Journal articles on the topic 'European Union – Albania'
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Parapatits, Felicitas. "Albania: Reform of Consumer Protection Law." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010009.
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Abstract: The Republic of Albania ranks as a potential candidate country of the European Union. In order to become a candidate country, Albania agreed to ensure that its existing laws and future legislation shall be gradually made compatible with the acquis communautaire. In 2008, the Albanian legislator made an attempt to fulfil this obligation in the field of consumer law replacing the old Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 2003 by the new CPA 2008, which aims at a full implementation of the European directives on consumer protection law. The CPA 2008 constitutes a great improvement to the legal situation in Albania and marks an important step towards European Union accession. Nevertheless, the CPA 2008 did not implement all the directives to a full extent. Moreover, the relationship between the specific provisions on consumer protection in the CPA 2008 and the more general provisions on contract law in the Albanian Civil Code is not clear. This article first provides an outline of the past developments and recent regulations on consumer protection law in Albania and then illustrates the need of further harmonization between the CPA and the Albanian Civil Code. Résumé: L’Albanie est un potentiel pays candidat à l’Union européenne. Afin de devenir un pays candidat, l’Albanie a accepté de rendre sa législation, présente et future, compatible avec l’acquis communautaire. En 2008, le législateur albanais tenta de remplir cette obligation en matière de protection des consommateurs, en remplaçant l’ancienne loi sur la protection des consommateurs (datant de 2003) par une nouvelle législation visant à transposer complètement les directives européennes sur la protection des consommateurs. La loi sur la protection des consommateurs de 2008 est un pas important en direction d’une adhésion à l’Union européenne. Néanmoins, elle n’a pas transposé l’ensemble des directives dans toute leur étendue. Cet article donne dans un premier temps un aperçu des développements passés et des réglementations récentes en matière de protection des consommateurs en Albanie. Il démontre ensuite le besoin d’une plus grande harmonisation entre la loi sur la protection des consommateurs de 2008 et le Code civil albanais.
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Ilirjani, Altin. "Albania and the European Union." Mediterranean Politics 9, no. 2 (June 21, 2004): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1362939042000221312.
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Nexhipi, Dr Adelina, and Erjon Nexhipi. "Albania’s European Perspective and the Albanian Politics." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/798kkv34t.
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Albania’s EU integration has been an important part of politics of all Albanian governments after 1990s. This process has been considered not only as a means for being a part of the United Europe, but a factor for achieving the stability in the country, economic development, strengthening democracy. Diplomatic relation between Albania and the EU were established since 1991, but Albania’s European perspective was ensured only in 1999, by signing the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Since 1999 onwards the Albanian governments have been working for fulfilling the membership criteria to European Union, though the process has been a long and problematic one. Nowadays (2019) Albania expects the EU to open the negotiations for the EU membership process. Through this descriptive-analytical study, we will shed light into the most important moments of the Albanian process toward the European integration; policies followed from both parties, attitudes of the Albanian politics, encountered difficulties, problems and achieved successes. The study relies on the many documents from EU and Albanian institutions such as studies, analyses, interviews with political personalities, Albanian and European researchers and analysts. The study aims to analyze the “long and difficult” path of Albania towards EU, focusing on what has been achieved and the future challenges.
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Spahiu, Irma. "Government Transparency in Albania and the Role of the European Union." European Public Law 21, Issue 1 (February 1, 2015): 109–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2015006.
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The recognition of transparency as an essential element of good governance is very important for new democracies because it leads to greater public support for their governments' economic and political decisions. This has been clearly understood by the countries in the Western Balkans which following the fall of communism entered a path of rapid democratization struggling to be opened and transparent. This paper explores transparency and open government in Albania looking at how the Albanian legal administrative framework and practices guarantee the principle of transparency in decision-making and the role the EU in complying with this principle. It introduces the concept of 'transparency through integration' as a model which encapsulates the transparency developments in Albania and Western Balkans and looks at how transparency can be transformed from a principle of good governance to a legalistic instrument holding a place in the hierarchy of legal norms. This research focuses on how transparency becomes part of a policy paradigm which can transform a country's politics from secretive and authoritarian to transparent and democratic. In addition, it suggests that the EU has a role to play as a transformative power to induce positive reforms and improve transparency in the decision-making in Albania.
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Hasmuça, Gerta. "The Justice System in Albania – Analysis of Progress Report 2016." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p180.
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Abstract Albania is one of the new democracies in the South-Eastern Europe which hopes to be granted the status of membership to the European Union. Since June 2014, Albania is a candidate for accession to European Union, after it fulfilled the requirements based on Stabilization and Association Agreement the negotiations of whom started in 2003 and was signed in 2006. Even though the formal application of Albania is dated in 2009, the country has undergone through a difficult process in order to fulfill the pre-requirements especially in the justice system in Albania. The level of corruption is considered the main problem which was highlighted also in the other Progress Reports of Albania and it is still considered to be an important impediment to Albanian accession to EU. Differently from the other progress reports, in the progress report 2016 (Albania 2016 Report), there are noted some improvements consisting mainly in the adoption of a set of constitutional amendments which was the starting point to thorough justice reform. Even though initially such process was faced with the severe diversion of opinions of Albanian main parties, they finally reached an agreement with the recommendations provided by the Venice Commission at the Council of Europe. The report considers as a positive step the newly adopted law on the re-evaluation of judges, prosecutors and legal advisors. Another positive aspect of the law is the re-evaluation (vetting) based on 3 criteria: integrity through assets assessment, background assessment (inappropriate links with organized crime) and professional competence. Such improvements weren’t sufficient enough to permit to Albania to start negotiations with EU as there are still many obstacles to overcome.
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Skripnik, Olena. "Peculiarities of the process of integration of the republic of Albania to the European Union." European Historical Studies, no. 18 (2021): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.06.
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The purpose of the article is to explore the process of joining Albania to the European Union in the mainstream of the lands of the Western Balkans became members of the united Europe. The preconditions and development of the process of formation of European integration in the Republic of Albania analyzed. Is undertaken an attempt at the analysis of the real possibilities of Albania to be taken in the European Union and the interest of this integrated association to maintain double-sided cooperation with Albania, in spite of the absence of necessary economic, political and other bases for its adoption in the European Union. Special attention is given to the domestic and foreign policy developments in the Republic of Albania, which directly influenced Albania’s cooperation with the European Union before and after the beginning of the active euro-integration dialogue. Special emphasis made on an overview of the most important issues and problematic moments on determining the start of the EU accession negotiation process with Albania. The methodology of the research based on the principles of systemicity, authenticity, historicism, logics. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-system) methods have been used. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the European integration of Albania studied separately from other countries of the Western Balkans. The studies concluded that Albania’s desire to join the European Union linked to its desire to stabilize the country, modernize the domestic political system, improve the economic situation, facilitate the solution of social problems, participate in the mechanism of redistribution of financial resources, to enhance its political status by taking advantage of the benefits of membership in this organization. As for the EU’s position, official Brussels is pursuing a rather restrained and balanced policy of expanding its borders.
