Lidia Luty, and Kamila Musiał. "Energy Policy of European Union Member States in the Context of Renewable Energy Sources Development." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102864.
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As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.
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Petrov, Roman. "Energy Community As a Promoter of the European Unions Energy Acquis to Its Neighbourhood." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 39, Issue 3 (August 1, 2012): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2012020.
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The Treaty of Lisbon paved the way for legal formalization of the new European Union policies and significantly enhanced the external dimension of the EU Internal Market. The newly emerged EU energy policy is a good example of it. External objectives of the EU energy policy are being fulfilled through the Energy Community which embraces not only the EU Member States and candidate countries but also the third countries without any prospect of membership in the EU. The Energy Community is designed as a perfect example of the 'integration without membership' model which gives a stake in the EU Internal Market for third countries and promotes the EU's sectoral acquis beyond the EU borders. The article focuses on challenges of the process of Europeanization on the EU's eastern neighbouring countries through the application of the EU 'energy acquis'.
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Tutak, Magdalena, Jarosław Brodny, Dominika Siwiec, Robert Ulewicz, and Peter Bindzár. "Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 6643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246643.
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The concept of sustainable economic development takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects and strives to achieve balance between them. One of the basic areas where it is required to revalue the current views on sustainable development is energy. The growing public awareness of environmental protection forces changes in this industry. Despite the global nature of this problem, its solution is perceived differently in various regions of the world. The unquestionable leader in introducing the idea of sustainable development economy is the European Union, where the energy sector is of key importance for the effectiveness of this process. In order to assess the sustainable energy development of the European Union countries, studies were conducted based on 13 selected indicators characterizing this sector in terms of energy, economy and environment. In order to assess the specificity of the European Union countries, these indicators were additionally compared to the gross domestic product value and the number of inhabitants of individual countries. For these cases, multi-criteria analyses were carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It allowed the authors to rank the European Union countries in terms of their adaptation to a sustainable energy economy. Based on the determined values of indicators versus the gross domestic product and the number of inhabitants of the countries in question, these countries were also divided into similar groups with the use of the Kohonen artificial neural networks. These groups can pursue a common energy policy in the field of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to present a new approach to the assessment of sustainable energy development of the European Union countries. The extensive ratio analysis (13 indicators of the sustainable energy development), including the economic and demographic potential of individual countries, and the use of modern tools made it possible to acquire new knowledge in the field of sustainable energy development in the European Union countries. The results should be utilized for more effective sustainable energy development of the European Union countries.
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Wawrzyniak, Dorota. "CO2 Emissions in the Visegrad Group Countries and the European Union Climate Policy." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.23.05.
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Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time and several policies trying to mitigate this negative phenomenon have been implemented. The reduction of GHG emissions along with the improvement in energy efficiency and the increase in the share of energy consumption from renewable sources also constitute the European Union policy priority. In this context, the aim of this article is to explore factors that affect changes in CO2 emissions in the four EU member states that form the Visegrad Group, during the period 1993–2016. The analysis was conducted using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method and the Kaya identity, which enables the factors contributing most to the CO2 emissions changes to be identified. It also allows the results to be discussed in relation to the European Union’s climate policy. According to the decomposition analysis results, energy intensity and economic growth measured in terms of GDP per capita were the main factors driving changes in CO2 emissions across all countries considered. The emissions decrease resulted mainly from an improvement in energy efficiency and to a lesser extent from the change in the energy mix towards renewables.
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Liobikienė, Genovaitė, Mindaugas Butkus, and Kristina Matuzevičiūtė. "The Contribution of Energy Taxes to Climate Change Policy in the European Union (EU)." Resources 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020063.
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Energy taxes are one of the main market-based tools directed toward mitigating climate change in the European Union (EU). Therefore, the aim of this article was to analyze whether energy taxes really contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the successful implementation of climate change policy. Applying the Granger causality test on time series and using panel data analysis, the direct and indirect (via the reduction of fossil energy consumption (FEC) and energy intensity (EI), as well as the increase of renewable energy consumption (REN)) impacts of energy taxes on GHG emissions in EU countries were analyzed in the present study. The results showed that energy taxes did not Granger-cause fossil energy consumption, energy intensity, renewable energy consumption, and GHG emissions in almost all EU countries. Regarding the panel data analysis, the results showed that energy taxes did not, directly and indirectly, influence GHG emissions. Therefore, this paper shows that generally, energy tax policy in EU countries is ineffective. Thus, tax policy should be reformed and matched with an emissions trading system in seeking climate change mitigation.
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Flores-Chamba, López-Sánchez, Ponce, Guerrero-Riofrío, and Álvarez-García. "Economic and Spatial Determinants of Energy Consumption in the European Union." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214118.
