Academic literature on the topic 'European Union countries – Economic policies'
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Journal articles on the topic "European Union countries – Economic policies"
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Anlamassova, M. K., R. T. Japparova, and A. Zh Mukazhanova. "Soft power of European Union countries." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, no. 4 (2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-8-18.
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There are two main diplomatic strategies used by states in International Relations: hard power and soft power. Hard power uses the tools of military force or other coercive strategies to achieve the desired result. Soft power, on the other hand, tries to achieve the desired result with persuasive tactics. In short, hard power uses force, while soft power uses charm and attractiveness or makes the other party do what you want.These days, political scientists and other experts have begun to emphasize the increasing effectiveness of using a combination of hard and soft power, or smart power. In International Relations, US foreign policy is often positioned as an example of hard power, as in some cases it uses military or economic pressure to achieve the desired result. The European Union, on the other hand, tends to implement soft power policies through the creation of European values and European identity in order to attract new members and gain new allies. In addition, the European Union exhibits values such as freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law to the world. These values also help to increase the soft power of the European Union in the world. In this study, soft power policies and soft power activities of European Union countries such as England, France and Germany are examined.
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Abdul Karim, Mohammad Zuhair. "Policies of European Union countries towards the issue of illegal immigration." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 19 (May 24, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i19.212.
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Migration is an inherent phenomenon of human societies. It is the movement of people from a place where it is difficult to live to a better place, for socio-political reasons. Migration is either internal within one country or international between countries, And the latter may be legitimate or illegal. The European continent has become a dream for immigrants to live better. But Europe, which has received large numbers of immigrants and has become part of its social, economic and political entity, is beginning to suffer from problems and reflections: security, economic, social and political, in light of the increasing number of immigrants in Europe, which has made European countries since the 1980s changed their policies, And start to legislate laws and procedures and conclude restrictive immigration agreements, leading to the events of September 11, 2001, which made European policies more stringent towards immigration, to develop those policies after the Arab Renaissance revolutions in 2011, And what that left, waves of displaced people headed to Europe, thousands of them were received, but as a result of economic difficulties and security and political conditions that some European countries were exposed to, Some European calls have emerged to curb immigration, In light of the differences between the EU countries and the absence of a unified European policy and vision towards immigration, Nevertheless, European countries have formed some partnerships and agreements to combat migration, as well as conducting a set of collective and unilateral restrictive immigration procedures which have led to a reduction in the number of refugees to Europe.
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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.
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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.
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Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Hussain, Munir. "The European Union and Transcaucasus (South) Countries: On a Cross-road." Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 52–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2008.4.
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This study is an attempt to analyze EU policies towards the SouthernCaucasus that deals basically with the changes in EU policies from1999 to date. The EU policy towards the region can be analyzed in twophases. First, the study will discuss the EU support during the 1990-1999 phase in relation to the economic and technical aid offered to theregion. Second, the study attempts to analyze the EU's active policiessince 1999 in terms of changes in EU policies as well as the causes ofthis change and the importance of the region for the EU. The studywill conclude by asserting that political and economic stability cannotbe reached without solving the problems in the region. In this context,the importance of the EU in the establishment of peace and stabilityin this framework are also discussed.
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Bharti, Mukesh Shankar. "The Economic Integration of the Central and Eastern European Countries into the European Union: Special Reference to Regional Development." Copernicus Political and Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/cpls.20222.01.
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The purpose of this paper is to research on the Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEECs) economic development after joining the European Union (EU). Moreover, this study highlights the key policies of economic integration into the EU and integration is a success story for the CEE countries. This paper also describes the key indicators and tools of the development model adopted by the CEE countries as a member of the EU. This study covers the period from 2004 to 2021. The objective of this study is to relate to the EU’s economic and trade policies, and how they brought the development to the region after the successful integration. To what extent, the CEE countries could develop their economic position in comparison to the other EU member countries. The research used empirical and comparative analysis methods to search the economic growth and regional development. Through this method, the research answers the questions and tests the hypothesis. The study concludes that the economic integration of the CEECs into the EU is successful. As a result, the development of this region has been accelerated and the EU’s economic policies have successfully been implemented in many countries. Finally, The EU’s economic policy has changed the dynamics of regions’ development and shaped the stronger trade and common market among the member states. The EU’s integration has impacted the gradual economic growth across the CEE countries.
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Bondarenko, Lev-Oleksandr. "Urgent Social and Cultural Issues and Attitudes in the European Union Countries." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 13 (December 22, 2023): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2023.13.210-227.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of multiculturalism policy in the European Union countries, as well as current socio-cultural problems and attitudes caused by migration and economic and social processes. The study analyses the influence of historical processes on the formation of ethnic groups, which, in the subsequent formation of European countries and their consolidation into the European Union, played and continue to play an essential role in the matter of regional politics. The study confirms that unsuccessful attempts to integrate immigrants into European society led to the aggravation of relations between the native population of European states and immigrants, growth of anti-immigrant sentiments and mass protests of Europeans against the national governments' migration policies.
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Sevilla Torres, Jorge. "Tax harmonization policies in the European Union: analysis compared." Semestre Económico 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26867/se.2024.v13i1.157.
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Within the framework of the European Union (EU), tax harmonization has become an issue of crucial importance to promote economic cohesion and equity among member states. The following article is a historical-comparative study of tax policies in the European Union. It focuses on analyzing the harmonization process that has taken place in the elaboration of these policies, with the focus of study on the Corporate Tax, a fiscal tool of great relevance for companies and national governments. In addition, the different positions and oppositions that have arisen in the face of tax harmonization reforms will be analyzed, considering the concerns about fiscal sovereignty, competitiveness, and the economic and social diversity of the Member States. Finally, the improvement proposal established by the OECD and the European Commission to close the tax gap between countries and put an end to harmful practices related to tax competition will be discussed.