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Boccia, Antonio Vito Pasquale. "The Adaptation to the Community System: Problems in Fieri in Receiving the E.U. Directives and Regulations and Apparent Problems about Limitation of Sovereigny - the Albania’s Case." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 4, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v4i1.p22-24.
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All european countries that entered in European Union had problems about juridical relationships, and expecially in order to adaptation at european normative system. Albania formally obtained the status of candidate one year ago. For this reason in a few years the Country will be a real member of E.U. : so, it is compulsory to think about legal solutions to solve probable legal conflicts, and to harmonize the albanian legislation at european law’s system.
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Mukherjee, Soham, and Madhumita Roy. "The Postcolonial Nature of the Post-Soviet Space: a reading of the cultural condition of Albania." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i3.22.
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Postcolonialism has always concerned itself with the conditions in former colonies of European maritime empires. However, based on current frameworks defining imperialism and the post-colonial condition, the erstwhile Soviet Union could be classified as a colonial power. Its aggressive annexation of nations and paranoid control of information and education systems are reflective of colonial practices. Nevertheless, the Eurocentrism inherent in the culture of its former members prevents them from acknowledging their postcoloniality. Albania is one such nation. Not only was it a province of the Ottoman Empire for centuries but also a satellite state of the Soviet Union. Although Albania broke away from the USSR in the 1960s, it remained under the aegis of Soviet ideology as its nationalist dictator Enver Hoxha was a staunch Stalinist. This created unique cultural conditions which eminent Albanian writers like Ismail Kadare could not help but represent in their works. The post-Soviet space, including Albania, shows a number of symptoms of postcoloniality which are a direct consequence of Soviet imperialism. This paper will explore the postcoloniality of the post-Soviet space and analyse its symptoms in Stalinist Albania. In this context, it will also briefly examine the orientalist frameworks often employed by the West in its dealings with the ambiguous Europeanness of East and Central European nations.
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Asaturov, Sergey, and Andrei Martynov. "THE RESURGENCE OF NATIONALISM: THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 5 (October 11, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001440.
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The choice between modern nation-building and integration into supranational European and Euro-Atlantic structures remains a strategic challenge for the Balkan countries. Success in solving this problem of predominantly mono-ethnic Croatia and Slovenia has not yet become a model to follow. Serbian and Albanian national issues cannot be resolved. Serbia's defeat in the Balkan wars of 1991–1999 over the creation of a "Greater Serbia" led to the country's territorial fragmentation. Two Albanian national states emerged in the Balkans. Attempts to create a union of Kosovo and Albania could turn the region into a whirlpool of ultra-nationalist contradictions. The European Union has started accession negotiations with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Northern Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. The success of these negotiations depends on the readiness of the EU and the ability of these Balkan states to adopt European norms and rules. The accession of all Balkan nation-states to the European Union must finally close the "Balkan window" of the vulnerability of the united Europe. Nation-building in the Balkans on the basis of ethnic nationalism sharply contradicts the purpose and current values of the European integration process. For more than three decades, the EU has been pursuing a policy of human rights, the rule of law, democracy and economic development in the Balkans. The region remains vulnerable to the influences of non-European geopolitical powers: the United States, Russia, Turkey, and China. The further scenario of the great Balkan geopolitical game mainly depends on the pro-European national consolidation of the Balkan peoples and the effectiveness of the European Union's strategy in the Balkans.
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Pilaca, Geri, and Alban Nako. "Splitting Apart: How the Soviet-Albanian Relations Came to an End." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0028.
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Albania was the only Eastern European country to exit from the Warsaw Pact and consequently become diplomatically isolated by its member states by late 1961. Such an event was the result of the continuous accusations exchanged between the Albanian and the Soviet Leaders, primarily between Enver Hoxha and Nikita Khrushchev. In the midst of the turbulent Soviet-Albanian relations, China offered its alliance to Albania which only worsened the situation. This study aims to illustrate how the curve of the Albanian-Soviet partnership changed over time, starting from the Stalin era and finishing with the Khrushchev era. More precisely, this study explains how Khrushchev’s decision-making concerning other countries, especially Yugoslavia, pushed the Albanian leaders into changing attitude towards the Soviet Union and make alliances with Mao Zedong. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Osmanaj (Shyti), Enejda. "Copyright Protection in Albania – A Brief Historical Overview." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p8-17.
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Human creativity flourishes in a suitable environment, which is provided by the existence of an efficient legal system of copyright protection. In general, copyright is protected on national basis therefore the scope of protection and the requirements that must be met to ensure the protection of works and creations, differ from one country to another. Albania has its own legislation for copyright protection, as most of European countries. This paper is a historical overview of copyright legislation development in Albania. History has undeniable impact in a country's legislation. So, Albanian copyright legislation has been changed and improved from stages to stages. Copyright has found protection in Albania’s legislation, initially during the time of King Zog’s Ist (1925-1939) Reign. The Civil Code (1929) marks the first strands of copyright protection in Albania. This Code is referred to the best European legislations of the time. During the communist regime private intellectual creations and works could not be privately owned. The copyright belonged to the state. The government and the totalitarian Albanian state of that time decided to reproduce the work, or allow translation into foreign languages as well as the creation of derivative works. The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania (1981) came into force with new provisions that provided recognition and protection of copyright. After the collapse of the communism the recognition of private property was re-appeared. The authors and creators became owners of their works/performances. Firstly, Albanian Parliament adopted the law no. 7564, dated 19.05.1992 “On copyright”. Thirteen years later, the parliament enacted the Law no. 9380, dated 28.04.2005 “On copyright and other rights related to” that incorporated the provisions of the European Union Directives on Copyright Protection. Currently, the protection of copyright is provided even through some provisions of other legal acts, such as: Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998), law no.7961/1995 “On the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7895 /1995 “Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7859 /1994 “On the Civil Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended) etc. In addition to the national legislation, Albania has ratified a number of international acts, which intend to protect copyright etc.
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Icka, Engjellushe, Jeffery Adams, and Ralph Kauffman. "Environmental Sustainability Practices of Albanian Micro Enterprises and SMEs." Midwest Social Sciences Journal 24, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/0796.241.1041.
