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1
Belinska, Stefaniia, Izabela Adamičková, Natália Turčeková, Miriam Buliková, and Peter Bielik. "Regional Disparities in the European Union from the Perspective of Environmental Context Indicators." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0007.
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Abstract The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the countries’ economies and agricultural production has a huge socio-economic importance. In the current conditions of globalization and diversification of production, agriculture tries to achieve continuous development, realization of the potential, growth of the quantity and quality of the agricultural production, ensuring food security of the country. The quantitative and qualitative development of the agricultural sector takes place within a certain system, which is created under the influence of economic, social, and environmental factors based on innovations associated with transformation. These components of the current development of the agricultural sector are undergoing constant transformations, leading to the imbalances and the emergence of destructive processes within the complex system of the agricultural sector. Exploring regional disparities in terms of environmental and economic context indicators of CAP is strategically important for the stable rural and regional development of countries, increasing the competitiveness of agriculture, and sustainable and integrated development of regions. Based on the results of the calculations, we confirmed the effect of catching up between poorer and richer EU countries and identified the future trends in the occurrence and reduction of regional disparities.
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Kramar, Hans. "Economic convergence on different spatial levels: the conflict between cohesion and growth." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 64, no. 1 (January 31, 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03183103.
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Abstract The analysis of economic disparities within the European Union strongly depends on the regional level considered. Whereas the economic gap between the member states has decreased over the last decades, regional disparities have rather deepened. The reason for these contradictory findings can be found in the increasing disparities within many of the member states: Especially in growing economies the gap between urban centres and rural peripheries tends to widen. The spatial concentration of research and development, high skilled labour, infrastructure and foreign investment in the capitals will therefore supposably become a big challenge for the accession countries, which will have to face increasing international competition. Joining a common market of more than 450 million people means new opportunities, challenges and threats for economic development, which have to be faced by local, regional and national governments as well as by European institutions. EU-policies act in the dichotomy between the conflicting goals of economic growth and cohesion. Since they strongly influence regional conditions for production it is of great political interest whether a certain measure fosters economic efficiency by favouring the highly developed centres or rather enhances convergence by promoting lagging regions. The answer is, however, not trivial and needs closer examination: Measures encouraging regional cohesion on the European level can also increase disparities within a state or a region at the same time. This is the reason why the regional effects of EU-policies have to be analysed on different spatial levels. Dealing with the spatial impacts of various European Policies (Regional Policy, TransEuropean Networks, Common Agricultural Policy, Research and Technological Development Policy) there is some evidence that these policies try to compensate the effects of growing competition in the common market by concentrating their efforts on urban growth poles within the underdeveloped countries. Doing that, the European Union comes up to the two conflicting goals of growth and cohesion by promoting efficient economic development in the member states on the one hand and regional convergence on the European level on the other. This approach is of course mainly directed at European objectives and brings about new problems for the member states: According to the principle of subsidiarity the growing divergence within the member states is, however, not a policy task of the European Union but of the member states: Therefore national politics are still required to take on responsibility for these intranational problems by adopting their transport, regional and economic policies to the new challenge.
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Pavolová, Henrieta, Katarína Čulková, Zuzana Šimková, Andrea Seňová, and Dušan Kudelas. "Contribution of Mining Industry in Chosen EU Countries to the Sustainability Issues." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074177.
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In recent years, the mining industry has achieved an important position in the national economy due to its increasing productivity. However, since 2000, there have been signs of a slowdown, resulting from the national and local conditions of the mining industry. It is for these reasons that we have concluded that this type of industry must be assessed not only from the economic but also from the national and regional sectors, because the performance of the mining industry is directly affected by the value of mineral deposits and the structure of other industries. The present paper aims to analyze the development of the mining industry in Slovakia, in comparison with similar development in chosen European Union countries. Slovakia has been considered as a country with mineral resources and mineral-based products representing an important part of Slovakia’s foreign trade, with the significant imported mineral resources including mainly mineral fuels and ore raw materials. The development of the mining industry is assessed from the economics through the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) and through the national aspect through the rate of growth of the national economy. The aspects are evaluated by the multi-criteria method Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), with which we evaluated the country with the best mining industry development. The results of detailed quantitative analyses of the selected indicators for mining industry development for individual European Union countries show a fluctuating trend during the observed period, which is characterized by development disparities. Such results can be used to determine raw material policies in the relevant countries.
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TSYNALIEVSKA, I. A., and ZH G. NAUMENKO. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE ON ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION OF DISPROPORTATION OF REGIONS DEVELOPMENT." Economic innovations 20, no. 3(68) (September 20, 2018): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.3(68).206-216.
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Topicality. One of the main tasks of the state regional policy is to stimulate the development of the regions, and, taking into account the successful experience of the European Union countries on this issue, the primary task and the main goal of the state regional policy should be connected with to reduction of disproportions of social and ecological and economic development. Balanced development of the regions is a necessary prerequisite to achieve the effectiveness of the state regional policy, which will ensure the social and economic development of the country as a whole. State regional policy requires that achievement of its goals should be gained by means of modern mutually interconnected mechanisms, as well as, provision of them with all the necessary resources for their implementation. Taking into account the experience of developed countries and the goals set in many normative and strategic documents of Ukraine on reducing the disproportionate development of regions, it is necessary to consider positive trends in preventing and overcoming divergent processes on the basis of reducing regional development imbalances in a context of the administrative-territorial reform of Ukraine and creation of new effective tools for legal and institutional structural impact on the development of regions of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study an experience of the European Union countries regarding the assessment of disproportionality in development of regions and measures aimed at reducing regional development imbalances, as well as the implementation of such experience in accordance with Ukrainian realities. Moreover, a scope of objectives of the current study includes allocation mechanisms of regional policy of the EU according to characteristics of the areas that are subject to state intervention for a further implementation of the positive experience of the EU countries in the aspect of overcoming the disproportions of regional development, as well as, development of practical recommendations for improving institutional support and assessment tools for measuring disparities of regional development in Ukraine. Research results. A foreign experience regarding assessment of regional disproportions is being considered within the article. Approaches to selection of indicators for assessment of disproportionality of regional development and features for definition of indicators, which perform as stimulators or as de-stimulators in different countries depending on local features of territorial development, - are analyzed. It was found that the practical difficulties arising from the use of GRP per capita, as a universal indicator characterizing the level of economic development of the region in the EU countries, - are related to a difficulty in choosing of method for determining the of output volume in conditions where activity goes beyond regional boundaries because of the fact that national statistical offices apply different approaches to calculation of this indicator. It was established that the development of a method for assessing of intra-regional disproportionality in the development of regions in Ukraine is complicated due to lack of a necessary statistical base provided by all necessary indicators at all levels; therefore, the proposed algorithm for comparing statistical information on monitoring of different levels of development of the country's territories will enable further development of a set of mechanisms that will stimulate socio-ecological and economic development at the regional level and will increase a regional competitiveness. The article provides recommendations on methodical provision of state evaluation of disproportionate development of the regions of the country; and proposes an algorithm for the implementation of statistical information on monitoring the levels of development of regions based on the European experience of organizing statistical and territorial division on economic grounds. Conclusions. It has been established that in different countries of the European Union there are different approaches and methods used to identify areas in which disproportions of development are inherent; factors that serve as a source of developmental imbalances are also perceived differently, hence the choice of indicators that can be used to measure the detected imbalances is a subject of consideration by each EU country separately. In some EU countries, as in Ukraine, there is a problem with the collection and processing of statistical information at the NUTS III level, which corresponds to the Ukrainian administrative-territorial division of rayon level (district) or a group of rayons (group of districts). Development of the method for assessing of intra regional disproportionality in the development of regions in Ukraine is complicated due to lack of adequate statistical base provided with all necessary indicators at all levels, therefore the proposed, within the current study, - algorithm for comparing statistical information on monitoring of different levels of development of territories of the country will provide further development of a set of mechanisms that will stimulate social and ecological and economic development and increase the regional competitiveness. Methodological basis for assessing of disproportionality of a regional development is the subject for further research in this area and provide a perspective for a study of intra-regional disproportions of development as a separate issue in the context of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine.
