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1
Hayes, Richard Andrew, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Science and Technology, and School of Science. "Semiochemicals and social signalling in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus(L.)." THESIS_FST_SS_Hayes_R.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/371.
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The European rabbit lives in defined social groups of between two and about twenty individuals. There are distinct social hierarchies within each group. Rabbits are known to scent-mark their environment with secretions from several glands, and the secretion of the submandibular cutaneous gland is strongly correlated with social status. Dominant, male rabbits have a higher secretory activity of the gland, and show much more scent-marking behaviour than do any other individuals within the social group. This study was principally conducted at Hope Farm, Cattai National Park in New South Wales, Australia.The proteinaceous components of the secretion varied between individuals, but the protein profile of an individual did not change over time.It was found that dominant rabbits chin mark preferentially at the entrances to warrens, and at the boundaries of their territory.The work in this study provides new insights into the way that rabbit semiochemical messages work. The difference between the secretion of a subordinate and a dominant rabbit appears to be due to the presence or absence of one compound, 2-phenoxy ethanol. This compound, with known fixative properties, supports the idea that the only difference between dominant and subordinate secretions is whether or not they persist in the environment after marking. Such a mechanism for asserting dominance may be much more common in mammals than is apparent from the published literatureDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2
Fiorentino, Francesca. "Mathematical models of the impact of rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) on the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Australia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446810/.
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This thesis relates to the work of building a mathematical model of the impact of Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD) on the European Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Australia. After introducing the general biology of rabbits and the immunology of RCD, we build a time-dependent single site model. We construct a single-site population dynamic model with age structure, seasonal birth rate, density dependent regulation of the population size and climatic variability for various regions of Australia. After investigating suitable parameter ranges, we incorporate the disease dynamics through an indirect transmission model based on two different hypotheses which we call the Strong Juvenile hypothesis and the Weak Juvenile hypothesis. These differ in their assumption about Juvenile immunity to the disease. The ecological impact of both hypotheses is tested for both the single site and multiple site (spatial) models. The disease impact is investigated by varying the disease virulence, i.e. a parameter measuring the "strength" of the virus. Subsequently, a multiple site (spatial) model for the Riverina region is built by using the single-site model as building block. Data from Lake Urana is used to parameterize a seasonal emigration rate from each site. Density dependent immigration is added together with a hazard coefficient which rabbits face when leaving one site and trying to become established in another. Acceptance in a new site is regulated by the population density at the entry site. Several spatial configurations of sites are tested and the spatial dynamics of the disease is investigated. Finally, we construct a model to investigate the long term evolution of the disease virus. We postulate the existence of several strains of the disease and trade-offs between disease characteristics. We allow for mutation of the virus and run the model for two contrasting geographical regions of Australia. We compare the results for the different regions and the different hypotheses regarding Juvenile immunity (the Strong Juvenile hypothesis and the Weak Juvenile hypothesis). It is shown, unexpectedly, that intermediate levels of disease virulence are not selected.
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Stott, Philip Anthony. "Comparisons between two successful invaders : the European hare Lepus Europaeus and the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus in Australia." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289637.
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de, Zylva Geoffrey Anthony. "Does behavioural plasticity contribute to differences in population genetic structure in wild rabbit populations in arid and semi-arid Australia?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16437/1/Geoffrey_de_Zylva_Thesis.pdf.
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The European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, was introduced to Australia in 1859 and quickly became a significant vertebrate pest species in the country across a wide distribution. In arid and semi-arid environments, rabbit populations exist as metapopulations - undergoing frequent extinction recolonisation cycles. Previous studies identified population genetic structuring at the regional level between arid and semi-arid environments, and habitat heterogeneity was suggested as a possible causal factor. For the most part, rabbit behaviour has been overlooked as a factor that could contribute to explaining population genetic structure in arid and semi-arid environments.
This study utilised a combination of genetic sampling techniques and a simulated territorial intrusion approach to observing wild rabbit behaviour in arid and semi-arid environments. The genetic component of the study compared population samples from each region using four polymorphic microsatellite loci. The behavioural component examined variation in the level of territoriality exhibited by three study populations in the arid region towards rabbits of known versus unknown origins (resident vs transgressor (simulating dispersal)).
A difference was observed in population genetic structure determined from nuclear markers between arid and semi-arid regions, which supports findings of previous research using mitochondrial DNA data in the same area. Additionally, differences in aggressive response to known vs unknown rabbits were identified in parts of the arid region, which together with the effects of habitat heterogeneity and connectivity may explain the observed differences in population genetic structure.
Knowledge of behavioural plasticity and its effect on relative dispersal success and population genetic structure may contribute to improved management and control of feral rabbit populations at the regional level within Australia; and may assist with conservation efforts in the species' natural range in Europe.
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de, Zylva Geoffrey Anthony. "Does behavioural plasticity contribute to differences in population genetic structure in wild rabbit populations in arid and semi-arid Australia?" Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16437/.
Full textAbstract:
The European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, was introduced to Australia in 1859 and quickly became a significant vertebrate pest species in the country across a wide distribution. In arid and semi-arid environments, rabbit populations exist as metapopulations - undergoing frequent extinction recolonisation cycles. Previous studies identified population genetic structuring at the regional level between arid and semi-arid environments, and habitat heterogeneity was suggested as a possible causal factor. For the most part, rabbit behaviour has been overlooked as a factor that could contribute to explaining population genetic structure in arid and semi-arid environments. This study utilised a combination of genetic sampling techniques and a simulated territorial intrusion approach to observing wild rabbit behaviour in arid and semi-arid environments. The genetic component of the study compared population samples from each region using four polymorphic microsatellite loci. The behavioural component examined variation in the level of territoriality exhibited by three study populations in the arid region towards rabbits of known versus unknown origins (resident vs transgressor (simulating dispersal)). A difference was observed in population genetic structure determined from nuclear markers between arid and semi-arid regions, which supports findings of previous research using mitochondrial DNA data in the same area. Additionally, differences in aggressive response to known vs unknown rabbits were identified in parts of the arid region, which together with the effects of habitat heterogeneity and connectivity may explain the observed differences in population genetic structure. Knowledge of behavioural plasticity and its effect on relative dispersal success and population genetic structure may contribute to improved management and control of feral rabbit populations at the regional level within Australia; and may assist with conservation efforts in the species' natural range in Europe.
6
Vaughan, Pam. "..and the rabbit." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27960.
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A small number of framed prints can be seen on approach to the exhibition. They are black and white — the predominant colours of the entire exhibition. Viewers will walk into a dimly lit room and see a frail, house-shaped structure made out of Perspex plates. The plates have images scratched into them, some with the residue of ink. Inside the house is an old iron rabbit trap as well as lighting which casts imprecise shadows into the surroundings. Around the walls are a series of charcoal drawings on paper. Most of the images are of a single object or figure. Circling around the room and weaving in and out of the viewers will be Pam on an old pushbike.
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Eccles, David. "Genetic variation in the European rabbit and rabbit flea in the British Isles." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337691.
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Martinez, Ana Isabel Gonzalez. "Behavioural studies of the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492949.
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Reece, C. "Aspects of reproduction in the European rabbit (O. cuniculus) L." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355356.
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Fuller, Susan. "Patterns of differentiation in rabbit populations in arid Eastern Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995.
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Lello, Joanne. "The community ecology of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) parasites." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25418.
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This thesis investigates aspects of the community ecology of rabbit parasites with particular emphasis upon the gut helminths, utilising a 23 (later extended to 26) year time series of rabbits and their parasites. A clearer understanding of parasite communities can lead to more effective biological control strategies. Rabbits are regarded as a serious pest species throughout Europe and the Antipodes and the use of the myxomatosis virus, as a biological control agent, has already been tried and failed. However, a clearer picture of the parasite community may offer future possibilities for control. Additionally, the rabbit is a good model for other grazing species, as it carries a similar gut helminth community. Drug resistance is an increasing problem in a wide range of parasites. A clearer appreciation of parasite communities could also aid in the search for effective and environmentally sound pathogen control strategies (e.g. via cross immunity or competition with benign species). Theoretical models have revealed the importance of aggregation to the stability of the host parasite relationship, to parasite evolution and to interspecific parasite interactions. A number of models have considered the effect of varying aggregation upon these dynamics with differing outcomes to those where aggregation was a fixed parameter. Here the stability of the distribution for each of the rabbit helminths was examined using Taylor's power law. The analyses revealed that aggregation was not a stable parameter but varied with month, year, host sex, host age, and host myxomatosis status. Evidence for the existence of interspecific parasite interactions in natural systems has been equivocal. Factors influencing parasite intensity were evaluated for the gut helminth. A network of potential interactions between the parasites was revealed. Only month was shown to be of greater influence on the community. Following, from the above analyses, a community model was constructed which incorporated both seasonal forcing and interspecific parasite interactions, with interaction mediated via host immunity. One unexpected emergent property was an interaction between the seasonality and the immune decay rate with slower immune decay resulting in a shift of the immune response out of phase with the species against which it was produced. The model was also used to assess the potential effects of two control strategies, an anticestodal and a single species vaccine. The vaccine had greater effects on the whole community than the anticestodal because of the immune- mediated interactions. The host is also an integral part of the community as the parasite dynamics are linked with that of their host. Therefore an assessment of the parasites' impact upon host condition and fecundity was also undertaken. This revealed a variety of positive and negative associations between the parasites and their host, with potential implications for future host control strategies. This study has shown that ignoring parasite-parasite or parasite-host interactions and interactions of both the host and the parasite with the external environment, could result in a poor description of the community dynamics. Such complexities need to be considered and incorporated into theory if future control strategies for either host or parasites are to be effective.