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There is a growing global awareness on the importance of sustainability practices. Some major reasons for the growing awareness of sustainability practices are increased legal requirements by governments, customer demands, and political/societal pressure. This paper discuses environmental sustainability practices of micro enterprises and SMEs in Albania. Nine Albanian SMEs were interviewed about their sustainability practices and the results are discussed. The results of this study show that even though there is a lack of detailed sustainability requirements in Albania many SMEs are aware of environmental sustainability and are beginning to implement sustainability practices. For some Albanian SMEs and micro businesses, the implementation of sustainability practices are viewed as a requirement to access lucrative international markets such as the European Union.
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Matraku, Doriana, and Adela Çafuli. "The Impact of Waste Management in the Macroeconomic Performance." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p235-246.
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Public attention to solid waste management has increased dramatically over the past decade in Europe because of the fact that the economic development has had its impact in consume. This increase in consume has affected to the production of different waste and therefore the necessity to manage them through different necessary policies of each country. Currently, Albania is a potential candidate country to be part of European Union. With the assignment of the Stabilization-Association Agreement, in 2006, the government undertook a series of commitments, where some of them are relative to taking into consideration the environment values during the decision-making process, in line with the sixth Action Program for the Environment, 2002. This paper provides an overview of recent trends in solid waste and management and the related public policy issues, in some cases combined with the economics literature related to this issues, in Europe and in particular in Albania. The main issues that will be treated in this paper are the public policies in Albania for solid waste and management. Is Albania completely ready for their management or not yet? The first part of this paper will give a theoretical overview of solid waste and of the ways used for their management as well as the economics literature related to the issues of the paper. A literature review will describe the recent trends in solid waste in some of the countries of European Union that have undertaken a lot of waste management policies and that have taken economic profit from this industry. The second part of the paper will focus in the Albanian case. Taking into consideration that Albania is a potential country to be integrated to European Union, we have commitment to complete also the waste management, in the framework of environmental issues. Also a very important part will focus in the impact of this issue to GDP growth of the country. In the end we will focus in some conclusions and also in recommendations about these important issues.
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(Gjika), Ermelinda Xhaja, and Ermelinda Kordha (Tolica). "Assessing Ict Role to Economic Convergence of Albania and Western Balkans to European Union." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p55-61.
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The Western Balkans countries are still considered economies in transition. Coming from centralized systems with low level of GDP per capita the region can accelerate substantially the growth pace as lectured in neoclassical growth theory. The region is considered attractive for foreign investments due to a series of advantages such as the political EU agenda and vicinity to EU markets, low labour costs combined with relatively well educated people. The growth models recognize the importance of technology factor to sustain the productivity, competitiveness and economic growth. Promoting innovative businesses and introducing information and communication technologies (ICTs) will enhance the potentials for economic convergence towards developed economies such as EU. The aim of this paper is to bring in focus the impact of ICT on productivity in the Western Balkans (WB) as well as to the structural convergence within the region. One of the contributors for introduction of new technologies and use of ICT remains the foreign direct investments. The paper will assess the role of FDIs in modelling aggregate production reflected through the exports variety and in particular ICT and high technology goods exports. The methodology of the paper makes use of time series data for a set of indicators for each of the Western Balkans countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. The main conclusion is that the Western Balkans and Albania have shown a slight trend of convergence of productivity among them and to EU by still is not following the same pace as the convergence of GDP per capita. The impact of ICT development in Albania at firm level but also at economic growth is lower than in other Western Balkans countries. The penetration of FDIs in Albania has generated limited contribution to the introduction of new technologies and sophistication of business models. Additionally, it is necessary to address some incentives to promote ICT businesses and professional skills in order to enable the innovation and competitiveness of Albanian economy. JEL classification: F15, F43, O16, O47.
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Rusi, Ilda. "European Integration: One Electoral Promise Not Taken." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p159-165.
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The process of European Union membership is a national objective, in view of the democratization and transformation of the Albanian society, in accordance with the values and principles of the United Europe. This sentence is taken from the Official Site of the Prime Minister of Albania. This message but expressed in other words seems to be there standing since 1992, when in Albania for the first time was articulated the desire for national integration of the country. After more than twenty years, the question that concerns me mostly is that why my country is not part of the big European family? What happened in these twenty-two years to prevent this process or to accelerate it? The first thing that comes to my mind after the last rejection candidate status on December, last year, is that this is a promise that none of the Albanian government has not yet managed to achieve. On my opinion, this process is strictly associated with the willing of all determinant political actors to collaborate and to manifest democratic political culture through dialogue. European integration is a slogan used in every political campaign, as a key element of the political agenda all political parties but in. It helps a lot during the electoral campaign but unfortunately we are still waiting for. Thus, I think that the integration process is not related only to the Albanian desire for participating in the EU, but mostly to the political class attitude. It is true that every time that the government does not achieve the candidate status, the political parties to blame each other for retarding the integration process. Even though, different scholars emphasize the role of EU in the process of integration, I believe that the country's democratization is a process strongly related to the political elite performance and the way they manifest politics. Albanian political class must admit that the real problem in this process is the way that it makes politics and how it makes political decision. In this article, I argue that the European integration is a process which can be successful only if all political parties in Albania understand that this is an obligation that they have with Albanian citizens and that cannot be realized if all of them are not committed to. This ambitious goal can be achieved only when the EU priority reforms are going to be established and in Albania there are going to operate functional and free institutions based on meritocracy and democratic system of operation far away from politics.
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Pacifici, Michela, Fabio Attorre, Stefano Martellos, Ferdinand Bego, Michele De Sanctis, Petrit Hoda, Marjol Meço, et al. "BioNNA: the Biodiversity National Network of Albania." Nature Conservation 25 (March 13, 2018): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.22387.
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Recently, the Albanian Government started the process to join the European Union. This process also involves matching the EU parameters in protecting its biodiversity. In order to support the Albanian authorities, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Directorate for Development Cooperation (DGCS) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) joined efforts in the project “Institutional Support to the Albanian Ministry of Environment, Forest and Water Administration for Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation and Use in Protected Areas”. This project aims at identifying priority needs in safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Another project funded by the EU – “Strengthening capacity in National Nature Protection – preparation for Natura 2000 network” – started in 2015 with the aim to raise awareness for assisting local and national Albanian institutions to better exploit the potential of protected areas. One of the main issues encountered during these projects was the need for a national biodiversity data repository. The Biodiversity National Network of Albania (BioNNA) has been created to aggregate occurrence records of plants and animals and aims at becoming the most relevant source of information for biodiversity data as far as Albania is concerned. In this paper, the authors detail structure and data of BioNNA, including the process of data gathering and aggregation, taxonomic coverage, software details and WebGIS development. BioNNA is a milestone on the path towards Albania’s inclusion in the EU and has also a relevant potential social relevance for improving people’s awareness on the importance of biodiversity in the country.