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Nakisko, Oleksandr, and Olena Maiboroda. "Integrated agricultural associations in Ukraine: current status and development prospects." Actual problems of innovative economy, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2524-0455-2019-4-13.
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The current state of agricultural integrated associations in Ukraine is considered. Their significant distribution is analyzed, the variety of forms of integration in the developed countries of the European Union and the USA is investigated, their crucial importance in ensuring food security of the country and significant contribution to international trade is proved. The experience of forming vertically integrated structures in agro-industrial complex is considered. It is proved that the creation of vertically integrated structures in the agro-industrial complex solves the problem of food security of the coun-try, increases food exports, reduces disparities between industries, optimizes price chains from agricultural producers to the final consumer. Attention is drawn to the relevance of the study of the cooperation current state in rural areas in terms of promoting its revival, including: legal requirements for the formation of a diversified agricultural economy as a basis for rural man-agement, farms development, agricultural cooperatives and other relatively new organizational forms of agricultural entre-preneurship. Since currently the state does not have enough funds to establish a wholesale market, it is advisable to create alternative, small organizational forms of wholesale sales in rural areas. This may be cooperation in the field of procurement and marketing of agricultural products. Such cooperatives are designed to perform certain marketing functions. Peculiarities of domestic and foreign integrated formations development, motivation of direct participants to joint production-economic and marketing actions, coordination and carrying out of joint economic, scientific-technical policy, formation of regional economic complexes are generalized. The advantages and disadvantages of cooperation among other organizational and legal forms, as well as the advantages and disadvantages provided by agricultural holdings to agricultural producers are considered. The generalization of the conducted researches gave the chance to investigate motivation of the basic partici-pants, ways of realization of integration processes in market conditions. Key words: integration, integrated formations, integration processes, investments, innovations, investment climate, cooperation, agriculture, market infrastructure, diversification, associations, argoholding.
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Altay, Asc Prof Dr İclal Kaya, and Shqiprim Ahmeti. "Evaluation of EU Cohesion Policies within the scope of Lisbon and Europe 2020 Strategies." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i2.p79-93.
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In order to increase the level of integration and development at the scale of the Union and to raise the conditions of competition on a global scale, EU has announced two basic development strategies within the process: Lisbon Strategy (2000) and the Europe 2020 Strategy (2010). Though the EU 2000-2006 Cohesion Policies corresponding to the 2000-2006 fiscal period and 2007-2013 Cohesion Policy Program that was reformed in comparison to the previous program were prepared within the scope of the Lisbon Strategy, 2014-2020 financial program and Cohesion Policies have been produced within the context of EUROPE 2020 Strategy. During the said process, the objectives and priorities as well as the budgets of the EU structural funds have changed. In March 2000, the European Council meeting in Lisbon set the strategic goal of transforming the EU into ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world’ within a decade. Among the jointly agreed goals to be attained by 2010 were raising investment in research and development to three per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and increasing the rate of employment within the EU from 61 to 70 per cent of the working-age population (Teasdale, 2012). Based on the interim evaluations of Lisbon Strategy, EU Commission stated that the required specific objectives could not be achieved because the financial crisis and planned reforms could not be implemented. At the same time, the major expansion in 2004 made the existing inter-regional disparities more evident. Published on 2010 by EC, Europe 2020 Strategy (which is considered to be a reviewed and updated Lisbon Strategy) brought in a new expansion in terms of achieving the initial objectives. The strategy in question focuses not only on the economic – social cohesion but also on spatial cohesion. However, the statistics within the process reveal that the economic, social and territorial cohesion could not be achieved at the scale of EU yet, even it has been asserted in a report, which was prepared by the Secretariat of the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions (CPMR) in 2015 that besides the disparities between the Member States, disparities between regions within countries increased, as well. Within the scope of this study, it will be discussed how much the cohesion target, given in the founding treaty of EU is reflected on the development strategies; the role and accomplishments of these strategies and funds in achieving that target. While the role and accomplishments of the Europe 2020 Strategy, which is still in effect today, are questioned in terms of ensuring particularly the territorial cohesion, also the importance and the priority granted to urban spaces in order to achieve the objectives of strategies - as well as objectives of the founding agreement – will be discussed. The Method of the Study can be summarized as the literature survey based on the Lisbon and Europe 2020 Strategies of European Commission, the EU Financial Period Programs and observations and critics prepared by a variety of institutions as well as the evaluation of the findings based on statistical datas.
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Linhartova, Veronika. "Regional corruption variability in the European countries." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 9, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v9i3.4434.
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Quantification of the corruption rate in smaller sub-national areas is still a significantly unexplored area. Sub-national resolution of corruption rate could bring an entirely new dimension to the theory of causes and consequences of regional disparities. There are numerous reasons why to focus on this issue. Perhaps the strongest one is that if corruption negatively affects the economic performance, as many studies claim, the elimination of corruption in certain regions may be the key for the elimination of regional economic disparities and thus increase the economic performance of the state. Analysis of regional corruption may also lead to the creation of regional anti-corruption provisions that can bring a reduction of corruption rate at the national level. This context is formulated the main goal of this article. A new corruption quantification method reflecting inter-regional differences in the level of corruption in the European countries is designed. Using this method, it is possible to draw a comparison of individual NUTS II regions and identify those which are more affected by corruption than the others. A high level of corruption variability was confirmed for NUTS II regions, especially in Italy. Because of this variability, it could be very deceptive to evaluate the country as a whole from the corruption level viewpoint.
Keywords: Corruption, world bank, European union, economic performance, regional disparities, control of corruption.
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Linhartova, Veronika. "Regional corruption variability in the European countries." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 8 (December 31, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i8.4544.
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Quantification of the corruption rate in smaller sub-national areas is still a significantly unexplored area. Sub-national resolution of corruption rate could bring an entirely new dimension to the theory of causes and consequences of regional disparities. There are numerous reasons why to focus on this issue. Perhaps the strongest one is that if corruption negatively affects the economic performance, as many studies claim, the elimination of corruption in certain regions may be the key for the elimination of regional economic disparities and thus increase the economic performance of the state. Analysis of regional corruption may also lead to the creation of regional anti-corruption provisions that can bring a reduction of corruption rate at the national level. The main goal of this article is formulated in this context. A new corruption quantification method reflecting inter-regional differences in the level of corruption in the European countries is designed. Using this method, it is possible to draw a comparison of individual NUTS II regions and identify those which are more affected by corruption than the others. A high level of corruption variability was confirmed for NUTS II regions, especially in Italy. Because of this variability, it could be very deceptive to evaluate the country as a whole from the corruption level viewpoint.
Keywords: Corruption, world bank, European union, economic performance, regional disparities, control of corruption.
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Oțil, Maria Daniela, Andra Miculescu, and Laura Mariana Cismaș. "Disparities in Regional Economic Development in Romania." Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics 62, s1 (October 1, 2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aicue-2015-0035.
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Abstract The issue of economic disparities within the European Union economies is not new, it is actually a topical issue. Unfortunately, the EU enlargement has determined an even stronger deepening of the regional disparities, because in the absence of adequate regional development policies, the financial instruments have proved to be ineffective. Recent studies show that the economic crisis has increased regional disparities in the European Union countries, influencing the most important regions, especially the economically less advanced ones, the significant regional differences being identified at the NUTS 3 level. Based on these issues, the present paper tries to answer the following questions: 1. How extended are the regional disparities in Romania and how did they evolve over the period 1998-2012? 2. How did the economic crisis influence disparities? Which territorial units were more affected? In order to measure regional inequalities the Hoover index was used as well as the coefficient of variation, and the indicator for assessing the level of development as well as for highlighting regional disparities was GDP per capita. The analysis and interpretation of the results provide an overview of the situation at the regional level in Romania
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IGNATOV, AUGUSTIN. "ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Global Economy Journal 19, no. 01 (March 2019): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565919500027.
