Journal articles: 'European red fox'

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Strive, T., C. M. Hardy, and G. H. Reubel. "Prospects for immunocontraception in the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes)." Wildlife Research 34, no. 7 (2007): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07007.

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The European red fox is an introduced pest species in Australia for which improved means of control are urgently needed. Research efforts have focussed recently on the development of novel biological control methods to reduce the serious impact this species continues to have on both native fauna and the sheep industry. The ultimate goal has been to generate an antifertility vaccine for use on foxes that relies on a process termed ‘immunocontraception’. A variety of proteins derived from sperm and oocytes, together with different delivery vectors, have been experimentally assessed for their ability to induce immunocontraceptive responses in foxes. Vaccine vectors screened have included Salmonella typhimurium, vaccinia virus and canine herpesvirus but suppression of fertility has yet to be achieved with any combination of antigen and delivery vector. Downregulation of fox mucosal antibodies during oestrus, lack of vector replication and low antibody responses to the target antigens have been the main constraints in successful fertility control. The fox is not well known as an experimental animal and the logistics of dealing with this difficult-to-handle species proved to be a major challenge when compared with other species, such as rabbits and mice. Despite these difficulties, research on fox immunocontraception has generated important insights into the reproductive biology, husbandry, biology and basic immunology of viral vectors in European red foxes. This information represents a valuable knowledge base should antifertility vaccination for foxes be revisited in the future.

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Bird, Peter H., Marc Artois, Liisa Jalkanen, Lyn Hinds, and Mark P. Bradley. "Fox SP10 has no immunocontraceptive effect on European red foxes." Journal of Reproductive Immunology 34, no. 1 (August 1997): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0378(97)90402-2.

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O'Connor, Julie M., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Elizabeth A. Brunton, and Scott E. Burnett. "Urban fringe dweller: the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an urban coastal ecosystem." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20069.

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The spatial ecology of the European red fox in urban environments has not been widely studied in Australia. The spatial organisation and habitat selection of red foxes in coastal south-east Queensland was investigated using the GPS data from 17 collared foxes from seven putative fox families. Home range and core activity areas were calculated using 95% (KDE95) and 50% (KDE50) kernel density estimates respectively. Mean KDE95 home range size was 198 ha, and the mean core (KDE50) use area was 34 ha. Habitat selection, based on four broad habitat classes – Beach, Dunes, Urban and Green Space – was assessed using compositional analyses. At both 2nd order (study site) and 3rd order (home range) habitat selection, urban space was overwhelmingly the least preferred habitat in the study area despite being the most extensive habitat type. The unusual findings of this study contribute to a broader understanding of the ecology of this previously unstudied fox population.

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Have, José ten, Sandra Beaton, and Mark P. Bradley. "Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding the PH20 protein in the European red fox Vulpes vulpes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 10, no. 2 (1998): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r97078.

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The PH20 protein is thought to play a crucial role in mammalian fertilization. The fox PH20homologue has been cloned from a testis cDNA library and the deduced protein sequence shows high levels of homology to PH20 proteins isolated from other species. Unlike other PH20 proteins the fox protein does not appear to be membrane associated through a GPI-linkage nor does it show the presence of a transmembrane domain at the C-terminus of the protein. It is in this region that the proteins appear to be least conserved. Immunolocalization studies on fox sperm show that the PH20 protein is located on the inner acrosomal membrane. Transcription of PH20 in the fox is seasonally regulated, with the mRNA expressed during those months when spermatogenesis is at its peak. The PH20 sequence described in this paper has been submitted to the Genbank database and has the accession number U41412.

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Jersey, James de, Lyn A. Hinds, and Mark P. Bradley. "Regulation of reproductive tract immunoglobulins by oestradiol-17β in the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 5 (1997): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r97035.

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The effect of the ovarian hormone, oestradiol-17β, on reproductive tract immunity in the female fox was investigated. Reproductive tract antibody responses were induced by either Peyer’s patch immunization with a recombinant fox sperm protein, or by oral immunization with live, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. The effect of exogenous oestradiol-17β or the stage of the oestrous cycle on reproductive tract immunity was assessed. The secretion of specific vaginal IgA, but not vaginal IgG, antibodies was reduced by exogenous treatment with oestradiol-17β, while both specific vaginal IgA and vaginal IgG levels declined during the period of natural oestrus. It is concluded that oestradiol-17β, and probably other reproductive hormones, are involved in the regulation of antibody-secretion in the fox reproductive tract, and that reproductive status is an important factor to consider in the design and application of vaccines which aim to induce immunity within the female reproductive tract.

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Bradley, Mark P., Lyn A. Hinds, and Peter H. Bird. "A bait-delivered immunocontraceptive vaccine for the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) by the year 2002?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96066.

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An orally-delivered immunocontraceptive vaccine is being developed for the control of fox populations. A number of genes (PH-20, LDH-C4, ZP3) encoding gamete proteins have been cloned, produced in recombinant expression systems and used in fertility trials to test the efficacy of these antigens. As the immunocontraceptive vaccine will be delivered in a bait, there is a requirement for a greater understanding of the immune responses of the reproductive mucosa in canids, and the assessment of the best vaccine delivery system that will evoke a mucosal antibody response. Several vaccine delivery systems including microencapsulated antigens, and both vaccinia virus and bacterial vectors are being investigated. Oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium recombinants expressing different fox sperm antigens stimulates both systemic IgG responses to the antigen and a mucosal immune response within the female reproductive tract in the fox, indicating that salmonella may have potential with respect to the oral delivery of antigen. The enhancement of mucosal immune responses to orally-delivered vaccines is also being examined, research focussing on the possible use of fox-specific cytokines or the β-subunit of cholera toxin in forming part of the vaccine construct.

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Jansson, Désirée S., Vera Galgan, Bertil Schubert, and Carl Hård af Segerstad. "Theobromine Intoxication in a Red Fox and a European Badger in Sweden." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, no. 2 (April 2001): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.2.362.

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Pyšková, Klára, Ondřej Kauzál, David Storch, Ivan Horáček, Jan Pergl, and Petr Pyšek. "Carnivore distribution across habitats in a central-European landscape: a camera trap study." ZooKeys 770 (July 4, 2018): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.22554.

