Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'European Public Health Committee'
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1
Adnerhill, Therese. "One committee - two institutions? : The Committee of European Affairs in Sweden and Denmark." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1891.
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In order to have some say and to scrutinise the government all member states of the EU today has established an institution within their national parliaments, the Committee of European Affairs. This institution, however, has very different rights and regulations depending on the country it is established in. This study uses two rather similar countries, Sweden and Denmark, and investigates what differences and similarities the two committees show.
By constructing a comparative case study of four units of analysis, the governments and committees of European Affairs in Sweden and Denmark, the formal and informal power relationship between government and committee in each country were studied in order to determine similarities and differences and whether the committee had an impact on the governments’ EU policies. Further they were compared, assessing whether the Danish Committee of European Affairs was more powerful than its Swedish counterpart because of its legal basis in an EU document.
The theoretical framework was built on empirical institutionalism and Lukes’ first and second dimension of power. The similarities and differences were accounted for and compared. In conclusion, the Danish Committee of European Affairs has more formal power than its Swedish counterpart but regarding informal power the Swedish Committee of European Affairs has a slight advantage. Both committees have an impact on the way their government handle negotiations with the EU.
Keywords: formal power, informal power, the Committee of European Affairs, Sweden, Denmark
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Zwama, Gimenne. "Improving health care provider - health committee working relationships for responsive, people-centred health systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23422.
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As community-based governance structures in the service delivery of primary health care, health committees can promote the quality, accessibility and responsiveness of service delivery. More specifically, health committees provide a platform for community members to advocate for their health needs and meaningfully participate in decision-making, oversight and monitoring of service delivery. Hence, health committees provide a bottom-up strategy to realise the right to health and a people-centred health system. Previous research has found that Health Committees in the Cape Metropole of South Africa face similar challenges as their counterparts globally. In South Africa health committees' role and mandate often seem to be unclear and weak policy frameworks have resulted in wide variations in health committee functionality. Health care providers, particularly health facility managers, have been identified to play a key role in creating a supportive environment for health committees' genuine and effective participation. Particularly, health care providers' misunderstandings of health committees' roles and responsibilities as well as their lack of engagement with health committees can form barriers to health committee's functioning. A gap in understanding exists on the impact training of health care providers could have on health committees' meaningful participation. While many health committee members in the Cape Metropole of the Western Cape Province were already trained, health care providers had not been trained until May 2015. Present realist evaluation sought to describe and explore the immediate and short-term impact of this pilot training on health care providers' responsiveness towards health committees. Pre- and post-training questionnaires, direct observations and semi-structured interviews were employed as research methods. The training evaluation was enriched by participants' diverse professional positions and work environments as well as their various experiences and relationships with health committees. The study reveals that the training played a role in increasing health care providers' responsiveness towards health committees' roles and functions. Health care providers demonstrated understandings and intentions towards building effective working relationships with health committees. However, training is recommended to be followed up on and to be continuous to ensure intentions are translated into practice and to account for the dynamic nature of health facilities, health committees and the health system in which they reside. In this manner, health care providers can increasingly contribute to building sustainable relationships with health committees to promote meaningful and effective community participation, the strengthening of people-centred health systems and the progressive realisation of the right to health.
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Warleigh, Alexander J. F. "Beyond the double dichotomy : European integration theory and the committee of the regions." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 1996. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/2421/.
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European integration theory is currently in a stage of evolution in which the validity of the traditional theoretical approaches, neofunctionalism and neorealism is increasingly questioned as a consequence of their inability to explain and predict EU developments successfully. The two theories, longtime rivals derived from International Relations (IR) scholarship, are now challenged by an emergent critique grounded in comparative politics theory. Within the IR camp, attempts to bolster the orthodox theories through their synthesis have been unsuccessful. The neofunctionalist-neorealist rivalry continues unproductively despite the advent of a rival paradigm. John Peterson's framework of European Union (EU) decision making, the focal theory of this thesis, seeks to provide a means of marrying IR and comparative political concepts, but requires (and fails to make) a choice between the two IR theories in order to function. The aim of this thesis therefore, is to shed new light on the neofunctionalist-neorealist debate by applying literature to an analysis of the Committee of the Regions. This new EU body affords actors from subnational government their first formal rights in EU policy making, thereby significantly altering the range of actors involved in that process. In order to meet this objective, an original investigation of the Committee was undertaken. It involved research interviews with a series of key actors as well as analysis of the available literature, and concluded that the Committee is having a limited but identifiable impact on the EU policy. The thesis argues that neither neofunctionalism nor neorealism is able to encompass this due to their respective essential premises. It therefore proceeds to propose amendments to the Peterson framework, drawing on its advocacy of a composite model of EU decision making to advance a new framework. The latter harnesses insights obtained from confederal, multi level governance, policy network and new institutionalist theories, and thereby lends support to the burgeoning paradigm shift in favour of comparative politics.
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Gerbensky, Kerber Anne E. "Organizing for Health: A Poststructural Feminist and Narrative Analysis of a School Health Committee." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1311776134.
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Thomson, Sarah. "Voluntary health insurance and health system performance in the European Union." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/226/.
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This thesis examines the usefulness of voluntary health insurance (VHI) as a lever for improving health system performance. It posits that VHI may further health policy goals if it addresses gaps in statutory coverage, if it does not make those who rely on statutory coverage worse off, and if those who need VHI have access to it. The thesis presents four studies that analyse markets for VHI in the European Union; developments in public policy towards VHI, including the implications of the EUlevel regulatory framework for VHI; the impact of VHI on health system performance; the effects of allowing people to choose between statutory and voluntary health insurance; and VHI’s influence on consumer mobility where insurers compete to offer statutory benefits. The thesis finds that while VHI is critical to financial protection in some countries, it does not always address key gaps in statutory coverage or reach those who need it, and the depth of its coverage has declined over time, even in heavily regulated markets. VHI has a regressive effect on equity in health financing, lowers equity in the use of health services and does not seem to have a positive effect on efficiency, partly because insurers in many countries lack appropriate incentives. What is more, a failure to align incentives across VHI and statutory health insurance can undermine the efficiency of public spending on health. Many of VHI’s negative effects can be attributed to poor policy design. Policy makers can try and ensure VHI contributes to rather than undermines health system performance through the following mechanisms: better understanding of VHI’s interaction with the health system; stronger policy design, focusing on aligning incentives in pursuit of health policy goals and ensuring efficiency in the use of public resources; willingness and capacity to regulate the market to secure financial and consumer protection; and regular monitoring and evaluation.
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Chiarini, A. "Six Sigma in European public health care : a proposed comparable model." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20642/.
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Six Sigma is commonly applied and well established in the manufacturing sector, especially in the USA. Since the beginning of the 1990s several public administrations, particularly in the field of health care, have also been implementing Six Sigma. In Europe, public health care is very different from US health care in terms of organisation and its relationship with stakeholders. A specific Six Sigma model for European public health care is missing from the literature. In order to gain real advantages for such a health care system it is worth analysing, discussing and designing a possible dedicated model and comparing it with the manufacturing one. The idea of such a comparison has originated from the Italian public health care system. In fact the Italian health care sector has a mission and values, a culture, an organisation, strategies and processes that are often very different from the production sector. However, many of these differences can also be found in European public health care. As described in the first chapter, among the European systems there are fundamental common features that can justify a dedicated research. In order to achieve the aim, the thesis has been conducted in two stages. Although the thesis is primarily deductive, the first stage is typically inductive and the second one is deductive. A third minor stage based on qualitative-inductive methods helps to put the finishing touches to the proposed model by showing the differences from the manufacturing model and the features of the European system. The final model attempts to make new contributions to the literature by primarily bringing knowledge to the stakeholders in the academic field and secondarily to the practitioners. The main contribution is surely a roadmap for shaping a missing Six Sigma model for European public health care.