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The European Union (EU) is a heterogeneous political and economic structure comprising 28 nations, differing in terms of size, population, economic development and institutional efficiency. National socio-economic context determines countries’ growth potential and their ability to compete for foreign markets. The socio-economic discrepancies present, respectively, between the Western, Northern, Southern and Eastern EU nations still persist, thus reducing the community’s ability to compete on the global market, especially with the USA, Japan and China, which are considered the main powerhouses of the world’s economy capable of challenging economic positions of the European Union. Consequently, the present research aims to assess to which extent economic growth determinants in the European Union differ taking into account the regional context. An individual per region regression analysis was developed intending to identify which are the determinants of economic development at the level of EU’s geographical regions. The results reached confirm this assumption underlining the fact that there are significant dissimilarities between the motivators of economic progress in the EU. This fact should particularly concern the European elites as these variations determine the further accentuation of development disparities not only among the countries but also between entire groups of states.
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Petrakos, George, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, and Antonis Rovolis. "Growth, Integration, and Regional Disparities in the European Union." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 10 (October 2005): 1837–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37348.
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In this paper we challenge the ability of the conventional methods initiated by Barro and Sala-i-Martin in the early 1990s to detect actual convergence or divergence trends across countries or regions and suggest an alternative dynamic framework of analysis, which allows for a better understanding of the forces in operation. With the use of a SURE model and time-series data for eight European Union (EU) member states, we test directly for the validity of two competing hypotheses: the neoclassical (NC) convergence hypothesis originating in the work of Solow and the cumulative causation hypothesis stemming from Myrdal's theories. We also account for changes in the external environment, such as the role of European integration on the level of regional disparities. Our findings indicate that both short-term divergence and long-term convergence processes coexist. Regional disparities are reported to follow a procyclical pattern, as dynamic and developed regions grow faster in periods of expansion and slower in periods of recession. At the same time, significant spread effects are also in operation, partly offsetting the cumulative impact of growth on space. Similar results are obtained from the estimation of an intra-EU model of disparities at the national level, indicating that the forces in operation are independent of the level of aggregation. Our findings challenge the view of economic growth as the main driver for a reduction of regional disparities and contribute to the growing scientific evidence that points towards the need to rethink current EU-wide regional development policies.
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Gil, Carlos, Pedro Pascual, and Manuel Rapún. "Regional Allocation of Structural Funds in the European Union." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 5 (October 2002): 655–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c21m.
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Economic disparities among the regions of the European Union are more pronounced than among countries. Structural Funds have played a crucial compensatory role, promoting the economic development and real convergence of lagging regions. The amount of resources destined to regional policy and the conflicts arising from its funding and distribution create the need for an adequate theoretical foundation or model to help politicians solve the distribution problem. In this paper we propose an empirical procedure to carry out and evaluate different distributions of funds for the periods 1989 – 93 and 1994 – 99. We begin with the estimation of an augmented production function to permit the calculation of the expected GDP per capita. We then propose a nonlinear programming method to simulate alternative distributions of Structural Funds among Objective 1 regions, based upon two different approaches: equal development, and equal opportunities. For these two approaches we calculate different possibilities, ranging from highly efficient to highly equitable, with the result that we are able to show the ‘frontier’ of optimal distributions. Finally, we evaluate these results and compare them with the real distribution.
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Gajdová, K., and P. Tuleja. "Regional Disparities in the Economic Sphere: Evidence from the Selected Countries of the European Union." Journal of Economics, Business and Management 3, no. 1 (2015): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/joebm.2015.v3.152.
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Kurek, Sławomir. "Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju regionalnego w Unii Europejskiej w świetle wybranych mierników." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 16 (January 1, 2010): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.16.9.
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The aim of this article is to show spatial disparities in the level of regional socio-economic development of the European Union, basing on selected demographic, social and economic indexes derived from the Eurostat database. For the comparison, EFTA regions as well as some candidate countries (Croatia) were taken into account. The analysis was made with the help of taxonomic methods, namely the taxonomic development index as well as cluster analysis based on the k-means method. The analysis confirmed existing disparities between eastern and western Europe, “old” and “new” European Union members, as well as between core and peripheral regions. The largest differences were recorded in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant and household income. Having taken into account the period under study, it may be stated that the process of enlarging of EU leads to deepening of disproportion between its regions. The highest level of regional development was presented by the belt of urbanized area with the population of nearly 90 million, stretching from England through the Benelux countries, northern France, middle and southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland to northern Italy, called Blue Banana, Hot Banana, European Megalopolis or European Backbone.Existing demographic and socio-economic disparities between UE regions pose a challenge for regional policy to enhance its social, economic and territorial cohesion on one hand and to increase competitiveness between regions on the other, by investments in economy based on knowledge, increasing entrepreneurship, as well as increasing the potential in the R&D sector and developing IT technology.
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Manea, Gheorghe Cosmin. "Theories and Strategies of Economic Development in the Region." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0093.
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AbstractThe concern for increasing macroeconomic stability is specific to both, small and large countries within the European Community. In that paper are presented ways in which are made links between the states of the world policies and economies development characteristics. That study has imposed a new type of characterization sustained by the national economies manifestation whose is correlated with the interaction between governmental policies and also with national and regional factors. This interaction is conditioned by specify effect of the economic, scientific, demographic, social and cultural development of each country, part of European Union. Taking into account all the imminent obstacles over the years of nations existence, is demonstrated that the European Union is supposed over and over of a new development process, being considered one of the most economically prosperous areas in the world and also one of the most competitive. However, major weaknesses arise due to the existence of significant disparities in prosperity and productivity between Member States and component regions. The complexity of the regional development policy arises at the level of the European Union, from its objective of reducing the economic and social disparities existing between the different region of Europe’s that was and will be an objective that it has implications on important areas for development, such as economic growth, labor force, transport, agriculture, urban development, environmental protection, education. Registered at different levels (local, regional, national and European) - regional policy, deals with the coordination of the different sectors and with the cooperation between the decision levels and the balancing of the financial resources. The conclusion is related with the idea of a must follow regional development economies starting from national level respecting a certain dynamic. That aspect must also take into account the continuous changes determined by the restructuring of the production and the increase of the competitiveness at national and local level.
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Vosejpková, M. "Approaches to the rural development problems in the European Union and in some of the Central and Eastern European countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 4 (February 29, 2012): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5299-agricecon.
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Utilisation of regional policy helps to reduce disparities among regions. The approaches to solving these problems in the European Union differ from the approaches practised in Central and Eastern European countries. The development of rural areas in the European Union is realised through the principles of regional policy and its instruments, i.e. Structural Funds, in co-operation with the Common Agricultural Policy. The applied assistance from the Structural Funds is aimed at the objectively defined areas. The situation of countries with many socio-economic problems is reflected in the weak demographic structures of these regions. Solutions of the problematic situation can be found in implementation of the approach supporting the development of multi-functional agriculture and a broader social and territorial context of economic development in all adopted tools of rural development. The way of supporting diversification of the competitive rural economic structure based on encouraging new activities leads also through integrated programmes. Regional policy realisation in the CEECs depends on the institutional framework created in the dependence of the habits applied by the past political regime of the relevant country. The basic issue for the sustainable development of rural areas can be seen in diversification of agricultural activities, creation of small firms and development of tourism together with sustaining the countryside specifics.
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Mitrică, Bianca, Radu Săgeată, Irena Mocanu, Ines Grigorescu, and Monica Dumitraşcu. "Competitiveness and cohesion in Romania's regional development: a territorial approach." Geodetski vestnik 65, no. 03 (September 2021): 440–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2021.03.440-458.