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Quantitative data on local variation in patterns of occurrence of common carnivore species, such as the red fox, European badger, or martens in central Europe are largely missing. We conducted a study focusing on carnivore ecology and distribution in a cultural landscape with the use of modern technology. We placed 73 automated infra-red camera traps into four different habitats differing in water availability and canopy cover (mixed forest, wetland, shrubby grassland and floodplain forest) in the Polabí region near Prague, Czech Republic. Each habitat was represented by three or four spatially isolated sites within which the camera traps were distributed. During the year of the study, we recorded nine carnivore species, including the non-native golden jackal. Habitats with the highest numbers of records pooled across all species were wetland (1279) and shrubby grassland (1014); fewer records were made in mixed (876) and floodplain forest (734). Habitat had a significant effect on the number of records of badger and marten, and a marginally significant effect on fox. In terms of seasonal dynamics, there were significant differences in the distribution of records among seasons in fox, marginally significant in least weasel, and the occurrence among seasons did not differ for badger and marten. In the summer, fox and marten were more active than expected by chance during the day, while the pattern was opposite in winter when they were more active during the night. Our findings on habitat preferences and circadian and seasonal activity provided the first quantitative data on patterns whose existence was assumed on the basis of conventional wisdom. Our study demonstrates the potential of a long-term monitoring approach based on infra-red camera traps. Generally, the rather frequent occurrence of recorded species indicates that most carnivore species are thriving in current central-European landscapes characterized by human-driven disturbances and urbanization.

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Lozano, J., J. G. Casanovas, E. Virgós, and J. M. Zorrilla. "The competitor release effect applied to carnivore species: how red foxes can increase in numbers when persecuted." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 36, no. 1 (June 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2013.36.0037.

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The objective of our study was to numerically simulate the population dynamics of a hypothetical community of three species of small to medium–sized carnivores subjected to non–selective control within the context of the competitor release effect (CRE). We applied the CRE to three carnivore species, linking interspecific competition with predator control efforts. We predicted the population response of European badger, the red fox and the pine marten to this wildlife management tool by means of numerical simulations. The theoretical responses differed depending on the intrinsic rate of growth (r), although modulated by the competition coefficients. The red fox, showing the highest r value, can increase its populations despite predator control efforts if control intensity is moderate. Populations of the other two species, however, decreased with control efforts, even reaching extinction. Three additional theoretical predictions were obtained. The conclusions from the simulations were: 1) predator control can play a role in altering the carnivore communities; 2) red fox numbers can increase due to control; and 3) predator control programs should evaluate the potential of unintended effects on ecosystems.

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Towerton, Alison L., Christopher R. Dickman, Rodney P. Kavanagh, and Trent D. Penman. "Control of the red fox in remnant forest habitats." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15133.

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Context The European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is subject to control by poison baiting in many parts of its range in Australia to protect both native and domestic species. Assessments of baiting programs can improve their effectiveness and help ensure that long-term control outcomes are achieved. Aims We describe spatial and temporal patterns of bait uptake by the red fox in remnant forest within an agricultural matrix, including multiple bait-takes and hotspots of activity over time, and examine the response of foxes to baiting operations. Methods We analysed bait uptake (Foxoff®) from 12 baiting operations over 5 years in the Goonoo forest, a 62 500 ha remnant surrounded by cleared land in central New South Wales, Australia. More than 8000 checks of bait-stations were analysed to provide indices of fox activity per bait-check, patterns of bait removal during bait-checks, and bait uptake at stations within and across operations. Fox activity was also assessed before and after four operations using sand plots. Key results There was no consistent decline in relative fox activity in relation to changes in bait-take; increases in the activity index occurred in successive checks within most operations. Spatial analyses of checks within control operations showed that consecutive baits were removed at more than 70% of bait stations that were visited by foxes. Temporal analyses showed further that within an operation, multiple bait-takes occurred at ~20% of stations and, across all operations, hot spots of activity could be identified. Conclusions A short (2-week) baiting window in standard baiting operations may not be effective in reducing the activity of foxes across the landscape. It is likely that many baits are being cached during each operation, and that foxes move into the baited area from unbaited surrounding areas. Implications More frequent and timely baiting operations are needed to achieve maximum disruption to the fox population in the remnant forest environment, at least as indicated by patterns of bait-take. Increasing the distance between baits, to ~1.5 km, while reducing baiting-gaps at the landscape scale, will also be important to reduce caching and still ensure that baits are encountered.

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Viviano, Andrea, Emiliano Mori, Niccolò Fattorini, Giuseppe Mazza, Lorenzo Lazzeri, Alessandra Panichi, Luigi Strianese, and Walid Fathy Mohamed. "Spatiotemporal Overlap between the European Brown Hare and Its Potential Predators and Competitors." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020562.

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Analysis of spatiotemporal partitioning is pivotal to shed light on interspecific coexistence. Most research effort has involved large-sized carnivores and their prey, whereas little attention has been devoted to lagomorphs. We assessed spatiotemporal overlap among the European brown hare Lepus europaeus and its potential competitors and predators through camera-trapping in an area in Central Italy. We estimated the interspecific patterns of the spatiotemporal activity rhythms of brown hares, its potential predators (the red fox Vulpes vulpes, the pine marten Martes martes, the domestic cat Felis catus, and the domestic dog Canis familiaris), and a competitor, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Brown hare activity was studied in natural conditions as well as in a fenced area that excluded terrestrial predators and competitors. Free-ranging hares developed a more nocturnal behavior to avoid diurnal predators (i.e., domestic carnivores and martens). Although high temporal overlap was observed between free-ranging brown hares and both red foxes (82%) and roe deer (81%), hares avoided fox by being more active on darkest nights, as well as avoided roe deer through spatial partitioning. We suggest that hares may adapt their spatiotemporal behavior to avoid potential predators and competitors.

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Tryjanowski, Piotr, Tim H. Sparks, Robert Kamieniarz, and Marek Panek. "The relationship between hunting methods and sex, age and body weight in a non-trophy animal, the red fox." Wildlife Research 36, no. 2 (2009): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08036.

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Recently, hunting has represented a major source of mortality in game animals, including red fox, Vulpes vulpes, populations. Data from hunting studies have been used to explain evolutionary changes (body size, dental structure) in fox populations; however, knowledge of potential sources of bias in these kinds of data is lacking. Moreover, nature and game managers as well as conservationists have recently been seeking methods to limit European fox populations, which are increasing. In the present study in Polish farmland, we show that three different hunting methods (individual – lying in wait, with dogs at dens, with beating undergrowth to flush out foxes) resulted in differences in the age, sex ratio and body size of shot foxes. Taking account of seasonal differences in hunting methods used, shooting assisted by beating gave a higher proportion of male foxes, whereas individual hunting resulted in smaller foxes in shot samples. Hunting with dogs resulted in heavier female foxes, with the results being skewed towards females. Thus, this method may help limit the breeding capacity of a population and is recommended to assist in the control of red fox populations, at least in farmland areas.

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Coates, T. D. "The effect of fox control on mammal populations in an outer urban conservation reserve." Australian Mammalogy 30, no. 2 (2008): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08007.