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Bostan, Nicoleta Geanina. ""FINANCIAL EDUCATION IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES"." SERIES V - ECONOMIC SCIENCES 13(62), no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.es.2020.13.62.2.13.
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"In the context of economic disparities among the countries of the European Union, the paper analyses the status of financial literacy for people living in East European countries, the way to increase financial knowledge through financial education and finally leading to a higher and more effective financial inclusion. Economic gaps are a major challenge for Eastern European countries. Their recovery can be done through efficient public policies harmonized with actions to increase the degree of financial education of the population. Policy makers, public institutions and non-profit organisation involved in financial education matters can benefit from this analysis and conclusion just as much as researchers. "
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Horváth, Gy. "Regional Policy in Europe." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.6.
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Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European Union countries – Economic policies"
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Kuok, Lai Ieng. "Do the employment policies of the Lisbon Strategy promote EU economic growth?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555547.
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Horne, Cynthia Michalski. "Are NMEs our enemies? : non-market economies and western trade policies /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10703.
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Fahrholz, Christian H. "New political economy of exchange rate policies and the enlargement of the Eurozone : with 9 tables /." Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2839037&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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O'Dorchai, Sile Padraigin. "Family, work and welfare states in Europe: women's juggling with multiple roles :a series of empirical essays." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210592.
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The general focus of this thesis is on how the family, work and the welfare system are intertwined. A major determinant is the way responsibilities are shared by the state, the market and civil society in different welfare state regimes. An introductory chapter will therefore be dedicated to the development of the social dimension in the process of European integration. A first chapter will then go deeper into the comparative analysis of welfare state regimes, to comment on the provision of welfare in societies with a different mix of state, market and societal welfare roles and to assess the adequacy of existing typologies as reflections of today’s changed socio-economic, political and gender reality. Although they stand strong on their own, these first two chapters also contribute to contextualising the research subject of the remainder of the thesis: the study and comparison of the differential situation of women and men and of mothers and non-mothers on the labour markets of the EU-15 countries as well as of the role of public policies with respect to the employment penalties faced by women, particularly in the presence of young children. In our analysis, employment penalties are understood in three ways: (i) the difference in full-time equivalent employment rates between mothers and non-mothers, (ii) the wage penalty associated with motherhood, and (iii) the wage gap between part-time and full-time workers, considering men and women separately. Besides from a gender point of view, employment outcomes and public policies are thus assessed comparatively for mothers and non-mothers. Because women choose to take part in paid employment, fertility rates will depend on their possibilities to combine employment and motherhood. As a result, motherhood-induced employment penalties and the role of public policies to tackle them should be given priority attention, not just by scholars, but also by politicians and policy-makers.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Abdulla, Fawaz Yusuf Ahmed Abdulrahim. "European Union policies and socioeconomic development in the Southern Mediterranean : the case of Morocco." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648135.
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Peng, Dan Ni. "The EU-China trade relations in the context of economic globalization." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555591.
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Etienne, Anne. "Towards European Integration: Do the European Union and Its Members Abide by the Same Principles?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4617/.
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In the last few decades the European Union (EU) and its members have emphasized the importance of human rights and the need to improve human rights conditions in Third World countries. In this research project, I attempted to find out whether the European Union and its members practice what they preach by giving precedence to countries that respect human rights through their Official Development Assistance (ODA) program. Furthermore, I tried to analyze whether European integration occurs at the foreign policy level through aid allocation. Based on the literatures on political conditionality and on the relationship between human rights and foreign aid allocation, I expected that all EU members promote principles of good governance by rewarding countries that protect the human rights of their citizens. I conducted a cross-sectional time-series selection model over all recipients of ODA for each of the twelve members for which I have data, the European Commission, and the aggregate EU disbursements from 1979 to 1998.
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Mavrikiou, Petros Andreas. "Aspects of European economic integration : the single market and the single currency." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23724.
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This paper considers two major issues in the evolution of the European Union, the Single Market and the Single Currency. The first chapter deals with the projected effects of the 1992 Programme, and the second chapter deals with the collapse of the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System and examines the prospects for European Monetary Union given this collapse. The third chapter revolves around the concept of Central Banking under Monetary Union and focuses on the European Monetary Institute and the European System of Central Banks. Chapter four presents data regarding the progress of the European Union towards the target of the Single Currency, as well as other macroeconomic indicators.
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Yang, Zi Wei. "Economic integration in Greater China : drawing lessons from European Union." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555596.
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RUBIO, BARCELÓ Eulàlia. "Regional governments, territorial political restructuring and vocational education and training policies : a comparison of four cases : Catalonia, Lombardy, Valencia and Veneto." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7037.
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Defence date: 16 March 2007Examining Board: Prof. Michael Keating (EUI); Prof. Virginie Guiraudon (EUI); Prof. Marino Regini, (Università di Milano) ; Prof. Jacint Jordana Casajuana (Pompeu Fabra University)
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Books on the topic "European Union countries – Economic policies"
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Moussis, Nicholas. Access to the European Union: Law, economics, policies. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2013.
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M, El-Agraa A., and El-Agraa A. M, eds. The European Union: Economics and policies. 8th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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El-Agraa, A. M. The European Union: Economics and policies. 9th ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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1978-, Orbie Jan, ed. Europe's global role: External policies of the European Union. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008.
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Moussis, Nicolas. Handbook of European Union: Institutions and policies. 3rd ed. Rixensart [Belgium]: EDIT-EUR, 1996.
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Moussis, Nicolas. Handbook of European Union: Institutions and policies. 2nd ed. Rixensart [Belgium]: EDIT-EUR, 1995.