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The assessment of the socio-economic disparities at the regional level is one of the priority development topics. In particular, in formerly socialistic-planned countries, the development driven by the transition period, the accession to the European Union and the economic crisis, the regional disparities are present. The main aim of the research has been to identify the most competitive and the most cohesive Development Regions in Romania by computing, mapping and analysing two secondary indices (Territorial Competitiveness and Territorial Cohesion). Overall, the investigation shows that economic performance is more consolidated in central and western regions based on their mature and innovative industries, better-developed services and urbanisation/suburbanisation processes, while the eastern and southern development regions, with predominantly rural traits, experienced a significant industrial decline and social deprivation. The most competitive Development Region is Bucharest-Ilfov, given the advantage conferred by Bucharest Capital City, the main economic and social polarising centre in Romania. For reducing regional disparities, the Cohesion Policy should allocate increased funds for countries with least developed regions. The study provides the result of quantitative and qualitative analysis on the regional-level territorial disparities in Romania that could easily be considered as guidelines in the decision-making process while trying to achieve the competitiveness and cohesion goals.
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Kuklin, Oleg, and Mykhailo Kryvoruchko. "INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF INTERREGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: INTERDISCIPLINARY METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH DEVELOPMENT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-80-85.
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Relevance. The problem of interregional convergence within EU-countries has been of great interest among scholars. Such an interest is explained by the fact that joining the European Union may cause deepening interregional disparities among EU-members. As a result, there is a need to develop a model of interregional convergence in socio-economic development that would help countries to face the challenges of regional development during the process of European integration. The multidimensional nature of issues relating to interregional disparities implies the usage of an institutional approach that allows an analysis combining economic and non-economic factors. The purpose of this paper is to develop an interdisciplinary methodological approach to the analysis of interregional socio-economic convergence in the context of European integration from the institutional perspective. Methodological basis. Valuable and very interesting studies along this research line have been undertaken by a number of scholars who have used different methodological approaches that include neoclassical analysis, “core-periphery” theory, institutionalism, “resource abundance curse” phenomenon. The outcomes of their studies serve as a solid ground for in-depth research on interregional convergence that allows analysing this phenomenon from different perspectives. However, the issues regarding the regional dimension of institutional influence on the socio-economic development in the context of European integration have not been thoroughly covered in the economic studies. Results. Based on analysis of theoretical and empirical studies in the areas of interregional disparities and institutional economics, the interdisciplinary methodological approach has been developed, which implies reaching the following objectives: 1) to analyse interregional disparities in EU-members within the framework of neo-classical growth theory, 2) to examine regional dynamics using methodology of “core-periphery” theory (“New Economic Geography”); 3) to research the presence of “resource abundance curse” phenomenon in the regional development in the EU-countries; 4) to examine the institutional dimension of interregional disparities; 5) to analyse position papers on the EU Cohesion Policy implementation to outline the institutional challenges of the latter. Therefore, the research output allows developing an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the institutional aspect of socio-economic convergence that combines a quantitative (empirical) and qualitative analysis.
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Qineti, A., E. Matejková, M. Pietriková, R. Serenčeš, M. Tóth, and M. Dvořak. "Looking for the evidence of socio-economic convergence within the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 8 (August 23, 2011): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/93/2011-agricecon.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evidence and impact of the EU integration between 1999 and 2009 on the EU regional economic growth and the socio-economic convergence. A regional convergence analysis is performed in order to examine if the EU overall aim of convergence is reached. The main growth- and convergence theories are used as the theoretical framework and form the study's hypothesis. The results show that an absolute β-convergence exists between the EU member states as well as regions. However, the σ-convergence is not confirmed, meaning that that the disparities between the regions are rather increasing than decreasing. Perhaps a possible reason why the σ-convergence does not occur at the EU level is that it is easier for smaller regions which are more similar to each other to converge than for larger regions which tend to be more dissimilar to each other. This reasoning is in line with the convergence theories which state that smaller regions within a country are more likely to converge towards each other in the absolute sense than countries. On the other hand, the EU countries and regions tend to convergence in the tasks like unemployment rate, showing that they are not successful in resolving this difficult task. One of the main reasons of the high unemployment in all EU member states is their structural problem in the respective economies, consequently reflected in the long-term unemployment. The EU countries tend to convergence in terms of inequality as well, showing that they are egalitarian in character.
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McCarthy, Linda. "European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 3 (March 2000): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.
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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of problems of urban data availability and comparability. Using regional data, I identified that the overall level of inequalities changed little for the metropolitan regions between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Urban disparities were cyclical—decreasing during strong EU growth and increasing in slower growth years. Factors outside direct local government control, including relative location within Europe, reinforced the traditional strong-core—weak-periphery spatial pattern of development. I argue that additional factors specific to cities, such as limited EU urban policy and funding, contributed to overall higher and more sharply rising inequalities since the late 1980s for cities compared with regions. The positive linear relationship between levels of national income and urban disparities has implications for economic polarization within richer member states and for EU efforts to reduce inequalities by raising the level of development in poorer countries.
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Ivashchuk, Iryna, Andriy Voytseshchuk, and Vitaliy Zapukhlyak. "SPACE ASYMMETRIES OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Economic Analysis, no. 27(3) (2017): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.03.266.
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The objective preconditions of regionalization in the global space are considered in the article. The consequences and challenges of regional economic integration processes for the countries are revealed. The importance of coordinating the objectives of regional economic integration and national economic policy is substantiated. The role of integration in the liberalization of trade through the reduction of tariff barriers is argued. The regional asymmetries of global economic development are outlined. The state of development of regional trade agreements in the last decades is analysed. This analysis has made it possible to determine the difficulties of functioning of integration associations in modern conditions and to substantiate that each region has its own peculiarities, as shown by the example of the European Union, the member countries of NAFTA, integration in the countries of Latin America . The index of regional integration in Africa has been estimated. It allowed revealing significant differences among the groups of countries. The peculiarities of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the conditions of cooperation of the countries have been clarified.
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Calignano, Giuseppe. "Nanotechnology as a proxy to capture regional economic development? New findings from the European Union Framework Programmes." Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2016-0028.
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AbstractThe European Union has included nanotechnology in the Key Enabling Technologies helping countries to tackle current and future societal challenges thanks to their applications in multiple industries. Furthermore, one theme named “Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New Production Technologies” was included in the Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes with the purpose of financing organizations specifically involved in nanotechnology activities. The empirical analysis presented in this paper aims to reconstruct the participation of the Italian private, public and public-private organizations at the regional level in the European Union nanotechnology network. The hypothesis is that a high share of private organizations and a well-balanced proportion of private and public entities are beneficial for knowledge circulation potentially leading to innovation. This paper confirms the findings of other recent studies by revealing that the participation of private, public and public-private organizations at the European Union level overlaps the distribution of the nanotechnology activities in Italy and the regional disparities in the country. More in general, this paper strengthens the concept that the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology and the collaborations fostered by the Framework Programmes enable researchers to capture regional economic development from a global viewpoint.
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Kovačikova, Hana. "Western Balkans Regional Common Market: What lesson can be taught from EEA?: A case study of public procurement." Strani pravni zivot, no. 4 (2020): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-29635.
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The European Union pursues on the international scene to safeguards its values, support the rule of law, foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development and support the integration of all countries into the world economy including through the progressive abolition of barriers on international trade. Trade agreements are used as an effective tool to this end. Within its present external action, European Union tries to cover its trade relations regionally homogenously. Through regionally homogenous trade agreements, Union can export its values, principles, and rules easier, which is also a way of strengthening its position geopolitically. This paper analyses trade agreements concluded between the European Union and candidate countries from Western Balkans. All these agreements recognise the accession to the European Union as their final goal. To achieve it, candidate countries need to fulfil various conditions, including the approximation and harmonisation of their legal orders with the EU acquis. Just recently (in November 2020), Western Balkans countries' leaders announced the creation of Regional Common Market which shall serve as a tool for approximation with European Union's Internal Market Rules. To this regard, author analysed the European Economic Area, where the export of European Union's Internal Market Rules was successfully realised, and which might therefore serve as an example for pre-accession cooperation between Western Balkans countries and European Union. Author chose the area of public procurement as a model case study.