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European red foxes were systematically removed from a 370 ha conservation reserve on Melbourne?s urban fringe between December 2003 and September 2005. Activity indexes monitored throughout the removal phase indicated that the fox population declined dramatically when poison baits were available and then increased again predictably during winter and summer each subsequent year. Three alternate indices of fox activity were highly synchronous throughout the study suggesting that the bait-removal index used widely in Australia may provide a reliable measure of overall fox activity in small urban reserves. With monitoring and strategic baiting, fox activity was maintained at a fraction of its pre-control level. Activity indices for several other species of mammal also appeared to respond to the reduced density of foxes at the site after 2003. Southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) increased in both activity and range after the reduction in the fox population indicating that fox predation may act to limit both the total size of populations and types of vegetation occupied by indigenous mammals in small patches of remnant vegetation.

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Brusentsova, N. "Home Ranges of the Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) and European Badger, Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), in Oak Forests of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 53, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2019-0006.

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Abstract The research was carried out in 6 territories located in oak forests of Slobozhanshchyna in 2007–2016. Family home ranges were determined using the average nearest neighbour distance between all setts of a sett system for the badgers and between breeding burrows for the foxes. The use of fox and badger family home ranges in different seasons and years was estimated by changes in the use of burrows at the monitoring site of Gomilshanski Lisy National Nature Park. In the oak forests, 173 burrows were studied, among which 75 are used by badgers and 45 by foxes. The area of most of the badger family home ranges in the oak forests is 28–88 hа. The area of the fox family home ranges in the oak forests is 86 to 892 ha. In the oak forests of Slobozhanshchyna, badger and fox family home ranges correspond to the data for similar biotopes in Europe. Seasonal changes of the badger family home range used at the monitoring site in Gomilshanski Lisy NNP in general correspond to literature radio tracking data. Changes in use of the fox family home range de pend on fluctuations of the abundance of rodents.

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O'Connor, Julie M., David M. Burrows, Benjamin L. Allen, and Scott E. Burnett. "Is the European red fox a vector of the invasive basket asparagus (Asparagus aethiopicus) in eastern Australia?" Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 2 (2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19001.

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Basket asparagus (Asparagus aethiopicus) has become a naturalised invasive plant in some coastal areas of Australia since its introduction in the late 19th century. Its spread through garden waste dumping and avian seed dispersal has been well documented and both are considered to be the primary means of dispersal. While a small number of avian vectors have been identified, no Australian studies have investigated the potential of mammals to disperse basket asparagus seeds. We collected basket asparagus seeds from fox (Vulpes vulpes) scats collected in the field, confirmed the viability of these seeds in germination trials, and further documented the germination of basket asparagus seeds from an undisturbed fox scat in situ. These results demonstrate that foxes consume and disperse basket asparagus seeds, and that these seeds are viable and germinate under field conditions. Foxes not only use basket asparagus stands as harbour, but can also facilitate the plant’s dispersal in coastal ecosystems.

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de Jersey, James, Peter H. Bird, Naresh K. Verma, and Mark P. Bradley. "Antigen-specific systemic and reproductive tract antibodies in foxes immunized with Salmonella typhimuriumexpressing bacterial and sperm proteins." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 11, no. 5 (1999): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd99072.

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Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains are potential ‘safe’ delivery vectors of an oral immunocontraceptive vaccine for the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes). In the present study, model bacterial (Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit, LTB) and fox sperm (fSP10) antigens were expressed in S. typhimurium SL3261 (DaroA) under the control of the trc promoter. Adult female foxes were given three oral immunizations with SL3261 containing either LTB (SL3261/pLTB), fSP10 (SL3261/pFSP10) or a control plasmid (pKK233-2 or pTrc99A). All foxes raised serum (IgG) and vaginal (IgG and IgA) antibodies against S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Each fox that received SL3261/pLTB raised high titre LTB-specific serum and vaginal IgG antibodies. However, only one of four foxes immunized with SL3261/pFSP10 raised an anti-fSP10 immune response, in the form of low titre serum and vaginal IgG antibodies. No vaginal IgA antibodies were raised against either LTB or fSP10 in these experiments. The immune responses against recombinant LTB and fSP10 resulted chiefly from the initial dose of antigen in the inocula and were minimally influenced by continued in vivo antigen expression. This study demonstrates for the first time in the female red fox that oral Salmonella can elicit specific systemic and reproductive tract antibodies against heterologous, recombinant proteins.

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Márton, Mihály, Ferenc Markolt, László Szabó, Lajos Kozák, József Lanszki, László Patkó, and Miklós Heltai. "Den site selection of the European badger,Meles melesand the red fox,Vulpes vulpesin Hungary." Folia Zoologica 65, no. 1 (February 2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v65.i1.a1.2016.

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Scroggie, Michael P., David M. Forsyth, Steven R. McPhee, John Matthews, Ivor G. Stuart, Kasey A. Stamation, Michael Lindeman, and David S. L. Ramsey. "Invasive prey controlling invasive predators? European rabbit abundance does not determine red fox population dynamics." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 6 (August 24, 2018): 2621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13253.

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Newsome, Thomas M., Mathew S. Crowther, and Christopher R. Dickman. "Rapid recolonisation by the European red fox: how effective are uncoordinated and isolated control programs?" European Journal of Wildlife Research 60, no. 5 (July 16, 2014): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-014-0844-x.

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Kasprowicz, Adrienne E., Mark J. Statham, and Benjamin N. Sacks. "Fate of the other redcoat: remnants of colonial British foxes in the eastern United States." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 9, 2015): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv179.

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Abstract Red foxes were absent or rare in the southeastern United States until the late 1800s. Their origins potentially include natural population increase/expansion, translocations from Europe, and, eventually, 20th century fur farming. Previous studies have found no European haplotypes in North America, but few samples were sourced from the Atlantic coastal plain, closer to the source of putative introductions. Through analysis of mitochondrial DNA in 584 red foxes from this region, we identified indigenous haplotypes in ≥ 35% of foxes, 1 of 2 European haplotypes in 17% of foxes and fur farm haplotypes in ≥ 13% of foxes; another 35% of foxes had haplotypes potentially indigenous or native. In contrast, only 3 of 135 (2%) male foxes carried a single European Y chromosome haplotype. Most European and fur farm haplotypes were found near the densely human-populated coastal plain and Hudson River lowlands; most red foxes of the Appalachians and Piedmont had native eastern haplotypes. Our findings suggest that the more remote, upland populations primarily reflect indigenous red fox matrilines, whereas urban-associated populations in and around the mid-Atlantic coastal plain and Hudson lowlands reflect an admixture of native and nonnative maternal sources. Autosomal markers are needed to further elucidate the extent of European and fur farm introgression in the Appalachians and further west.