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In recent decades, various policies have been implemented to reduce energy consumption, as well as a considerable increase in research that analyzes the determinants of energy consumption, both with a standard feature, mitigating environmental degradation. However, few studies investigate the economic and spatial determinants of energy consumption in the European Union (EU). Therefore, to cover the knowledge gap, based on the review of the existing literature, this document is designed to analyze the determinants and energy policy in energy consumption in the EU. For this reason, the objective of this research is to analyze the effect of human capital, the price of oil, and Kyoto Protocol policy on energy consumption. In addition, the effect of contiguity and spatial concentration on energy consumption is studied for 34 European countries, of which 26 belong to the EU, for the period 2000–2016. For this, data collected from the World Bank (2017) and the World Energy Statistical Review (2017) were used. The work methodology is based on the application of econometric techniques for panel data, and spatial econometrics, based on the application of a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), through which the existence of “spillovers” was determined in the implementation of the energy policy. The results of the estimates show a negative effect of the price of oil and human capital concerning energy consumption, and the variable "Policy" reflects a reduction in the energy consumption of the EU countries in the period analyzed. Additionally, the space panel confirms that the behavior of a country's energy consumption depends on its past values and the level of consumption presented by its neighbors, corroborating the importance of territorial contiguity in the success of environmental policy in the case of the European Union.
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Filipiak, Beata Zofia, and Dorota Wyszkowska. "Determinants of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in European Union Countries." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249561.
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In the literature on the subject, it is argued that tax policy is one of the tools stimulating the transition toward sustainable economies. Public authorities can use two functions for this purpose: fiscal and non-fiscal functions. High emission rates and the rising rapid atmospheric changes that come with them are serious threats to the climate and sustainable development. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the goals towards which the world strives (including the EU), so as to keep a balance between people’s expectations, economic aspects, and the needs of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to explain whether, along with other factors, environmental policy and its component “green taxes” can act as a factor in limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this article is to seek an answer to the question of whether “green taxes” as an instrument of tax policy are a significant factor influencing climate change by contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This article attempts to identify the determinants of greenhouse gas emissions (the dependent variable) using the method of linear regression analysis. Multiple linear regression models are used to predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the independent variables (identified from the literature). Trading of CO2 emissions was not included in the analysis due to lack of data. The regression analysis was carried out using specialized statistical software (SPSS). The authors negatively verified the hypothesis that environmental taxes are a significant determinant of greenhouse gas emission reductions compared to the analyzed determinants. “Population”, “current and capital transfers for environmental protection”, and “supply, transformation and consumption of solid fossil fuels” are the most important factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions. Changing consumer behavior (as an effect of the non-fiscal function of taxes) appears to be an extremely important factor in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, the public authorities should promote behaviors conducive to their reduction by means of incentives, and not mainly taxation of negative behavior or fiscal incentives.
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Innocenthia, Adieuva, Yosinta Margaretha, Febri One, Junita Christine, and Agnes Magdalena. "THE EUROPEAN UNION, CHINA AND SOLAR PANEL." Sociae Polites 21, no. 1 (August 8, 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v21i1.1585.
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The European Union and China are the two countries that have advantages in each of them. The European Union and China have a dispute regarding renewable energies, namely the problem with solar panels. China's policy of making solar panels prices have low bargaining power makes the European Union unable to accept the policy because it can cause a long trade conflict. The case study in this paper also illustrates that the EU is actively approaching it to overcome environmental challenges in China by involving the European Union in dialogue and negotiation on various issues and providing capacity-building support. China also introduced trade reforms and carbon emissions to environmental decision-making bodies in the European Union, and it was supported by the European Union, including through meetings to determine sustainable policies and development projects on energy and the environment.
Keywords: EU – China dispute, Environmental Challenges, anti-dumping, China’s policy, World Trade Organization.
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Natashya, Jevon. "Hambatan Ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia ke Uni Eropa pasca Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive (RED)." Jurnal Sentris 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i2.4185.127-155.
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Beside Malaysia, Indonesia is also one of the largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer and exporter in the world. European Union is one of Indonesia’s trading partner and the biggest importer of CPO that used for the biofuel production, especially the biodiesel for transportation sector. But, in 2009, European Union released the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) that required all members to used renewable energy for every sector with the minimum requirement 20% for general sectors and 10% for transportation sectors. While this policy will make the European Union countries used the clean energy, RED became a new kind of NonTariff barriers for Indonesia’s CPO that become an important commodity from Indonesia. This paper will explain by the theory of International Political Economy (IPE) by focused into the Neo-Mercantilism to the analysis of Non-Tariff barriers that used by European Union for the CPO import into Indonesia. Besides that, the writer also used a National Interest concept to explain the importance of CPO for Indonesia and European Union Countries that agreed with the RED.