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Peacey, Matthew, and n/a. "Creation and investigation of a versatile Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus-like particle vaccine." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080215.155033.
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There is a need to develop a range different VLP for use as nanoscale templates and vaccines. The aim of this research was to develop RHDV VLP as a versatile vaccine delivery system easily modified for use against a wide range of different diseases.
Production of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) capsid protein in a baculovirus system led to the self-assembly of Virus-like Particles (VLP) that could be purified to greater than 99% purity using simple methods. The capsid gene, vp60, can be manipulated genetically to incorporate immunogenic peptide sequences or a functional DNA-binding site. Fusion of these small epitopes to VP60 was well tolerated, forming VLP and greatly enhanced the presentation of peptide to, and activation of CD4+ T helper cell hybridoma. To avoid constraints imposed on chimeric VLP and dramatically increase the versatility of RHDV VLP, rapid conjugation of antigen was carried out, employing the hetero-bifunctional chemical linker, sulpho-SMCC. Incorporation of sulfhydral groups by design or treatment with SATA allowed for great versatility, in turn enabling many diverse peptides and proteins to be conjugated to VLP.
RHDV VLP and consequently the conjugated GFP antigen were efficiently taken up by DC with more than 85% of DC positive for GFP by flow cytometry. This was also visualised by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy of both gold- labelled VLP and conjugated antigen. RHDV VLP conjugate was shown to induce the significant up regulation of the activation markers CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II on the surface of dendritic cells (DC). As well, DC pulsed with RHDV VLP/OVA effectively presented OVA to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transgenic for respective peptide-specific T cell receptors, eliciting a greater proliferative response in both T cell subsets than antigen delivered alone.
The surface accessibility of peptides on VLP was demonstrated, while administration of VLP/Ovalbumin (OVA) conjugate in mice was shown to evoke very high titre antibody responses specific for conjugated antigen. VLP/OVA conjugates were also shown to induce IFN-γ production and OVA-specific cytotoxic killing in vivo, of up to 80% of fluorescently labelled, adoptively transferred target cells. No distinguishable cytotoxicity was detected in unimmunised control mice. This assay was also used to demonstrate the necessity for antigen to be conjugated to VLP, as antigen mixed with VLP induced only sub-optimal killing.
To investigate the anti-tumour effects, mice vaccinated with VLP conjugated to OVA protein, CD4+ or CD8+ T cell OVA epitopes were inoculated with B16- OVA tumour cells and monitored for tumour growth. Untreated control mice had to be sacrificed by day 19, while mice immunised with either VLP/OVA or VLP conjugated with both CD4+ and CD8+ OVA epitopes, showed a significant delay in tumour growth (P = 0.0002), with one mouse remaining free of palpable tumour until day 92.
These results show that RHDV VLP can be easily produced and purified and demonstrate the versatility of this RHDV capsid. Rapid conjugation techniques allowed the modification of VLP with both peptide and protein rendered these antigens highly immunogenic, stimulating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity targeted against conjugated antigens of choice. The versatility and immune stimulating properties of RHDV VLP provides a molecular tool with almost limitless applications within the fields of nanotechnology and immunology.
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Hayes, Richard Andrew. "Semiochemicals and social signalling in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) /." View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030424.112701/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2000.A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, December, 2000. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sunnucks, Paul James. "Social behaviour and neophobia in the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309506.
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Webb, N. J. "Genetic analysis of social structure in the European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384536.
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McKillop, Ian Gordon. "The behaviour of the European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. at electric fences." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258341.
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Dutton, John. "The relationship between the European wild rabbit and sand dune vegetation in Jersey." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267724.
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Chinnadurai, Sathya K. "Evaluation of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite assays for short-term stressors and validation for stress monitoring in African herbivores." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4611.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 18, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Robley, Alan Joseph. "The comparative ecology of the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Thesis, Robley, Alan Joseph (1999) The comparative ecology of the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52091/.
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The comparative ecology of Burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were studied on Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay between 1995 and 1998. Burrowing bettongs were once widespread across mainland Australia, but now survive only on three islands off the west coast of Western Australia and as a reintroduced population on Heirisson Prong, a 1200-hectare peninsula in Shark Bay, Western Australia.
The general question investigated by this thesis is whether rabbits usurp resources essential to bettongs, limiting their population fitness and growth, particularly during extended dry periods. The comparative approach taken resulted in a quantitative comparison of foraging strategy, home range, diet, spatial distribution, habitat use, and population dynamics of the two species.
Investigating the foraging activities of bettongs and rabbits can indicate the potential for competition over food resources. Both bettongs and rabbits were observed foraging in a 30 x 40-metre enclosure of native vegetation over several nights in October 1997. The degree of overlap in foraging activities of bettongs and rabbits was only moderate (O = 0.54). Foraging ratios indicated that bettongs allocated most of their time (63%) to gathering food. Of the total time bettongs were observed feeding 61% was spent browsing in shrubs. The majority of the remainder being spent digging and searching for subterranean food. Rabbits spent the majority of their time acquiring food (81%). Repeated measures MANOVA showed that rabbits spent considerably more time grazing (F1,40 = 21.152, P = 0.004) than bettongs.
It is possible that the ranging behaviour of bettongs is influenced by interspecific competition with the European rabbit. Home ranges of burrowing bettongs and European rabbits were measured in January and March 1998. Seven adult bettongs and seven adult rabbits were tracked within an area of 2.25 km x 2 km.
The mean home range of bettongs based on the 100% minimum convex polygon was 95.2 hectares, with males having slightly larger ranges than females. The home range of rabbits was 8.5 hectares. Bettongs travelled a mean distance between observations of 403 m compared 175 m for rabbits. Bettongs and rabbits used space differently with these differences suggesting a difference in the distribution and/or use of food resources.
Rabbits may exploit food resources that are essential to the survival and fitness of bettongs, reducing the availability of these resources to a level that bettongs are unable to harvest them. The degree of dietary overlap between the two species was ascertained by comparing the identifiable particles in the scats of bettongs and the stomachs of rabbits over two winters and two summers. The diets of bettongs and rabbits were significantly different in both summer (Mantel t = 2.4, P < 0.05) and winter (Mantel t = 12.0, P < 0.001). The main components of the bettongs diet were fungi, browse, fruit, and seed. There is an indication that they may have scavenged rabbit cadavers during summer. Rabbits were restricted to grasses, forbs and shrubs. This result, combined with morphological and physiological differences, suggests that bettongs and rabbits do not compete directly for food resources.
Shelter may be an important resource for which competition occurs as both species use warrens. Fifty-one bettong warrens were located by radio tracking 22 free-range bettongs in June and July 1996. These were compared with 141 rabbit warrens, recorded from seven transects walked in the same months. Nine variables were measured for each bettong and rabbit warren. Several rabbit warrens and two bettong warrens were excavated to investigate their internal structure.
Bettong warrens had more active entrances (mean = 2.43 ± 0.24) than rabbit warrens (mean = 1.69 ± 0.09). Bettong warren entrances were wider (mean = 207.0 ± 8.5 mm) and taller (mean = 166.0 ± 4.3 mm) than rabbit warrens (mean = 166.0 ± 4.9 mm and 146.0 ± 3.3 mm). Bettong and rabbit warrens differed in the frequency with which they occurred on various aspects (χ24 = 23.3, P < 0.001.). Bettong warrens were found under shrubs with more cover (mean = 81%) compared to those used by rabbits (mean = 69%, F1,189 = 8.56 P = 0.004). Bettong warrens were located more on the bottom/middle slopes and less on the plain than would be expected if both rabbits and bettongs warrens were evenly distributed throughout the landscape (%23 = 8.45, P = 0.038). Bettongs use deep well-ventilated, multi-entrance warrens throughout the year. Rabbits are unable to remain in warrens during the hot summers and shelter above ground under shrubs.