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Pech, R. P., A. R. E. Sinclair, and A. E. Newsome. "Predation models for primary and secondary prey species." Wildlife Research 22, no. 1 (1995): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950055.

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In Australia, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a generalist predator of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and a range of small to medium-sized native species. The available evidence suggests that foxes are capable of regulating rabbits in semi-arid environments but their role in the population dynamics of other prey species is not clear. A series of models, and associated experimental tests, that compare the effects of predation on primary and secondary prey species are described. The models are appropriate to the time scale of prey dynamics and differ from recent predator–prey models that focus on predator dynamics. These ideas are discussed for the fox and several of its prey species in Australia.

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Roháček, Jindřich. "Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) in burrows of rabbit and fox in central Bohemia (Czech Republic), with description of a new species of Minilimosina Roháček." Entomologica Fennica 30, no. 3 (September 11, 2019): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84085.

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The communities of Sphaeroceridae in burrows of European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and Red Fox Vulpes vulpes in central Bohemia (the Czech Republic) are described including number, dominance and constancy of species and compared by means of a similarity index. A total of 17 species were recorded from burrows of rabbit and 9 from those of fox. Spelobia talparum (Richards, 1927) and S. pseudonivalis (Dahl, 1909) are considered pholeobiont (= eucoenic) and Spelobia czizeki (Duda, 1918) pholeophilous to pholeobiont species in this habitat. Comparison of these two communities with those recorded from other mammal subterraneous habitats in Europe revealed that most similar are those from the same locality irrespective of the host mammal species or the size of the burrow. The species spectrum of European Sphaeroceridae recorded from mammal burrows is reviewed and discussed. Minilimosina (Minilimosina) speluncana sp. n. is described on males found in rabbit burrow and its relationship and habitat association are discussed.

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Cukor, Jan, Rostislav Linda, Oddgeir Andersen, Lasse Frost Eriksen, Zdeněk Vacek, Jan Riegert, and Martin Šálek. "Evaluation of Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Predation Risk to Forest Grouse Nests in the Central European Mountain Regions." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020316.

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We evaluated the spatiotemporal patterns of predation risk on black grouse nests using artificial nests that were monitored by camera traps in mountain areas with a small extant (Ore Mts.) and already extinct (Jeseníky Mts.) black grouse population. The overall predation rate of artificial nests was 56% and we found significant differences in survival rate courses over time between both study areas (68% Ore Mts. vs. 41%, Jeseníky Mts.). Within the time required for successful egg incubation (25 days), nest survival probability was 0.32 in the Ore Mts. and 0.59 in Jeseníky Mts. The stone marten (Martes foina) was the primary nest predator in both study areas (39% in total), followed by common raven (Corvus corax, 25%) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes, 22%). The proportion of depredated nests did not differ between habitat types (i.e., open forest interior, clearing, forest edge), but we recorded the effect of interaction of study area and habitat. In Ore Mts., the main nest predator was common raven with seven records (37%). The Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) was responsible for most predation attempts in Jeseníky Mts. (five records, i.e., 83%), while in the Ore Mts., most predation attempts were done by red fox (six records, i.e., 38%).

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Lanszki, Zsófia, Kornélia Kurucz, Safia Zeghbib, Gábor Kemenesi, József Lanszki, and Ferenc Jakab. "Identification of Hepatitis E Virus in the Feces of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101841.

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Orthohepeviruses (HEV) can infect a wide range of animals, showing a relatively strict host specificity; however, its zoonotic potential, natural transmission in the wildlife are less known. Several new HEV-like viruses have been identified in various animal species, including carnivores; however, the phylogenetic relationship among these viruses is poorly resolved, since some of them were known as rodent-related so far. The red fox, the most widespread carnivore worldwide, is a known reservoir of several viruses that transmit from wildlife to humans or domestic animals; they might have a defined role in the circulation of rodent-borne HEV. In this study, we performed a HEV survey by heminested RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription PCR) on red fox fecal samples to investigate the presence of HEV in red foxes living in natural conditions, and to explore the origin of the virus via phylogenetic analysis. Out of the 26 investigated samples, HEV RNA was identified in one sample. Following Sanger sequencing, the novel sequence displayed 91% identity on the nucleotide level with recently published European common vole-HEV derived from Microtus arvalis. In contrast, it shared 85% nucleotide similarity with HEV strains described previously in red foxes. Our results strongly support “the dietary-origin” of unclassified HEV-like strains described from predators that usually prey on rodents.

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Koneval, Martina, Martina Miterpáková, Zuzana Hurníková, Lucia Blaňarová, and Bronislava Víchová. "Neglected intravascular pathogens, Babesia vulpes and haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in European red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) population." Veterinary Parasitology 243 (August 2017): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.029.

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Bradley, MP. "Experimental strategies for the development of an immunocontraceptive vaccine for the European red fox, Vulpes vulpes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940307.

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The development of an immunocontraceptive vaccine to control fox populations in Australia would confer considerable advantages in controlling the long-term impact of this predator on native and endangered species. Studies are currently under way to identify sperm antigens that might be used in such a vaccine, and some of these studies are described. It is proposed that such a vaccine would be delivered orally in a bait, thereby stimulating a mucosal immune response to the foreign antigen(s). Such a vaccine requires a detailed understanding of reproductive-tract mucosal immunity in foxes, and selection of the most effective form of antigen delivery. Those under consideration include viral or bacterial vectors and microencapsulated antigens.

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Miterpáková, M., Z. Hurníková, D. Antolová, and P. Dubinský. "Endoparasites of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Slovak Republic with the emphasis on zoonotic species Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spp." Helminthologia 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0015-x.

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AbstractDue to specific geographical localization, climatic and geomorphologic conditions, several serious parasitic diseases circulate in the territory of the Slovak Republic that makes this area an ideal model territory of the central European red fox system. The red fox is an important reservoir host of parasites, which can be spread to another animals and humans. Our study was aimed at determining the current prevalence of certain parasites in red foxes from the entire territory of the Slovak Republic and identifies some ecological factors influencing their epidemiology. Within the first systematic investigation of red foxes carried out between the years 2000 and 2006 in total 4026 foxes were examined for Echinococcus multilocularis (prevalence 31.1 %) and 4699 foxes were investigated for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae (10.4 % infected). The results of the next separate study revealed that 83.3 % of 1198 red foxes in the Slovak Republic had coccidian oocysts and helminth eggs in their faeces. Fifteen helminth species including two trematode, four cestode and nine nematode species were detected by coprological examination. Nine of these parasite taxa have zoonotic potential: Capillaria spp. (prevalence 22.4 %), Ancylostoma caninum (18.1 %), Toxocara canis (12.5 %), Taenia spp. (12.2 %), Mesocestoides spp. (5.8 %), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.6 %), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.6 %), Dipylidium caninum (0.4 %) and Opisthorchis felineus (0.3 %). Toxascaris leonina was the most common helminth species found in this survey (42.9 %).