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Pishchik, V. Ya. "Institutional Mechanisms for Regulating External Imbalances in the European Economic and Monetary Union." Economics, taxes & law 11, no. 6 (December 26, 2018): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2018-11-6-131-142.
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The relevance of the research is driven by the need to reveal modern factors and specifics of structural financial imbalances typical for regional integrated associations by an example of the European Union and to assess new mechanisms for regulation of disparities and investment cooperation development in a region. The subject of the research is the factors, trends and consequences of the division of EU countries into creditors and debtors by parameters of external debt financing; structure and directions of cross-border financial flows; and net international investment position based on the analysis of statistics related to types, structure and scale of external imbalances in the euro area as well as to methods and institutional mechanisms for their regulation. The purposes of the research were to reveal the acuteness of external imbalances in the countries of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in the financial sphere as a factor of macroeconomic destabilization in the region and systematize measures for strengthening and development of various institutional mechanisms to level off the remaining structural imbalances and expand the channels of investment in the real economy as part of the project to create a sustainable renovated EMU in the period until 2025 It is concluded that new more developed forms of regional financial integration, including the creation of the Banking Union and the Union of Capital Markets, the European Monetary Fund and the European Fund for Strategic Investment, are strategically important as effective institutions for regulation of external financing imbalances and support of investment in the economic development.
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Kettunen, L. "Finnish agriculture after the accession into the European union." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2000): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.1.13.
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The preconditions for agriculture are in general worse in Finland than in most EU countries. The growing period is shorter and the effective temperature sum is lower. Mainly due to the unfavourable natural conditions the yield level in Finland is low in comparison with the EU countries. Finnish farms are considerably smaller than farms in the most important EU countries. Regional income disparities are a great problem. The Finnish producer prices were a lot higher than in the EU. It was clear that Finnish agriculture would face great difficulties after accession into the EU. The agricultural chapter of the Accession Treaty can be divided into three groups: conditions related to production; agreements on the support system; and the arrangements concerning the transitional period. It was important for Finland to reach an adequate level of support. Finally Finland was allowed to pay nordic support which was a new form in the support system of the EU. This nordic support is paid on the basis of the hectares of agricultural land or heads of animals. The support for the transitional period may be paid for only five years. This support must be regional and degressive. If serious difficulties should appear the EU Commission may authorise Finland to grant national support to facilitate full integration. In 1995, the year of accession, the producer prices went down considerably. Agricultural income has fallen by 36% in 1998 compared to 1994. In spite of this no collapse in production has occurred. In general, agricultural production has kept its preaccession level. Rapid rationalisation and various supports have helped farmers to trust in agriculture.
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Strożek, Piotr. "Comparative Analysis of the Level of Knowledge-based Part of Economies in European Union Countries with KAM Methodology." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 4 (March 8, 2013): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0039-1.
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The article presents regional classification of EU countries according to the knowledge development of economy, which in these days is treated as fundamental factor of international competitiveness. This differentiation created with Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and Knowledge Index (KI), which are use by The World Bank in Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM). In the analysis used four main pillars (i.e. The Economic Incentive and Institutional Regime, The Innovation System, Education and Human Resources, Information and Communication Technology), which showed relation between individual components. The purpose of this article is to identify disparities in the use of knowledge in socio-economic life in the EU countries. This research was conducted with use of the cluster analysis (tools belonging to multidimensional comparative analysis).
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Mikulić, Davor, Željko Lovrinčević, and Andrea Galić Nagyszombaty. "Regional Convergence in the European Union, new Member States and Croatia." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2013-0001.
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Abstract Over the past two decades, the issue of regional convergence in the European Union has been the subject of a wide range of empirical research. This paper aims to provide more information on the differences in regional growth patterns of new member states (NMS), as well as Croatia, in addition to the factors influencing regional disparities within each country. This research provides an analysis of regional convergence in the period 2001-2008 at the NUTS II and NUTS III level. The most widely used model for testing convergence hypotheses is beta-convergence analysis. Other factors commonly included in the econometric modelling of convergence are demographic variables, labour market conditions, industrial structure, institutional factors and overall government policy. The main hypothesis is that the process of regional convergence in NMS and Croatia is not strong enough to dominate over other factors, influencing regional potential growth (mainly industry structure and quality of human capital). Absolute β-convergence can be found at the national level for EU countries. Convergence also can be found for NMS regions, but the pace of convergence on the regional level is lower in comparison to the national level and the estimated β-convergence parameter is less significant.
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Kocziszky, György, and Dóra Szendi. "Regional Disparities of the Social Innovation Potential in the Visegrad Countries: Causes and Consequences." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0004.
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Abstract The international literature is paying significant and increasing attention to the analysis of the regions’ innovation potential, and its active contribution to economic growth and competitiveness. Beside the classical, technical innovation, also the social innovation is getting even more emphasis. It can solve as alternative basically in the case of the peripheral territories. The convergence of peripheries is a stressed priority in the European Union. The territorial disparities are resulting in significant social and political problems also in the case of the Visegrad countries’ regions. The authors in their research represent a possible method for the measurement of regional (NUTS-2) level social innovation potential on the example of the Visegrad countries, and they also analyse the causes and consequences of disparities. The applied complex social innovation index can be calculated as a result of three pillars (economic, social, culture and attitude), and several components. As a result of the created patterns can be concluded that compared to the economic indicators, the disadvantage of the peripheries is not so significant in the case of the social innovation index, because of the complex character of the index. In the second part of the research, the authors analyse and evaluate also the methods, which can be adequate for increasing the social innovation potential.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Kuc, Marta. "The implementation of synthetic variable for constructing the sandard of living measure in European Union countries." Oeconomia Copernicana 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2012.012.
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This paper proposes the use of synthetic variable to examine differences in the standard of living in the EU countries. The synthetic variable allows to replace the whole set of variables into one aggregated variable. This variable is the basis for organizing and grouping countries in terms of standard of living. The subject of empirical analysis are 24 member states of the European Union in 1995-2010. The analysis of synthetic variable reveals that there are significant disparities between countries in the field of overall socio-economic development. The analysis show favorable situation in Ireland and very unfavorable conditions in Romania, Bulgaria and the Baltic countries.
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Landmann, Tomasz. "Cultural security within the European Union in terms of selected conditions of the cultural economics." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 200, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9789.
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The subject of the article is cultural security analyzed from the perspective of the economics of such security, and more broadly cultural economics. The analysis is based on statistical data published by Eurostat, reports from this statistical institution, and a critical analysis of scientific literature. The considerations aim to comparatively analyze trends and phenomena occurring in relation to selected spheres of cultural economics and cultural security in EU countries in 2011-2018. The article establishes that the selected economic conditions formed after 2011 may have positively impacted the state of cultural security in EU countries. That was primarily determined by the increase in employment in the cultural sector, the promotion of sustainable employment based on gender parity, and the continually increasing number of enterprises offering access to cultural goods and services. The disparities between EU countries in household expenditure on culture were a weakening factor.
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Tvrdoň, Michal, and Karel Skokan. "REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND THE WAYS OF THEIR MEASUREMENT: THE CASE OF THE VISEGRAD FOUR COUNTRIES / REGIONINIAI SKIRTUMAI IR JŲ MATAVIMO BŪDAI: KETURIŲ VYŠEGRADO ŠALIŲ ATVEJIS." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 17, no. 3 (October 4, 2011): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2011.603485.