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Wolfe, Ingrid. "Child Health, Health Services and Systems in UK and other European countries." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35856.
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Background This work in child population medicine describes child health problems, increases knowledge of health services, systems, and wider determinants, and makes recommendations for improvements. Aims To explore trends in UK child health and health service quality and highlight policy lessons from the UK and other European countries To study child health and health services in western Europe and derive lessons from different approaches to common challenges To enhance knowledge on child to adult transition care To describe trends in UK and EU15+ child and adolescent mortality and seek explanations for deteriorating UK health system performance, and make recommendations for improving survival Methods Population level measures of health status and system performance; primary and secondary research on policies and practice for health system assessments. Quantitative: mortality rate trends, excess deaths, DALYs, healthcare processes Qualitative: case reports, system descriptions, analyses Results European child survival has improved, but variably between countries. The UK has not matched recent EU mortality gains. There are 6,000 excess deaths annually in children under 15 years in EU14 countries. There are child survival inequities; countries investing in social protection have lower mortality. Children in the UK, compared with other EU countries, are more likely to be poor than adults. Non-communicable diseases are now dominant causes of child death, disease, and disability. Mortality, processes, and outcomes of healthcare amenable conditions varies between countries. Better outcomes seem to be associated with flexible health care models promoting cooperation, team working, and transition. Conclusions Child health in Europe is improving, but unevenly. Child health systems are not adapting sufficiently to meet needs. Recommendations are made for improving health systems and services.How do European countries compare when it comes to child health statistics? How do different child health services, systems, and wider determinants impact long term influences for good or harm? Why do some countries seem to do better than others in safeguarding their children’s and young people’s health and wellbeing? And what can we do to make things better for children? This thesis explores some of these difficult but important issues, and despite describing some serious signals of concern about child health, offers recommendations and clear ways forward for countries to ensure healthier futures for children.
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Brooks, Eleanor. "Public health, free movement and macroeconomic coordination : mapping the evolving governance of European Union health policy." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/80865/.
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Health is a unique and intriguing sphere of European Union (EU) policy, not least of all because it has only been recognised as such for the last 15 years. From piecemeal origins in public health and occupational safety it underwent dramatic expansion as a result of exposure to free movement and internal market law in the 1990s. Now, in the aftermath of the economic crisis, it is entering another unprecedented era. As the focus of the European project has turned to fiscal sustainability and the strengthening of collective economic governance, health policy has been swept into frameworks designed for the oversight of macroeconomic policy and national expenditure. Crucially, these frameworks extend EU health influence into areas reserved in the founding treaties for exclusive national control. This thesis seeks to map the changing nature, scope and governance of EU health policy, contributing to the existing patchwork of literature and reviewing the prevailing narrative in light of the critical juncture now being faced. It draws on the theories of European integration, the Europeanisation framework and the more recent governance approaches to assess the continuing relevance of core themes – crisis politics, regulatory policy, the internal market, new modes of governance, and the role of the Court – in health policy development. Using six case studies and data from 41 interviews with experts, policy-makers and officials, it examines the catalysts, drivers and dynamics of health policy integration. It finds that as the actors and interests involved in health policy have proliferated, health issues have become increasingly politicised. Addressing the consequences of this trend, the thesis explores the growing dependence on, and progressive strengthening of, voluntarist governance, as well as the declining scope and influence of EU health policy. Finally, it reflects upon the future of health within a politicised European integration project.
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Magnusson, Erika. "The Importance of Participation Across Transnational Spheres for Democratic Development : A content analysis of the emergence of a European public sphere within the European Economic and Social Committee." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43880.
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The last 15 years has exemplified severe deficiencies in the institutional design of the European Union (EU). The EU suffers from a democratic deficit, which is demonstrated in the neglect if citizens preferences and their influence on decision making processes. This democratic deficit impacts not only the authority and legitimacy of the union but raises concerns between the EU and the world. The democratic deficit remains because of the lack of a European public sphere (EPS), an element which Habermas argues is necessary for democracy development. While previous research has found evidence for its existence in social networks and masss-media, this study broadens the field and investigates the potential existence if an EPS in a physical political network, namely the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). By conducting a quantitative content analysis, the study reveals clear indications of an EPS within the committee in which it is highly engaged in. Their engagement in the sphere is crucial to increase influence and power, as their engagement can decrease the democratic deficit, increase the legitimacy of the EU, and favour smooth cooperation between the member states, and between the EU and the world.
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Li, Danying. "Household finance, consumption and health : evidence from China and European countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2019. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8862/.
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This thesis presents three empirical studies on household finance. The thesis is inspired by the following phenomena: (1) the development of household finance; (2) the importance of enhancing financial inclusion; (3) the rising prevalence of obesity in western countries; (4) the global ageing challenge. Using the China Household Finance Survey, I investigate the determinants of financial inclusion, focusing on the role played by informal finance. I test the extent to which financial inclusion affects households' consumption. My findings suggest that enhancing financial inclusion in China may play an important role in rebalancing the economy towards domestic consumption. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, I investigate the extent to which households' consumption profile changes after health shocks. My findings suggest that non-medical consumption is generally insured against health shocks in China. Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, I find a positive association between financial stress and bodyweight in Europe. I find that individuals are more likely to respond to self-perceived financial stress than to objective levels of debt. Thus, policies aimed at improving citizens' ability to cope with financial stress may play a role in tackling the obesity epidemic in Europe.
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Weishaar, Heide Beatrix. "Stakeholder engagement in European health policy : a network analysis of the development of the European Council Recommendation on smoke-free environments." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11746.