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Jarnemo, Anders, Olof Liberg, Steffan Lockowandt, Agneta Olsson, and Kjell Wahlström. "Predation by red fox on European roe deer fawns in relation to age, sex, and birth date." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-011.

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Mortality in radio-marked European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)) neonates was studied during 14 years in a mixed forestagricultural landscape in Sweden. A total of 233 fawns were marked. Births were synchronized, with 79% occurring during 25 days and a peak between 25 May and 7 June encompassing 62% of the births. Overall mortality was 42%, but in three single years, it exceeded 85%. Predation by red fox (Vulpes vulpes Desmarest, 1820) accounted for 81% of total mortality. The effects of age, sex, and time of birth on the vulnerability to predation were analysed. Fawns born just after the birth peak had the lowest predation risk. Predation rate was highest for the fawns that had the very earliest or the very latest birth dates. Predation thereby seems to strengthen the birth synchrony in roe deer. Contrary to earlier published findings, there was no difference in susceptibility to predation between the sexes. Also differing from earlier findings was that predation rate was highest during the first week of life and declined thereafter almost linearly. The majority of the fawns (85%) were killed before 30 days of age and 98% before 40 days. Different types of landscapes may explain the discrepancies between our study and earlier findings.

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Literák, I., F. Tenora, V. Letková, M. Goldová, J. Torres, and P. Olson. "Mesocestoides litteratus (Batsch, 1786) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Mesocestoididae) from the red fox: Morphological and 18S rDNA characterization of European isolates." Helminthologia 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0036-7.

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AbstractMesocestoides litteratus (Batsch, 1786) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Mesocestoidae) is a common parasite of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and other carnivores across Europe. There has been considerable debate as to the validity of M. litteratus and other closely related, often sympatric species of Mesocestoides. We examine isolates of M. litteratus from red foxes in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Spain both morphometrically and by characterization of 18S rDNA. Morphometric ranges of all isolates confirmed their identity as M. litteratus and were usually within the range published formerly. The sequences of 18S rDNA of one or two isolates from each country were analysed. The sequences were the same and distinct from all published Mesocestoides 18S sequences with the exception of tetrathyridia from a lizard in the Czech Republic, which was identical to those of M. litteratus.

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Robardet, Emmanuelle, Jean-Michel Demerson, Sabrina Andrieu, and Florence Cliquet. "FIRST EUROPEAN INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON OF TETRACYCLINE AND AGE DETERMINATION WITH RED FOX TEETH FOLLOWING ORAL RABIES VACCINATION PROGRAMS." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 48, no. 4 (October 2012): 858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-07-205.

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Coates, TD, and CJ Wright. "Predation of southern brown bandicoots Isoodon obesulus by the European red fox Vulpes vulpes in south-east Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 1 (2003): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03107.

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PREDATION by European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) has been identified as at least partially responsible for local declines of populations of many small to medium-sized mammals in Australia and is listed as a ‘key threatening process’ under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, 1988 and the Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999. Foxes occur in large numbers throughout urban, suburban and rural areas where they opportunistically take carrion, small to medium-sized mammals, birds, insects and fruit (Menkhorst 1995; Marks and Bloomfield 1999). They also kill poultry and larger mammals such as macropod species and sheep (Menkhorst 1995). In many conservation areas, particularly in near-urban locations where fox densities are high, they are thought to pose a serious threat to biodiversity conservation (Menkhorst 1995; Friend et al. 2001; Mahon 2001).

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Rodríguez, Alberto, Fermín Urra, Fernando Jubete, Jacinto Román, Eloy Revilla, and Francisco Palomares. "Spatial Segregation between Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes), European Wildcats (Felis silvestris) and Domestic Cats (Felis catus) in Pastures in a Livestock Area of Northern Spain." Diversity 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12070268.

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Red foxes, European wildcats and domestic cats share cattle pastures for hunting in La Pernía Valley, northern Spain. To understand the mechanisms that allow the coexistence of these mesopredators in a habitat characterized by its anthropogenic modifications, we recorded sightings of these species in pastures in the summers of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. We tested if the species preferred specific areas of pastures and if they exhibited any spatial segregation in the use of pastures. Red foxes did not show consistent preferences for any area of the pastures. European wildcats preferred pasture areas closer to streams and forest edges, whereas domestic cats preferred areas closer to buildings and paved roads whilst avoiding forest edges. All species pairs showed strong spatial segregation with less than 7% overlap. We hypothesize that spatial segregation is the mechanism used by European wildcats and domestic cats to avoid dangerous interactions with other predators and which characterizes their preference of specific areas on pastures, using areas near places that may protect them from other predators. Ultimately, the influence of fox presence (and probably that of other larger potential predators) on the use of pastures by European wildcats and domestic cats is decreasing the number of interactions between them and may help to prevent hybridization in this area.

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O'Connor, Julie M., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Neil W. Tindale, and Scott E. Burnett. "From carrion to Christmas beetles: the broad dietary niche of the red fox in a hybrid coastal ecosystem in south-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19059.

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The diet of the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was investigated through analysis of 1185 scats collected between 2010 and 2014 from coastal south-east Queensland, Australia. By both frequency of occurrence and volume, its diet was dominated by terrestrial arthropods, marine arthropods, vegetation and birds, although the remains of the short-tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris) consumed as carrion dominated the latter. Terrestrial arthropods, primarily insects of the order Coleoptera, were eaten all year (61% frequency of occurrence, FO) but varied seasonally (35–67%FO), mostly due to the consumption of large numbers of Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus spp.) in the summer months. Marine arthropods consisted almost entirely of ghost crabs (Ocypode spp.) and seasonal variation in consumption was evident (33–72%FO) and likely correlated with ghost crab abundance. Fruit and berries were an important food item for foxes all year but also varied seasonally (30–65%FO). The opportunistic diet of this fox population is discussed in the context of dietary differences, but common opportunism, reported in other Australian and overseas studies.

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Stobo-Wilson, Alyson M., Brett P. Murphy, Sarah M. Legge, David G. Chapple, Heather M. Crawford, Stuart J. Dawson, Chris R. Dickman, et al. "Reptiles as food: predation of Australian reptiles by introduced red foxes compounds and complements predation by cats." Wildlife Research 48, no. 5 (2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20194.