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Barbullushi, Odeta. "The Limits and Ambiguities of the Albanian “National Question” in Post-communism." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 30, no. 3 (October 21, 2015): 551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415611950.
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This article interrogates the mobilization of the Albanian national question in Albania in 2012. The two interrelated questions of the article are why the nationalist card is not used consistently and why it failed to trigger a policy debate, or lead to policy changes. The main argument of the article is that, more than a policy alternative, “national unification” is a discursive practice performing two functions: Externally, it signals sovereignty and subjectivity to the international community in Albania, primarily the European Union (EU) and the United States, and as such it is used for political leverage, particularly at critical moments. Internally, it aims at constructing national cohesion, while drawing identity lines between the main political parties. This is particularly the case in moments of political instability, juncture or pressure, as before elections. However, its limited ability to inform policy and mobilize political action results not only from the demobilizing power of international actors, for example, the EU and the United States, but also the dominant position that a specific discourse of “good Albanian nationalism” holds in the political debate in post-communist Albania.
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Spahiu, Vilma. "Fight against Organized Crime as One of the Fundamental Conditions for the Integration in the European Union. Albanian Case." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i2.p80-82.
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The Integration of Albania in the European Union Structures remains one of the most important challenges of the Albanian government, since the post-communist period. To become a member of these structures with full rights, the Albanian government must fulfil some conditions and criteria. The main purpose of this paper relates to the analysis of the war against organized crime, as one of the fundamental conditions for the European Integration. The war against organized crime has been chosen as the most important focus because the defined criteria in this matter, regardless the efforts to improve the situation, have not yet given the desired results. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize the fact that lately the representatives of European Union increasingly are underlying in their statements that Albanian governments must document reliable data, regarding the war against organized crime, and they must document sustainability in this direction and give concrete results, because still in the security sector the proper objectives have not been reached. The real issue is not related with the missing of a national strategy in the war against the organized crime, but with the effective implementation and application of this strategy.
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Spahiu, Vilma. "Fight against Organized Crime as One of the Fundamental Conditions for the Integration in the European Union. Albanian Case." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i1.p80-82.
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The Integration of Albania in the European Union Structures remains one of the most important challenges of the Albanian government, since the post-communist period. To become a member of these structures with full rights, the Albanian government must fulfil some conditions and criteria. The main purpose of this paper relates to the analysis of the war against organized crime, as one of the fundamental conditions for the European Integration. The war against organized crime has been chosen as the most important focus because the defined criteria in this matter, regardless the efforts to improve the situation, have not yet given the desired results. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize the fact that lately the representatives of European Union increasingly are underlying in their statements that Albanian governments must document reliable data, regarding the war against organized crime, and they must document sustainability in this direction and give concrete results, because still in the security sector the proper objectives have not been reached. The real issue is not related with the missing of a national strategy in the war against the organized crime, but with the effective implementation and application of this strategy.
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Alla, Mikel. "Characteristics of the VAT in Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p228-233.
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The value added tax (taxe sur la valeur ajoutee - TVA) was "invented" by a finance expert of France called "Maurice Laure" (1917-20 April 2001). The system of "Laure" is designed to April 10, 1954. He "invented" a tax on consumption, which was called the VAT (TVA). His idea was quickly adopted because it compels taxpayers at all levels of the production process, for self-management and self-calculating the tax, instead of putting the burden on sellers, or the tax authorities make the tax assessments. The tax legislation for the VAT in Albania has changed constantly . The VAT in Albania is regulated by the Law No. 7928 dated 27.04.1995 "On the VAT" . This law was amended to date from about 30 other laws . in the design of the fiscal policy of Albania , are taken into consideration the behavior of taxpayers and their ability to the tax evasion . Albanian state is trying to harmonize the fiscal legislation with those of the other countries of the European Union. This paper aims to show the main characteristics of the VAT in Albania . At the end of this paper, I will give my conclusions of the issue .
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Mucmataj, Ilda. "The Impact Of Rome I Regulatıon In Albanıan Prıvate Internatıonal Law." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 4 (February 28, 2016): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n4p150.
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In terms of globalization, the economic activities have overcome national boundaries of states. So due to people’s mobility and their frequent relations in private field, the number of private international actions has increased as well, and gives in this way the importance of private international law. The conflict of law rules in the national law were not unaffected by European integration. So, the developments that took place in the European Union in the field of private international law over the past years had a large impact on the national conflict of laws rules in Albania, especially on the conflict of laws rules of certain specific areas of law. The aim of this article is to analyze the interaction between European Union law and the Albanian conflict of laws rules in the area of contractual obligations. So on one hand, I have presented a general analysis on the main provisions of the EC Regulation No. 593/2008 of The European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the Law applicable to contractual obligations, known as (Rome I), as the role of the European Union is becoming increasingly active in PIL. While, on the other hand I have presented a short introduction of the historical development of APIL and its characteristics and then I have given a comparative view of Albanian Private international Law relating to the contractual obligations with the focus on party autonomy provisions. The article concludes with a short conclusion.
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Gjini, Arjan. "Factors that Hasten the Integrity of Albania in the European Union." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, s2 (July 1, 2017): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0034.
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Abstract European Union is nowadays the most popular term used in Albania. Its integration means development, solidarity, justice, equality. Data of verified polls reveal Albania as the most enthusiastic country, bearing the highest percentage of popularity willing to join EU. Ben Rosamond defines European Union as an “endless, deep, broad process of the politic, economic and security cooperation among nations with the intention to restore peace”1. North Europe has been called Europe by greeks in the VII century B.C, naming it after the name of the Phoenician king’s daughter who was brought in Crete by her absconder Zeus. The integrity process is complex, complicated, multidimensional and deep in reforms of all fields. It is a long process with great responsibility that requires a big invest in fulfilling standards. The psychological factors have their role and impact in all other factors hasting this process.
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Strohmeier, Dagmar, Martyn Barrett, Carmen Bora, Simona C. S. Caravita, Elisa Donghi, Edmond Dragoti, Chris Fife-Schaw, et al. "Young People’s Engagement With the European Union." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 4 (December 2017): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000314.