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Background: With almost 80,000 Europeans estimated to die annually from the consequences of exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) and over a quarter of all Europeans being exposed to the toxins of cigarette smoke at work on a daily basis, SHS is a major European public health problem. Smoke-free policies, i.e. policies which ban smoking in public places and workplaces, are an effective way to reduce exposure. Policy options to reduce public exposure to SHS were negotiated by European Union (EU) decision makers between 2006 and 2009, resulting in the European Council Recommendation on smoke-free environments. A variety of stakeholders communicated their interests prior to the adoption of the policy. This thesis aims to analyse the engagement and collaboration of organisational stakeholders in the development of the Council Recommendation on smoke-free environments. Methods: The case study employs a mixed method approach to analyse data from policy documents, consultation submissions and qualitative interviews. Data from 176 consultation submissions serve as a basis to analyse the structure of the policy network using quantitative network analysis. In addition, data from these submissions, selected documents of relevance to the policy process and 35 in-depth interviews with European decision makers and stakeholders are thematically analysed to explore the content of the network and the engagement of and interaction between political actors. Results: The analysis identified a sharply polarised network which was largely divided into two adversarial advocacy coalitions. The two coalitions took clearly opposing positions on the policy initiative, with one coalition supporting and the other opposing comprehensive European smoke-free policy. The Supporters’ Alliance, although consisting of diverse stakeholders, including public health advocacy organisations, professional organisations, scientific institutions and pharmaceutical companies, was largely united by its members’ desire to protect Europeans from the harms caused by SHS and campaign for comprehensive European tobacco control policy. Seemingly coordinated and guided by an informal group of key individuals, alliance members made strategic decisions to collaborate and build a strong, cohesive force against the tobacco industry. The Opponents’ Alliance consisted almost exclusively of tobacco manufacturers’ organisations which employed a strategy of damage limitation and other tactics, including challenging the scientific evidence, critiquing the policy process and advancing discussions on harm reduction, to counter the development of effective tobacco control measures. The data show that the extent of tobacco company engagement was narrowed by the limited importance that industry representatives attached to opposing non-binding EU policy and by the companies’ struggle to overcome low credibility and isolation. Discussion: This study is the first that applies social network analysis to the investigation of EU public health policy and systematically analyses and graphically depicts a policy network in European tobacco control. The analysis corroborates literature which highlights the polarised nature of tobacco control policy and draws attention to the complex processes of information exchange, consensus-seeking and decision making which are integral to the development of European public health policy. The study identifies the European Union’s limited competence as a key factor shaping stakeholder engagement at the European level and presents the Council Recommendation on smoke-free environments as an example of the European Commission’s successful management of the policy process. An increased understanding of the policy network and the factors influencing the successful development of comprehensive European smoke-free policy can help to guide policymaking and public health advocacy in current European tobacco control debates and other areas of public health.
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Bauer, Johanna. "A New Dimension of Contestation? : A qualitative analysis of frames used in the European Affairs Committee of the Swedish parliament." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-374265.
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This thesis aims to map what arguments are used by the two biggest parties in Swedish politics, The Social Democratic Party and the Moderate Party, when discussing European politics in the European Affairs Committee (EAC) of the Swedish parliament. In order to realise this, frames used by the party representatives in the committee have been analysed. With the typology of Helbling et. al. (2010), a categorisation of four frames is applied, where each frame corresponds with a side of the left-right or the GAL-TAN-dimension. The study is structured by a number of hypotheses constructed based on findings of previous research, comparing both between the parties and changes over time. The results are assessed in relative terms, meaning that the study focuses on the parties’ relative use of frames rather than the absolute. All hypotheses find full or partial support, confirming expectations of previous research made on other European countries. However, some surprising results are found, highlighting new potential research questions for future studies.
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Gadarowski, Jennifer. "Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommendations, Socioeconomics, Demographics, and Influenza Vaccine Uptake." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6431.
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Seasonal influenza outbreaks are associated with morbidity and mortality in the United States. Though children are the most susceptible to influenza infection and are most likely to transmit the illness to others, many children are not vaccinated. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between seasonal influenza vaccination Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and vaccine type among children over 3 consecutive flu seasons. This quantitative cross-sectional study was guided by the social ecology of health model. Secondary data from 3 consecutive flu seasons (2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017) provided by the National Health Interview Survey was used for this study. Binary logistic regression and chi-square were used to analyze the data. A relationship between socioeconomic status, demographics (age, race, and family income) and vaccine type (live-attenuated influenza vaccine [LAIV]/inactivated influenza vaccine) was established among U.S. children; those who received LAIV were most likely to be White elementary school age children with a higher family income. Demographic and socioeconomic status was not considered influential in LAIV uptake for race, health insurance status, or family income. ACIP recommendations by age and year had the greatest impact on flu vaccine choice for this sample population. The results of this study can lead to social change by providing information for policy that can increase vaccine uptake, which can result in lower health cost and reduced illness and death rates associated with the flu, especially for those most at risk.
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Chadyuk, Oleksiy. "A Test of an Evolutionary Theory of Adiposity Gain Induced by Long Sleep in Descendants of European Hunter-Gatherers." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1080.
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Researchers have identified inadequate sleep duration as one of the factors contributing to global obesity. The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesis deduced from a new sleep-duration-based evolutionary theory claiming that sleep extension in response to lengthening night duration in early fall evolved into a behavioral marker of an approaching winter; this adaptive trait was theorized to produce adiposity gain in White men in response to sleep extension. The hypothesis was that White Americans would show a greater increase in the age-adjusted fat mass index per unit of sleep duration compared to that of Black Americans. Data were part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study between 2005 and 2010. The multiple regression analysis did not support the study hypothesis. The results indicated that habitual sleep duration had no effect on the annual rate of adiposity gain in White men, while in Black men, longer sleep was associated with significantly higher annual rates of adiposity gain. Implications for social change include the case for population-specific antiobesity interventions in Black men, including closer monitoring of sleep duration in order to prevent adverse habitual sleep extension and to improve time budgeting for physical exercise.
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Kolovou, Vasiliki. "A critical realism approach to public health interventions that aim to prevent obesity in selected European countries." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/74065/.
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The aim of this thesis is to understand the important components of a set of sustainable interventions to prevent obesity at the community level by using realistic evaluation, which draws on the philosophy of critical realism. From the application of a structured set of criteria based on critical realism, three interventions emerged, which were selected as the case studies of my thesis: the ‘Healthy Weight Communities’ project in Scotland, the ‘Bewegung als Investition in Gesundheit’ (Movement as Investment for Health) project in Germany, and the ‘Walking for Health’ project in England. Based on the key concepts of critical realism an interview topic guide was developed, which was tested by the help of the pilot project ‘Paideiatrofi’ in Greece. Key personnel involved in the organisation of each of the three selected interventions were identified and qualitative research and data analysis was carried out. The framework of critical realism and the application of the key concepts of realistic evaluation: ‘generative mechanisms’, ‘context’ and ‘outcomes’, enabled the disentangling of which mechanisms from each case study, were most related to outcomes and under which contexts. A number of common themes emerged from the analysis of the three interventions. Reflecting on these common themes, I connected them to a set of more abstract categories associated with the social structure, the human agency and the emergent outcomes with their distinguished properties. Critical realism and realistic evaluation provided a conceptual guide which allowed me to explain how the effects of the interventions were produced by the interplay between structural conditions and people as agents. The study of the contextual factors and of the generative mechanisms that enabled or constrained the production of certain outcomes, constituted a novel approach to explain how and why the selected interventions worked to prevent obesity.
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Chadyuk, Oleksiy. "A Test of an Evolutionary Theory of Adiposity Gain Induced by Long Sleep in Descendants of European Hunter-Gatherers." Thesis, Walden University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3597452.
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Researchers have identified inadequate sleep duration as one of the factors contributing to global obesity. The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesis deduced from a new sleep-duration-based evolutionary theory claiming that sleep extension in response to lengthening night duration in early fall evolved into a behavioral marker of an approaching winter; this adaptive trait was theorized to produce adiposity gain in White men in response to sleep extension. The hypothesis was that White Americans would show a greater increase in the age-adjusted fat mass index per unit of sleep duration compared to that of Black Americans. Data were part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study between 2005 and 2010. The multiple regression analysis did not support the study hypothesis. The results indicated that habitual sleep duration had no effect on the annual rate of adiposity gain in White men, while in Black men, longer sleep was associated with significantly higher annual rates of adiposity gain. Implications for social change include the case for population-specific antiobesity interventions in Black men, including closer monitoring of sleep duration in order to prevent adverse habitual sleep extension and to improve time budgeting for physical exercise.