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Moussis, Nicolas. Handbook of European Union: Institutions and policies. 5th ed. Rixensart [Belgium]: European Study Service, 1998.
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M, El-Agraa A., ed. The European Union: History, institutions, economics and policies. 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall Europe, 1998.
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Dyson, Kenneth H. F. European economic governance and policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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Antonin, Rusek, Lacina Lubor 1969-, and Fidrmuc Jarko, eds. The economic performance of the European Union: Issues, trends and policies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "European Union countries – Economic policies"
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Poli, Eleonora. "European Economic Governance and Rising Sovereignism." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy, 241–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_15.
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AbstractEuropeans have experienced a variety of challenges in recent years. The rise of sovereignism is one of them. Against this backdrop, this chapter analyses the link between the economic crises and the development of right-wing populist parties. It assesses that while the European economic governance, through a set of mechanisms and institutions, acquired a renovated economic and financial equilibrium, it failed to deal with other salient imbalances concerning wage and fiscal policies across European Union (EU) member countries allowing sovereign parties to gain more legitimacy.
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Ates, Leyla, Moran Harari, and Markus Meinzer. "Negative Spillovers in International Corporate Taxation and the European Union." In Taxation, International Cooperation and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 195–217. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64857-2_10.
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AbstractJurisdictions can engage in different types of aggressive tax policies to varying degrees. These policies can have negative spillover effects on other jurisdictions. In the realm of corporate taxation, these effects consist of base erosion and profit shifting and perceived pressures to reduce corporate taxes. Both direct and indirect effects undermine the efforts especially of developing countries at mobilising domestic resources to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. We analyse the intensity of corrosive tax policies by exploiting a new legal dataset compiled for the Corporate Tax Haven Index (CTHI). Relying on rigorously defined indicators, the dataset allows comparative analyses of negative and positive spillover pathways in the corporate income tax systems of 64 jurisdictions. Tax policies under review comprise, for example, preferential tax regimes, extremely low tax rates agreed through secretive tax rulings, economic zones and tax holidays. Comparing the 27 European Union (EU) member states with five African developing countries, we find important differences. Except for two indicators (loss utilisation and economic zones/tax holidays), the European Union members are found to consistently engage in more aggressive corporate tax policies than the African countries. These heightened risks for negative spillovers emanating from the EU27 corporate tax rules stand in conflict with the stated intentions by the European Union to support good governance in tax matters and its commitment to ensure policy coherence for development. The chapter provides recommendations on how to reduce the risks for negative spillovers in corporate taxation and to exit the race to the bottom in corporate taxation.
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Cierco Gomes, Teresa Maria Resende. "The European Union Accession and Climate Change Policies in the Western Balkan Countries." In Contributions to Economics, 153–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02662-2_8.
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Nezi, Roula. "After the Crisis: EU Issue Voting in Greece." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 231–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29187-6_9.
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AbstractCompared to the other countries examined in this volume, Greece is the one that suffered the most financially during the economic crisis. Public protest and growing political discontent emerged as a reaction to the strict austerity policies introduces, with European institutions becoming the symbol and the European Union (EU) becoming the main target of discontent. To this end, the Greek case offers a useful example of a country in which EU issues around the economic crisis polarized the general public. This analysis suggests the salience of the EU issue was greater during the crisis, with negative references towards the EU being widespread even among moderate media outlets. However, public opinion analysis suggests the EU issue can only explain the vote for the two parties competing to govern—Syriza and New Democracy (ND). While Syriza successfully closed the circle of the memoranda agreed upon by the Papandreou government in 2009, ND mobilized the emotions of citizens and the public by creating a “rally around the flag” that determined the outcome of the elections.
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Teye, Joseph Kofi, and Linda Oucho. "Policies towards Migration in Africa." In The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality, 609–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39814-8_28.
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AbstractWhile media narratives tend to suggest an exodus from Africa to Europe, the majority of migrants from Africa move to destinations within the region. Although the African Union Commission and Member States have formulated various policies to govern migration, there is little understanding of the implementation outcomes of these policies on the ground. This chapter draws on a review of policy documents to examine the continental, regional, and national level migration policies implemented over the years in Africa. While the African Union and regional economic blocs have been making efforts to promote free movement of persons, implementation has been poor due to lack of political will to fully implement free movement policies. Additionally, while many of the individual countries have formulated migration related policies that seek to harness the benefits of migration for economic development, resources constraints have affected the implementation of these policies. The findings indicate that to improve migration governance in Africa requires the commitment of governments to implement regional frameworks in their respective countries. There is also a need to invest in capacity training of relevant actors, and better coordination of efforts to address the needs of labour migrants on the continent.
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Fontana, Olimpia. "Tra solidarietà europea e responsabilità nazionali: la tutela dei beni pubblici europei." In Studi e saggi, 143–62. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-591-2.09.
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The theme of solidarity between European Union (EU) member states lies at the heart of the European integration process itself, in the context of an ongoing tension between the renunciation of national sovereignty, driven by a drive for cooperation, and the maintenance of prerogatives of strategic interest to states. In fact, the EU was born from the decision of its members to pool selected aspects of their sovereignty, in a process whose evolution is expressed both in the choice of community policies and in the availability and methods of financing those policies. These are two sides of the same coin, that of the Community budget, which is the operational instrument that supports and accompanies the major steps in the EU's evolutionary process. Indeed, since the 1980s, the Community budget has represented the instrument capable of holding together on the one hand the process of economic liberalisation and on the other the objective of social integration between countries that had different starting conditions. However, cooperation and solidarity are aspects that need to be strengthened today, albeit in new dimensions. The financial crisis has brought about a new acceleration in the coordination of national fiscal policies, without, however, generating the missing piece to European economic policy, namely an autonomous fiscal capacity, endowed with taxation power, on which a full fiscal union would be based.