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Real convergence of countries within European Union is measured mostly at the national level by the indicator of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Generally, countries with relatively low GDP per capita should catch-up with richer ones and this has become the main objective of post-communist countries at the beginning of the transition process. However, when we look at the regional level and regional GDP per capita data in these countries one can assume that the intensity of real convergence strongly differs among regions and disparities between regions still prevail. The paper attempts to identify factors responsible for persistence of regional disparities in the Visegrad Four countries. In the paper, available Eurostat NUTS 3 statistical data were used for analysis of economic disparities development in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The paper has two main parts. In the first theoretical part approaches to regional disparities and their measurement on the basis of indexes are provided. The second, empirical, part contains description of the main trends in regional development of Visegrad Four countries. This is followed by comparison of these trends in the Visegrad Four regions. Calculations suggested conclusion that the regional disparities between regions are growing. Santrauka Tikroji Europos Sajungos šalių konvergencija nacionaliniu lygiu dažniausiai matuojama bendruoju vidaus produktu (BVP), tenkančiu vienam gyventojui. Apskritai pagrindinis pokomunistinių šalių tikslas pereinamojo proceso pradžioje – pasivyti turtingesnes šalis pagal BVP vienam gyventojui. Tačiau pažvelgus į duomenis, matyti, kad regioninių skirtumų vis dar yra. Straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti veiksnius, nuo kurių priklauso keturių Vyšegrado šalių regioniniai skirtumai. Šiame straipsnyje, naudojant ”Eurostat“ NUTS statistinius duomenis, buvo analizuojami Čekijos, Vengrijos, Lenkijos ir Slovakijos ekonominio vystymosi skirtumai. Straipsnis padalytas į dvi pagrindines dalis: pirmojoje dalyje išdėstyti regioninių skirtumų matavimo pagrindai, antrojoje, empirinėje, dalyje aprašomos pagrindinės keturių Vyšegrado šalių regioninės plėtros tendencijos. Šios tendencijos palygintos. Skaičiavimai atskleidė, kad regioniniai skirtumai didėja.
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Pawera, René, Lívia Bott Domonkos, and Richard Hakszer. "Impact Analysis of Slovak- Hungarian Cross Border Cooperation Projects." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 3, no. 3 (2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.33.1001.
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Cooperation is the key to a better Europe. European Union supports territorial cooperation between border-regions, especially in the border settlements. Border regions, towns and districts promote cooperation as a tool for growth and change through policy development and strategic orientation within territorial cooperation and beyond regional development. Regional disparities in Slovakia are actually the highest among EU countries and the Cohesion policy tries to balance with European standards. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of projects on disparity and economic growth in border areas mainly in the context of Slovak indicators. The comparative study also hypothesis whether the cross-border region in Hungary and Slovakia behave differently in terms of absorption in the 2007-2013 programming period. Besides, as for methodology, it was used various types such as statistical data, convergence analysis by disparities, comparative studies, absorptions maps of CBC projects, cohesion analysis of the region. Finally, it is focusing on future prognosis and possible trend of the current 2014-2020 period.
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Nguyen, Son Thanh, and Yanrui Wu. "Economic Integration and Network Trade: A Comparison of East Asia and the European Union." Asian Economic Papers 19, no. 1 (April 2020): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00751.
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The emergence of production networks has changed the structure of international trade, which is characterized by a large share of intra-regional trade flows and a rising value of intermediate goods trade or network trade between countries within the same region. This paper investigates the change in impact of trade determinants with the formation of regional production networks. At the global level, the results show that intermediate goods exports are more sensitive to trade barriers than total goods exports. At the regional level, the comparison reveals that, despite the efforts directed toward export market diversification in East Asia, the region is still more dependent on other regions’ economic conditions than the European Union is.
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Petkanopoulou, Katerina, Ángel Sánchez-Rodríguez, Guillermo B. Willis, Xenia Chryssochoou, and Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón. "Two Countries in Crisis: Economic Inequality in the EU and Disidentification With Europe in Spain and Greece." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 6 (June 21, 2018): 888–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117751201.
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European identity is currently facing important challenges. From the beginning, European identity has been related to the national identities of Member States with different economic strengths. The recent economic recession made these disparities salient across countries. In this research conducted in two countries with relative low status in the European Union (EU), we explored whether the perceived disparities in wealth between the countries of the EU—perceived economic inequality—predicted disidentification with Europe. We also examined the mediators of this relationship. Study 1, conducted in Spain, revealed that perceived economic inequality positively predicted disidentification with Europe; importantly, this effect remained when controlling for individuals’ subjective socioeconomic status and the perceived status of the country. The experience of fear of economic inequality in the EU mediated this relationship. The results of Study 1 were replicated comparing a Spanish sample (Study 2a) and a Greek sample (Study 2b). These studies delved deeper into the specific appraisals of fear that mediate the relationship between economic inequality and disidentification with Europe. Four categories of fear appraisals obtained in a preliminary qualitative study were measured as potential mediators: losing national sovereignty, worsening of living conditions, being negatively stereotyped, and Europe losing fundamental values. The relationship between economic inequality in the EU and disidentification with Europe was mediated by fear of losing national sovereignty and fear of Europe losing fundamental values.
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Kovalevych, L. "Policy of the states of the European Union against sessesionism." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 64 (2016): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.13.
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The role of domestic policy in solving of inter-regional conflicts and counteracting secessionist processes are disclosed in the article. A mixed populatіon in any area can live either in peaceful coexistence and political stability or in violent conflicts. This is mostly dependent on the internal ethnic policy. Variety of the government’s reactions to the strengthening of centrifugal tendencies in some regions are explored; among which the approval of separatist demands, the advancement of conditions of underprivileged minorities, adoption of “asymmetric federalism”, allowance for minorities to participate in politіcal debate through parliamentary voting, referendums, etc., establishment of a confederation with only limited links between countries are distinguished. Another way to solve regional conflicts is to create a “multinational federation.” The main features of the state policy of the European Union’s countries which have regions with high potential secessionist conflict are analyzed. The necessities of a balanced domestic policy of the government to prevent the escalation of internal contradictions are emphasized. The influence of the form of government on minimizing of inter-regional conflicts is investigating. After correlating data about current regional conflicts and the forms of government of the hosting countries, it was found that the form of government (from unitary to federalism) is not the only decisive factor for solving of regional conflicts. However, taking into account the historical, cultural, linguistic, economic factors, it is important to understand that political mechanisms can give an initial impulse, the first impetus to resolve the conflicts. Therefore, political factors are some of the key one in regularizing of secessionism. Moreover, examples of the successful resolution of regional conflіcts by particular European states are considered. Experience of an effective resolving of regional conflicts in western European countries showed that in all the cases (Switzerland, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) the mechanisms of the institution of parliamentarism and solving of the language issue were used. The geographic decentralization policy of the supreme power (Germany) and legitimization of government decisions through referendums (Switzerland) are equally effective.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Policies with Respect to Foreign Investors in the New Member States of the European Union and in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comparative Aspects." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 12, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2010): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0001-z.
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The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis of policies aimed at foreign investors in the new member states of the European Union as well as in the developing countries of Asia. The policies demonstrate certain similarities in spite of the fact that the analyzed world economic regions are subject to different conditions. A common feature is the opening up of economies to foreign investors, coupled with the application of certain incentives intended to increase the attractiveness of the country to foreign investors. Countries strive to modernize their economies with the help of foreign capital. The developing countries of Asia, in contrast to the new member states of the European Union, are not restricted in their policies with respect to foreign investors by the requirements of regional economic integration.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Foreign Direct Investment Between Asian Developing Countries and the EU Member States: The Role of Integration Processes." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 2 (August 17, 2013): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0009.
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This article discusses the conditions surrounding the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) between the developing countries of Asia (East Asia, South-East Asia, Southern Asia, and Western Asia) and the countries with membership in the European Union (EU), including the so-called ‘new’ Member States (EU12). At the intra-regional and inter-regional levels, the flow is especially affected by the world economic crisis, which has effected changes in the positions of the analyzed countries on a global scale. The integration processes taking place in the EU also significantly affect the intensity of FDI flow within the group, while the processes taking place in the developing countries of Asia are not yet sufficiently enough advanced to significantly affect the flow of FDI. Inter-regional FDI flows take place between the subject regions and sub-regions. The observed phenomenon of emerging Asian net exporters of capital in the form of FDI to the European Union may be strengthened by the process of Asian integration. For the new EU Member States the developing Asian countries may constitute an alternative source of capital in the crisis conditions.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Foreign Direct Investment in the New European Union Member States and Developing Countries of Asia under Conditions of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis: Comparative Aspects." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2009): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0026-3.