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ContextInvasive species are a major cause of biodiversity loss across much of the world, and a key threat to Australia’s diverse reptile fauna. There has been no previous comprehensive analysis of the potential impact of the introduced European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, on Australian reptiles. AimsWe seek to provide an inventory of all Australian reptile species known to be consumed by the fox, and identify characteristics of squamate species associated with such predation. We also compare these tallies and characteristics with reptile species known to be consumed by the domestic cat, Felis catus, to examine whether predation by these two introduced species is compounded (i.e. affecting much the same set of species) or complementary (affecting different groups of species). Methods We collated records of Australian reptiles consumed by foxes in Australia, with most records deriving from fox dietary studies (tallying >35000 samples). We modelled presence or absence of fox predation records against a set of biological and other traits, and population trends, for squamate species. Key resultsIn total, 108 reptile species (~11% of Australia’s terrestrial reptile fauna) have been recorded as consumed by foxes, fewer than that reported for cats (263 species). Eighty-six species have been reported to be eaten by both predators. More Australian turtle species have been reported as consumed by foxes than by cats, including many that suffer high levels of predation on egg clutches. Twenty threatened reptile species have been reported as consumed by foxes, and 15 by cats. Squamate species consumed by foxes are more likely to be undergoing population decline than those not known to be consumed by foxes. The likelihood of predation by foxes increased with squamate species’ adult body mass, in contrast to the relationship for predation by cats, which peaked at ~217g. Foxes, but not cats, were also less likely to consume venomous snakes. ConclusionsThe two introduced, and now widespread, predators have both compounding and complementary impacts on the Australian reptile fauna. ImplicationsEnhanced and integrated management of the two introduced predators is likely to provide substantial conservation benefits to much of the Australian reptile fauna.

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ROBINSON, AJ, SK CRERAR, N. WAIGHT SHARMA, WJ MULLER, and MP BRADLEY. "Prevalence of serum antibodies to canine adenovirus and canine herpesvirus in the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 83, no. 6 (June 2005): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb15634.x.

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Stobo-Wilson, Alyson M., Brett P. Murphy, Heather M. Crawford, Stuart J. Dawson, Chris R. Dickman, Tim S. Doherty, Patricia A. Fleming, et al. "Sharing meals: Predation on Australian mammals by the introduced European red fox compounds and complements predation by feral cats." Biological Conservation 261 (September 2021): 109284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109284.

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GESY, K., J. E. HILL, H. SCHWANTJE, S. LICCIOLI, and E. J. JENKINS. "Establishment of a European-type strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in Canadian wildlife." Parasitology 140, no. 9 (May 29, 2013): 1133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000607.

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SUMMARYIn 2009, a haplotype closely related to European strains of Echinococcus multilocularis was detected in a dog from the Quesnel region of British Columbia, Canada. We now report the establishment of this same haplotype in 7 coyotes (Canis latrans) trapped within 40 km of Quesnel, BC. In addition, 3 coyotes and 1 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) harboured adult cestodes morphologically compatible with that of E. multilocularis (overall prevalence 33% in 33 carnivores). None of 156 potential intermediate hosts, including 131 representatives of two highly suitable rodent species, Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus pennsylvanicus, trapped from a region 120–210 km south of Quesnel were infected. This report confirms the establishment and local transmission of a European-type strain of E. multilocularis (the causative agent of human alveolar hydatid disease), in wildlife in a forested region of North America where this cestode had not been previously detected, with significance for public and animal health.

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Maurel, Daniel, Christian Coutant, Line Boissin-Agasse, and Jean Boissin. "Seasonal moulting patterns in three fur bearing mammals: the European badger (Meles meles L.), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.), and the mink (Mustela vison). A morphological and histological study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-265.

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Seasonal changes in the fur of three species of mammals at the adult stage, the European badger, the red fox, and the mink, were studied in the field. The badger had only one seasonal change of pelage during the summer and the fall (from July to December), and there was no seasonal variation of hair density. The fox moulted in the spring (between the end of April and the end of August) and again in the fall, but the fall change consisted only in the regrowth of a new fine undercoat that combined with the summer fur to form a denser winter coat. In the mink, the spring and fall moults were very distinct and gave rise to characteristic summer and winter coats that differed in density and number of fine hairs per surface unit. The histological study revealed a similarity in skin composition among the three species, but the relative importance of the different components (sebaceous glands, adipose tissue, keratine layer) varied with each species' way of life. Seasonal follicular activity was correlated with seasonal regrowth of the pelage; the active anagen phase was very long (badger, 5 months; fox, 4 months; mink, 2 months in the spring and 3 months in the fall). During the other part of the annual cycle, telogen, the hair follicles were in a resting phase. Differences in the annual moulting processes between the three species are discussed in terms of adaptive characteristics.[Journal translation]

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Schwarz, Sabine, Astrid Sutor, Christoph Staubach, Roswitha Mattis, Kirsten Tackmann, and Franz Josef Conraths. "Estimated prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides in northern Brandenburg, Germany." Current Zoology 57, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.5.655.

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Abstract Human alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the larval stage of the small fox tapeworm, is a lethal zoonotic infection if left untreated. E. multilocularis is distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and lives in the small intestines of carnivores, mainly canids. The main definitive host of E. multilocularis in European countries is the red fox Vulpes vulpes and in the last ten years new endemic areas for the parasite in Central Europe have been identified. In some areas, for instance in Germany, the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides - a spreading neozoon - must be regarded as an additional definitive host for E. multilocularis. In 2001 this parasite was found for the first time in raccoon dogs in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. Between 2000 and 2008, 1,252 raccoon dogs from Brandenburg were examined by the Intestinal Scraping Technique. The majority of samples were obtained in five northern counties and all 60 animals that tested positive for E. multilocularis were located there. The estimated true prevalence calculated by a beta-binomial- model ranged from 6%–12%.

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Žele-Vengušt, Diana, Renata Lindtner-Knific, Nina Mlakar-Hrženjak, Klemen Jerina, and Gorazd Vengušt. "Exposure of Free-Ranging Wild Animals to Zoonotic Leptospira interrogans Sensu Stricto in Slovenia." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 2722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092722.

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A total of 249 serum samples from 13 wild animal species namely fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 1), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 80), red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 22), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra, n = 21), mouflon (Ovis musimon, n = 4), brown hare (Lepus europaeus, n = 2), nutria (Myocastor coypus, n = 1), red fox (Vulpes vulpes, n = 97), stone marten (Martes foina, n = 12), European badger (Meles meles, n = 2), golden jackal (Canis aureus, n = 2) Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx, n = 2) and grey wolf (Canis lupus, n = 3) were analysed for the presence of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. Serum samples were examined via the microscopic agglutination test for the presence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Sejroe, Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Saxkoebing and Tarassovi. Antibodies to at least one of the pathogenic serovars were detected in 77 (30.9%; CI = 25–37%) sera. The proportion of positive samples varied intraspecifically and was the biggest in large carnivores (lynx, wolf and jackal; 86%), followed by mezzo predators: stone marten (67%) and red fox (34%), and large herbivores: red deer (32%), roe deer (25%), alpine chamois (10%) and mouflon (0%). Out of the 77 positive samples, 42 samples (53.8%) had positive titres against a single serovar, while 35 (45.4%) samples had positive titres against two or more serovars. The most frequently detected antibodies were those against the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. The present study confirmed the presence of multiple pathogenic serovars in wildlife throughout Slovenia. It can be concluded that wild animals are reservoirs for at least some of the leptospiral serovars and are a potential source of leptospirosis for other wild and domestic animals, as well as for humans.