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Abstract. This study investigated whether demographic variables, efficacy beliefs, visions, and worries are associated with four different forms of (dis)engagement with the European Union (EU): intended voting in the 2019 EU elections, nonconventional political engagement, psychological engagement, and the wish that one’s own country should leave the EU. The sample comprised 3,764 young people aged 16–25 years living in seven European countries: Albania, Austria, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain, and the UK. Economic challenges, human rights, and the environment were the most important future visions; unemployment and poverty, climate change, civil unrests, and collapse of the EU were the most important future worries. The four forms of (dis)engagement with the EU were differentially associated with predictors, although internal efficacy and future vision of economic challenges predicted all forms. Implications for future EU policy are discussed.
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Mascagni, Giulia M. G., and Giorgia Bulli. "Higher Education Training in social work in Albania: insights from the experiences of the T@sk project. EASSW 2019 Conference paper." Cuadernos de Trabajo Social 34, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cuts.70072.
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In March 2020, the European Union decided to open accession negotiations with Albania, candidate country since 2014. In order to achieve this important goal in the long path of European integration, Albania had to pursue a set of requirements. Among them, the centrality of human rights affects the implementation of policies aiming at integrating minorities, as well as at granting social rights to unprivileged citizens (La Cava Nanetti 2000, Solidar 2016). In this scenario, the evolution of the professional expertise of Albanian Social workers plays a relevant role. In academic and professional terms, social work has a poor tradition in Albania, as in most of post-communist countries (Hoti 2015). In order to face the difficulties of the professional and academic evolution of social work and to facilitate a process of Europeanisation of the Social Services delivery in Albania, the European Commission has funded the project T@sk Towards Increased Awareness, Responsibility and Shared Quality in Social Work (2017-2020). The main aim of the project consists in strengthening the delivery of Social Services in Albania through the empowerment of the Higher Education system in social work. The consortium includes all public universities offering BA and MA courses in social work in Albania – University of Tirana, University of Shkoder and University of Elbasan-, and the University of Florence, the UCM of Madrid, the ISCTE of Lisbon and the Professional Order of Social workers of the Tuscany Region as Higher Education institutions of the program countries. The project operates at three levels: peer-to peer theoretical and empirical update amongst the project partners; triangulation of knowledge, transdisciplinary cooperation with the societal stakeholders and digital innovation; selection and dissemination of best practices. The project is in its final stage, and it is possible to elaborate on the main theoretical and empirical framework adopted, on the results achieved, and on the challenges to create a favorable environment for the development of social work profession in Albania. The article attempts to shed some light in the pattern of evolution of social work practices in Albania, focusing on the social and cultural background of the country, and describing the main achievements of the T@sk project.
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Sojka, Elżbieta. "Demographic potential of the countries that have applied for the European Union membership." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17, no. 17 (January 1, 2012): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0014-4.
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Demographic potential of the countries that have applied for the European Union membership The purpose of the article is to analyse the demographic potential of the countries that have applied for the European Union membership against the background of the EU member states. The study involves eight candidate states: Croatia, Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Turkey, i.e. the countries that have been approved by the European Commission as official candidates for the EU membership, as well as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, i.e. the potential candidates. Albania and Serbia applied officially for the EU membership in 2009. Favourable population age structure and relatively high fertility rate that occur in these countries determine a significant demographic potential they can bring to the EU after their accession. Decrease in infant mortality rate and extension of life expectancy illustrate positive changes that have been taking place in these countries for the last several years.
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Djurovic, Mateja. "EU Consumer Law Outside the European Union: The Case of Albania." Journal of Consumer Policy 36, no. 3 (July 27, 2013): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-013-9235-z.
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Gjinko, Juliana. "The EU Integration Process and its Role in the Albanian Sociopolitical Transformation." Review of European Affairs 4, no. 1 (2020): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51149/roea.1.2020.4.
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Nearly thirty years after the fall of communism in Albania, European integration has been the main driving force for change and the real catalyst for reform. Today, a vast majority of Albanians continue to be convinced that the only way to develop, modernize and guarantee security is a full integration into the European family. The problem is not simply the duration of such an intermediate phase between obtaining candidate status and a full membership of the European Union. In fact, Albanians themselves are increasingly aware that the road to full membership of the European Union will be long, and that it will require a series of major and profound changes in the country, especially in the areas of the rule of law and functioning of institutions, along with implementing various standards that a society must meet in order to achieve this goal. The aim of this paper is to analyze Albanian use and abuse of the EU integration process in internal political discourse, reforms and transformation. A number of documents, publications and public speeches are examined in order to evaluate the impact of integration in this small, developing, post-communist country.
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Pacukaj, Sokol. "Fostering the Development of Civil Society in Albania, the Role of the EU Policies." European Journal of Sustainable Development 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2017.v6n4p205.
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The present study analyzes the current state of the civil society in Albania and the European Union policies concerning the integration of Albania in the EU. Despite the country in recent years has made significant progress towards achieving some of the requirements needed in order to proceed towards European integration, further improvements are needed in many areas. Among them, the development of civil society is one of the most complex and urgent. The process of fostering socio-economic development in the country is intrinsically related to the involvement of civil society in the public spheres. Greater participation of civil society organizations in public life improves the quality of democracy and helps to strengthen public support for EU membership.
Keywords: civil society, development, EU, Albania, Stabilization and Association Agreement
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Bushi, Jonida, and Endri Papajorgji. "Translation in Terms of Law and Communication: Difficulties Regarding the Translation of Legal Texts from Albanian into German and Vice Versa." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0076.
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This article deals with the peculiarities of translating legal terminology from German into Albanian and vice versa. Legal texts constitute an important part of translation into both languages. Translations of legal texts in Albania have increased since the latter's attempts to join the EU. European Union translation materials are in large volumes and require a lot of work. Therefore, the request for translation of legal documents, such as provisions or court decisions into other languages of the Union, including German, has increased. Despite institutional efforts to draft a glossary of legislation with the cooperation of professionals led by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation), as well as some efforts made in compiling Albanian-German legal dictionaries, there are no genuine publications in the Albanian language that handle the problems of translation in this field. Since technical legal language is a practical or institutional language, it is characterized by a high percentage of technical terms as well as a standardized sentence structure. Legal language is characterized by accuracy and clarity. Received: 5 May 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Górecki, Maciej. "Proces akcesyjny Chorwacji do Unii Europejskiej – implikacje dla dalszych rozszerzeń Wspólnoty." Świat Idei i Polityki 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201609.