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Tabarés, Raúl, and Antonia Bierwirth. "Cultural Particularities and Its Role in the “Innovation Divide”: A Closer Look at the Origins of “Spreading Excellence and Widening Participation”." In Putting Responsible Research and Innovation into Practice, 79–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14710-4_5.
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AbstractThe “innovation divide” has been a common and persistent problem since the onset of Framework Programmes for Research and Innovation. Especially, for the group of countries that joined the European Union after 2004. Several initiatives have been implemented by the Union for encouraging the participation of these countries in these collaborative programmes, trying to maximize and extend the benefits of a knowledge economy across the EU. In this chapter, we explore how these instruments have been deployed paying special attention to the origins of “Spreading Excellence and Widening Participation” Horizon 2020 Work Programme. We explore its objectives and rationale, and we address some of its weaknesses and pitfalls. We argue that the “innovation divide” is not only a matter of providing adequate resources and encouraging participation for these countries and they cannot be treated as a homogeneous group. Particularly, in a moment of transition regarding innovation policies.
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Weinhardt, Clara, Karsten Mau, and Jens Hillebrand Pohl. "The EU as a Geoeconomic Actor? A Review of Recent European Trade and Investment Policies." In The Political Economy of Geoeconomics: Europe in a Changing World, 107–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01968-5_5.
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AbstractThe so-called geoeconomic turn stands for the increased tendency of countries to use economic policy instruments to promote or defend national interests vis-à-vis trading partners or rival powers. Scholars note a similar shift in trade and investment policies of the European Union (“EU”). However, there are few studies that examine whether this proclaimed shift at the policy level is reflected in outcomes. Against this background, this chapter examines the EU’s ability to position itself as a defensive geoeconomic actor. Based on three exploratory case studies—investment screening, Most-Favoured Nations clauses in Free Trade Agreements (“FTAs”), and the EU’s (non-)response to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (“BRI”)—we find that the EU’s ability to act in line with its own geoeconomic ambitions varies across the policy initiatives studied. In particular, lack of alignment of individual EU Member States with a common EU policy stance serves as a possible challenge for implementing defensive geoeconomic policies. At the same time, we also find that that the EU’s own framing of what makes a policy initiative “geoeconomic” varies widely, and does not always correspond to the legal design or economic implications of a given initiative. These findings contribute to debates on the EU’s evolving relevance as a global actor and shed new light on recent conceptualizations of the geoeconomic turn.
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Jinji, Naoto, Xingyuan Zhang, and Shoji Haruna. "Conclusion and Policy Implications." In Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, 145–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5210-3_8.
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AbstractAfter about a quarter century of countries having pursued deep regional integration through negotiating on deep regional trade agreements (RTAs), we observed a number of historical events that symbolize the curbing of the trend of globalization in 2016. On June 24, 2016, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (EU) in a referendum. On November 8, 2016, Mr. Donald Trump, who proposed the “America First” policy and a number of protectionist policies, such as the withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and the construction of a substantial wall on the United States–Mexico border, during his presidential campaign, won the US presidential election.
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Pedroso, Marco Frazão, and Vanessa Tavares. "Circular Economy Supporting Policies and Regulations: The Portuguese Case." In Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment, 277–90. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_23.
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AbstractConstruction is one of the critical sectors in the transition to a Circular Economy due to its contribution to resource depletion, waste, and emissions. Despite its acknowledged limitations (e.g., low productivity), the construction sector has been the focus of policies and regulations to improve its sustainability and circular economy capabilities. This study focuses on circular economy policies and regulations related to the construction sector in the European Union and Portugal, identifying political and regulatory barriers and opportunities. The analysis identified a growing number of publications since 2019 and divided the policies and regulations for the Circular Economy into four areas: Resource and Waste Management, Sustainable Development Goals, Green Public Procurement, and Circular Economy. Four main barriers were identified: policies and regulations harmonization, digital innovation (within the twin transition), support to the transition (e.g. financial and educational), and clear and focused governance models. It then discusses the documents and barriers, analyzes the Portuguese strategy (Portuguese Action Plan for Circularity in the Construction Sector), and proposes a strategy to be followed by other countries. The findings provide a holistic understanding of why policies and regulations fail to support Circular Economy day-to-day practices and provide insights on how to trigger the transition.
Conference papers on the topic "European Union countries – Economic policies"
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Ballı, Esra, and Gülçin Güreşçi Pehlivan. "Economic Effects of European Neighborhood Policy on Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00777.
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After the fifth enlargement of European Union in 2004 and with the expansion of European Unions borders and new neighbors, it became one of the important policies to provide security, stability and prosperity, and develop relationship between neighborhood countries. Although, enlargement process provide some opportunities to the member states of European Union, it brings about some difficulties. The differences at the life standards, environment, public health, prevention and combating organized crime between European Union and neighbor countries caused to create new policies. European Neighborhood Policy was launched in 2004, and consists of 16 countries, namely: Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, The Palestinian Authority, Tunisia, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Lebanon, Algeria, Syria, Libya and Belarus. European Union and the partner country sign the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements, and then the Agreement Action Plans are mutually adapted. Action Plans include privileged relationship, mutual commitment to common values, democracy and human rights, legal and market economy principles, good governance, sustainable development, energy and transportation policies. Within the framework of European Neighborhood Policy, the main aim is to arrange the relationship between the neighbors of European Union. In this study, economic effects of the European Neighborhood Policy will be examined for the relevant countries.