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Merritt, Brittany J. "Developing Little England: Public Health, Popular Protest, and Colonial Policy in Barbados, 1918-1940." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6117.
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This dissertation analyzes struggles over the development of Barbadian health and sanitation during the period between the world wars. In doing so, it examines how the British Empire tried to use development policies to maintain its power overseas during the interwar years. During this period, British policymakers sought to improve health and sanitation to pacify restive Barbadian laborers influenced by transnational pan-African and socialist ideas following the First World War. However, white Barbadian elites, influenced by ideas of eugenics and population control, opposed metropolitan efforts to develop health and sanitation in the colony. Rather than repairing the colonial relationship, British development efforts instead resulted in a protracted legislative and public battle over health reform. White creole resistance to public health policies both destabilized British reform efforts and further undermined black Barbadian understandings of imperial identity. By the 1930s, Pan-African critiques of empire, which the British government had fought to suppress following the First World War, found renewed energy in the midst of British failures to provide basic welfare services to poor black subjects. The fractures in these bonds of empire ultimately resulted in serious labor disturbances that re-emphasized the tensions of British colonialism and redirected the course of imperial policy. By focusing on these conflicts, this project reveals how struggles over colonial reforms on the ground transformed ideas of emerging nationhood, imperial identities, and British strategies of rule in the years leading up to decolonization.
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Hashim, Ahmed. "Evaluation of how pandemic preparedness activities aided the response to influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in 2009 : a qualitative analysis in seven countries within the WHO European Region." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14327/.
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Background: The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic was the first pandemic in the era of modern pandemic planning and preparedness. Although the mortality and morbidity caused by the pandemic was low compared with the previous pandemics, it gave the first opportunity for member states to implement an actual pandemic response reflecting on years of pandemic preparedness and planning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of pandemic preparedness activities as well as to identify challenges and activities that require further improvement. Methods: The study was conducted in seven countries within the WHO regional office for Europe; six of them were identified through a stratified random sampling in order to get a representative sample across different levels of preparedness within the WHO European Region. These were Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark (pilot country for the study), Germany, Portugal, Switzerland and Uzbekistan. Research teams visited each country and interviewed six key stakeholder groups at different administrative levels. These were Ministry of Health (MOH), National Public Health Authority (NPHA), Civil Emergency Response (CER) representatives, Sub- National Government Authority, and primary and secondary healthcare workers (HCWs). Focus group interviews were conducted using open-ended questions in semi-structured interview guides. Results: Six recurring themes were identified as essential aspects of pandemic planning activities. These were communication, coordination, capacity building, mutual support, leadership, and flexibility. The following aspects of pandemic planning activities were found to be inadequate and should be improved in the future: risk communication with the public and healthcare workers, coordination of vaccine logistics, flexibility and adaptability of pandemic plans, and surveillance in the secondary healthcare setting. Conclusions: Stakeholders interviewed reported that the pandemic preparedness activities were worthwhile and appropriate for the response measures carried out during the pandemic influenza (H1N1) in 2009. However, the findings identified areas of under planning that were common to most of the participating countries.
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Siroky, Joseph Yan. "Public Private Partnerships in Health Care: European PPP models and factors influencing the positive outcome of such ventures." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125190.
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A number of European countries are turning to private finance for public hospitals and other healthcare infrastructure. Public-private partnerships (PPP) are intended to bind private sector efficiencies, secure appropriate risk transfer between hospital operators, infrastructure owners and other partners, and ensure optimum whole-life asset management. This paper discusses the different factors that influence significantly the outcomes of European PPP ventures, the scope of different PPP models, and experience so far in delivering new infrastructure and stimulating innovation and quality improvements. Finally, it draws conclusions, through recent case studies, on the factors that have a significant influence in shaping PPP models and policies. The methods used were extensive literature research and analysis, further supported by case study analysis of the Pembury Hospital, Braga Hospital, Berlin Buch Hospital and De La Ribera Hospital. The outcome of this paper draws upon the concept of "bundling" of services and concludes that this may be seen as a way of providing more appropriate risk allocation that creates incentives for efficient and effective behavior of the private sector.
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Zigante, Valentina. "Consumer choice, competition and privatisation in European health and long-term care systems : subjective well-being effects and equity implications." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/850/.
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Consumer choice has become a key reform trend in the provision of public services in Western European welfare states. Research on the welfare effects of choice reforms – including greater provider choice for the individual and competition between providers – has largely focused on economic evaluations of the extrinsic (outcome) effects of choice, thereby leaving its intrinsic, or procedural, value unexplored. The overarching objective of this thesis is to investigate the welfare effects of choice in the provision of health and long-term care (LTC) and their implications for equity. The thesis utilises the subjective well-being approach – incorporating both procedural and outcome utility from choice – to measure welfare effects based on quantitative analysis of survey data. Welfare effects and equity implications are examined in relation to: competition in health care in the English National Health System (NHS); choice of care package in the German long-term care system; and individual preferences and views of choice as a priority in the provision of health care in three NHS countries. The thesis argues that both service characteristics – extent of competition, information availability, technical complexity – and individual capabilities – ability to process information, capacity to manage transaction costs, availability of private support – influence the benefits that individuals derive from choice. Results suggest that choice policies have an overall positive welfare effect in both health and long-term care. However, while direct evidence of outcome improvements is found, the empirical analysis only finds indirect evidence of procedural utility. Middle class characteristics, primarily income and education, are found to have a positive influence on the benefits of choice, amounting to evidence of inequitable facets of choice policies. The middle class further exhibits preferences for choice over and above other characteristics of health care systems. Overall, this thesis advocates a holistic approach to the analysis of choice, incorporating its procedural value and paying particular attention to the equity implications of the choice situation, information processing and differences in available options as well as preferences for choice.
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Zawacki, Sarah Gabriella. "A sense of injustice : experiences of the Central and Eastern European Roma in accessing UK health and public services." Thesis, Durham University, 2019. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12977/.