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Rynska, Elzbieta. "Review of PV Solar Energy Development 2011–2021 in Central European Countries." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 8307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218307.
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According to the data collected in 2022 during 5th International Off-Grid Renewable Energy Conference organized in Abu Dhabi by the International Renewable Energy Agency, the global energy requirements show a negative impact on approximately 785 million people facing energy poverty. The long-term energy sustainability solutions should consider off-grid solutions in the planning of an energy mix and be considered as interim both in remote and already urbanized areas. These measures require integrated planning and partnering with local distribution networks. The review presents the development of photovoltaic installations in Central European countries. For more than 40 years, this area belonged to different regimes and joined the European Union at various dates. Hence, the development of energy policies and cultural and social expectations differ even when based on the Green Deal presented by the European Union in 2020. The outcomes prove that even with a variety of policy measures, the strongest boost can be given only by a set of national rules and financial incentives supporting the stakeholders. It should be noted that the advancement of PV often does not rely on climatic conditions, but more on the level of incentives undertaken by each country, as well as the general policy measures undertaken on the EU level.
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Qystri, Arber Osman. "European Union Energy Policies and Albania: a path toward a major energy security." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p194-197.
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Today, energy represents the main challenge for every country. Given the dynamic and unpredictable form of supply and demand for energy in a global and globalized context, creating long-term policies as well as regional interior is vital to ensure energy security. In this context, the European Union, - as a main global actor- throughout the reform of the energy sector, wants to be on the cutting edge in the use of new technologies and the creation of a single energy market, not only inside the twenty eight member countries. Balkan countries have an important role in this process, which takes place inside the Energy Community. In these conditions, this article aims to analyse the recent transformation on European Union energy policy and provide an analysis of the commitments undertaken by Albania as a member of the Energy Community.
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Barrell, Alan, Pawel Dobrzanski, Sebastian Bobowski, Krzysztof Siuda, and Szymon Chmielowiec. "Efficiency of Environmental Protection Expenditures in EU Countries." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248443.
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Environmental protection policy is a widely discussed issue in scientific works. However, special attention should be also paid to the effectiveness of expenditures on environmental protection, and this is the main goal of this paper. The countries of the European Union were selected for this analysis due to the fact that, in recent years, this region has become an informal world leader with respect to the implementation of policy measures in the field of environmental protection. For that reason, the data envelopment analysis methodology was used, which allows the calculation of input-output efficiency for the years 2005–2015. The analysis shows that, among the 30 analyzed countries, the most effective in environmental protection actions is Finland. The hypothesis that higher environmental protection expenditures does not result in better environmental results has been confirmed. Our analysis confirmed the problem of the deteriorating efficiency of environmental expenditures across the selected European Union Member States, caused by increases in spending. This research may contribute to the discussion on environmental protection policy design and its assessment, as well as environmental policy results measurement.
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Bednarczyk, Jan L., Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup, and Sławomir Luściński. "Opportunities and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy in Poland against the Background of the European Union Energy Policy." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155503.
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One of the strategic goals of developed countries is to significantly increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. However, the process may be hindered by, e.g., the storage and transport of energy from renewable sources. The European Union countries see the development of the hydrogen economy as an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Therefore, since 2020, the European Union has been implementing a hydrogen strategy that will increase the share of hydrogen in the European energy mix from the current 2 percent to up to 13–14 percent by 2050. In 2021, following the example of other European countries, the Polish government adopted the Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with an outlook until 2040 (PHS). However, the implementation of the strategy requires significant capital expenditure and infrastructure modernisation, which gives rise to question as to whether Poland is likely to achieve the goals set out in the Polish Hydrogen Strategy and European Green Deal. The subject of the research is an analysis of the sources of financing for the PHS against the background of solutions implemented by the EU countries and a SWOT/TOWS analysis on the hydrogen economy in Poland. The overall result of the SWOT/TOWS analysis shows the advantage of strengths and related opportunities. This allows for a positive assessment of the prospects for the hydrogen economy in Poland. Poland should continue its efforts to take advantage of the external factors (O/S), such as EU support, an increased price competitiveness of hydrogen, and the emergence of a competitive cross-border hydrogen market in Europe. At the same time, the Polish authorities should not forget about the weaknesses and threats that may inhibit the development of the domestic hydrogen market. It is necessary to modernise the infrastructure; increase the share of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production; increase R&D expenditure, and, in particular, to complete the negotiations related to the adoption of the Fit for 55 package.