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Coban, Marina. "Social and economic development of European Union countries in the digital age." In The 8th International Conference "Management Strategies and Policies in the Contemporary Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2023.54.
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The main purpose of the study is to determine the main features of the socio-economic development of the EU countries under the influence of the digital transformation. The modern world has already taken the first step towards a new technological, economic and social reality. Key aspects of socio-economic development such as: a digitally skilled population and highly skilled digital professionals, secure and sustainable digital infrastructures, the digital transformation of businesses, and the digitalisation of public services were identified.
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Eren, Miraç, and Selahattin Kaynak. "Analysis of Innovation Performances of European Union Member Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01852.
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Together with the transition from the industrial society to the information society, Innovation at the forefront of the countries' development arguments has strategic significance for companies, industries, and countries and it is emerging as the main element of being in the market. Also, Innovation has vital importance in determining the policies of countries because of increasing social welfare and living standards of individuals. Countries having effective innovation policies and systems are rapidly advancing in the development race. Even in countries with low innovation performance, demand for innovative products and services are high. According to the Lisbon Strategy, it is important to know the innovation performances of the member countries of the European Union, which see the innovation as the basic element of economic growth, and to measure their activities. For these reasons, the purpose of this research is to analyze the innovation performances of the EU member countries. So, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the performance of each member country against the other member countries in the group consisting of European Union countries was considered. Therefore, the variables that are used in determining the level of innovation of the member states of the European Commission were respectively considered as Input Variables (Human Research, Research Systems, Finance, and Support) and Output Variables (Innovators, Economic effects). Tone (2001)'s Slack-Based Model and Lotfi & Poursakhi (2012)'s dynamic DEA Model was considered together to measure the efficiency of the countries in few periods instead of a single period.
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Iacob (Pârgaru), Oana Camelia, Radu Alexandru Chiotan, Ana Mădălina Bîgu (Potcovaru), and Ghenadie Ciobanu. "The Current State of Industrial Production in the European Union and New Recovery Solutions." In 9th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/basiq/2023/09/020.
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Industrial activity is of great importance in the economic development of all countries, but in the last decades the results of this branch of the economies of many countries have faced various problems due to the systemic crises that economies in transition, but also the economies of developed countries, are going through. In this article, we propose to review some aspects of the situation regarding industrial production in EU countries, with a stronger focus on industrial production in Romania. It is more necessary to study these topics considering the crisis of the Covid-19 Pandemic, the geopolitical crisis in the region that has stopped multiple logistic processes related to the industry. In other words, it is important to connect the industrial strategies and policies of the European Union countries for the development of Industry 4.0/5.0, to digitize production systems, digital technological processes and robotization, efficient management of the production and distribution chain. We propose to outline the main objectives that must be taken into account for the development of new industrial policies focused on new directions of development for the Romanian economy.
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Narin, Müslüme, and Younes Gholizadeh. "Comparing the European Union and Turkey's Renewable Energy Policies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02155.
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European Union countries (EU), because they have to import a large portion of the consumed energy, on the one hand are trying to develop effective energy consumption, and on the other hand to increase their share of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption. In this context, the European Commission, published "2017 Progress Report" about renewable energy sources in the framework of EU 2020 Renewable Energy Targets". In this report, it is indicated that the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has been increased to 16,4% and with regards to renewable energy sources, a vast majority of EU countries are compatible with their 2020 targets.
The EU's policy towards renewable energy sources supports the "Energy Union Action Plan" in five categories: Energy security, market integration, energy efficiency, decarbonization and innovation. For instance, within the framework of energy security, the increase in EU renewable energy sources saved 16 billion Euros in fossil fuel imports in 2015. In accordance with "Clean Energy Package for Europe", emphasized the importance of providing cheap energy to the countries within EU market. Greenhouse gas emissions have declined with consuming renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study is to provide the latest developments in long-standing renewable energy policies in the EU and Turkey comparatively. In this context, first, the Turkey's renewable energy policies will be studied comparatively, thereafter, the effectiveness of these policies in the EU and Turkey will be investigated.
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Šobot, Ankica. "Employment, Gender Equality and Family Policies: A Comparative Analysis of Post-Yugoslav Countries and the European Union." In Population in Post-Yugoslav Countries: (Dis)Similarities and Perspectives. Institute of Social Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/ppycdsp2024.5.
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The gender perspective of economic activity implies the observation and explanation of differences between women and men. According to feminist literature, gender economic differences are a result of cultural norms that shape the asymmetrical division of gender roles in the private sphere. On the one hand, part-time employment is a form that has contributed to economic activity and women's employment, but on the other hand, it is more common among women and therefore contributes to the gender pay gap. Besides, the gender-specific nature of temporary contract employment shows that employment uncertainty is more prevalent among women. We explore the employment of young and middle-aged women in some post-Yugoslav countries, using LFS indicators from the Eurostat database, in a comparative perspective. Over the last ten years, Slovenia has consistently ranked among the countries with a high rate of economic activity for women aged 25-54. In 2022, the rate is the highest in Europe, reaching 90.5%. Additionally, the employment of women aged 20-49 who had children under the age of six is one of the highest in Europe. In 2021, the rate was 82.7%, which is 12 percentage points lower than men, marking one of the lowest gender gaps in the EU. In Croatia and Serbia, the rates are lower, and gender disparities are greater compared to Slovenia. However, these disadvantages are particularly pronounced in Serbia, where economic activity is over 10 pp lower and employment is almost 20 pp lower than in Slovenia. Although part-time employment is more common in Slovenia than in the other two post-Yugoslav countries, the percentages are significantly lower than the EU(27) average. In Slovenia, part-time employment was present in 11.5% of employed women aged 20-49 who had one child under the age of six, in 19.7% who had two, and in 25.7% who had three children of this age. In Croatia and Serbia, the percentages were almost 5 to 7% for women who had one or two children and between 11 to 12% for those who had three children under the age of six. Regarding temporary contracts, the percentage of employed women aged 25-54 years is lower in Slovenia (in 2021 - 9.1%) than in EU(27) (11.6%). Temporary contract employment is more prevalent in Serbia (19.0%) compared to Croatia (13.0%). This topic is important due to the issues of gender equality and family policies aimed at optimal conditions for decisions regarding parenthood and childbirth. The high employment rate of women in Slovenia and the relatively less prevalent part-time employment suggest the need for work-family reconciliation policies that support the full-time employment of both parents. In the other two post-Yugoslav countries, there is a need to boost the economic activity and employment of young and middle-aged women, as well as decrease temporary employment. Less favourable indicators are more pronounced in Serbia than in Croatia. The achievement of gender equality implies not only equality in employment but also the absence of gender-specific forms of employment that contribute to gender economic inequality.