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This study explores how Central and Eastern European Roma communities perceive and experience UK health and public services. The Roma arguably experience poorer health than any other minority ethnic group in the UK, according to a range of indicators, measures and outcomes. Health issues in UK Roma communities are reported to stem from language barriers, difficulties in registering with a GP and mistrust of health professionals. To date, there has been little comprehensive exploration of the influence of social, cultural and political factors on health in Central and Eastern European Roma communities in the UK. Much of the literature provides an overview of barriers to access, yet gives limited attention to the complex social dynamics underlying interactions between the Roma and health service providers. This study investigates the interplay of Roma migration experiences, personal histories of discrimination, barriers to accessing health and benefits systems, and the influence of public policy decisions in shaping UK Roma people's experiences of health services. This study incorporates data collection through participant observation and interviews, as well as an analysis of national and local policy attention to the health situations of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) communities. The policy analysis occurred concurrently with fieldwork, and findings helped to contextualise Roma interviewees' impressions of health system functioning. Field data was collected over the course of volunteer work carried out at Roma community organisations in London and Luton. Field notes were recorded throughout the course the this fieldwork, and interviews with 27 Roma community members and 10 health professionals began after approximately 5 months of active participant observation. Analysis of field data proceeded according to a strategy that hybridised grounded theory and narrative methodologies. This entailed an initial round of grounded theory analysis, which involved the constant comparison methods of analysing concepts arising from the data, and provided an overarching framework for understanding the social phenomena under observation. Fieldnotes and selected interviews were then subjected to a second round of scrutiny, with particular emphasis on their narrative character. Analysing these individual stories added nuance and depth to the results of grounded theory analysis, and provided insight into the ways in which Roma migrants experience discrimination, unconscious bias and unequal treatment within UK public service environments. The time period in which this study occurred - 2014 to 2018 - was a time of substantial political change in the UK, and the results are best understood in the context of growing public hostility to migrant groups. Within a policy landscape of limited official attention to the needs of the Roma, intra-community development of health-related knowledge, direct contact with health services and engagement in a broader environment of public service provision contribute to the development of power differentials between Roma individuals and service providers. Many participants in this study suffered from long-term ill health, yet intra-community networks of health information-sharing aided participants in better understanding their health conditions and empowering themselves to seek out support. Their contact with health and benefits systems, however, revealed barriers related to limited language support, lack of transparency in administrative procedures, difficulties in navigating complex and unfamiliar systems and cultural disparities between patients and providers. Analysis of these factors in light of participants' distinct narrative revealed further dimensions of service providers' unconscious bias, participants' efforts to assert their right to equitable access to services and the long-term emotional impacts of unequal treatment.
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Uluskaradag, Ozge. "Health Sector Restructuring In Turkey: The Impact Of Neoliberal Policies And European Union Membership Candidacy." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613402/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to analyze the inner dynamics as well as the outcomes of the health sector restructuring process in Turkey, by focusing on Neo-Liberal transformation, New Public Management practices and European Integration process. The thesis argues that health reform process along with other public sector reforms have been initiated by Neo-Liberalism as the new face of institutional and structural arrangements during 1980s. Within that process, it is underlined that New Public Management approach with its commitment to private sector methodology and techniques reflected the underlying philosophy and basic premises of Neo-Liberalism which dominated the health sector restructuring process in Turkey, as well as in Eastern Europe since 1990s. Often characterized
with the notion of &ldquoefficiency&rdquo
, the New Public Management techniques and methodologies claimed to bring a more efficiently working health system. In order to refute this claim, the health sector reforms that have been exercised in the past two decades in Turkey as well as in Eastern Europe are analyzed within a historical context. It is also argued that while the Neo-Liberal policies and policy initiatives proposed by International Monetary Fund and World Bank had a direct effect on health sector restructuring process, the role of the European Union has been indirect with regard to organization and service provision. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the outcomes of the health reforms carried out in Turkey in a multidisciplinary manner in order to reveal its political, economic,social and administrative implications in terms of service providers and service takers.
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Cotrell, Brittany Marie. "When Ambivalence Kills: The West and InternationalHIV Relief in Post-Socialist Russia." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366143332.
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Cárdenas, Camila. "The Association Between Level of Religiousness and Subjective General Health in Europe : Subjective measurements at four different European countries." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för forskning om ojämlikhet i hälsa (CHESS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-177942.
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Studies linking religion and its impact on humans have increased over time with health being the most studied outcome in statistical analysis. Even so, the use of variables, models and approaches has been homogenous being applied among similar groups and places. The aim of the thesis is for that reason to investigate to what extent there is an association between religiousness and health in Cyprus (n=3 355), Finland (n=4 058), Norway (n=4 691) and Ireland (n=6 869) adjusting for potential confounders age, gender and education. Logistic regression analyses were applied, including subjective level of religiousness as predictor and good subjective general health as outcome in conjunction with the Theory of Attachment. The data is collected from The European Social Survey from 2008, 2010 and 2012. Middle religious have significant higher odds of good health than individuals that categorized by themselves as Not at all religious in Cyprus, Norway and Ireland while adjusting for age and education. Low, Middle and High religious are significantly associated with good health in Finland compared to Not at all religious. There is an association between religiousness and health in the four European countries while age and education potentially confound the relationship in Norway and Ireland.
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Nahar, Akikun. "Oral Health Care among European Native and Immigrant’s Children and Adolescents : A systematic review and meta-analysis." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-44504.
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Background: Globally, oral health remains a public health concern, particularly in relation towell-being of children and adolescents. Dental caries, one of the most common oral health problem in this group, is considered as a transmissible, infectious disease with significant health consequences. Migration in Europe has increased over the recent years due to geopolitical causes, employment, family reunion, and so forth. Earlier studies show that immigrant populations in Europe have a higher rate of oral problems, and are at higher risk to oral diseases. This review aims to evaluate oral health status among children and adolescents with immigrant and native backgrounds and to evaluate if there are disparities in oral health between these twogroups. Methods: This study involved a systematic review of research articles comparing oral health between native European and immigrant children and adolescents. MeSH terms and key words comprised oral health, Europe, dental care, disparities, immigrant, environment, social and cultural, mouth care, children and adolescent. An open-access, validated tool was used toperform meta-analysis. Results: 15 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review; 6 of which reported differences in mean Decayed Missing Filled teeth index (DMFT) scores, 7 reported odds ratios (OR) and two studies reported prevalence. The combined effect size for the DMFT scores was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.35 – 0.73), indicating a statistically significant difference of 46% in the mean DMFT scores between natives and immigrants, with the former having lower DMFT scores. The combined effect size for studies yielding ORs was 4.12 (95% CI: 2.51-6.78); implying 4-fold higher odds of dental caries among immigrants. Significant heterogeneity among the studies were observed. The likelihood of publication bias was also high. Conclusion: This review captured higher risk of dental caries, plaque formation and staining on teeth among immigrant than native children and adolescents in Europe. However, the studies included did not have the scope to examine potential causes for such a gap; which is an important knowledge gap to be addressed in future.
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Talat, Rehab. "Healthcare for Undocumented Workers in France and The United States." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1403691584.
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Anderson, Yvonne. "The analysis and understanding of cross European project work : towards a grounded theory of collaboration." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/344317/.
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Summary: I was commissioned in 1994 by the European Commission to lead a project that would produce distance learning materials on cancer education for post-basic nurses across the European Union. In facilitating the process with a group representing eleven countries I adopted an approach based on democracy, participation and experiential learning. The process was researched using grounded theory and aimed to discover the conditions required for collaborative working within the EU and with applications to other settings. The early chapters reflect both the concerns for the project and the interrelated but separate issues of research method and methodology. Regarding the former the original aims and commitments are set against the constraints imposed by funding and budgeting issues, translation difficulties and the challenges presented by dissemination. The context in which the research arose is given within a brief history of the project, set against the background in which this and similar projects were being funded by the Commission during the early 1990s. A review of the technical literature focuses on the Commission's own evaluations of public health projects in the first two action phases 1990 - 2000 and the subsequent adaptations to funding criteria from lessons learned. The embeddedness of the research within the project implementation creates complexities that are addressed first by a number of narratives that seek to elucidate antecedents. Brief auto/biographies underpin and provide a rationale for the development of the methodology that informed the implementation of the project. Narratives provide the platform for the ensuing exploration of foreshadowed problems that led to theoretical sensitivity. The case is made for the adoption of grounded theory methodology, acknowledging the procedural as well as epistemological challenges this poses. Later chapters track the development of the emerging theory by providing thick description about the data, its collection and analysis, as the techniques progress from open coding to explicit theory formation. Early themes deriving from theoretical sensitivity are re-assessed and some original concepts earn their way into the theory whilst others are rejected or transformed. The formal expression of the necessary conditions for collaborative project working in the EU is synthesised in chapter 12 in which the proposition is made for a theory of Facilitative Leadership. The case is made for a substantive theory that approaches multi area formality through its wider applicability across similar settings. The dissonance created for the social scientist in choosing to adopt the original model of grounded theory in its entirety is pervasive throughout the thesis. This theme is addressed explicitly in the closing chapter, in which the major elements of both the project and the research are re-assessed.