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Hu, Yang, Graeme Gillespie, and Tim S. Jessop. "Variable reptile responses to introduced predator control in southern Australia." Wildlife Research 46, no. 1 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18047.

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Context Australia harbours an immense diversity of reptiles, which are generally expected to have frequent and diverse trophic interactions with introduced mammalian carnivores. Nevertheless, the potential for predatory or competitive interactions is likely to be contingent on multiple processes, including the importance of reptiles in the diet of introduced predators, alongside overlaps in their body sizes and ecological niches that would influence the strength of their interactions. In Australia’s temperate and relatively productive mesic environments there is little understanding of how introduced mammalian predators affect reptile assemblages. Aims The aim was to investigate the effects that a European red fox (Vulpes vulpes; 5–7kg) suppression program had on the abundance and species richness of a reptile community, with species ranging in size from the largest local ectothermic predator, the lace monitor (Varanus varius; 4–7kg), to small terrestrial reptiles (mostly 10–150g). Methods We utilised two sampling designs (baited camera monitoring stations and pitfall trapping) to evaluate the effects of fox suppression and other site-level ecological covariates (fire regime and habitat vegetation characteristics) on the lace monitor and small terrestrial reptiles. Reptile abundance and richness at site level were estimated from count-related abundance models. Key results For lace monitors, significantly higher abundances occurred in poison-baited areas relative to control areas. This suggests that fox suppression can affect the populations of the lace monitor via mesopredator release arising from reduced competition and, possibly, predation. For small terrestrial reptiles, neither abundance nor species richness were influenced by fox suppression. Individual abundances of the three most common small reptile species matched the overall pattern, as only responses to structural parameters of the habitat were detected. Conclusions Fox suppression can have different impacts for different reptile taxa, pending their ecological niche, as only the largest species was affected. Implications Increase in lace monitor abundance may change food web dynamics in fox-suppressed sites, such as by increasing predation pressure on arboreal marsupials.

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Bird, Peter, Christine Hayes, James de Jersey, and Mark Bradley. "Construction and immunological assessment of Salmonella typhimurium expressing fox sperm LDH-C4." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 10, no. 3 (1998): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r97076.

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This study examined immune responses of foxes to oral doses of recombinant Salmonella typhimurium expressing fox sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (fLDH). The cDNA for fLDH was cloned into the expression plasmid pKK233· 2 (pKKfLDH). Salmonella typhimuriumaroA– (SL3261) was transformed with either the pKK233·2 plasmid alone (SpKK) or the pKKfLDH construct (SpKfLDH). The fLDH expressed by SpKfLDH retained enzymatic activity and was recognized by human LDH-C4-specific antibody. Male European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were given an initial oral dose of 1 × 1011 cfu of either SpKK (control, n = 3) or SpKfLDH (test, n = 6), followed four weeks later with a further dose of 1 × 1011 cfu. Antibodies to Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS-04) and fLDH were measured in plasma and saliva for eight consecutive weeks after the initial doses. Both LPS-04 IgG- and IgA-specific antibodies as well as fLDH-specific IgG antibodies were detected in plasma and saliva. However, there was a marked fLDH-specific IgA response in saliva consistent with induction of the common mucosal immune system. The antibody measurements demonstrated the feasibility of using recombinant Salmonella as an oral vaccine to elicit gamete antigen-specific mucosal immune responses in foxes.

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Korablev, N. P., M. P. Korablev, A. P. Korablev, P. N. Korablev, A. V. Zinoviev, V. A. Zhagarayte, and I. L. Tumanov. "Factors of Polymorphism of Craniometric Characters in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Carnivora, Canidae) from the Center of European Russia." Biology Bulletin 46, no. 8 (December 2019): 946–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359019080053.

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Eleni, Claudia, Alessia Mariacher, Goffredo Grifoni, Elena Cardini, Sara Tonon, Andrea Lombardo, Antonino Barone, and Gianluca Fichi. "Pathology of Urinary Bladder in Pearsonema spp. Infected Wildlife from Central Italy." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040474.

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The genus Pearsonema, in the nematode family Capillariidae, includes several species that parasitize the urinary bladders of wild and domestic carnivores. The infection has been reported worldwide from several wildlife species, including canids, mustelids, and felids, but the pathological aspects have seldom been investigated. In order to assess the presence and severity of the lesions in Pearsonema-infected wildlife, we performed a parasitological and pathological examination of urinary bladders from 72 animals, belonging to the families Canidae (red fox Vulpes vulpes, n = 28, and wolf Canis lupus, n = 29) and Mustelidae (beech marten Martes foina, n = 3; pine marten Martes martes, n = 2; and European badger Meles meles, n = 10). A greater prevalence of infection for canids (64.91%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 52.52–77.30%) than for mustelids (13.33%) (p < 0.001) was recorded. The prevalence of infection in red foxes was 75.0% (95% CI, 58.96–91.04%), in accordance with other reports from European countries, supporting the role of this species as a reservoir for infection. Eosinophilic cystitis was observed in 34 out of the 72 examined animals (47.22%). The influence of Pearsonema sp. infection on the occurrence of eosinophilic cystitis was statistically significant in wolves (p < 0.01), which were also affected by more severe histological lesions compared to foxes.

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Dexter, Nick, and Andy Murray. "The impact of fox control on the relative abundance of forest mammals in East Gippsland, Victoria." Wildlife Research 36, no. 3 (2009): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08135.