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Ponce, Pablo, Cristiana Oliveira, Viviana Álvarez, and María de la Cruz del Río-Rama. "The Liberalization of the Internal Energy Market in the European Union: Evidence of Its Influence on Reducing Environmental Pollution." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 6116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226116.
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From an empirical point of view, the liberalization of the internal energy market reduces carbon dioxide emissions, promoting a wider range of renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of the liberalization of the internal energy market on CO2 emissions, which was implemented in the European Union in 2011. The research data cover 27 countries of the European Union during the period 2004–2017 and was processed by estimating a two-way effects econometric model. The results suggest that the liberalization of the internal energy market is negatively related to CO2 emissions; the policy was effective in reducing CO2 emissions and, therefore, slowing down climate change. This result is significant at the level of the European Union, and in high-income countries since the year the policy was implemented, being different in the upper-middle-income countries, which begins to be effective after two years, which is due to the economic characteristics of the countries. The public policies to be implemented to reduce carbon dioxide emissions should focus on reducing the barriers imposed on foreign trade, which prevent efficient use of resources and providing financial and operating facilities to renewable energy providers in order to stimulate their production and consumption.
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Tomczyk, Paweł, and Mirosław Wiatkowski. "Challenges in the Development of Hydropower in Selected European Countries." Water 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123542.
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Hydropower in Europe is playing an increasingly important role as a renewable source of energy. Its share of the final energy consumption varies from country to country, posing different challenges in each. The European Union member states are obliged, according to energy policy, to increase the share of renewable energy. This article presents the challenges related to the development of hydropower in four countries with different shares of domestic electricity production from hydropower plants: Albania (100% share in 2019), Slovenia (25.7%), Poland (1.1%), and Estonia (0.3%). Particular attention is paid to the issues of rational management of water resources in connection to Europe’s energy policy. As a result of the case study analysis, the challenges in the development of hydropower are identified, as well as ways to solve them. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of social, economic, environmental and climate change factors on the development of hydropower was conducted. At present, whether the assumed goals of the European Union’s energy policy will be achieved is impossible to determine for the whole of Europe. Achieving these goals will be possible only after individual countries prepare comprehensive reports on the topics of renewable energy sources, including hydropower.
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Bayar, Yilmaz, Laura Diaconu (Maxim), and Andrei Maxim. "Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Post-Transition European Union Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072640.
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Carbon dioxide emissions are on the rise, posing a serious global issue. Therefore, it is important that policymakers identify the exact causes of these emissions. This paper investigates the influence of financial development, primary energy consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in 11 post-transition European economies. The assessment was made for the 1995–2017 period using panel cointegration and causality analyses. The causality analyses did not reveal significant connection between financial sector development and CO2 emissions, but rather a two-way causality between primary energy consumption and economic growth, on one hand, and CO2 emissions on the other. Meanwhile, long-run analysis disclosed that financial sector development and primary energy consumption positively affected CO2 emissions. Our results seek to grab the attention of policy makers, who could work towards creating country-specific strategies that balance the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions. These long-term policies could ensure both development of the financial sector and environmental protection.
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Rochette, Gustavo. "Is the French Nuclear Strategy Lawful Under EU Law? Article 194(2) TFEU and Its Limitations." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020047.
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The Fukushima Daishii nuclear disaster lead countries to change their nuclear approaches changed drastically. Although being a traditionally pronuclear country, France followed this tendency by approving a strategy to reduce its nuclear portfolio. Under European law this development is permitted by the right to right to determine its own energy mix include in Article 194(2) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. However, other European legislation that may influence this decision was not considered. This legislation may limit this right and the policy by itself. This article tries to show how, although possible due to the right to determine its own energy mix, the French nuclear strategy may be unlawful under the EU law, namely the European Atomic Energy Community Treaty and the primary and secondary legislation regarding Security of Energy Supply. Nuclear Energy, French Nuclear sector, European Union, Energy mix, TFEU, Euratom, Energy Security, European Energy policy
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Makpal, Zholamanova, Nurmukhametov Nurbakhyt, Tolmachev Mikhail, Sarsen Kassymkhan, and Amerkhanova Altyn. "Comparative Analysis of Strategies for Innovative Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex: The Experience of the EU Countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2023): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13628.