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Ojala-Seppänen, Outi. "EVALUATION OF REPORTING ON PROJECTS FINANCED THROUGH THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AIDS BUDGET LINE." Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3288.
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The AIDS epidemic affects the whole world, as there is no region of the world that has been spared.Approximately 34-46 million people are infected with HIV and more than 24 million people havealready died since the first cases were identified in 1981. The pandemic is no longer just a healthproblem but a serious threat to human development. Significant efforts have been made to halt the transmission of the disease. As early as 1987, the European Union established a HIV/AIDSProgramme in Developing Countries. From 1994 to 2001 the EC spent an average of 625 million Euros everyyear on health, HIV/AIDS and population in more than 100 developing countries. The EC support is mainly implemented through projects financed through Community grants. The main objective of this study is to contribute to improving the quality of project reporting. The purpose is to evaluate the reporting on projects financed through the European Commission AIDSbudget line both in terms of structure and content through analyzing the final project reports. The targets and the amount of moneyinvested in the fight against HIV/AIDS are high, but are wereaching the targets and getting value for the moneyinvested? The spread of HIV/AIDS continues despite increased efforts in recent years. Nearly 5 million people became newly infected in 2003. This is more than in any previous year. The effectiveness of HIV/AIDS projects, in terms of changing attitudes and behavioural change, has been criticized. According to this study,changes canbe identified at several levels – the individual, the community and the international. It was shown in some case studies in the assessed reports thatthe projects could have significant impact on the individuals. This study shows that the strength ofthese projects was the diversityof them and the new innovative approaches. They targeted different vulnerable populations like children, IDUs, truckers etc. Further they used many strategies on addressing many areas related to AIDS as human rights, capacity building, advocacy, clinicalpractice etc. This studysuggests more systematic evaluations of the EC funded AIDS prevention projects and the application of a unified format for reporting in order to be able to compare results and effectiveness of interventions.L'épidémie du SIDA touche le monde entier, aucune région du monde n’est épargnée. Environ 34-46 millions de personnes sont infectées avec le VIH et plus de 24 millions sont mortes depuis l’identification des premiers cas en 1981. La pandémie n’est plus seulement un problème de santé mais constitue une menace sérieuse pour le développement humain. Des efforts significatifs ont été faits pour mettre un terme à la transmission de la maladie. Dès 1987, l'Union européenne a établi unprogramme de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA dans les pays en développement. De 1994 à 2001 la CE a consacré en moyenne 625 millions d'euros chaque année à la santé, au VIH/SIDA et aux politiques de population dans plus de 100 pays en développement. L'aide de la CE est principalement mise enoeuvre à travers les projets financés par les subventions communautaires. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité des rapports rédigés dans le cadre des projets. Le but est d’évaluer les rapports de projets financés par la ligne budgétaire SIDA de laCommission européenne aussi bien au niveau du format que du contenu et ce par l’analyse des rapports finaux. Les objectifs de la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA sont ambitieux et les montants investis élevés, mais atteignons-nous les objectifs et est-ce que notre investissement porte ses fruits? Le VIH/SIDA continue à se propager malgré les efforts accrus de ces dernières années. Presque 5 millions de personnes ont été nouvellement infectées en 2003. Cela est plus que pendant toute autre année précédente. L'efficacité des projets de VIH/SIDA, en termes de changement d'attitudes et des comportements, a été critiquée. Selon cette étude, des changementspeuvent pourtant être identifiés à plusieurs niveaux : individuel, communautaire et au niveau international. Dans certains cas cités dans les rapports évalués il a été démontré que les projets onteu un impact significatif sur les individus. Cette étude montre que la force de ces projets réside dans leur diversité et dans leurs approchesinnovatrices. Ils ont ciblé différentes populations vulnérables comme les enfants, IDUs, des camionneurs etc. Par ailleurs, ils ont adopté des stratégies pour adresser plusieurs domaines liés auSIDA comme les Droits de l'homme, le renforcementdes capacités, l’IEC, la pratique clinique etc.Cette étude propose davantage d'évaluations systématiques des projets de prévention du SIDA financés par la CE et l'application d'un format unifié des rapports pour permettre une meilleure comparaison des résultats et évaluation de l'efficacité des interventions.
ISBN 91-7997-100-8
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PALA, DANIELE. "Spatial Enablement and Simulation Tools to Improve Public Health and Wellbeing in Big Cities: a New Framework Based on the European PULSE Project." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1420342.
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Sharron, Genevieve Rose. "Frailty and Health in a Slovenian Sample." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397603702.
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Matheny, Erica M. "A Survey of the Structural Determinants of Local Emergency Planning Committee Compliance and Proactivity: Towards an Applied Theory of Precaution in Emergency Management." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1344565161.
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Taylor, Marian. "Infant Mortality Among African American Women Compared to European American Women in New York City." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3841.
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The birth of low weight babies in the United States has not had a meaningful decline for the last 10 years.It continues to be a major predictor of fetal-infant mortality. In addition, the rate of low birth weight infants among African American women continues to be twice that of European American women. Low birth weight babies may experience breathing problems, vision problems, diabetes, hypertension, and cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to examine why the high infant mortality rate persist among the African American communities of Southeast Queens, New York City as compared to European American communities in the Borough of Queens, New York City.This was a quantitative retrospective study with a correlational design that utilized secondary data derived from vital records maintained by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The investigation was guided by the ecological model as the theoretical framework to collect, assess, and analyze the data. Logistic regression was used to predict the association of risk factors to infant mortality. Low birth weight, preterm birth, late or no prenatal care, and smoking during pregnancy were risk factors associated with a high mortality rate among African American women. Positive social change implications for this study include the development of a social intervention that will be culturally based for the diverse communities of Southeast Queens, New York City. There will be a collaborative effort in implementing the evidence-based interventions involving interested stakeholders.
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Fischer, Marianne. "Studie über die Ausbildung von Tierärzten in den Lebensmittelfächern - ein europäischer Vergleich." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-20100406-113054-6.
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Tsekhmestruk, Nataliia. "Is it a scandal that around 8 million Roma fall just outside the healthcare system? : A qualitative study exploring access to the health insurance and health care for Roma staying in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-166074.