Apart from historical and natural history observations, no data exists on the impact of rabbits on the use of warrens by bettongs. Warren use, reproduction, and body condition of bettongs were assessed in the absence of rabbits and then subsequently with successively higher densities of rabbits in two experimental yards between November 1997 and January 1998. At the end the three months rabbits were removed, and the condition and warren use of bettongs was assessed.
Despite the doubling of the rabbit density in each yard each month the incidence of recorded cohabitation between bettongs and rabbits was low. Six rabbits shared six warrens with six bettongs for a total of 42 days. The number of times that bettongs moved warrens due to the presence of a rabbit in the warren on the previous night approached significance (χ21 = 3.608, P = 0.058). Cohabitation of warrens by bettongs and rabbits occurred but with no evidence of a decline in body condition or reproductive output of bettongs. The observed change in warren use by bettongs coincides with female bettongs using fewer warrens and remaining stationary in selected warrens for longer as pouch young neared the end of pouch life.
Changes in bettongs rate of increase, reproductive output, body condition, and recruitment were investigated between January 1996 and January 1998 during which time rabbit numbers increased from a moderate density reaching a ten-year high (approximately 45,000 rabbits) before declining to very low numbers. The study period was also characterised by above average winter rainfall and decreasing plant biomass through dry summers.
The free-range bettong population increased steadily from five individuals in January 1996 to 71 in May 1998. The observed rate of increase for bettongs between January 1996 and January 1998 was r = 1.9. In the period between January 1996 to January 1997 the observed rate of increase for bettongs was r = 0.9. Female bettongs reproduced all year, with an average of 66% of females carrying pouch young. Changes in rabbit density had no effect on the body condition of male or female bettongs. Recruitment averaged 11%, peaking in May and July of each year. Changes in rabbit abundance were not related to fluctuations in recruitment rate.
The results of this comparative study suggest that the niche of rabbits and bettongs at Heirisson Prong is sufficiently different to allow co-existence. Aspects of the bettongs' ecology may enable them to withstand habitat changes wrought by the rabbit. The most striking is a broad and adaptable diet, with a digestive physiology capable of digesting a wide range of foods. In addition, they are able to move over large areas in search for high quality food, and to live in complex warrens in large social groups. Consequently, the potential impact of the rabbit on the population dynamics of the bettong may well be restricted by these behaviours.
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Paini, Dean. "The impact of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) on Australian native bees." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0022.
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The European honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been present in Australia for approximately 150 years. For the majority of that time it was assumed this species could only be of benefit to Australia‘s natural ecosystems. More recently however, researchers and conservationists have questioned this assumption. Honey bees are an introduced species and may be affecting native fauna and flora. In particular, native bees have been highlighted as an animal that may be experiencing competition from honey bees as they are of similar sizes and both species require nectar and pollen for their progeny. Most research to date has focused on indirect measures of competition between honey bees and native bees (resource overlap, visitation rates and resource harvesting). The first chapter of this thesis reviews previous research explaining that many experiments lack significant replication and indirect measures of competition cannot evaluate the impact of honey bees on native bee fecundity or survival. Chapters two and four present descriptions of nesting biology of the two native bee species studied (Hylaeus alcyoneus and an undescribed Megachile sp.). Data collected focused on native bee fecundity and included nesting season, progeny mass, number of progeny per nest, sex ratio and parasitoids. This information provided a picture of the nesting biology of these two species and assisted in determining the design of an appropriate experiment. Chapters three and five present the results of two experiments investigating the impact of honey bees on these two species of native bees in the Northern Beekeepers Nature Reserve in Western Australia. Both experiments focused on the fecundity of these native bee species in response to honey bees and also had more replication than any other previous experiment in Australia of similar design. The first experiment (Chapter three), over two seasons, investigated the impact of commercial honey bees on Hylaeus alcyoneus, a native solitary bee. The experiment was monitored every 3-4 weeks (measurement interval). However, beekeepers did not agist hives on sites simultaneously so measurement intervals were initially treated separately using ANOVA. Results showed no impact of honey bees at any measurement interval and in some cases, poor power. Data from both seasons was combined in a Wilcoxon‘s sign test and showed that honey bees had a negative impact on the number of nests completed by H. alcyoneus. The second experiment (Chapter 5) investigated the impact of feral honey bees on an undescribed Megachile species. Hive honey bees were used to simulate feral levels of honey bees in a BACI (Before/After, Control/Impact) design experiment. There was no impact detected on any fecundity variables. The sensitivity of the experiment was calculated and in three fecundity variables (male and female progeny mass and the number of progeny per nest) the experiment was sensitive enough to detect 15-30% difference between control and impact sites. The final chapter (Chapter six) makes a number of research and management recommendations in light of the research findings.
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Charak, Sarah Edith. "Anglo-Jews and Eastern European Jews in a White Australia." Thesis, Department of History, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/21137.
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This thesis traces the story of Australian Jewish identity from the colonial period to the end of the 1920s. Anglo-Jews aligned themselves with ‘white Australia’, arguing that their Jewishness was merely a private trait. Moments of crisis in the 1890s and 1920s, prompted by the possible and actual migration of Eastern European Jews to Australia, threatened to destabilise the place Anglo-Jews had carved out in Australian society, and forced a renegotiation of what it meant to be Jewish in Australia. These moments demonstrate that despite being notionally accepted in Australia, the whiteness of Jews was never guaranteed. Drawing on newspapers and government records, this thesis argues that since their arrival in Australia, Jews have been ambivalently and ambiguously placed in relation to Australian constructions of whiteness. As a group notoriously hard to define, Jews are an important case study in an analysis of the discursive world of ‘white Australia’, presenting new questions that challenge existing binaries of ‘white’ and ‘coloured’.
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Sneddon, Ian Alexander. "Aspects of olfaction, social behaviour and ecology of an island population of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2823.
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Olfactory behaviour in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been studied extensively under laboratory and semi-natural conditions. Results of observations on aspects of the olfactory behaviour of a free-living population of rabbits are presented. To facilitate interpretation of these results, considerable preliminary information about the population was collected. The study was conducted over a three year period on the Isle of May off the east coast of Scotland. A total of 326 rabbits were trapped and marked to permit identification in the field, and data on sex, age and social status of these individuals was collated. Data on the overall structure and fluctuations in the population are presented. The social organisation and home ranges of rabbits at four study sites throughout the three years are described. Observations indicate that the social organisation of free-living populations is more complex and variable than previous descriptions of semi-natural populations would have led us to expect. The reproductive performance of the population was investigated and intra and interwarren variations are analysed with respect to warren and group size. Results indicate an inverse relationship between warren size and reproductive success. The most frequently observed group composition (2 males, 2 females) was also the most reproductively successful. Daily and seasonal activity patterns of different age, sex and social status classes of rabbits are described. Olfactory communication was investigated by analysis of the frequency, daily and seasonal variation, and behavioural context of odour related activities performed by members of different age, sex and social status classes. The importance of using appropriate methods for the sampling of behaviour in field studies of olfaction is stressed. The present study concentrates on behaviour related to latrines; chin marking of the substrate and of conspecifics; enurination and urine squirting; and pawscraping. The results suggest that different scent products may carry similar information but analysis of variations in the frequency and context of odour deposition suggests that the deposition of scent fulfills a variety of functions.
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Serronha, Ana Marta. "Modeling the factors limiting the distribution and abundance of the european rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in SE Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/22988.
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O Coelho-bravo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) é uma espécie com um papel-chave nos ecossistemas
Ibéricos. A sua distribuição e abundância são influenciadas por um elevado números de factores, que
conjuntamente com a sua plasticidade, tornam a gestão das suas populações uma tarefa complexa.