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Most European countries do not have large reserves of natural resources and depend on imported energy resources. In this regard, the government of the European Union has approved a new energy policy aimed at developing a “green” economy and combating dependence on non-renewable resources. Currently, the European Union is a leader in the development of renewable energy sources. Many states have achieved success in this industry, their experience can be used in other countries where alternative energy is not so widespread. This study analyzes and compares existing strategies for the innovative development of the fuel and energy complex of EU member states. The process of formation of the EU energy policy and its distinctive features were studied. The example of Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, and Finland was used to study in detail the impact of the new energy policy approved by the EU government. The prospects for the introduction of alternative energy sources in the geographical and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan have been assessed. Synthesizing the information obtained, a list of tips for the successful development of alternative energy in the Republic of Kazakhstan was proposed.
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Rybin, Mihail V., Alexander A. Stepanov, and Nadezhda V. Morozova. "TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF POLAND'S ENERGY POLICY IN THE FUEL AND ENERGY SECTOR OF THE EU COUNTRIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 11 (2021): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.02.021.
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The article reveals and analyzes conceptual approaches to the formation of strategic directions of energy policy of the European Union and Poland in the first decades of the XXI century. A critical assess-ment is given from the point of view of international cooperation in the field of energy between the Russian Federation, Poland and the EU as a whole and, in particular, European, national and regional programs for the transformation of the fuel and energy sector in the conditions of decarbonization and transition to green energy.
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Papież, Monika, Sławomir Śmiech, and Katarzyna Frodyma. "The role of energy policy on the decoupling processes in the European Union countries." Journal of Cleaner Production 318 (October 2021): 128484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128484.
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Tarpani, Elena, Cristina Piselli, Claudia Fabiani, Ilaria Pigliautile, Eelke J. Kingma, Benedetta Pioppi, and Anna Laura Pisello. "Energy Communities Implementation in the European Union: Case Studies from Pioneer and Laggard Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912528.
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Energy communities are a promising strategy for a global energy transition. European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks are already established and clearly explained, aiming to develop as many projects as possible in the different European countries. Accordingly, it is necessary to present two different types of countries: the laggards and the pioneers, two categories that highlight the discrepancies in policy, bureaucracy, culture, and usage of alternative sources and technologies, such as renewable energy, towards the implementation of energy communities. This work compares two representative case studies to qualitatively understand the differences between laggard and pioneer countries: Italy and the Netherlands, respectively. The regulatory framework and the solid points/shortcomings of each country are explained first. Thereafter, an accurate description of the two selected case study communities and their different peculiarities is provided. Finally, the main similarities and differences are stressed to discuss the lessons to be learned in laggard and pioneer countries. Five pillars for the development and uptake of energy communities are identified related to regulations, economic benefits, technical limitations, sustainability, and social awareness. These outcomes suggest the importance of policy management, and stress the limitations of governance in helping policymakers and experts to support the energy transition.
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Kolosok, Svitlana, and Ihor Vakulenko. "STRATEGIC EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS: A SURVEY." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, no. 4 (2022): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.4-30.
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Because of the difficult situation in the world energy market, in particular, in Europe, and the need to respond to global challenges in terms of increasing the energy security of individual countries and their associations by reducing dependence on the import of fossil fuels (natural gas, oil and petroleum products, stone coal, etc.) and the development of renewable energy to level the difference in the natural resource potential of traditional energy resources, it is necessary to develop the energy system based on the principles of energy self-sufficiency and high energy transitivity to quickly respond to fluctuations in demand and balance the energy network. The article examines existing cooperation mechanisms in the energy sector of the European Union, both between EU member states and between EU representatives and third countries. The specified procedure for concluding international agreements ensures compliance with the legislation of the European Union and verification of agreements between countries for compliance with the goals of energy policy and promotion of the achievement of indicators, particularly in the field of renewable energy development. This approach ensures integrity and consistency in the implementation of both energy and climate policies of the European Union. It contributes to the implementation of pan-European and national strategic plans. In connection with the need for temporary measures for the transformation of the EU energy system and following the most expected scenario of such a transformation, which involves two stages: diversification of the supply of fossil fuels to EU countries to replace Russian energy resources in the short term and intensification of the development of renewable energy to replace fossil fuels with renewable in the medium and long time, a list of countries with which cooperation in the implementation of energy projects will help reduce the dependence of the European Union on the import of energy resources from the Russian Federation in the short term has been determined. The transparency platform for cross-border renewable energy projects (CB RES Transparency Platform) described in the article aims to increase the efficiency of international partners' interaction during the implementation of clean energy projects in the European Union.
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Karasek, Aneta, Barbara Fura, and Magdalena Zajączkowska. "Assessment of Energy Efficiency in the European Union Countries in 2013 and 2020." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 3414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043414.