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Ardielli, Eva. "EVALUATION OF THE MENTAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER COUNTRIES." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/sv07.15.
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Good mental health is a prerequisite for economic prosperity, competitiveness andsustainable economic development of any developed country. This is the reason whythis subject is currently being highly emphasized. Mental health affects millions ofcitizens in all member countries of the European Union and is an increasingly urgenttopic for European Union policy. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbatedthe widespread of mental health crisis, with the economic and social consequences ofthe pandemic leading to significant increase in mental health problems. The countries ofthe European Union are trying to face this challenge and are reforming their mentalhealth care systems in order to meet the contemporary demands of the population asmuch as possible and to reduce the undesirable aspects of this growing negative trend.The paper is focused on the evaluation of mental health care systems in the EuropeanUnion member countries. The evaluation is based on the selected mental health careindicators and application of selected multi-criteria decision-making method TOPSIS.As a part of the research, the results of the former Eastern and Western Bloc countriesof the Europe are compared, due to different approaches to psychiatric care in the past.The importance of international evaluation of mental health care systems lies inparticular in the possibility of developing more responsible mental health policies andmental health care systems, improving the quality of mental health care and increasingthe resilience of the health care systems in European Union member countries. Theresult of the research is a ranking of mental health care systems of the European Unionmember countries, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of implemented mentalhealth care systems and identifying appropriate procedures and good practice for futureapplication.
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Ailinca, Alina. "Links between European Union some social reforms features and social indicators for 2011-2021 period." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.v.2023.17.2.
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Although compared to many other parts of the world, the European Union is a prosperous region, with a relatively low level of social inequality, nevertheless a series of problems persist and often develop in times of crisis (e.g. the global crisis of 2008-2009, the sovereign debt crisis, the COVID-19 crisis). Under the influence of the south-eastern flank of EU27 countries, poverty, social inequity and even the participation of young people in the labor market or in education and training programs seem to suffer significantly from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study uses panel data from 2011 to 2021 and analyzes it using a regression approach to determine the influence of the characteristics of social policies at the level of EU27 countries on several problematic social indicators such as: At-risk-of-poverty rate by sex, Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20) by sex, Young people neither in employment nor in education and training by sex (NEET). According to the findings of this research, the effect of the characteristics of social policies on the improvement of the above indicators is weak, and the influence comes more from the part of the social indicators on the characteristics of the social policies at the EU27 level.
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Popa, Daniela. "Actions regarding fighting fraud and tax evasion at the level European Union." In The 8th International Conference "Management Strategies and Policies in the Contemporary Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2023.49.
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Tax fraud and tax evasion limit the ability of countries to generate income and to carry out their economic policies. In a period of significant budgetary constraints, combating tax fraud and tax evasion is more than a matter of tax equity - it becomes an essential element for the social and political acceptability of fiscal consolidation. The European Council agreed to accelerate the work in terms of combating tax fraud, tax evasion and aggressive tax planning. In particular, progress will be made with priority in the promotion and widening of the scope of the automatic exchange of information at all levels.
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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, Hasan Boztoprak, and İlyas Sözen. "An Alternative to The European Customs Union for Turkey in The Framework of Economic Integration Theory: Eurasian Customs Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01957.
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The liberalization policies begun after 1980 and globalization process bring with new economic associations and trade blocs among countries. The European Customs Union which established to improve economic relations and to make the political integration possible after World War II, reached large trade capacity today. On the other hand, the Post-Soviet countries that followed similar way like European ones established Eurasian Customs Union under the leadership of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia. The advantage of European Customs Union for Turkey which became a member of it in 1995 is still discussed. From this viewpoint the study aims to answer a question that Eurasian Customs Union can be an alternative to European Customs Union for Turkey in point of trade capacity. The aim of the study is to discuss the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union and to compare it with the European Customs Union in which Turkey is involved. In this context, at first, the conceptual framework about the subject will be discussed and European Customs Union and Turkey relations will be examined. After, the current situation of the Eurasian region will be analyzed and the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union will be discussed. And, which customs union will be more advantageous in terms of Turkey will be examined by VAR analysis.
Reports on the topic "European Union countries – Economic policies"
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Barradas, Ricardo. Why does the nexus between finance and inequality break in times of financialization? Empirical evidence for the European Union countries. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2023.01.