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This article analyzes the possible implications of Croatia’s accession process for further expansion of the Community (officially aspiring to membership in the European Union aspires five countries – Albania, FYROM, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey). In order to carry out the present historical relations between the EU – Croatia, the characteristic way of Croatia’s accession process on each of its stages, the state of its accomplishment by the designated official candidates, assessment of their nature of the relationship with the European Union and possible prospects for future membership.
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Turkeshi, Enkelejda. "Criminalizing Waste Management Activities in Albania in the Light of the European Union Legislation." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 22, no. 1 (2014): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-22012040.
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Illegal waste management activities violate specific rules that aim at preventing or reducing the negative effects they may have on the environment and human health. For the purpose of providing a more effective protection of the environment, in many countries and since 2008 even at the European Union (EU) level, besides the relevant administrative offences, it is also provided for a specific criminal offence against environment concerning serious infringements of the waste management legislation. This paper examines the current legal framework in Albania concerning waste-related criminal offences, against the minimum standard set forth by the EU in the Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of environment through criminal law. While the adoption of the new framework law on Integrated Waste Management in 2011 as part of Albania’s efforts in aligning its legislation to that of the EU, has been a positive step towards more stringent rules concerning waste management, thus helping in tackling the serious and constantly evolving problems that the country has been facing in this field for years, the paper suggests that certain amendments to the Criminal Code are also necessary, as the minimum standard of the EU requires that criminal law applies at least in the case of particularly serious infringements of the new waste management legislation. These amendments would increase the protection of the environment and further the alignment of the Albanian legislation with that of the EU, while the country is seeking to fulfill obligations for EU membership.
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Totozani, Neritan. "Challenges Of The Indirect Management Of Eu Funds In Albania." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2016): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n7p170.
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Instrument of Pre-Accession programme assistance of European Union applies since 2007 in the Western Balkan countries and aims at preparing successfully the relevant countries for future EU integration. Albania benefits from IPA funds which plays a key role in the development of the administrative capacities of the Western Balkans countries. By strengthening the administrative capacities of these countries, IPA will enable them to take over the funds, the program management and ultimately the overall integration process. Preparing to profit from and ultimately manage IPA funds allows beneficiaries countries, for future efficient management of the so-called Structural and Cohesion Funds that Member States receive to better integrate their poorer regions and infrastructure. This study aims at identifying the value and complexity of such process concluding with the efforts and challenges in the near future toward being a fully fledged member of European Union. It is of great importance the way how Albania absorbs these funds. In this regard, i will assess the process of indirect management of IPA funds in Albania taking into consideration their actual status. In conclusion, this study is very important for the fact it gives a consolidated assessment of the challenges, needs and relative importance of transferring all management aspects of European Union financial assistance to the beneficiaries countries which will further strengthen the complementarily of the accession process and overall national development policies. Also, it will provide recommendation for strengthening administrative capacity and preparing national and local structures and authorities to plan and implement such programmes remain major challenges which the enlargement countries need to address rigorously from an early stage of the process.
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Nazifi, Ermal, and Petrina Broka. "Grounds for Private Enforcement of Albanian Competition Law." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 13 (2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.13.3.
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Infringements of competition law can cause serious harm to both consumers and undertakings. Aside from the development of public enforcement of competition law, much focus has been placed in recent years in the European Union on private competition law enforcement. Lawsuits raised by undertakings that sustained damages from anti-competitive practice concerning the compensation of such damages have historically not been widespread in Europe. No such cases have been recorded in Albania at all yet, despite the fact that its competition protection legislation has provided this possibility since 1995. The main causes of the lack of private competition law enforcement in Albania include the absence of judicial practice and doctrinal approaches in this area. Relevant here is also the inability of Albanian businesses and consumers to react to competition protection cases as they still lack competition law knowledge and as a result of the absence of an appropriate legal framework for class actions. The scope of this article is to analyze the current situation of private competition law enforcement in Albania. The paper emphasizes the current legal framework including existing obstacles to private competition law enforcement and improvements that should be introduced in the context of its competition law, the law of civil procedures and the law of obligations.
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Pacukaj, Sokol. "Development of Civil Society, the UE Policies in Albania." European Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2012.v1n3p399.
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The present study analyzes the current state of the civil society in Albania and theeuropean union policies concerning the integration of Albania in UE. Despite the countryin recent years has made significant progress towards achieving some of the requirementsneeded in order to proceed towards European integration, further improvements areneeded in many areas. Among them, the development of civil society is one of the mostcomplex and urgent. Greater participation of civil society organizations in public lifeactually improves the quality of democracy and helps to strengthen public support for EUmembership.
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Qejvanaj, Gentian. "International Organizations Lending Policy, are There Strings Attached? A Case Study From the Latest Wave of Reforms in the Albanian Social Security System." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037662.
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Pension policy reform in post-communist countries received attention from most international organizations since the early 1990s. Accordingly, Albania has implemented comprehensive liberalization and privatization of the state sector since transitioning to a market economy. This study will look at the impact that the European Union (EU), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund had in guiding the Albanian state-run social security system toward principles of decentralization, liberalization and privatization. Specifically, social security reforms between 2009 to 2019 will be examined, along with a focus on the side-effect of the conditions imposed by the three organizations. A mixed-method including literature review and secondary data analysis will empirically evidence growing inequality, with senior citizens poverty rate sharply rising due to reforms in social security. Our conclusions will argue that closer ties with the EU will keep social security in its current form, as the EU does not push for a specific pension system, while the World Bank policy influence will lose ground, thus freeing Albania from periodic social security reforms.
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Glavonjić, Branko, Aleksandra Lazarević, Leon Oblak, Miljan Kalem, and Predrag Sretenović. "Competitiveness of Selected South-Eastern European Countries in European Union Wood Flooring Market." Drvna industrija 71, no. 3 (July 10, 2020): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2020.1963.
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Selected South-Eastern European countries (SEEC - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia) represent significant producers and exporters of wood flooring in Europe. In 2018, 9.4 % of Europe’s wood flooring production originated from this region. The region is a net exporter of wood flooring since it exports over 50 % of total production. The most important market for the export of wood flooring is the European Union with a share of over 60 % in total exports. Trends in this market are important for manufacturers and exporters from the region. Therefore, the analysis of the impact of the European Union imports on wood flooring production in the SEEC was conducted by application of econometric modelling. The parameters of the obtained model show that the increase of approximately 0.75 % could be expected in the production of wood flooring in selected South-Eastern European countries for each precentral increase in the European Union imports. In addition to these results, the paper presents the analysis of the competitiveness of wood flooring export from the region measured by the Competitiveness Growth Index (RCA1). The aim of this analysis was to quantify the level of their price and non-price competitiveness in the European Union market. Conducted analyses show that the Competitiveness Growth Index (RCA1) had positive values (higher than one) for most significant countries from the SEEC for most of the observed period.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Bozheku, Ersi, and Enida Bozheku. "The Reform of the Albanian Legal System Between Challenges and Problems, With Particular Focus on the Criminal Justice Issues." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 6 (November 5, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0169.