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The objective of this article is a comparative analysis of the changing position of new European Union member states and the developing countries of Asia in global and regional FDI flows as well as an assessment of the impact of the global crisis on the position of these regions and selected countries in terms of FDI. The analysis encompasses European Union member states that received membership as a part of the enlargement of 2004 and 2007 as well as the developing sub–regions of Asia—i.e. East, South-East, and South Asia. The conducted analysis demonstrates that the position of the developing countries of Asia is significantly stronger than that of the new European Union member states, which is mainly determined by the scale of the economies of countries such as China and India. Subject to conditions of global crisis, Asia and Oceania as a whole noted growth in the inflow of FDI in 2008 by almost 17%, where the European Union member states saw a 2% fall. The situation inside the analyzed regions is extremely varied in terms of noticeable effects of the crisis in the FDI sphere. It is dependent on not only processes of economic growth, but also on the character of investments made in the individual countries and sub– regions as well as motives behind the actions of investors.
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Rachwał, Tomasz, Krzysztof Wiedermann, and Wioletta Kilar. "Rola przemysłu w gospodarce układów regionalnych Unii Europejskiej." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 14 (January 1, 2009): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.14.4.
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The aim of the paper is to present the role of industrial activity in the economy of European Union regional systems, with a special reference to Poland, measured by the employment rate and gross added value. Defining the range of influence of regional industry should allow us to define the places of accumulation of new development advantages, which is important from the perspective of the development of these areas. To assess the recent changes in the space of European industry in regional systems, a dynamic analysis of the discussed processes was carried out, covering the period of economic transformation of the Central and Eastern Europe countries and their integration with the European Union. To analyze the function of industry in the development of knowledge-based economy, the authors identified the relationship between the amount of investment in industry and the potential employees in research and development activities. The authors also attempt to assess the suitability of various measures of industrial development to determine their role in regional economic systems in the conditions of intensifying processes of globalization and European integration.
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Zioło, Monika, and Lidia Luty. "Disproportions in the level of innovation in European Union countries." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 166 (2023): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.57.
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Purpose: One of the most important areas of reflection on innovation and innovativeness is regional policy and issues related to the development of the economy. The phenomena of globalisation and pressure to create a knowledge-based economy means that not only enterprises, but also countries are forced to optimise the use of their potential on a macro, meso or micro scale. For this reason, the issue of innovativeness is connected with particular economic entities and sectors of the economy, with the activity of state, regional and local authorities and the European Union. In the conditions of deepening European integration, stimulating innovation of territorial socio-economic systems is an important instrument of economic policy at the international, national and regional levels. The aim of the study is to assess the level of innovativeness of the region in spatial and dynamic terms. Multivariate Statistical Analysis will be used to determine the aggregated indicator based on data taken from Eurostat database. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the objective will be achieved through the evaluation and comparison of the level of innovativeness of EU countries with the use of a synthetic measure, estimated by using one of the model methods of linear ordering of objects in the years 2015, 2018 and 2021. In the proposed method, the synthetic measure is determined using the distance of the examined objects from the model objects. The dynamic approach will allow to determine the directions of changes. The level of innovation of regions (EU countries) determined by a number of indicators that were adopted in four areas: human capital, finance, business activity and intellectual property protection. Findings: The region's innovativeness is a multidimensional phenomenon, which is directly unmeasurable, hence the need to use statistical methods when measuring it. Obtained results will allow to assess the studied phenomenon, build a ranking and identify countries with a high, medium or low level of innovation. The results of the analyses confirmed that it is advisable to consider innovation by plane, because in this case there is a greater differentiation of countries. Due to the level of innovation, the highest positions in the ranking were taken by Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria, at the end of the ranking were countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. In the area of innovative activities, Estonia ranked very high being classified in the group I of the most innovative countries. The country is characterized by high employment in innovative enterprises, significant expenditure on innovation and a large share of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) introducing product innovations. The fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are reducing the distance to more innovative EU countries should be assessed positively, as evidenced by lower values of the coefficients of variation in 2021 compared to 2015. Keywords: innovation of regions, dynamics, Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Category of the paper: research paper.
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Tudor, Carissa L., and Hilary Appel. "Is Eastern Europe to Blame for Falling Corporate Taxes in Europe?" East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 30, no. 4 (September 27, 2016): 855–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325416663834.
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When a dozen new countries joined the European Union in the mid-2000s, political tensions spiked over disparities in corporate income tax rates. Since the time of enlargement, leaders have tried repeatedly to enhance corporate tax coordination within the EU, as a result of fears of downward pressure on corporate tax rates and states’ weakening ability to collect revenues. At the same time, leaders from new member states in Eastern Europe with low corporate tax rates have contended that regional efforts to coordinate tax policies are not worthwhile, given that corporate tax competition is a global phenomenon. This article argues that corporate tax competition is more acute at the regional than the global level. While corporate tax rates are falling inside and outside the EU, we demonstrate using a large multiyear, multiregional data set that Eastern European countries have extremely low corporate tax rates relative to other EU and non-EU countries, even when controlling for multiple domestic economic and political factors. These findings support the potential efficacy of pursuing regional corporate tax reform to address the downward spiraling of rates in the EU.
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Adamowicz, Mieczysław, and Adam Szepeluk. "Regional Convergence of Labor Productivity in Rural Sectors of Poland during 2003–2019." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111774.
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In this article, we present and assess the labor productivity changes that have occurred in Poland’s rural sectors since the country became a member of the European Union. The study is linked with the concept of convergence, which is one of the key goals of European integration. Convergence is when two or more things, ideas, or processes become similar. In an economic sense, convergence is the reduction of development disparities between countries, regions, or economic sectors. The aim of the work was to study the convergence of labor productivity in Poland’s rural economic sectors between 2003 and 2019. Since 2004, when Poland became a member of the European Union, the country has benefited from funds distributed via EU regional policies, aimed at economic and social cohesion, and attaining regional convergence of economic effects in the economies of rural areas. The theoretical background and research methodology of this article are based on the topic’s literature. Two forms of convergence (sigma convergence and beta convergence) were analyzed. Sigma convergence means a decrease in the dispersion and differentiation of labor productivity over time, and the essence of beta convergence is the faster development of less-developed regions, which results in catching up with the better-developed regions. The economic results of convergence processes, measured by the gross value added of agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fisheries, as well as the number of employed persons in these sectors, were obtained from the Local Data Bank. The distribution dynamics (of the gross value added per person working in a Polish rural sector) were assessed for 2003–2019 as well as for selected years and sub-periods. Statistical methods describing the state of differentiation of regions and the function of regression were used for analysis. The results are presented in figures and maps. The flows between the productivity groups of regions in five sub-periods were evidenced. The research confirmed the partial occurrence of labor productivity convergence in Poland’s rural sectors between 2003 and 2014—the period of a sizable flow of European Funds offered to rural areas in Poland, during the first two European Union financial perspectives. In the following years, the convergence process diminished due to different natural and socioeconomic reasons.
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Cyrek, Magdalena, and Piotr Cyrek. "Rural Specificity as a Factor Influencing Energy Poverty in European Union Countries." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 5463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155463.
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This study focuses on the empirical verification of the influence of rural specificity on energy poverty across European Union countries, in the period 2010–2020. The research aimed at specifying the role of the agricultural character of a country, as well as economic disparities between rural and urban areas, in inducing problems of energy affordability. Based on the literature consensus about the most important determinants of energy poverty, namely income, energy prices, energy productivity, quality of dwellings, and climate conditions, a standard model was constructed concerning the role of the rural character of an economy, with its traditional features such as agricultural employment, and indices of rural–urban divide, in terms of median income and material poverty. Models for panel data with fixed effects were estimated. The results indicate agricultural employment as a factor increasing the subjective energy poverty of households. However, the scale of rural settlement cannot be specified as a factor determining energy poverty, neither concerning energy consumption nor self-reported difficulties. This suggests that only the traditional agricultural character of rural areas negatively influences energy poverty. The processes of gentrification of rural areas observable in many EU countries changes the typical pattern of the identification of villagers with the most excluded group.