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In the face of the current energy crisis and the need to implement the objectives of climate and energy policy, it seems necessary to examine energy efficiency. Accordingly, this article aims to assess the energy efficiency of European Union (EU) countries. The assessment is performed using data envelopment analysis (DEA), a non-parametric method of measurement of relative efficiency. Ireland recorded the highest energy efficiency both in 2013 and 2020. The average efficiency of all countries assessed was lower in 2020 than in 2013. The number of fully efficient countries had decreased in 2020 compared to 2013. The differentiation of countries in terms of energy efficiency had increased in 2020. The research made it possible to express the efficiencies of countries using a single indicator applied to establish countries’ rankings. The lowest-ranked states are encouraged to improve their technologies for transforming inputs into outputs following the technologies of the benchmark countries. Moreover, a new approach to defining and measuring energy efficiency is proposed. We define energy efficiency as the ratio of services, goods and/or energy obtained to the energy input. In analysing energy efficiency, we emphasise dynamic perspectives rather than static ones.
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Tutak, Magdalena. "Analysis of Gas and Dust Emissions From the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union Countries." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0006.
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AbstractDespite the ongoing changes in the energy and economic structure of the European Union countries, mineral and energy resources such as hard coal, brown coal, natural gas, copper ores, zinc ores and many other minerals continue to be extracted. Each year, the mining and extraction sector emits thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, in the form of greenhouse and other air-polluting gases, as well as harmful dusts. These substances include, amongst others, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, as well as PM2.5 and PM10. The European Union climate policy clearly recommends that the exploitation of mineral resources be carried out in full respect of the principles of their rational, economical and environmentally neutral acquisition, which is confirmed by the promoted strategy of sustainable development economy. Therefore, this means the necessity to undertake actions aimed at limiting the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the atmosphere. To assess the actions taken by the European Union countries to date with respect to limiting those emissions, a comparative analysis was carried out for the particular countries. This analysis encompassed the emission of harmful substances from the mining and quarrying sector by the European Union countries in the years 2008 and 2017. The purpose of the analysis was to show the diversity of those countries in terms of the emission of harmful gases and dusts, as well as to divide them into similar groups. Such a division paves the way for developing a common climate policy and exchanging experiences between the countries from the particular groups. The European Union countries were divided into similar groups using the k-means grouping method. Comparison was also made for the emissions of the substances under analysis for the particular countries over the research years. The results obtained unequivocally demonstrate that this emission has been limited in the European Union, but there are countries where the emission of certain substances has increased.
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Song, Malin, Haitao Xu, Zhiyang Shen, and Xiongfeng Pan. "Energy market integration and renewable energy development: Evidence from the European Union countries." Journal of Environmental Management 317 (September 2022): 115464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115464.
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Dominiak, Natalia, and Natalia Oleszczyk. "THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN POLAND AGAINST A EUROPEAN UNION BACKGROUND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6070.
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The purpose of the analysis was to determine the degree of use of renewable energy sources in Poland in comparison to other EU countries. The article presents the degree of use of renewable energy sources in Poland against a background of European Union countries together with the quantitative use of renewable energy sources in Poland, since 2010. Poland, like other EU countries, aims at meeting its obligations towards the energy union policy and achieving the target for energy from renewable sources by 2020, in accordance with the adopted EU strategy “Europe 2020”. The results and ways of achieving the goal by Poland were presented, as well as the breakdown of Member State contributions, which are the sum of EU-level goals by 2030. Research was based on secondary data obtained from the EU statistical agency Eurostat. The publication uses, among others: analysis of domestic and foreign literature sources and analysis of secondary data expressed in real values, the results of which are presented in tabular form. For the purposes of this publication, a method of targeted selection of quantitative parameters was used, which will allow an analysis and comparison of the degree of renewable energy development in Poland and the EU. The analyzes covered the years 2010-2017. The analyzes carried out indicate that the slowdown or growth in achieving the goal is largely influenced by current economic development or slowdown, expenditure on supporting renewable energy policy, administrative procedures and current country policy. Trends in the use of renewable energy depend on, among others the above factors.
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Vlahinić Lenz, Nela, and Barbara Fajdetić. "Does Economic Globalisation Harm Climate? New Evidence from European Union." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186699.