Este estudo tem como objectivo identificar os factores que limitam a distribuição e abundância das
populações de Coelho-bravo no SE de Portugal, uma região que é prioritária para a conservação do
Lince-ibérico. Os dados de campo consistiram num Índice Quilométrico (latrinas) de Abundância
(IQA), ao qual modelos univariados e multivariados de regressão de quantis foram ajustados, usando
diversas variáveis. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as populações de Coelho-bravo são limitadas
por factores ecológicos, climáticos e de gestão, e que variam de acordo com as áreas em estudo. Este
estudo fornece informação relevante para a recuperação da população de Coelho-bravo,
contribuindo consequentemente para o sucesso das reintroduções do Lince-ibérico; ABSTRACT:
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) plays a key role in Iberian ecosystems. This species’
distribution and abundance is affected by a combination of several factors, and its high plasticity
makes population management a challenging task. The main goal of this study is to identify the
factors limiting the distribution and abundance of European rabbit populations in SE Portugal, a
priority region for the Iberian lynx conservation. Field data consisted of a Kilometric Index of (latrine)
Abundance (KIA), to which univariate and multivariate quantile regression models were fitted, using
a diversity of variables. The obtained results revealed that European rabbits populations are limited
by ecological, climatic and management factors, which varied across sampling areas. This study
provides highly relevant information for European rabbit population recovery, consequently
contributing for the success of Iberian lynx reintroductions.
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Ward, Stuart. "Discordant communities : Australia, Britain and the EEC, 1956-1963." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27667.
Full textAbstract:
This work is concerned with the demise of ‘British race patriotism’ in Australian political culture in the late 19505 and early 1960s. The organic ideal of British racial community was a founding ideological pillar of Australian nationality for much of this century, yet the declining relevance of these ideas, and the emergence of a more limited, exclusive conception of Australian ‘community’ has not been adequately addressed in the existing historical literature. In
many respects, the waning appeal of ‘Britishness’ in Australia was a gradual and piecemeal process, but at the level of Australian political culture the shifts in outlook and assumptions occurred surprisingly rapidly, and converged largely around a single key event; namely, the first British application for membership of the European Economic Community in the years 1961 to 1963. The Macmillan Govemment’s painful choice between the discordant communities of ‘Europe’ and the ‘the British race’ provoked a crisis of British race patriotism in Australia, and prompted long overdue reflection, discussion and debate about the changing determinants of Australian nationhood in the post-war world. This occurred, not under the impetus of an instinctive dawning of an innate and assertive Australian nationalism as is often suggested, but in reaction to the demise of British race patriotism as a viable and credible framework for the
ordering of Australian loyalties, priorities and policies. In the case of Britain's EEC membership application, it is significant that the revision of sentimental assumptions took place after it had become painfully self-evident that the United Kingdom was determined to pursue national interests and a national destiny that could no longer be reconciled with the traditional conception
of organic Anglo-Australian community. The tensions and contradictions between ‘sentiment’ and 'self—interest‘, long inherent in Australia's political and economic ties to Great Britain, imploded under the impetus of the Macmillan Government's EEC aspirations. Before any limited. sovereign, national community could become fully imaginable in Australian political culture, it was a necessary precondition that the wider sense of British racial community should
become ‘unimaginable’.
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Robson, Sally Jane. "The trade relationship between Australia and the European Union countries : 1955-1997." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36298/1/36298_Robson_19997.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to examine Australia's economic relationship with the European Union
(EU) countries since 1955 in order to develop a greater understanding of the current situation
between them. This is to be completed on two levels. The first being the actual trade relationship
between Australia and the EU and the second being the Australian perceptions of this trade
relationship.
The research problem to be addressed in this research is:
How have the development of regional groupings like the European Union impacted
on a country's trade? What role does the fear of exclusion play in this relationship?
The research questions that address this research problem are:
RQ.1) What has occurred in Australia's trade relationship with the EU countries since
1955?
RQ.2) How do Australians perceive Europe as a trading partner?
RQ.3) How have Australian perceptions of Europe affected economic relations with the
EU?
Chapter one introduces the background to this research, it outlines the research problem,
questions, objectives and the structure of the thesis.
Chapter two reviews the relevant literature to this research. The research is based on international
relations. A history of the emergence of the international economy is examined, and within this
processes of economic and political globalization are assessed. This provides an overview of the
processes which have led to the development of this research problem. The main theoretical body
to which this research contributes is then examined, this being the process of regionalisation as to whether a tri-polar world will be the norm or if it is a step toward globalization. An
examination of the European Union, a regional trade bloc, is then made. The further body of
theory to that on regionalisation is then examined being on customs unions, using the EU as an
example. An overview of Australia's position in the international economy and the implications
of these processes for Australia are then assessed. Finally the literature on Australian relations
with the EU is examined.
Chapter three outlines the methodological processes of this research. Qualitative analysis is to
be performed with some quantitative analysis. An historic approach is taken. Archival analysis,
surveys and interviews are used to collect the data. Procedures of data collection and analysis are
outlined and ethical procedures are considered.
Chapter four presents the findings of the research. The patterns of data pertaining to research
question one are first presented, these being the trade statistics between Australia and the EU.
Data pertaining to research question two are then presented. Firstly government perceptions of
Australia's relations with Europe are detailed. Secondly the portrayal of Europe by the media is
outlined. Finally the results of the surveys and interviews are presented giving Australian
perceptions of Europe.
Chapter five summarises the findings of the research and concludes the research questions and
problem. The variation in the reality of the trade pattern between Australia and the EU and the
Australian perception of relations with Europe are accounted for given the perception of the
Government and the Media. Implications of the research are then given for theory, and
suggestions are given for future research,
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Toth, Gyula. "Philosophical foundations for a constructivist and institutionalist relationship between the European Union and Australia." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10036.
Full textAbstract:
The European Union (EU) and Australia share a significant volume of historical connections in languages, cultures, economic and trade relationships, political views and ideas. These associations have had different levels of strength and frequencies in the past, depending on how these two political entities interacted with each other in the framework of international relations. Australia and the EU jointly developed an important political and socio-economic basis for working together, and cooperation between them is deeper and more common than the public might perceive to be the case. The EU is a growing superstructure; meanwhile Australia is a developed and successful nation, a successful democracy and a middle power. Nevertheless, Australia cannot expect to match the power and position of a polity, which comprises 28 different countries. This fact can produce a certain asymmetric relationship in the connection between these two political entities' communities. These asymmetric elements in the collaboration between them are liable to create certain discrepancies and disharmonies in the development of their different agreements in general. This thesis aims to examine the scope and depth of the EU-Australia working relationship, the convergent and the divergent issues within it. This exploration provides an analysis of the philosophical and sociological foundations of international relations in general, with special regard to the framework of sociological constructivism and sociological institutionalism, as possible catalysers in the growth and furtherance of the many-sided EU-Australia collaboration. To reach the most effective and efficient cooperation between the European Union and Australia, which includes the efforts to alleviate the urgent environmental sustainability and related problems regionally, and in a globalising world, will go a long way to create peace, security, and prosperity in Eurasia and in the Pacific. The EU-Australia mutual relationship is facilitated through shared values, norms and normative principles, such as the constitutive norms of liberty, democracy, good governance; the regulative norms of the centrality of peace, human rights, social solidarity, environmental sustainability; and the evaluative norms of the rule of law, transparency, human dignity and anti-discrimination. The willingness of the European Union and Australia to partake in a joint experience of continuous social learning process, provide them the power to achieve their aims together in a changing world.
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Sharples, Colin M. "Large- and small-scale factors influencing the population ecology of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus L., in southern Spain." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309906.
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Kriščiūnaitė, Asta. "Lietuvos pilkųjų (Lepus europaeus) ir Baltųjų (Lepus timidus) kiškių kaukolių morfologinė analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140305_134142-67186.