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Introduction: The Roma is the largest ethnic minority in Europe, estimated to be over 11 million (1.35% of Europe’s total population). At the same time, it is the most vulnerable and marginalized community, facing many challenges in everyday life, such as low levels of education, unemployment, poverty, limited access to information, social and health services as well as racial discrimination. Roma people have great health needs and lack access to the European Health Insurance scheme. Efforts by governments across Europe to address these health inequities have been relatively weak and Roma suffer poorer access to health care, health insurance, education and employment in every country that they inhabit in comparison to the majority population. There are studies exploring the health situation of the Roma, but very limited information is available about the availability of the European Health Insurance for Roma and access to health care in Sweden. The general aim of this study is to explore access to the health insurance and health care for Roma staying in Sweden. Methods: A qualitative design methodology has been applied in this thesis. Four non-government organizations in Sweden were contacted and six in-depth interviews were done with professionals and volunteers from those organizations. Questions were asked about experience of working/volunteering and assisting Roma people in accessing health care in Sweden. The interviews also addressed barriers faced by Roma to obtain the European Health Insurance in Romania. The data was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were developed during the data analysis. The first theme “A bureaucratic and unfriendly system makes it hard for Roma to get insured in Romania” is about the role of the Romanian government in maintaining the (disadvantaged) situation of Roma people. The second theme “Difficult to access the health care services in Sweden, without active European Health Insurance” explains the situation of Roma people, when they seek medical care in Sweden and the importance of having an active European Health Insurance. The third theme “European Union policies do not respond to the health care needs of Roma” elaborates on the governance of the whole health insurance scheme from the EU level and how it is not designed to fit the needs of the Roma. The fourth theme “The history of racism and discrimination of Roma is the root of this situation” is about how society perceives Roma people and how they have been treated for a long time as slaves, with labels including discrimination and racism. Conclusion: This study highlights that access to health care for Romanian Roma people staying in Sweden cannot be seen as a separate issue from that of the situation of access to the health insurance scheme - the National Health Insurance and the European Health Insurance - for Roma in Romania. The study highlights that access to health care and the European Health Insurance for Roma in Romania is often determined by the (dis)functionality of the health system in Romania, corruption and bureaucracy. Without an active European Health Insurance, Roma cannot access health care in Sweden. As an additional burden, they are requested to prove that they can access health care as undocumented people. European Union regulations and laws make it difficult for people who do not have official work to obtain European Health Insurance. The history of racism and discrimination is, potentially the root of the situation. Even today Roma are judged with prejudices, stereotypes and pre-existing beliefs that makes access the health insurance and health care for Roma staying in Sweden even more difficult.
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Beddiar, Nadia. "Le mineur délinquant face au service public pénitentiaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL20017/document.
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L'administration pénitentiaire française connaît, depuis plusieurs années, d'importantes mutations vis-à-vis de ses missions, qui tendent vers une externalisation et de son personnel. l'amélioration de la réinsertion des détenus est devenue un impératif majeur, surtout en ce qui concerne les mineurs incarcérés, en vue de réduire les risques de récidive. il s'agit d'expliquer et de qualifier ces changements correspondants à un besoins d'adaptation de cette administration envers l'évolution de la population carcérale, tout en améliorant ses relations avec les autres organismes publics (le ministère de l'education nationale notamment) afin de confirmer la politique de décloisonnement et de partenariat, suivie par l'administration pénitentiaire. cette étude tentera également de dresser un premier bilan concernant les efforts fournis par cette administration publique dans le cadre particulier des établissements pénitentiaires pour mineursThe correctional institution is experiencing a profound process of modernization under the influence of European and constitutional law, which tends to assign to it all the characteristics of a public service and significantly adds to the law of enforcement of sentences.This normative development, under the control of an administrative judge, has introduced the basis of a genuine legal status for minors as coerced users of this public service. Efforts carried out by the penitentiary administration in the aim of establishing detention rules that apply and are adjusted to the different categories of prison population, and particularly to minors, are changing the traditional/classic conception of the prison‟s missions.The specificity of detention rules, as confirmed by the creation of detention facilities for minors and the search for a legal status for the minor inmate, is endorsed by the opening up of the penitentiary administration and the building of partnerships with other institutional actors.The mobilization of new resources constitutes a fundamental axe in the preparation of the social rehabilitation of minors, in their own best interest and benefit. The issues around the correctional framing in the objective to define the administrative status of the minor inmate lead to double angled analysis: the fixing of the foundations of prison law applicable to minors, and the application of this law which illustrates the need for an adaptation of the penitentiary action when it comes to minors
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Tran, Ngoc Nha Tinh. "EU Competition Law under Ordoliberalism - A case study of Excessive Pricing in Pharmaceutical Sector." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23820.
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The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the ideational influence of Ordoliberalism on EU Competition Law while addressing a problematic social issue that has been witnessing a surge in the number of cases, which is excessive price abuse under Article 102(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) within the spectrum of pharmaceutical sector. By utilizing Nedergaard (2020)’s analytic framework for Ordoliberalism’s operationalization, the study successfully proves the impacts of five characteristics of Ordoliberalism, including Politics by rules, Economic Constitution, Market Construction, Role of Consumers and Role of the states towards consumers, on the practices of EU Competition Law, using the empirical data collected from two excessive pricing examples: Aspen in Italy and Pfizer/Flynn in the United Kingdom. The study also highlights the unique features of the pharmaceutical market due to its significant impacts on public healthcare and medicine assessment. At the end of the study, some recommendations are provided for further investigations.
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Alvarez, Cea Camila. "Verklighet eller en politisk illusion? : En studie av den svenska pressens syn på sjukförsäkringsreformen i USA." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Social Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-6091.
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Essay in Political Science, C-level, by Camila Alvarez Cea, spring semester 2010.
Tutor: Alf Sundin
“Reality or a Political Mirage? – A Study of the Swedish Press Views on the Health Insurance Reform in the USA”
The purpose of this essay is partly to examine whether the picture that Swedish press presents of the health insurance reform in the US, which is part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Act bill, will be of crucial importance to the possibilities that the American population has to receive health insurance. The main research question is accordingly: “Does the picture that Swedish press presents of the health insurance reform in the USA, seem like something that will be of radical importance to the possibilities of the population to receive healthcare?” The purpose is also to examine in which model (demand or market) the opinions of the Swedish press fits. This purpose will be answered by using three specific questions asking whether their opinions differ when it comes to three criterions: organization, financing/resources and delivery systems. These criterions come from a model from Milton I. Roemer’s book “National health systems of the world,” which also is the theoretical foundation of this essay.
The methodological approach of this essay is a qualitative text analysis along with an analysis chart, where the three criterions have been examined from the reporting of the four Swedish newspapers chosen for this essay. The conclusions that have been reached from the analysis chart are that the opinions differ greatly within Swedish press, and that the picture that Swedish press presents of the health insurance reform is that it will become easier for the American population to receive health care.
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Dark, Tyra. "Impact of area social predictors of health on Black-White disparities in stroke mortality." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002014.
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Beddiar, Nadia. "Le mineur délinquant face au service public pénitentiaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL20017.