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The issue of globalisation-induced greenhouse gas emissions is an ongoing topic and a major challenge to the EU climate goals of achieving non-zero emissions by 2050. In the light of this ongoing debate on the globalisation–environment nexus, the paper examines the impact of economic globalisation on climate in EU countries over the period 2000–2019 and provide some new empirical evidence. After applying the panel cointegration analysis and the Granger causality test, the dynamic panel analysis is performed for 26 EU countries using the Arellano–Bond estimator. For the policy perspective, the analysed sample of countries is grouped into two subpanels according to their level of development—EU countries with above-average and below-average GDP per capita. After testing the effects of different dimensions of economic globalisation and environmental taxes on GHG emissions, the results revealed the following: (1) Trade globalisation is detrimental to the climate, as trade openness significantly increases emissions in both country groups. Financial globalisation has a weaker impact and increases emissions only in below-average countries, suggesting that FDI inflows could be important for the transfer of green technologies when a country reaches higher development level. (2) Passenger transport reduces GHG emissions in both groups of countries, while FDI are beneficiary for the climate in above-average countries. (3) Environmental taxes as a proxy for environmental policy show statistically significant results, but with different outcomes in the two groups; they have a negative impact on emissions in countries that are below the GDP p/c average, indicating the shortcomings of the tax system in addressing climate change. (4) The total energy consumption increases emissions in both country groups and, thus, harms the climate. Therefore, despite the current unfavourable circumstances, EU countries should continue to expand the green economy, increase energy consumption from renewables, and develop low-carbon technologies that do not depend on imported fossil fuels.
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Kocsis, Imre, and Judit T. Kiss. "RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION, R&D AND GDP IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 13, no. 11 (2015): 2825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.316.
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Misztal, Anna, Magdalena Kowalska, Anita Fajczak-Kowalska, and Otakar Strunecky. "Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization in the Context of Macroeconomic Stabilization." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165197.
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Decarbonization is an activity aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and global warming. Ensuring macroeconomic stabilization is the basis for ecological action. The question is whether macroeconomic stabilization helps companies, institutions and countries act for decarbonization. This article presents research on the impact of components of macroeconomic stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency in the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the European Union from 1990 to 2020. We focus on the following countries, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. The contribution to knowledge is using the pentagon of macroeconomic stabilization to assess macroeconomic stabilization’s impact on decarbonization and energy efficiency. According to the correlation coefficients, the Ordinary Least Squares and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression method, there is a statistically significant impact of components of macroeconomics stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency. Moreover, our models show a different strength and direction of relationships between the explained and explanatory variables. Research results confirm the necessity to coordinate the macroeconomic with environmental policy. We think that it is essential to use effective tools of economic support (European Union Emissions Trading System, environmental taxes) and greater pressure from European Union institutions on countries that emit harmful substances.
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LAPINSKIENĖ, Giedrė, Kęstutis PELECKIS, and Neringa SLAVINSKAITĖ. "ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 18, no. 6 (December 20, 2017): 1082–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2017.1393457.
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This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions and other factors based on the panel data of 22 countries of the EU in the period 1995–2014. The fixed effect panel model was used as a framework for the analysis. The novel contribution of this paper is that the factors of economic growth, energy consumption, energy taxes as well as R&D were tested in one expanded EKC model, including the data of three Baltic States. The regression coefficients referring to GDP, Energy consumption have a positive sign, while R&D and Energy taxes have a negative sign. The empirical analysis combines two steps of evaluation of panel models of different groups of countries. The results imply that the analysed factors (energy consumption, energy taxes as well as R&D) can be applied to adjust the EKC trend in the region and might be useful for the climate change policy adjustment.
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Agapov, A. "“Union for the Mediterranean”: Problems and Contradictions." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2010): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-9-66-71.
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The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) suggested by Nicolas Sarcozy, the Ex-President of France, has been generating many questions from the very beginning. As experts note, this was due to the unsuccessful project kick-off. Since its first years, the Community model proposed to the Mediterranean countries appealed to solution of the most important problems by joint efforts. Common immigration policy, economic and trade development, common legal rules support, environmental protection and cooperative development were meant to be the "backbones" of the project. Investigating difficulties and perspectives of the European countries cooperation the author points that the UfM represents a promising tool for the energy problem solution. The Europe's energy market diversification program and, therefore, its security largely depends on how successfully the European partners will be able to make advantage of it.
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Tutar, Hasan, Teymur Sarkhanov, and Nigar Guliyeva. "Eastern Mediterranean Area in Energy Security of The European Union: From Sea Border Issues to Economic Conflicts of Interest." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12602.