Full textAbstract:
Darbo tikslas: išmatuoti Lietuvoje paplitusių pilkųjų ir baltųjų kiškių kaukoles ir nustatyti šių kiškių kaukolių morfologinius tarprūšinius skirtumus. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas Kauno Tado Ivanausko zoologijos muziejuje, naudojant šiame muziejuje esančią kiškių kaukolių kolekciją. Osteometrinei analizei naudota 29 L. europaeus, 21 L. timidus kaukolės. Makroskopinei palyginamajai analizei naudota 68 L. europaeus, 24 L. timidus kaukolės. Osteometrinei analizei atlikti buvo pasirinkti 31 matavimas. 21 matavimas atliktas remiantis F. Palacios metodika, modifikuota F. Riga ir kt. (2001 m.), 10 matavimų atlikti pagal A. von den Driesch (1976) metodiką. Matavimai atlikti elektroniniu slankmačiu 0,01 mm tikslumu. Makroskopinė palyginamoji analizė buvo atliekama remiantis F. Palacios 1998 m. metodika. Tyrimo metu tarp rūšių nustatyta 15 statistiškai patikimų matmenų (P<0,05) ir 8 makrsokopinės anatomijos tarprūšiniai skirtumai. Išvados: pilkųjų kiškių veidinė dalis yra ilgesnė ir platesnė už baltųjų kiškių. Pilkųjų kiškių kiaušo dalis yra aukštesnė už baltųjų kiškių, tačiau baltiesiems kiškiams būdinga platesnė priekinė kiaušo dalis. Bendras kaukolės ilgis tarp rūšių nesiskiria, tačiau baltųjų kiškių kaukolės yra platesnės. Atlikus tarprūšinę pilkųjų ir baltųjų kiškių kaukolių ir apatinių žandikaulių osteologinę analizę, nustatyti 7 kaukolės ir 1 apatinio žandikaulio skirtumas.Aim: To measure the spread of European and Mountain rabbit skulls in Lithuania as well as determine the morphological differences and variations of the skulls between the species. The study was conducted at Tadas Ivanauskas Zoology Museum in Kaunas, using the collection of the rabbit skulls presented there. In terms of the study, the 29 L. europaeus, 21 L. timidus skulls were used for Osteometric analysis while 68 L. europaeus, 24 L. timidus skulls were used for macroscopic comparative analysis. During the Osteometric investigation, thirty one measurement was performed in total, in which twenty one of them was based on F. Palacios methodology (modified F.Riga et al., (2001)) while other ten were based on A. von den Driesch (1976) methodology. Measurements were performed using electronic caliper with 0.01mm accuracy. Macroscopic comparative analysis was performed with reference to F. Palacios, (1998) methodology. As a result, fifteen statistically relevant dimensions (P<0,05) were discovered along with eight macroscopic anatomical variations between the species. Conclusions: The facial part of the European rabbit skull is longer and wider when compared to the Mountain rabbit skull. In addition, the neurocranium of the European rabbit skull is higher. However, Mountain rabbits typically have wider frontal area of the neurocranium. Overall length of the skull remains the same between the species, nevertheless, white rabbits were discovered to have generally wider skulls. The... [to full text]
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Kirov, Eliena. "The management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Western Australians of Southern European origin." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/206.
Full textAbstract:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing health problem both nationally and internationally. In Australia and Western Australia, prevalence rates have been increasing steadily over the past 20 years which has prompted the Commonwealth Government to implement strategies and recommendations encouraging increased attention relating to the various lifestyle aspects of type 2 diabetes. The strategies include aims to lessen the burden of type 2 diabetes on the health system and mortality and morbidity at the social level, and enhance the management, life expectancy, and quality of life for the individual. Drawing on this increased attention to lifestyle factors, this study focuses on lifestyle and ethnicity. This study identifies and describes the diabetes management strategies of Southern European-born Slav and Italian cultural groups, as well as an Australian-born Anglo-Celtic cultural group. Southern Europeans are a group at high risk for type 2 diabetes development, and form the second largest immigrant group in Australia after those born in the United Kingdom, and are one of the oldest migrant groups, having reached a peak in migration during the post-World War II immigration boom.
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Jones, Emily Lena. "Broad spectrum diets and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) : dietary change during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Dordogne, southwestern France /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6529.
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Konishi, Shino Amanda. "Bodies in contact : European representations of Aboriginal men 1770-1803." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10080.
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Wang, Shiheng. "Timing equity issuance in response to mandatory accounting standards change in Australia and the European Union." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1308.
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Aghighi, Sonia. "The etiology and epidemiology of European Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans) decline in South-West of Western Australia." Thesis, Aghighi, Sonia (2013) The etiology and epidemiology of European Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans) decline in South-West of Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22643/.
Full textAbstract:
European Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans A. Newton) is one of the top 20 Weeds of National Significance in Australia. It is a major weed of conservation areas, particularly in wetter regions, and is also a major weed of forestry and agriculture. Rubus anglocandicans is the most abundant and widespread species of European blackberry in the south-west of Western Australia (WA). Herbicides and cultural control methods are generally ineffective, or require multiple applications; however, this weed is often located within inaccessible areas, which limits control options. Therefore, biological control has been identified as the main option for the control of blackberry in Australia.
Biocontrol started in the 1980s, initially with the appearance a strain of the host-specific rust Phragmidium violaceum in Victoria. This, so called “illegal strain” and later the official strain of the rust were eventually spread to WA, but they failed to provide control. The blackberry species specifically targeted was R. anglocandicans – the main species in the Manjimup-Pemberton area and along the Warren and Donnelly Rivers in the south-west of Western Australia. New strains of the rust were released in 2004 and 2005. In some areas the levels of rust developed on blackberry was high, at least initially.
While monitoring for rust control, the presence of blackberry decline was noticed. The extent of the disease, with noticeable changes to vegetation structure, from an impenetrable tangle of vegetation to a parklike setting of trees and grass, following the disappearance of dense blackberry infestations, has lead to it being called “blackberry decline”. More detailed examination of the decline sites suggested that the decline was not due to the inoculated rust, but possibly due to a root pathogen.
Surveys between 2010 and 2012 led to the recovery of ten different Phytophthora, nine Pythium species and Cylindrocarpon species. The surveys also identified other abiotic and biotic factors such as landforms and grazing that appear to be associated with the decline of blackberry. The Phytophthora species isolated included a new species from Phytophthora clade 6 which was described as P. bilorbang as a part of this study. The other Phytophthora species included P. cinnamomi from decline-free sites, and P.amnicola, P. cryptogea, P. inundata, P. litoralis, P. multivora, P. taxon personii, P. thermophila, and a P. thermophila-amnicola hybrid from decline sites. Primocane under-bark inoculations and pot infestation trials in the glasshouse provided evidence of the pathogenicity of P. bilorbang and P. cryptogea to R. anglocandicans. In a dual combination trial to examine synergistic effects between Phytophthora species, disease severity increased by combining at least two to three species including P. amnicola, P. bilorbang, and P. cryptogea under a regime of regular waterlogging. In an in planta under-bark inoculation trial in the field to confirm the pathogenicity of Phytophthora species in the blackberry decline with and without application of phosphite, phosphite reduced the size of lesions caused by all Phytophthora species. Extensive ‘on-ground’ surveys showed the “decline” to extend along at least 64 km of riverbank, and at present is only known from the Warren and Donnelly River Catchments.
In this project, the etiology and epidemiology of the decline distribution have been investigated and a conceptual model, a “blackberry decline spiral” is proposed to describe the key factors that are hypothesised to be involved in the decline phenomenon of R. anglocandicans. This model includes predisposing, inciting and contributing factors. It is assumed that predisposing or stress factors such as periodic flooding set the stage for inciting factors (e.g. lack of genetic potential in R. anglocandicans and grazing by animals). Whilst contributing factors (e.g. Phytophthora species as root pathogens and leaf rust) included in the blackberry decline spiral all have a role in this syndrome, the involvement of the hypothesized predisposing and inciting factors are also essential for the expansion of the decline.
This thesis has shown blackberry decline to be a complex syndrome made up of a number of factors, most significant of which are periodic flooding and damage to the roots by at least two Phytophthora species, P. bilorbang and P. cryptogea.
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van, der Mensbrugghe-Ingles Joelle, and n/a. "Kangaroos, koalas and business tycoons : Australia and Australians in the western European press, October 1994-March 1995." University of Canberra. Communication, Media & Tourism, 1996. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.164721.
Full textAbstract:
This research looks at the way Australia is portrayed in the Western
European press, particularly in the light of Australia's recent emphasis on
being a clever country, within the Asia Pacific region.
The research is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of all articles
explicitly referring to Australia, in seven newspapers from Belgium (2),
France (2), Germany (1) and the United Kingdom (2), over a 6 month period.
The main hypothesis was that those newspapers without Australian based
correspondents or stringers picture Australia in a stereotypical way and that
"news" in those papers, instead of giving "news", reinforces existing ideas
and images held of Australia. My research supports the hypothesis, but also
uncovers the very important role played by editors at home. They decide
what is important, what is news and their choice will go to consonant
"news".
The research shows that newspapers in Europe largely portray Australia's
older images, with its kangaroos, koalas and beaches peopled by sportsmen.
Australia is largely portrayed as an almost untouched country inhabited by
animals to be found nowhere else, and by people (mainly white Anglo-
Saxon males) reputed for their friendliness, as well as for their laziness and
sometimes their strangeness. "Newer" images of Australia promoted by the
Australian government (e.g. Australia as a clever country and part of the
Asia-Pacific region) get relatively little coverage in the Western European
press.