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This article aims to carry out an analysis of the problems affecting the legal system, with particular reference to the criminal law and criminal procedure law, of the Republic of Albania. We will start from a rapid reconstruction of the Albanian system in a historical key to understand its peculiarities, to move on to the most significant steps in its evolution. At a later stage we will try to highlight the critical issues that have arisen not only on the level of criminal law, but also on the cultural one. The reasons that led to the 2016 constitution reform and then to the subsequent reforms that changed the face of the country's legal system will be highlighted. Will be highlighted. The news, the improvements and the problems related to the knowledge of the law and above all to the ability to create a law capable of being systematic. In this perspective, we will try to understand the reasons that still leave many perplexities on the Albanian reform path. the improvement of the justice system represents the central point for Albania to successfully undertake the path of accession to the European Union.
Received: 15 August 2021 / Accepted: 6 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021
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Ramosacaj, Miftar, and Alba Robert Dumi. "Research Application Method of Analyzing New Economic Model Followed in Albania." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p210.
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Abstract In my topic, I would like to present theoretical approaches and concrete direction of the new economic model that Albania should follow, based on the current situation that Albania experienced in global economy. In this paper, initially, I will present an overview of the Albanian economic transition and then I will suggest a heap of conclusions based on 20 years of history of success and failures. Primarily,concerning Europe means to have clear concepts, in order to build and to consolidate a system of economic and social-capitalist-comprehension. Have you ever thought to raise a question, and more we tried to make a qualitative analysis of policy which responses to specific questions or queries following correctly: what is the most appropriate model for Albania capitalism?Are we building a coherent and structured model or are we building a mosaic of elements of capitalism for Albania, whose portrait we do not know any more and that we didn’t ‘’projected” yet and no one else has done it in a long-term vision? The best response is a response expected of the type `as far as our final objective is the European Union, and then our model of capitalism will be European capitalist model, then the problem starts here. Capitalism has some basic principles and rules that form the core of it, but on the other hand each country is profiling capitalism according to the specifications of his choices. France has chosen the model of “capitalism of State”, Germany and the Nordic countries “social-democratic-capitalism”, ‘’liberal capitalism of England’’ as English-Saxon one, etc.In this regard the experts or politicians, should not reduce any debate, analysis or summary only of certain elements of the system of market, individual freedom, comparative advantages, social policy, which means the role and presence of the state in the economy, system of taxation, social security and the system of pensions, in order to build a port in its entirety capitalist model that we really need in Albania.
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Vrapi, Asllan. "Teacher Education and Competencies in an Open Democratic Society." Education, Society and Human Studies 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): p32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v3n1p32.
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Currently, Albania, our homeland, is involved in the integration processes for membership in the European Union. European integration processes should first of all be understood as processes: achieving standards, adaptation and legal, structural, curricular improvements, etc. The Albanian education system is also part of these processes. The education system, especially in recent years, has been and continues to be part of programs and political, academic, scientific and educational programs and projects of the dominant actors of Albanian society for its reform and adaptation to the education systems of European societies, within Albania's ambitions for integration and membership.The teacher is the main actor of the educational process. It is necessary for the teacher to redefine his position in this constantly changing and integrating society, to empower and acquire new competencies.I think it is very interesting to discuss and research on re-dimensioning the position of teachers regarding the competencies of educating democratic citizens that they should gain in this period of reforms and European integration. The idea of the study is: Today's children can learn better if teachers focus more on activating their strengths than on identifying their weaknesses. Students should be evaluated not only on the basis of the results achieved, but, above all, on the basis of the capacity to fully address life situations.
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Prenaj, Vlora, and Hysen Ismajli. "Definition of Enterprises in the European Union, Western Balkans and Kosovo." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2018-0005.
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Abstract The aim of the present study is to review the definitions of the enterprises in the European Union, Western Balkans and Kosovo. The study also proposes the classification and comparison of small, medium-sized and large enterprises in the European Union, Western Balkan countries, such as Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and in Kosovo. The study has been performed using the legal, economic, comparative and practice methodology. The results of the study suggest that states should have control over the categorization of enterprises, so the enterprises with higher economic power cannot have the opportunity to hurt those with lesser economic power, all based on the regulation law and its implementation in practice.
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Qystri, Arber Osman. "European Union Energy Policies and Albania: a path toward a major energy security." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p194-197.
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Today, energy represents the main challenge for every country. Given the dynamic and unpredictable form of supply and demand for energy in a global and globalized context, creating long-term policies as well as regional interior is vital to ensure energy security. In this context, the European Union, - as a main global actor- throughout the reform of the energy sector, wants to be on the cutting edge in the use of new technologies and the creation of a single energy market, not only inside the twenty eight member countries. Balkan countries have an important role in this process, which takes place inside the Energy Community. In these conditions, this article aims to analyse the recent transformation on European Union energy policy and provide an analysis of the commitments undertaken by Albania as a member of the Energy Community.
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Dobra, Emalita. "Progres of the Public Procurement System in Albania and in the European Union." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p72-84.
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A proper estimation of the value of the public contracts is of major importance of the contracting authority. First, value of contracts govers the regime of rules under which the proceedings will be conducted. Second the decision of the contracting authority concerning the application of specific procurement procedure depends whether the value of contract is below or above specific threshold. For multi year contracts or contracts with renewal option, the contracting Authority must provide clauses for the revision of prices in accordance with published official inflation. In case of goods the contracts through renting or leasing of these, the estimated value of the public contract shall be based on the monthly rent or fee multiplied by the number of months the contract will last. The contracting Authority is responsible for comparing the above mentioned elements with a cost analyses of the goods, services or works. European Union rules provided in Article 9 of the directive 2004/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 31 March 2004 on the coordination of procedures for the award of public works, supply and services and in contain also more detailed rules concerning methods of estimation of contract value which should be applied in specific case. The priciple of the transparency of public procurement requires that all potential contractors have the same chances to compete for contracts being offeres by public administration. (; public contracts, procurement, goods, proceedings contracting Authority, etc. )
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Alma (Lleshi), Tandili. "Institutional Mechanisms for the Rights and Protection of the Child in Albania, Their Practical Operation." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 8, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/345xuj41g.