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The interdependence experienced on a global scale today has gained more importance with the increasing demand for energy resources. The situation of interdependence may cause various conflicts due to the differences in strategy between countries regarding access to energy resources. In this destructive competitive environment, hydrocarbons, especially natural gas, continue to be an essential means of competition as a strategic energy source. This situation makes the European Union and the countries that are the suppliers of the energy demand of the Union and the transition countries dependent on each other. This situation of interdependence makes energy resources the most important policy tool. Russia, one of the energy suppliers of European states, uses this advantage as an essential political pressure tool. European Union countries turn to alternative resources and areas to reduce dependency in the face of this situation. In recent years, the Eastern Mediterranean basin has been added to these areas. With the discovery of significant hydrocarbon resources in the Eastern Mediterranean, the importance of this region for European countries is increasing. However, this situation causes maritime border disputes and geopolitical conflicts between the countries of the region. This conceptual study emphasizes the solution of problems related to cross-border hydrocarbon resources and the extent to which natural gas reserves in the Eastern Mediterranean will be an alternative to Russian natural gas.Keywords: EU energy security, Eastern Mediterranean gas reserves, Sea border issues, Exclusive economic zoneJEL Classifications: P28, P48, K32.DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12602
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Schumacher, Tobias. "Die Europäische Union, die Östliche Partnerschaft und „Assoziierung Plus“: zur Debatte über die Einbindung assoziierter Nachbarn unterhalb einer EU-Mitgliedschaft." integration 42, no. 3 (2019): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2019-3-205.
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This article takes up the European Neighbourhood Policy-related debate on the future design of the association policy of the European Union (EU) towards the countries of the Eastern Partnership (EaP). It pursues two objectives. First, it examines - apart from a brief discussion of the origins and genesis of the concept of “association plus” in the context of the wider EU neighbourhood framework - how the intra-EU discourse on the future of the EaP has evolved and changed in recent years and which propositions are nowadays at the core of the debate. Secondly, it analyses these propositions, mainly revolving around the integration of EaP countries into the emerging Energy and Digital Union and the Schengen Area as well as the creation of bilateral customs unions, in what regards opportunities and challenges for the eastern neighbours. The article argues that “association plus”, as demanded by the European Parliament and some EaP countries, would generate considerable financial and political costs even for those eastern neighbours that have implemented significant reforms and that it seems acceptable only if it were explicitly declared as an intermediate step towards the granting of an EU membership perspective.
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Aleksić, Varvara, and Ilija Batas Bjelić. "Da li nam treba više ambicije za tranziciju na obnovlјive izvore u Srbiji? Temelјi upravlјanja i planiranja energije." Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija 23, no. 3 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee21-3.01a.
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Renewable energy has been suggested as the primary approach for decarbonizing the energy system and decoupling energy consumption from greenhouse gas emissions, both in the energy literature and in practice. The European Union has acknowledged the challenge and put renewable energy transition high on the policy agenda with the latest ambition of being a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. On the other hand, Western Balkan countries are still dependent on fossil fuels as one of their primary energy mix sources. The pledge about the European future has mostly driven the renewable energy transition ambition in the Western Balkan countries, including Serbia. Moreover, signing the Energy Community Treaty provided institutional and legal tools to both Contracting Parties and the European Union to build the common energy market. These processes inspired many authors in the last two decades to analyse technical, economic, market and environmental aspects of renewables. However, the governance and planning, even though identified as challenging, have been side-lined from the analysis. This paper aims to overview the selected renewable energy transition literature and legislation to analyse the main legal and policy milestones reached so far, as well as ambition in Serbia. It also discusses the lessons learned from the related literature from energy governance and planning prism. To do so, it firstly provides a literature review of the main concepts of the renewable energy transition. Moreover, the historical analysis of renewable energy policy and legal developments in the European Union, the Energy Community and Serbia are in the second part's focus. Finally, the discussion part summarizes lessons learned from the literature for future energy governance and planning with the perspective of the energy planning process, policy evaluation, and education and administrative capacity. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of taking the current literature findings as prospective steps to follow towards accelerated energy governance and planning.
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Ligus, Magdalena, and Piotr Peternek. "The Sustainable Energy Development Index—An Application for European Union Member States." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041117.
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The development of a complete system of indicators and a composite sustainable energy index could prove useful to evaluate both the state of the art and the progress of national energy towards sustainable development. However, in the case of energy sustainability, a knowledge gap arises due to incomplete coverage and lack of systematic focus on sustainability components. The objective of our research is to obtain Sustainable Energy Development Aggregated Index to rank the EU Member States on the path to sustainable energy. We propose a set of indicators related to sustainable development in energy policy in the EU-28, grouped in three dimensions: social, economic and environmental and apply the standardized sums method in order to obtain the dimensional and aggregated indexes. The countries on the podium are Denmark, The Netherlands and Austria. The worst-performing countries (with index values below the first quartile) are Estonia, Malta, Slovakia, Poland, Greece, Cyprus and Bulgaria. A comparative analysis of the outcome with a few existing indexes for the EU Member States shows how large an impact on the index values and the ranking obtained does the selection of indicators and the methodology used have. The refinement of the set of energy indicators is necessary for the context where they will be applied to ensure their policy relevance and usefulness. It is also necessary to conduct a sensitivity analysis each time in the study.