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Fong, Natalie L. "Chinese Merchants in the Northern Territory, 1880-1950: A translocal case study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/410942.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines a leading group of Chinese merchants (those engaged in overseas trade) and their families who operated businesses in the Northern Territory (‘the Territory’) during the period 1880-1950. This study emphasises the benefits of a translocal approach to understanding the interrelationships of race, class, and gender in this history. But it also provides a framework for investigating the interrelationships of Chinese people in Darwin, of Chinese and Aboriginal people, and of Chinese people in different locations in Australia and overseas. I argue that Chinese merchants and their families based in particular locations should be studied in relation to each other and thus comparatively and transnationally to better understand their various contributions to local, national and international histories. Darwin is one such illuminating example. The Chinese merchants in the Territory are a dynamic and underinvestigated case study in this regard due to several compelling factors. The ongoing presence of Chinese in the Territory spanned a tumultuous era in the Territory and Australia’s path to nationhood: the discovery of gold in the Territory in the 1870s; the advent of the telegraph line, railway and international steamship companies; anti-Chinese sentiment in Australian colonies and overseas in the 1880s; Federation and the infamous Immigration Restriction Act in 1901; the passing of the Territory from South Australian to Commonwealth administration in 1911, and World Wars One and Two. Darwin occupied a pivotal position in Australia’s battle with Japan during World War Two. Moreover, the Territory, together with the northern regions of Western Australia and Queensland, featured in race debates and anti- Chinese rhetoric surrounding Federation. These regions posed a dilemma for Australian colonial then federal governments regarding the need for labour to develop the north without compromising the vision of a ‘White Australia’. Until 1888, the Territory was an ‘open door’ to Chinese immigration. Furthermore, the Territory’s dominant Chinese population affords a manageable but revealing in-depth historical analysis of a microcosm of Chinese of various dialect groups, classes, and occupations. As will be shown, this microcosm was organised and directed by a group of Darwin-based merchants. Darwin was a key node for European and Chinese merchants in the circulation of goods and people, aided by steamships and the telegraph. The tropical climate and challenging terrain prompted authorities to work with Chinese merchants to import labour. Chinese merchants established businesses in the Territory; some had transnational business networks, sometimes in conjunction with Chinese merchants in other parts of Australia, that contributed to economies beyond Australia to the Asia-Pacific. In contrast to mainstream assumptions about the marginalisation of Asians in ‘White Australia’, I demonstrate that in the Territory, Chinese merchants and their families experienced a degree of respect and acceptance from European political and business elites as leaders and representatives of the Chinese. They were also part of the Territory’s complication of global histories of race through the triangulation of European-Chinese-Aboriginal relations. These relations were policed by government regulations but afforded Chinese merchants elevated social status over other Chinese and over Aboriginal people, some of whom were employed by Chinese merchants, a practice later prohibited by law. The considerable political activism of the Territory Chinese leaders on behalf of the Territory Chinese against anti-Asian discrimination is also highlighted in this case study. The economic competitiveness of the Chinese merchants in the Territory was a major factor in the formation of an anti- Chinese faction of European businessmen in the Territory. This faction campaigned for national immigration restrictions in the lead-up to the passing of similar Chinese immigration restrictions by Australian colonies in 1888 and during the formulation of the 1901 federal Immigration Restriction Act. Territory Chinese merchants actively protested these and other ‘White Australia’ policies, producing valuable records of Chinese voices. These records also provide evidence of European support for the Chinese, an aspect of history rarely discussed then or since. My investigation of this aspect of European-Chinese relations places it in critical relationship to the interplay of issues such as the politics of citizenship, the economic agendas of governments and interpersonal exchanges ‘on the ground’. Finally, this case study contributes to another important and developing field of research – the history of Chinese women in Australia. Underused archival sources disclose numerous examples of Territory Chinese women from merchant families who became involved in business despite Australian and Chinese gender norms that restricted women’s activity. Two women who will be profiled in this study even self-identified as merchants. This translocal study of the Chinese merchants of the Territory adds considerably to our understanding of the history of the Territory, of the development of Australian nationhood, and of transnational political, economic and social histories. It is also a study of personal significance in exploring the experiences of my ancestors as the first generation to migrate to Australia. Additionally, being a descendant of one of the merchants and one of the remarkable merchants’ wives presented in this study has given me access to family archives which have been invaluable to my research.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
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Geraldes, Armando. "Evolutionary genetics and incipient speciation in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) : insights from the analysis of nucleotide polymorphism at mtDNA and sex chromosomes." Doctoral thesis, Porto : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/64277.
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Geraldes, Armando. "Evolutionary genetics and incipient speciation in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) : insights from the analysis of nucleotide polymorphism at mtDNA and sex chromosomes." Tese, Porto : [s.n.], 2006. http://catalogo.up.pt/F?func=find-b&local_base=FCB01&find_code=SYS&request=000086281.
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Marshall, Anne, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning. "Ngapartji-ngapartji : ecologies of performance in Central Australia : comparative studies in the ecologies of Aboriginal-Australian and European-Australian performances with specific focus on the relationship of context, place, physical environment, and personal experience." THESIS_CAESS_SELL_Marshall_A.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/556.
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All forms of cultural interaction are expressive and creative. In particular, what the performing arts express is not always the conscious, the ideal and the rational, but more often the preconscious, pre-verbal, asocial and irrational, touching on darker undercurrents of human and extra-human interrelations, experiences, beliefs, fears, desires and values. So what is performance and how does it differ in cultures? A performance is a translation of an idea into a synaesthetic experience. In the context of this thesis, however, translation does not imply reductive literal translation as can be attempted by analogy in spoken or written descriptions and notation systems. The translation is one through which participating groups and individuals seek to understand the being in the world of the Other by means of mutual, embodied negotiation of meaning - sensually, experientially, perceptually, cognitively and emotionally - that is, by means of performance. As a contribution towards a social theory of human performance, the author offers reflections on an exchange between two performance ecologies - those of a group of Aboriginal Australian performers from Mimili, Central Australia and a mixed ethnic group of Australian performers from Penrith, NSW, Australia.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Price, Gary Norman. "Assessing the growth performance of European olive (Olea europea L.) on Mount Weld pastoral station." Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1862.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes the growth of European olive (Olea europaea L.) at three different trial sites located near Laverton, in the north-eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. The local region comprises part ofthe rangelands area of Australia and has a semi-arid climate. The initial reason for planting olives was indirectly related to the rapid decrease in the local population and the economic downturn that resulted within that community during the late 1990's. This prompted an investigation into other possibilities for economic diversity for remote communities such as Laverton, which are located in the rangelands area of Australia. In Australia, much of the southern and eastern areas of the country have similar climate to traditional olive growing areas in Europe. [n the rangelands however, the environment is different to most other areas in the world where olive trees are grown and there is a notable absence of a commercial olive industry. Whilst locally, individual trees were also observed to be growing well and fruiting abundantly, it is not known whether it is possible to grow olive trees successfully on a commercial scale. Two preliminary trials were established in an ad-hoc manner, to examine whether olive trees could be grown successfully in the rangelands environment. Eighty-eight trees of 5 different cultivars were planted on a shallow, clay soil profile at the first trial site. Ninety-eight trees of 11 different cultivar were planted on a deep sand soil profile at the second site. Higher mortality rate occurred at the first site, with most tree deaths being recorded in the first two years. Peak growth of branch tips occurred during the spring-summer seasons at both sites. Differences in trial design and timing of planting prevented statistical comparison of growth performance between sites however.A third olive trial, consisting of 3 olive groves was established according to randomised design. In the north and middle groves, 54 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a deep alluvial soil profile. In the south grove, 53 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a shallow clay soil profile. High mortality rates were recorded at all 3 groves during the first year, as a result of high salinity levels in irrigation water during the establishment period. Overall, most tree mortality was recorded at the south grove. Significantly higher growth performance occurred within the deeper alluvial soil profile at the north and middle groves, compared to the shallow clay soil profile in the south grove. Negligible olive fruit production occurred at the first site. At the second site, small quantities of olive fruit were produced during some seasons only. No olive fruit production occurred at any grove at the randomized site. Successful fruit formation appears directly related to tree health, as a function of water supply. Ripening of olive fruit occurred earlier than at other more temperate olive growing areas of Australia. Similar major and trace element deficiencies occurred at all sites, interpreted to be a function of universal alkaline ground-water conditions.This study failed to confirm conclusively, whether European olive could be grown successfully in the semi-arid climate, typical of much of the rangelands area of Australia. As a result of the study however, successful growth in this environment is confirmed to be highly dependent on three factors. Firstly, availability of reliable irrigation waters of sufficient quality. Secondly, choice of suitable soil types. Thirdly, selection of suitable cultivars. Quality of olive oil produced from fruit appears to be influenced by local climatic factors The study also highlighted the issues of land tenure, current management attitudes and level of support within the local community as having a direct and significant impact on the trial.