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Cosmin, Ivascu. "The Role of European Funds in the Economic Development." Romanian Economic Journal, no. 79 (March 25, 2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/rej/2021/79/06.
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European Union was created for enhancing the cooperation and economic development of country members. This very complex initiative is a long-term process that contributes to reduction of inequalities due to the expansion of trade relations, increased mobility of factors of production and dissemination of technology and gradually added more freedoms between countries and common policies in this respect. Among the main objectives of EU are economic and social cohesion, which must be achieved mainly by promoting the conditions for economic growth and reducing disparities between the levels of development of EU regions, ensuring a high level of employment and a balanced and sustainable economical growth. The European Funds are the financial instruments of the common policies, being significantly diversified and improved in the last decades. The EU enlargement implied new challenges and higher efforts to support such common policies from a very limited common budget. For new members from Eastern Europe that joined EU, these European Funds were seen as a very important and reliable support for boosting their economic development. This paper will discuss, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives, the possible impact of these funds on the economic development, with a specific focus on the Eastern European Countries (EEC).
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Stan, Mari-Isabella, and Simona-Elena Cojocaru. "An analysis of the absorption rate of EU funded social projects at macro-regional level." Technium Social Sciences Journal 36 (October 8, 2022): 466–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v36i1.7551.
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The current European context is still characterized by the disparities between the Member States, economic and social cohesion being one of the priorities of the European Union, which is found among the key objectives of European and national policies. The Structural Funds are the most important economic policy measure adopted by the European Commission, and their management, which represents an opportunity for socio-economic development, is the responsibility of all Member States. In the national context, the responsibility for a sustainable local development must be placed on the community, one of the most effective tools for achieving the community’s development being social programs, implemented through social projects. The aim of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the projects contracted under the Human Capital Operational Programme, Priority Axis 4 - Social inclusion and combating poverty, for the 2014-2020 programming period, at the level of Romania's development regions. For our country, the European Structural Funds are the main source of funding of the operational programmes which facilitate the socio-economic development at national, regional and local level, based on the premise that the development of social projects can lead to improved living conditions for the citizens of local communities.
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Yaroshenko, I. V., and I. B. Semigulina. "Global Experience of State Support in the System of Public Management of Territorial Communities’ Development." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-19-28.
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Achieving sustainable development of the countries against the background of overcoming the problems and backwardness of some territories, reducing the disproportion of socio-economic indicators, creating conditions for the development of competitive economic environment, and achieving a high standard of living form the main directions of regional policy in many countries, including the European Union. Detailed study of the experience in the formation and implementation of regional policy, the positive examples and trends of some countries and, in particular, EU member states, that have achieved economic growth and improved the welfare of their residents, are relevant for the development of modern Ukraine and its regions during the ongoing European integration processes, socio-economic changes and the formation of Ukraine’s own national regional policy. Analysis of the uneven development of territories and the identification of the main characteristics of this asymmetry allow not only to determine the current state of disproportion in regional development potentials, but also to assess the regional policy directions aimed at eliminating the disproportion. European integration direction in Ukraine’s policy confirms the relevance of a comprehensive study of the regional policy experience in the world and the EU, in particular, especially that of the best practices of Central and Eastern Europe, the latter demonstrating stable positive changes in socio-economic development. This experience could be useful for Ukraine to form and implement its own regional policy principles of organizing regional and local development management and building up local self-government.
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Valeeva, R. A. "Development of Сooperation Between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union at the Present Stage." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-3-288-296.
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After the collapse of the USSR, the West received favorable conditions for promoting its geopolitical interests. Accordingly, the European Union began to establish relations with the countries of Central Asia. The EU policy in Central Asia in the early 90s of the twentieth century is characterized by the fact that Brussels concentrated its efforts on the allocation of economic assistance, the promotion of democracy and market relations. The EU policy in the Central Asian republics was based on cooperation and partnership Agreements signed with the leadership of the countries of the region. These agreements were intended to formalize the political and economic relations of the countries of the region with the EU. The role of the Central Asian countries in EU foreign policy was more clearly defined after the adoption of the European Union Strategy for Central Asia in 2007. The European Union has taken a number of steps to strengthen its position in the region. Several formats of bilateral and regional cooperation have been created, and EU representative offices have been opened in the countries of the region.Over the past decade, the European Union has significantly intensified its foreign policy in Central Asia. It expanded diplomatic ties and successfully implemented mechanisms for developing cooperation with Central Asia. In particular, it has expanded its presence in the region, successfully launching several of its strategic programs in various areas of cooperation.In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia. This is the first radical revision of the document adopted in 2007. This indicates a desire to update the base of interac tion and to build relations with the countries of the region in a new way. The European Union pays special attention to such areas of cooperation as energy issues, global security problems and joint struggle against the threats of terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism and radical extremism, transport and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the prospects and problems of the EU’s interaction with the Kyrgyz Republic, which cover various aspects: political, economic, social, trade, cultural. On 19 November 2017, the European Union and the Kyrgyz Republic began negotiations to update the existing bilateral agreement, which is intended to replace the partnership and cooperation Agreement. After the completion of the negotiations, a new agreement on expanded partnership and cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union was initialed on July 6, 2019. It includes new areas of cooperation and significantly improves the regulatory framework for trade and economic relations in accordance with WTO rules and regional economic agreements. The new agreement provides for cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the EU in areas such as: policy and reform, enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security issues, in the areas of justice, security and freedoms, as well as in trade.
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Kijek, Tomasz, and Anna Matras-Bolibok. "INNOVATIVENESS OF EUROPEAN REGIONAL SPACE: CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE?" Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.1.7.
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The aim of the article is to assess the convergence of innovativeness in European regions at the NUTS-2 level. In the first part of the work, the concept of region’s innovativeness is defined and methods of its measurement are presented. Next, the conditions and determinants of convergence/divergence of innovativeness in the regional area are discussed. The theoretical part of the paper suggests that the issue of convergence in the field of innovativeness is a significant, but relatively poorly explored, research area in economic literature. The empirical part of the article presents the results of the study of sigma and gamma convergence of innovativeness in a group of European regions. The research sample consists of 220 regions from 22 European Union countries, as well as Norway, Serbia and Switzerland. The obtained results indicate the occurrence of sigma divergence processes and the lack of gamma convergence processes.
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Wójcik, Piotr. "Was Poland the next Spain? Parallel analysis of regional convergence patterns after accession to the European Union." Equilibrium 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 593–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i4.31.
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Research background: Poland and Spain share many common features resulting both from similarities of historical experience, and also cultural, political, socio-demographic factors. Both countries have a similar area, population and GDP structure. They also share historical experience related to political and economic transformation after a long period of non-democratic, centralized governments. Therefore, the experience of Spanish membership in the EU is often considered as a model for Poland.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this research is to perform a comparative empirical analysis of income convergence processes in Poland and Spain on a regional level. We aim to verify if and how these processes are related to one an-other (show similar paths). Special attention is paid to the periods after accession of these countries to the EU. Convergence patterns in both countries are compared with several tools.
Methods: Spatial econometric model for absolute beta convergence, sigma convergence indicators and the analysis of distribution dynamics — transition matrices and kernel density estimation.
Findings & Value added: The impact on EU accession on income convergence in Spain was positive both at the national and regional level. Regional convergence processes sped-up and interregional disparities decreased. The poorest subregions had relatively high probability to increase their income and catch-up with initially more developed regions. In the first decade after accession to the EU Poland has also achieved a significant improvement of income indicators at the national level. However, empirical analyses of GDP per capita distribution and its dynamics at the regional level in Poland show that the above mentioned progress does not spread out proportionally on all regions. Neither beta nor sigma convergence is observed. Instead, relatively fastest growth of initially richest regions (mostly large cities) introduces convergence of clubs leading to polarization. EU accession has accelerated divergence processes in Poland.