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For the functioning of the integrated child protection system, it is necessary to establish structures and make them operational responsible for policy making and their implementation on the issues affecting the rights and protection of the child. Receiving the recommendation to open accession negotiations for Albania's membership in the European Union places the institutions responsible for the approximation of legislation with responsibility. The new legal framework for the rights and protection of the child is designed in the spirit of the European Union by creating institutional mechanisms. This article will describe the functionality of these mechanisms in practice by highlighting field problems and concrete data on cases of children in need of protect.
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Gemi, Eda. "Albanian Migration in Greece: Understanding Irregularity in a Time of Crisis." European Journal of Migration and Law 19, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342113.
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The third decade of Albanian migration to Greece signalled a historical change in the human geography of Greece’s largest migrant group. The impact of the economic recession and the visa-free regime for Albanians entering the European Union shaped a new fluid reality for Albanian irregular migration. This paper explores the impact of the socio-economic transformation processes on the migrants’ legal status vis-à-vis irregular status and integration dynamics. The emerging mobility strategies are conceptualized as a migrants’ agency that overcome socio-economic barriers or policy restrictions and navigate them. This paper goes beyond the legality-irregularity dichotomy, suggesting it is the multidimensional ‘in-between’ space of semi-irregular status where apparently ‘irregular’ Albanians interact with various forms of agency. Our aim is to explore how the irregular/legal nexus developed within the Balkan in the specific context of Greece. The empirical analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 94 Albanians and 13 stakeholders in Greece and Albania.
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Knezović, Sandro, and Valbona Zeneli. "Europeanization in a Difficult Environment." Southeastern Europe 42, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-0401026.
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This article examines the impact of the process of Europeanization on the consolidation of political systems and on the pace of European Union (EU) accession in very difficult transitional environments like those of Croatia and Albania. Croatia, a post-socialist and a post-conflict state, and Albania, heavily burdened with the consequences of its recent isolationist history (which is unprecedented among other post-socialist states), were intentionally selected for this research as atypical cases. Acknowledging the lack of consensus about the Europeanization phenomena in the academic community, the authors decided to rely on indicators that focus not only on institution-building and policy-making processes in the technical sense, but also in the processes of construction and diffusion of formal and informal rules, procedures, styles and shared beliefs, norms and identities that are being transmitted from the European to the national level. Based on qualitative research comparing the two countries – that is, Albania and Croatia – and using a number of indicators, the authors conclude that while Europeanization is an important part of European politics in general and the EU accession process in particular, it does not result in having a uniform impact on different candidate countries. On the contrary, the pace of integration depends on the specific domestic political context, on the role of the institutions, and on the processes of adaptation to the European political environment.
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Kepi, Jola (Himci). "Effectivness on the Use of IPA Funds in Albania Covering the Period 2014-2016." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 31 (November 30, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p191.
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The utilization of foreign aid and especially EU funding in Albania has been of high interest by both the Government and Developing Partners on their use, transparency and accountability on mobilization on effective use of development resources in the country. This paper intends to provide an analytical overview of development partners’ activities in Albania especially the European Union covering the period 2014-2016, mapping of their support in a variety of sectors, as well as the impact of their support in line with country priorities and the achievement of country’s objectives toward the European Integration. First we look at the effectiveness of external aid as a whole in different sectors and make an analyses of the contribution per donors and especially EU and secondly, we analyze the fact of the EU contribution is it good and enough source to stimulate economic growth in Albania in line with the European Agenda. The finding shows that financial resources are not fully absorbed by the country and there is a need to establish and strengthening the Integrated Policy Management Group (IPMG) per each sector as e mean to monitor, influence and recommend areas of intervention in order to increase the effectiveness and the external use of the financial resources available.
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Heywood, Loria-Mae. "Before Saying “I Do”: Legal and Policy Considerations for Facilitating Clarity on Human Trafficking and the Protection of Children in Albania." Violence and Victims 35, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-19-00067.
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Data available on victims of human trafficking in Albania does not appear to point to a significant problem of human trafficking in the country. For example, from the years 2016 to 2018, 61 persons were officially determined to be victims of human trafficking, in a context where the average population for that period was 2,871,978 persons. However, beneath this representation of an ostensible average level of trafficking in Albania are signs which seem to be suggestive of a more serious problem in the country. Reports, for example, indicate that authorities have sometimes associated trafficking with a transnational element, while challenges have continued to be posed to the identification of those involved in forced begging, particularly unaccompanied children, street children, and children crossing borders. In addition to highlighting and assessing evident challenges that exist in the identification of real and potential victims of trafficking and the gaps that exist in the protection of children and vulnerable groups in law and in practice, this report provides clarity on the meaning of human trafficking and what could be done to provide a clearer picture of victims of trafficking in Albania. As Albania is being considered for accession negotiations in respect of entry into the European Union, the time is opportune to address challenges and gaps to the prevention and response to trafficking particularly given the European Commission's concerns on human trafficking and child trafficking in Albania.
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Mojsovska, Silvana. "The Western Balkans on its path to the European Union." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 4 (December 2019): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.4.1.
Full textAbstract:
EU membership has been a compelling goal for the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia), related to the bloc’s stability, economic prosperity and higher standard of living. Each of these countries pursues its own process of EU accession while being also a part of the regional initiatives under the auspices of the EU. This paper provides an overview of the EU accession process of the Western Balkan countries, focusing on their individual achievements and challenges, as well as common features and problems. Also, the content andprospects of regional integration of the Western Balkans through the Regional Economic Area (REA) programme, along with the role of the EU in supporting the regional perspective are discussed. The parallel Western Balkans engagement in both processes supports arguments for the prioritisation of the individual countries’ accession to the EU over Western Balkans regional integration, distinguishing also the challenges of both processes. The methodology for the elaboration of this paper includes methods of analysis and synthesis, based on extensive desk research of available materials.
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Rupa, Yllka. "The Albanian Reform in the Institutions of Justice and Its Impact on the Integration of Albania in the European Union." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p196.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The reform in the institutions of law consists of a complexity of issues that aim at the establishment and functioning of a transparent, independent, professional and efficient system that ensures justice. Implemented in accordance with the strict condition of the European Union imposed on Albania, within the integration framework, the reform targets the reorganization and full reconstruction of the key instruments of the justice system. In this paper, there will be specific analysis of the issues related with the establishment and functioning of the main institutions of the administration and monitoring of the judicial power, constitutional and legal changes because of implementation the reform, as well as the role of the international structures, seen in the function of monitoring the implementation of the reform.