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Ujma, Susan. "A comparative study of indigenous people's and early European settlers' usage of three Perth wetlands, Western Australia, 1829-1939." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/547.
Full textAbstract:
This study takes as its focus the contrasting manner in which the Nyoongar indigenous people and the early European settlers utilised three wetland environments in southwest Australia over the century between 1829 and 1939. The thesis offers both an ecological and a landscape perspective to changes in the wetlands of Herdsman Lake, Lake Joondalup and Loch McNess. The chain of interconnecting linear lakes provides some of the largest permanent sources of fresh water masses on the Swan Coastal Plain. This thesis acknowledges the importance of the wetland system to the Nyoongar indigenous people.
The aim of this research is to interpret the human intervention into the wetland ecosystems by using a methodology that combines cultural landscape, historical and biophysical concepts as guiding themes. Assisted by historical maps and field observations, this study offers an ecological perspective on the wetlands, depicting changes in the human footprint on its landscape, and mapping the changes since the indigenous people’s sustainable ecology and guardianship were removed. These data can be used and compared with current information to gain insights into how and why modification to these wetlands occurred.
An emphasis is on the impact of human settlement and land use on natural systems. In the colonial period wetlands were not generally viewed as visually pleasing; they were perceived as alien and hostile environments. Settlers saw the land as an economic commodity to be exploited in a money economy. Thus the effects of a sequence of occupances and their transformation of environments as traditional Aboriginal resource use gave way to early European settlement, which brought about an evolution and cultural change in the wetland ecosystems, and attitudes towards them.
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Cochrane, Brandy Marie. "Drowning In It: State Crime and Refugee Deaths in the Borderlands." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/772.
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This paper examines the current state of border hardening against refugees in the European Union and Australia through the lens of state crime. Border hardening strategies are described for both of these areas and a theoretical basis of state crime victimology is used to examine the refugees who encounter this border hardening. The present study analyzes two data sets on border deaths, one for the European Union and one for Australia, to examine the demographics of the refugees who perish while attempting to transgress the border. Results indicated that there remains a significant amount of missing data, suggesting that official methods of record-keeping are necessary to determine the most basic demographics, such as gender and age, so analyses can be run to determine significance in this area. One clear finding was that migrants most frequently die from drowning (EU: 83.6%; AU: 93%) compared to any other cause. Also, there is indication that those from disadvantaged areas of origin (such as the Middle East and Africa) are more likely to die in the borderlands than others in the dataset. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
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Banerjee, Shantanu. "Determinants of International Competitiveness: A Comparative Study of the Sugar Industry in Australia, Brazil, and the European Union." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16032/1/Shantanu_Banerjee_Thesis.pdf.
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The dissertation involves an investigation into the circumstances of international competitiveness and how it is pursued by firms from different sugar producing and marketing nations. Understanding of competitiveness has primarily been pursued in terms of economic variables and market conditions. The roles of the government, the socio-cultural-political context in international business, and their effects on competitiveness have largely been ignored. This study integrates perspectives from strategic management, the resource-based view of the firm, and international business to propose a conceptual framework of international competitiveness. The work advances understanding of competitiveness in international business in two ways. First, it develops a conceptual framework that captures the socio-political element of a nation's industry and the crucial role it plays in achieving international competitiveness. Second, it combines firm, industry, strategy, and socio-political influences. Those are involved in a multi-level hierarchical process between firms, industry and the nation that effectively generates competitiveness. The dissertation employs a qualitative method of comparative analysis between Australia, Brazil and the European Union, which are the three dominant sugar producing and exporting economies in the world. A series of propositions are presented on the four identified influences on international competitiveness. How firms from different nations pursue these is highlighted. After considering the varied approaches for attaining international competitiveness, implications for further research and for theory, policy and practice are outlined.
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Banerjee, Shantanu. "Determinants of International Competitiveness: A Comparative Study of the Sugar Industry in Australia, Brazil, and the European Union." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16032/.
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The dissertation involves an investigation into the circumstances of international competitiveness and how it is pursued by firms from different sugar producing and marketing nations. Understanding of competitiveness has primarily been pursued in terms of economic variables and market conditions. The roles of the government, the socio-cultural-political context in international business, and their effects on competitiveness have largely been ignored. This study integrates perspectives from strategic management, the resource-based view of the firm, and international business to propose a conceptual framework of international competitiveness. The work advances understanding of competitiveness in international business in two ways. First, it develops a conceptual framework that captures the socio-political element of a nation's industry and the crucial role it plays in achieving international competitiveness. Second, it combines firm, industry, strategy, and socio-political influences. Those are involved in a multi-level hierarchical process between firms, industry and the nation that effectively generates competitiveness. The dissertation employs a qualitative method of comparative analysis between Australia, Brazil and the European Union, which are the three dominant sugar producing and exporting economies in the world. A series of propositions are presented on the four identified influences on international competitiveness. How firms from different nations pursue these is highlighted. After considering the varied approaches for attaining international competitiveness, implications for further research and for theory, policy and practice are outlined.
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Price, Gary Norman. "Assessing the growth performance of European olive (Olea europea L.) on Mount Weld pastoral station." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Environmental Biology, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17424.
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This thesis describes the growth of European olive (Olea europaea L.) at three different trial sites located near Laverton, in the north-eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. The local region comprises part ofthe rangelands area of Australia and has a semi-arid climate. The initial reason for planting olives was indirectly related to the rapid decrease in the local population and the economic downturn that resulted within that community during the late 1990's. This prompted an investigation into other possibilities for economic diversity for remote communities such as Laverton, which are located in the rangelands area of Australia. In Australia, much of the southern and eastern areas of the country have similar climate to traditional olive growing areas in Europe. [n the rangelands however, the environment is different to most other areas in the world where olive trees are grown and there is a notable absence of a commercial olive industry. Whilst locally, individual trees were also observed to be growing well and fruiting abundantly, it is not known whether it is possible to grow olive trees successfully on a commercial scale. Two preliminary trials were established in an ad-hoc manner, to examine whether olive trees could be grown successfully in the rangelands environment. Eighty-eight trees of 5 different cultivars were planted on a shallow, clay soil profile at the first trial site. Ninety-eight trees of 11 different cultivar were planted on a deep sand soil profile at the second site. Higher mortality rate occurred at the first site, with most tree deaths being recorded in the first two years. Peak growth of branch tips occurred during the spring-summer seasons at both sites. Differences in trial design and timing of planting prevented statistical comparison of growth performance between sites however.A third olive trial, consisting of 3 olive groves was established according to randomised design. In the north and middle groves, 54 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a deep alluvial soil profile. In the south grove, 53 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a shallow clay soil profile. High mortality rates were recorded at all 3 groves during the first year, as a result of high salinity levels in irrigation water during the establishment period. Overall, most tree mortality was recorded at the south grove. Significantly higher growth performance occurred within the deeper alluvial soil profile at the north and middle groves, compared to the shallow clay soil profile in the south grove. Negligible olive fruit production occurred at the first site. At the second site, small quantities of olive fruit were produced during some seasons only. No olive fruit production occurred at any grove at the randomized site. Successful fruit formation appears directly related to tree health, as a function of water supply. Ripening of olive fruit occurred earlier than at other more temperate olive growing areas of Australia. Similar major and trace element deficiencies occurred at all sites, interpreted to be a function of universal alkaline ground-water conditions.
This study failed to confirm conclusively, whether European olive could be grown successfully in the semi-arid climate, typical of much of the rangelands area of Australia. As a result of the study however, successful growth in this environment is confirmed to be highly dependent on three factors. Firstly, availability of reliable irrigation waters of sufficient quality. Secondly, choice of suitable soil types. Thirdly, selection of suitable cultivars. Quality of olive oil produced from fruit appears to be influenced by local climatic factors The study also highlighted the issues of land tenure, current management attitudes and level of support within the local community as having a direct and significant impact on the trial.
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Ohren, Dana M. "All the Tsar's men minorities and military conscription in Imperial Russia, 1874-1905 /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3203866.
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Le, Gall Ghislaine. "Calicivirus des lagomorphes : détermination de la séquence nucléotidique de l'EBHSV (european brown hare syndrome virus) : épidémiologie moléculaire des virus EBHSV et RHDV(rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus)." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES3103.
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Laurent, Sylvie. "Étude de la protéine de capside des calicivirus des lagomorphes RHDV (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus) et EBHSV (European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus) : antigénicité, vaccination et assemblage." Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP1029.