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The majority of policy makers in developed countries have, since the 1970s and 1980s, put in place a strong process for the liberalization, deregulation and privatization of the financial system, particularly persuaded by the mainstream assumption that this represents the best strategy to sustain the growth of finance, enhance economic growth and lessen inequality. Nonetheless, economic growth has been quite anaemic in the majority of developed countries, and inequality has continued to widen in the last four decades, which feeds non-mainstream beliefs regarding the disruptive role played by the growth of finance in contemporary societies in times of financialization. This paper aims to contribute to the current debate between the mainstream and the non-mainstream literature on the effect of the growth of finance on the level of inequality by performing a panel data econometric analysis for all the European Union countries from 1980 to 2019. Our findings confirm that finance, economic growth, educational attainment and degree of trade openness have a positive long-term effect on the level of inequality in the European Union countries, whilst government spending has a negative impact in the short term. Our findings imply that policy makers should rethink the functioning of the financial system and adopt public policies that are more in favour of the poor in order to constrain the growth of inequality in the European Union countries.
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Domínguez, Roberto. Perceptions of the European Union in Latin America. Fundación Carolina, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt76en.
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This working paper examines the puzzle of the gaps between the images that the EU projects, voluntarily and involuntarily, and the perceptions of the EU in Latin America. After reviewing some of the debates related to the role of perceptions in public policy and EU Public Diplomacy (EUPD), the paper analyzes some critical developments in global perceptions of the EU based on the study Update of the 2015 Analysis of the Perception of the EU and EU Policies Abroad (2021 Update Study), which assessed the attitudes of the EU in 13 countries. The third section examines some studies on the attitudes of the EU in Latin America, including some contributions from Latinobarometer. The fourth section offers comparative cases of EU perception in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia based on the findings of the 2021 Update Study. The analysis of each country relies on the interpretation of surveys with some references to the press analysis and interview methods provided in the 2021 Update Study. Each case discusses specific trends in the following areas: visibility, primary descriptors, global economics, and international leadership. Also, it identifies some patterns in perceptions of the EU in social development, climate change, research/technology, development assistance, culture, the case of the critical juncture in the survey (pandemic), and the EU as a normative setter. The final section offers some general trends in the perceptions of the EU in Latin America.
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Wolfmaier, Susanne, Adrian Foong, and Christian König. Climate, conflict and COVID-19: How does the pandemic affect EU policies on climate-fragility? Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc018.
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The links between climate change and conflict have been well-documented in recent observations and academic literature: far from being causally direct, these links often depend on specific conditions and occur through certain pathways (Koubi, 2019). For example, conflicts have been found to be more likely in areas with poor access to infrastructure and facilities (Detges, 2016), or where government distrust and political bias are prevalent (Detges, 2017). As such, climate change has often been described as a ‘threat multiplier’, making it imperative for security and development actors to consider these fragility risks collectively in their policies and strategies. In addition to the expected impacts of climate change on the European Union (EU), such as increasing temperatures, extreme weather events or rising sea levels, climate change also has “direct and indirect international security impacts” for the EU’s foreign- and security policy (Council of the European Union, 2016). These affect for example migration, food security, access to resources and socio-economic factors that possibly contribute to disruptions (ibid.). The resulting fragility may affect the EU by contributing to changes in geopolitical power dynamics, whilst at the same time needs for support in neighbouring and partner countries could increase (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). The EU has increasingly acknowledged climate-fragility risks over the last years, as is evident from several key foreign policy strategies, agreements, and decisions. The European Green Deal, for example, aims to cushion climate and environmental impacts that may exacerbate instability (European Commission, 2019). At the regional level, individual policies underline the links between climate impacts and security in partner regions, such as for the Sahel (Council of the European Union, 2021a) and the Neighbourhood (EEAS, 2021a), stressing the importance in tackling those risks. To that end, the EU has been at the forefront in providing multilateral support for its partner regions, through its various instruments related to climate, environment, development, and security. According to official EU sources, EU funding for official development assistance (ODA) rose by 15% in nominal terms from 2019 to €66.8 billion in 2020 (European Commission, 2021a). Furthermore, the share dedicated to climate action is also growing: the EU initiative Global Climate Change Alliance Plus (GCCA+) received an additional €102.5 million for the period 2014-2020 compared to the previous phase 2004- 2014 (European Commission, n.d.). Looking ahead, the EU’s recently approved Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 is set to provide €110.6 billion in funding for external action and pre-accession assistance to its Neighbourhood and rest of the world (European Commission, 2021b). Despite the increased recognition of climate-related fragility risks in EU policies and the funding committed to climate action and international development, implementation of concrete measures to address these risks are lagging behind, with only a handful of EUfunded projects addressing climate-fragility risks (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). Compounding these challenges is the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the current vaccine rollout worldwide, and with some countries seeing a potential end to the health crisis, the pandemic has taken – and continues to take – its toll in many parts of the world. The unprecedented nature of COVID-19 could ultimately make it more difficult for the EU to address the impacts of climate change on fragility and security in its partner regions. In other words: How does the pandemic affect the EU’s ability to address climate-fragility risks in its neighbourhood? To answer this question, this paper will explore the implications of COVID-19 on relevant EU policies and strategies that address the climate security nexus, focusing on three regions: the Sahel, North Africa, and Western Balkans. These regions were chosen for geographical representativeness (i.e., being the EU’s southern and eastern neighbouring regions), as well as being priority regions for EU external action, and, in the case of the Western Balkans, for EU accession.1 The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 outlines, in general terms, the impacts of the pandemic on the political priorities and ability of the EU to address climate-fragility risks. Section 3 explores, for each focus region, how the pandemic affects key objectives of EU policies aiming at reducing climate-fragility risks in that region. Section 4 provides several recommendations on how the EU can better address the interlinking risks associated with climate-fragility and COVID-19.
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Uyarra, Elvira, Diego Moñux, Yanchao Li, Adrián Esteban, John Rigby, María José Ospina, and Jakob Edler. Spurring Innovation-led Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean through Public Procurement. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007026.