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Predation by European red foxes is believed to be the major cause of the extinction and decline of a large number of native medium-sized terrestrial mammals in Australia. We examined the impact of poisoning of foxes on the relative abundance of a group of medium-sized mammals in an experiment conducted in three large forest blocks in south-eastern Australia. The blocks consisted of paired sites, as follows: one site where poison baiting was used to control foxes (treatment site) and one where foxes were not controlled (non-treatment site). At all six sites, the population responses of a range of mammals were measured, and compared between treatment and non-treatment sites. The relative fox abundance, as indexed by bait-take, declined during the course of the study at treatment sites and to a lesser extent at non-treatment sites. The decline in bait-take at non-treatment sites was most likely due to treatment sites acting as ecological traps, so that reduced intra-specific competition attracted foxes from non-treatment to treatment sites, where they were subsequently poisoned. There was a significant treatment effect for the abundances of total mammals, long-nosed potoroos, southern brown bandicoots and common brushtail possums, with higher abundances at treatment sites than at non-treatment sites. Common ringtail possums increased in abundance during the course of the study, with no significant difference between treatment and non-treatment sites. There was no significant effect of time or treatment on the abundance of long-nosed bandicoots. The increase in the abundance of native mammals at treatment sites was most likely due to a lower predation pressure by foxes brought about by fox control, and the smaller increase in abundance in non-treatment blocks was likely due to the ecological-trap effect because of fox baiting at treatment sites. The present study demonstrated that broad-scale fox control can lead to increases in the abundance of native mammals in forested habitats, without recourse to aerial baiting or fences. The study also demonstrated that the influence of fox control on the fox abundance can extend well beyond the perimeter of the area baited.

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Catling, PC, and RJ Burt. "Why are red foxes absent from some eucalypt forests in eastern New South Wales?" Wildlife Research 22, no. 4 (1995): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950535.

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The distribution and abundance of red foxes, other mammalian predators and their ground-dwelling mammalian prey were examined in 29 areas of two major regions of eucalypt forests in eastern New South Wales. In the southern region, red foxes and cats were abundant. Dingoes (andor wild dogs) were in low abundance or absent, spotted-tailed quolls were rare and medium-sized mammals (0.2-6 kg) scarce. In the northern region, red foxes were in low abundance and absent from some areas, such as parts of Chilelundi State Forest, where dingoes, cats, spotted-tailed quolls and medium-sized mammals were abundant. In both regions, small mammals (<200g) were widespread, but they varied greatly in abundance, and large mammals (>6kg) were widespread and generally abundant. Reasons for the absence or low abundance of red foxes in some areas were examined. Factors assessed were as follows: (i) relative abundance of other predators; (ii) abundance of mammalian prey; (iii) absence of European rabbits; (iv) habitat and its structure; (v) proximity to freehold land; and (vi) presence of roads. Distance from freehold land most adequately explained the absence of red foxes from some forests. Red foxes were present in all forests less than 2 km from freehold land and were in highest abundance in forests close (<1km) to freehold land. Severe disturbance such as clearing for grazing or agriculture appears to play some part in the distribution and abundance of the red fox and the demise of the medium-sized grounddwelling mammals.

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Cooke, Brian D. "Does red fox (Vulpes vulpes) predation of young rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) enhance mortality from myxomatosis vectored by European rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi)?" Biological Control 138 (November 2019): 104068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104068.

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Selva, N., B. Jędrzejewska, W. Jędrzejewski, and A. Wajrak. "Factors affecting carcass use by a guild of scavengers in European temperate woodland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-158.

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Although facultative scavenging is very common, little is known about the factors governing carrion acquisition by vertebrates. We examined the influence of carcass characteristics, carcass state, and weather conditions on carrion use by main scavengers. Carcasses (N = 214, mainly ungulates) of various origins (predation, natural deaths, harvest) were monitored by systematic inspections (N = 1784) in Białowieża Forest (Poland). Common raven (Corvus corax L., 1758), red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)), and European pine marten (Martes martes (L., 1758)) mainly used the prey remains of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758). The kills of predators were the preferred carrion, rather than dead ungulates. Common ravens, common buzzards (Buteo buteo (L., 1758)), white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla (L., 1758)), and domestic dogs scavenged more frequently on carcasses in open habitats. Carcasses located in the forest were the most available to European pine martens, jays (Garrulus glandarius (L., 1758)), and wild boar (Sus scrofa L., 1758). The common tendency was to increase scavenging when temperature decreased, except for raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray 1834)). As snow depth increased, jays and great tits (Parus major L., 1758) increased scavenging. We suggest that carrion use by scavengers is not random, but a complex process mediated by extrinsic factors and by behavioural adaptations of scavengers.

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Woinarski, John C. Z., Andrew A. Burbidge, and Peter L. Harrison. "Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 15 (February 9, 2015): 4531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417301112.

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The highly distinctive and mostly endemic Australian land mammal fauna has suffered an extraordinary rate of extinction (>10% of the 273 endemic terrestrial species) over the last ∼200 y: in comparison, only one native land mammal from continental North America became extinct since European settlement. A further 21% of Australian endemic land mammal species are now assessed to be threatened, indicating that the rate of loss (of one to two extinctions per decade) is likely to continue. Australia’s marine mammals have fared better overall, but status assessment for them is seriously impeded by lack of information. Much of the loss of Australian land mammal fauna (particularly in the vast deserts and tropical savannas) has been in areas that are remote from human population centers and recognized as relatively unmodified at global scale. In contrast to general patterns of extinction on other continents where the main cause is habitat loss, hunting, and impacts of human development, particularly in areas of high and increasing human population pressures, the loss of Australian land mammals is most likely due primarily to predation by introduced species, particularly the feral cat, Felis catus, and European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and changed fire regimes.

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Čabanová, Viktória, Martina Miterpáková, Martin Oravec, Zuzana Hurníková, Slavomír Jerg, Gabriela Nemčíková, and Michaela Brincko Červenská. "Nematode Thelazia callipaeda is spreading across Europe. The first survey of red foxes from Slovakia." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0018.

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Abstract Canine thalaziosis caused by the spirurid nematode Thelazia callipaeda has started to spread across Western and Central Europe during the last decade. In Slovakia, the first autochthonous cases of this infection were recorded in 2016 in four dogs from the south-eastern part of the country. In August 2017 other autochthonous case, again from the same locality, was reported. Seeing that red foxes are considered the main reservoir hosts for T. callipaeda, their examination could provide an integrated view of the real parasite distribution. Within the present study, 523 red foxes were examined by necropsy, and T. callipaeda nematodes were recovered from the conjunctival sacs of 7 animals, which represents an overall positivity of 1.3%. Six infected foxes originated in eastern Slovakia, which is consistent with the area where positive dogs were recently found. Also, single positive red fox was found in north-western Slovakia. Regarding morphology and morphometry, the specimens recovered from the foxes in this study were evaluated as larger in size when compared to nematodes isolated from Slovak dogs as well as dogs and foxes from other studies. BLAST analyses of the cox1 gene showed that all specimens isolated from Slovak red foxes were identified as haplotype 1 which circulated also in other European countries. Considering that majority of the infected animals, dogs and foxes, came from Košice region, we can presume that this area might become endemic in a short period of time.

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Journal articles on the topic 'European red fox'

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