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Les virus RHDV (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus) et EBHSV (European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus) ont été décrits pour la première fois sur le continent européen au début des années 1980. Ces deux virus, responsables d'hépatites nécrosantes, sont capables de tuer 90% d'une population de lapins ou de lièvres en moins 48h. Ils ont été affiliés récemment à la famille des Caliciviridae. Les calicivirus possèdent un génome à ARN simple brin de polarité positive et sont composés d'une simple capside constituée d'une unique protéine structurale de 60KDa. Les protéines de capside de RHDV et EBHSV ont été exprimées dans le système baculovirus/cellules d'insecte. Les protéines de capside recombinantes produites en quantité massive ont été retrouvées dans le surnageant de culture sous la forme de pseudo-particules, présentant les mêmes caractéristiques morphologiques et antigéniques que les virions infectieux. Les particules recombinantes de RHDV utilisées dans des tests de vaccination ont conféré une protection équivalente à celle démontrée par les vaccins actuellement commercialisés. L'étude de la séroconversion des lapins vaccinés a mis en évidence le rôle clef de la réponse humorale dans la protection contre la maladie. Ces résultats ont conduit à l'élaboration d'un vaccin recombinant actuellement en cours de développement industriel. L'utilisation des particules recombinantes de RHDV et de EBHSV lors d'études comparatives, réalisées à l'aide de plusieurs anticorps monoclonaux anti-RHDV et anti-EBHSV, ont permis de caractériser les réactions antigéniques croisées entre les deux virus. Ces résultats couplés à ceux de tests de protection croisée ont permis de classer ces deux virus dans deux sérotypes du même sérogroupe au sein de la famille des Caliciviridae. Plusieurs données concernant l'assemblage des calicivirus, obtenues par l'analyse des particules recombinantes en conditions non dénaturantes, ainsi que par l'analyse des séquences peptidiques, sont discutées.
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O'Grady, Colleen Margaid. "The historical geography of six major river basins in the north west of Western Australia since pastoral occupation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1516.
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The thesis is based upon research into the historical geography of the pastoral industry in the six major drainage basins in the North West of Western Australia, in an attempt to outline its early development, and to explain how the rangeland degeneration associated with the Big Drought of 1936-1946 was exacerbated by unrealistic official expectations and poor management, particularly of stations in the hands of absentee corporate owners. it discusses the failure of government agencies to appreciate the effects of overstocking in an environment characterised by climatic variability and fragile rangeland resources. It draws attention to the official reluctance to take action against the destructive activities of profit-seeking corporate owners in the period leading up to and including the Big Drought, and of speculative leaseholders in more recent times The thesis attempts to differentiate between the grassmen as leaseholders bent upon generating a sustainable income from the rangeland through conservative management, and the exploitative owners and their (often) incompetent managers. It identifies the specific characteristics of each of the basins in terms of the physical environment, the process of pastoral occupation and the resulting changing patterns of land use. It examines the changing nature of the habitat, economy and society of the Aboriginal people, from the days prior to European penetration up to the late 20th century It also considers the future prospects of the pastoral industry in each basin, with references to such issues as environmental impact, Aboriginal land rights and occupance, and the mining industry. As well as a comprehensive overview of the historical geography of each river basin, the thesis also includes a study of infrastructural elements and bf the activities of all groups of people involved in the development of the river basins.
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Bukhari, Wajih u. "Epidemiology and Clinical Features of NMOSD in Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/411539.
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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder, distinct from multiple sclerosis, causing inflammatory lesions predominantly in the optic nerves and spinal cord. An autoantibody (NMO IgG) against aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel expressed on astrocytes, is thought to be causative. A clinic and laboratory-based survey of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) in Australia and New Zealand was undertaken to establish incidence and prevalence across the region and in populations of differing ancestry. Patients with clinical and laboratory features that were suspicious for NMOSD were referred to me. Testing for NMO antibodies was undertaken in all suspected cases. From this group, cases were identified who fulfilled the 2015 Wingerchuk diagnostic criteria for NMOSD. A capture-recapture methodology was used to estimate incidence and prevalence based on additional laboratory identified cases. The capture-recapture analysis gave an adjusted incidence estimate of 0.37 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.39) per million per year and a prevalence estimate for NMOSD of 0.70 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.78) per 100,000. NMOSD was three times more common in the Asian population (1.57 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.98) per 100,000) compared with the remainder of the population (0.57 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.65) per 100,000). The latitudinal gradient evident in multiple sclerosis was not seen in NMOSD. These figures are comparable with figures from other populations of largely European ancestry. I found NMOSD to be more common in the population with Asian ancestry.Frequencies of self-determined ethnic ancestry were calculated for confirmed NMOSD, suspected NMOSD, and MS. Prevalence rates for NMOSD and MS according to ancestry were compared. NMOSD cases were more likely to have Asian, Indigenous, or Other ancestry compared to suspected NMOSD or MS. There were no differences in the clinical phenotype of NMOSD seen in Indigenous compared to European ancestry populations. Per 100,000, the prevalence estimate for NMOSD in people with Māori ancestry was 1.50 (95% CI 0.52–2.49), which was similar to those with Asian ancestry 1.57 (95% CI 1.15–1.98). NMOSD prevalence in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations was 0.38 (95% CI 0.00–0.80) per 100,000. I found the prevalence of NMOSD in the Māori population was similar to South East Asian countries, reflecting their historical origins. The prevalence of MS in this group is intermediate between those with South East Asian and European ancestry living in New Zealand. Both NMOSD and particularly MS appear to be uncommon in the Indigenous populations of Australia.
In collaboration with laboratory scientists, I compared five different assays for antibodies to aquaporin-4 in cases of NMOSD and controls to assess their relative utility. All aquaporin-4 antibody assays proved to be highly specific. Sensitivities ranged from 60 to 94%, with cell-based assays having the highest sensitivity. Antibodies to MOG were detected in 8/79 (10%) of the residual suspected cases of NMOSD. Under the 2015 IPND diagnostic criteria for NMOSD, cell-based assays for aquaporin-4 are sensitive and highly specific, performing better than tissue-based and ELISA assays. A fixed cell-based assay showed near-identical results to a live-cell based assay. Antibodies to MOG account for only a small number of suspected NMOSD cases (8/177 [5%]).When compared to multiple sclerosis (MS), age at onset, relapse rates and disability levels (EDSS) were significantly higher in NMOSD than in MS. Lesions and symptoms referable to the optic nerve were more common in NMOSD, whereas brainstem, cerebellar and cerebral lesions were more common in MS. Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions were seen in two thirds of cases with NMOSD. Elevations of CSF, white cell count and protein were more common in NMOSD. I have confirmed a clinical pattern of NMOSD that has been seen in several geographical regions. I have demonstrated the clinical utility of the current diagnostic criteria. Distinct patterns of disease are evident in NMOSD and MS, but there remains a large number of patients with NMOSD-like features who do not meet the current diagnostic criteria for NMOSD. This group remain a diagnostic challengeThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medicine & Dentistry
Griffith Health
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Bouris, Dimitris. "State-building without a state : the European Union's role in the occupied Palestinian territories after the Oslo Accords." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49606/.
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The aim of this thesis is to shed light on the distinctive role of the European Union (EU) as a state-builder in the case of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs). The thesis engages with distinctive literatures on liberal peace, peacebuilding, state-building, the EU and conflict resolution as well as Security and Judiciary Sector Reform. By synthesizing these literatures this research will try to test the EU effectiveness in the state-building project in the OPTs by reference to two main case studies: the EU’s initiatives in the domains of Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Judiciary Sector Reform (JSR) while at the same time addressing issues of the broader governance agenda and the rule of law. Thus, the broader liberal peace and peacebuilding literature will help contextually to understand how state-building has been used as a tool for implementing the liberal peace, the distinctive literature on state-building will help to identify the ‘core’ state functions that institutions established should be able to run and the literature on conflict resolution will help to identify all tools and mechanisms that the EU has at its disposal in order to ‘build’ states. By drawing on these literatures, this thesis will set three criteria on which the effectiveness of the EU as a state-builder will be tested namely generation of legitimacy, coherence and regulation of violence/ability of enforcement. The thesis is mainly empirically-oriented (drawing on almost 100 interviews that were conducted with EU, Israeli and Palestinian officials) and will focus on the two civilian missions that the EU has deployed in the OPTs (EUPOL COPPS and EUBAM Rafah) in order to help the Palestinian Authority reform its security sector as well as initiatives in the domains of judiciary sector reform and the rule of law (Seyada Project). The main argument of the thesis is that the EU has approached the state-building project from a technical aspect without linking it with clear political decisions and objectives. As a result, while initiatives in the domains of SSR and JSR have helped the PA improve the situation on the ground this was done at the expense of democracy and political objectives that would contribute to the ending of the Israeli Occupation.