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Public procurement accounts for a significant proportion of overall demand for goods and services. Thus, it could be a useful tool for fostering innovation and economic growth. While interest in the use of public procurement as industrial policy is not new, its potential to spur demand for innovative products and services, create incentives for business innovation, and accelerate the diffusion of new technologies has received much policy attention in recent years. The aim of this study is to advance knowledge on the role of public procurement as a demand-side policy instrument in stimulating firm innovation in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. In LAC countries, public procurement systems account for 20 percent of GDP, which suggests a considerable untapped potential to use public procurement for innovation (PPI) to strengthen their economic position and improve public service provision. The report first reviews the evidence on the implementation and impact of instruments and structures introduced to support PPI in selected developed countries (the United States, the European Union, Estonia, Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, China, and the supranational case of EU procurement policy), identifying useful policy lessons for LAC countries. It then focuses on emerging innovation friendly procurement practices introduced in three selected LAC countries: Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. These countries offer a diverse picture in terms of the institutional path they have followed for the development of public policy for innovation/pre-commercial procurement (PPI-PCP) policies as well as important differences in the level of development of their innovation systems.
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Heinisch, Reinhard, and Diana Hofmann. The Case of the Austrian Radical Right and Russia During the War in Ukraine. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp001311.
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The right-wing, populist Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) has viewed Putin’s Russia as an effective constraint on what the Radical Right regards as a liberal cultural and economic agenda pursued by the European Union and the United States. The FPÖ remained a supporter of Kremlin policies, even after Moscow’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, and even signed a cooperation agreement with Putin’s United Russia party in 2016. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the FPÖ has been careful not to be seen defending Moscow’s aggression. Instead, it has resorted to populist framing that casts the Austrian people as victims of national and Western political elites. Concretely, the party leadership claims that the country’s policies toward Russia are counterproductive and have been decided without the consent of the people. This approach is an extension of the FPÖ’s traditional Euroscepticism and anti-establishment positioning. It also appeals to Austrians’ longstanding preference for neutrality. According to polling data, the FPÖ is well positioned to outperform all other parties in the current issue environment.
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Knaepen, Hanne. Climate risks in Tunisia: Challenges to adaptation in the agri-food system. European Centre for Development Policy Management, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc009.
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Tunisia’s agricultural system is central to the stability of the country, but it is also extremely prone to climate risks such as droughts and reduced or more variable rainfall. It is predicted that agricultural yields from key crops like wheat and olives will decline. These climate risks on Tunisia’s agricultural and wider food system can lead to socioeconomic instability and potentially cause security risks. Furthermore, these risks can have knock-on effects that cross national borders, sectors and systems. Tunisia’s capacity to adapt to climate change is undermined by three sets of political, governance and socio-economic factors, or so-called ‘climate-related development risks’, namely (1) governance and policy coherence challenges; (2) food import dependency and an export-oriented agri-food system; and (3) territorial inequalities. These factors contribute, directly or indirectly, to the likelihood of cascading climate risks that start with Tunisia’s agri-food system. Due to the country’s reduced adaptive capacity, climate risks in Tunisia’s agri-food system can have an impact on Europe through trade and supply chains, security relations, financial markets, international aid operations as well as migration patterns. It is key that the European Union recognises these risks in its Green Deal and adaptation efforts, as well as in a much wider group of policies, ranging from trade to migration.
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Martín, Carmela. Economic Integration and Real Convergence: Lessons from the Spanish Experience in the European Economic and Monetary Union. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012236.
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The purpose of this paper is, precisely, to reflect on the most appropriate policies to take advantage of the economic welfare that may originate from an integration process in favor of lesser-developed partners.
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Park, Cyn-Young, Yuya Yamamoto, and Maria Anne Lorraine Doong. European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Economic Impact and Implications for Asia. Asian Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf230561-2.
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This brief assesses the impact of the European Union’s carbon tariffs on energy-intensive exports from Asia and the Pacific and shows how upgrading product value, boosting energy efficiency, and cutting emissions can help mitigate its effect. It explains how the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is designed to prevent carbon leakage–where industries shift to countries with less stringent environmental rules. Providing a regional breakdown, the brief shows how sectors including Indian steel and Georgian fertilizer are among those hit. It outlines how steps such as developing and integrating regional carbon markets and increasing decarbonization can reduce countries’ CBAM risk exposure.
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Bunse, Simone, Elise Remling, Anniek Barnhoorn, Manon du Bus de Warnaffe, Karen Meijer, and Dominik Rehbaum. Advancing European Union Action to Address Climate-related Security Risks. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rzme5933.
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The Ukraine war has added to the pressure to address the links between the environment, natural resource management and conflict. This SIPRI Research Policy Paper assesses the priorities of selected European Union (EU) member states regarding climate-related security risks, explores their strategies for pursuing these at EU level and identifies steps for further action. It finds that the appetite to tackle climate-related security risks at EU level is mixed. While maintaining the operational efficiency of the military is a red line, concentrating efforts on research, development and peacekeeping is acceptable even to countries that do not prioritize climate insecurity in their policies. Country strategies for pursuing such efforts involve spotlighting climate security during their respective rotating Council presidencies, working closely with the European External Action Service and the European Commission, and collaborating with like-minded member states. The paper recommends additional steps for action but in order to make effective adjustments to EU processes, climate security will need greater prominence on the EU agenda.
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Pielen, Britta, and R. Andreas Kraemer. Economic Instruments in Water Management: Global Experience and Relevance for Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006745.
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This presentation was commissioned by the Environment Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the 2nd Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on February 25th and 26th, 2003. This presentation discusses functions and typology of economic instruments in water management. This presentation also discusses the new European Water Framework Directive, as well as European Union (EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) experience, as it pertains to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.