Full textAbstract:
L'administration pénitentiaire française connaît, depuis plusieurs années, d'importantes mutations vis-à-vis de ses missions, qui tendent vers une externalisation et de son personnel. L’amélioration de la réinsertion des détenus est devenue un impératif majeur, surtout en ce qui concerne les mineurs incarcérés, en vue de réduire les risques de récidive. Il s'agit d'expliquer et de qualifier ces changements correspondants à un besoins d'adaptation de cette administration envers l'évolution de la population carcérale, tout en améliorant ses relations avec les autres organismes publics (le ministère de l'éducation nationale notamment) afin de confirmer la politique de décloisonnement et de partenariat, suivie par l'administration pénitentiaire. Cette étude tentera également de dresser un premier bilan concernant les efforts fournis par cette administration publique dans le cadre particulier des établissements pénitentiaires pour mineursThe correctional institution is experiencing a profound process of modernization under the influence of European and constitutional law, which tends to assign to it all the characteristics of a public service and significantly adds to the law of enforcement of sentences. This normative development, under the control of an administrative judge, has introduced the basis of a genuine legal status for minors as coerced users of this public service. Efforts carried out by the penitentiary administration in the aim of establishing detention rules that apply and are adjusted to the different categories of prison population, and particularly to minors, are changing the traditional/classic conception of the prison’s missions. The specificity of detention rules, as confirmed by the creation of detention facilities for minors and the search for a legal status for the minor inmate, is endorsed by the opening up of the penitentiary administration and the building of partnerships with other institutional actors. The mobilization of new resources constitutes a fundamental axe in the preparation of the social rehabilitation of minors, in their own best interest and benefit. The issues around the correctional framing in the objective to define the administrative status of the minor inmate lead to double angled analysis: the fixing of the foundations of prison law applicable to minors, and the application of this law which illustrates the need for an adaptation of the penitentiary action when it comes to minors
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Obaze, Doris Adediwura. "Staff Education: Hypertension Management for Adults in Primary Care Settings." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7710.
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Management of hypertension and its complications requires health care providers to
understand the reason for developing the disease. Complications of hypertension (HTN)
are more prevalent when patient interventions are not consistently performed by staff. A
gap in staff knowledge regarding the management of patients with HTN was noted at an
outpatient clinic in the southwestern United States. A staff education project based on
the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC-8) guidelines for HTN management was
developed to address the gap in knowledge. This DNP project sought to understand the
impact of an evidence-based staff education program in improving the knowledge of
nursing staff on HTN management. The health belief model and social cognitive theory
guided the project. Three expert panelists evaluated the education program content and
agreed that the content was relevant to clinical practice and would improve staff
knowledge regarding management of HTN. Eight nurses participated in the education
program, first completing a pretest questionnaire followed by educational program
content in digital format. Participants reviewed the program for 1 week followed by a
PowerPoint presentation at a staff meeting. Posttest questionnaires were completed by 7
participants using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from completely unaware to completely
aware. Posttest results indicated that nursing staff knowledge increased to completely
aware (100%) of the JNC-8 guidelines for HTN management compared with completely
unaware before the program. The project emphasizes the potential for positive social
change when translating evidence to practice through staff education to improve patient
management and outcomes for the treatment of HTN.
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Carvalho, Maria de Fátima M. N. Marques Vaz de. "Protecção radiológica do doente em tomografia computorizada." Master's thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6866.
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RESUMO - A preocupação com os conhecimentos, atitudes, crenças e práticas, no que
concerne à utilização de radiações ionizantes para fins de diagnóstico, e a
sensibilização de todos os agentes envolvidos, médicos, técnicos, físicos,
utentes e responsáveis pela Saúde Publica, relativamente aos níveis de
radiação emitida nos exames de Tomografia Computorizada (TC), assume
particular importância no domínio da Saúde Pública, na medida em que é
necessário influenciar o desenvolvimento de práticas que promovam, auditem e
garantam a prestação do controlo da qualidade radiológica e dosimétrica nos
serviços de Radiologia a nível Nacional.
Para tal, e no âmbito da publicação de estudos já realizados ao nível da União
Europeia, ―Orientações Europeias dos Critérios de Qualidade para a
Tomografia Computorizada (1999) ‖, é proposto estabelecer orientações na
realização de estudos que permitam, numa primeira fase, estabelecer a
comparação com os resultados obtidos pelos mecanismos de Controlo da
Qualidade (CQ), analisar e proceder aos ajustes (se necessário) e, numa
segunda fase, implementar uma moldura sistemática de avaliação periódica
dos níveis de dose de radiação por exame TC e que permita a monitorização
dos dados.
Nesse sentido, propõe-se a realização de um Estudo Nacional que envolva a
rede hospitalar pública, privada e universitária, partindo da metodologia
utilizada em estudos prévios noutros países da Europa, como seja, selecção do
equipamento de TC existente na Instituição Hospitalar, onde serão reunidas
informações através do preenchimento de questionários relativos ao
equipamento a utilizar. Serão recolhidos dados relativos ao utente, ao
equipamento e parâmetros de aquisição de imagem, que permitam identificar
os níveis de referência de diagnóstico (NRD) em TC, na realidade Portuguesa.
Foi efectuado um estudo piloto numa instituição EPE e os valores obtidos não
são significativos, nem podem assumir valor preditivo dado o reduzido tamanho
da amostra. Apesar disso, sugerem a existência de parâmetros que podem ser
alterados e com isso podem fazer variar a dose de radiação utilizada.
ENSP/UNL
Maria de Fátima Vaz de Carvalho 5
Espera-se obter com este estudo, como foi referido, a base do estabelecimento
dos NRD em TC em Portugal. ----------------- ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study, in an empirical point of view, emerges from concern
with the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding the use of ionizing
radiation for diagnostic purposes and awareness of all actors involved, medical
physical, technical, and responsible public health for the development of
practices that promote, audited and ensure the provision of radiological quality
control and dosing in radiology service at national level. In view of the
complexity and characteristics involved in relation to ionizing radiation, all
assume their part in protecting the physical integrity of each user and a global
perspective, to ensure the safeguarding of public health, while global and
globalizing factor. To this end, and in the context of the publication of studies
already carried out at European Union level, "European guidelines for quality
criteria for computed tomography", it is proposed to establish guidelines in
conducting studies to initially establish the comparison with the results obtained
by QC and make adjustments if necessary, and subsequently implement a
systematic periodic assessment frame that allows monitoring of data.
Accordingly, it is proposed to conduct a national study involving the public
network, private and University hospitals, that extends from the methodology
used in previous studies in other countries of Europe, as is, selection of
equipment of existing CT in Hospital Institution, where information will be
gathered by filling out questionnaires concerning the equipment to be used.
Data will be collected for the wearer, equipment and parameters of image
acquisition, identifying diagnostic reference levels (NRD) in CT in Portuguese
fact.
A pilot study was carried out in an institution EPE and the values obtained are
not significant, nor can they take predictive value given the small sample size.
Despite this, suggest the existence of parameters that can be changed and this
can vary the dose of radiation used
It is hoped to get with this study, as mentioned, the basis of the establishment of
NRD in CT in Portugal.
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Galleguillos, Tatiana Gabriela Brassea. "Avaliação da educação superior de enfermagem na perspectiva da Comissão Assessora de Avaliação para a Enfermagem - INEP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-30052007-113806/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o processo de avaliação da educação superior da Enfermagem brasileira na perspectiva da Comissão Assessora de Avaliação para a Enfermagem - INEP. A partir da análise realizada com base nas entrevistas com os membros da referida comissão para a área de Enfermagem foi possível discutir questões referentes às políticas de avaliação da educação superior, levando-se em consideração a expansão e a diversificação desse nível de ensino, a instituição de procedimentos de avaliação estruturados em princípios de flexibilidade e de competitividade, bem como as políticas de saúde, definidas a partir das diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com ênfase na saúde pública. Evidencia-se que o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior (SINAES), além de apresentar componentes de regulação, possibilita realizar uma avaliação qualitativa, de forma a superar o modelo anterior, determinado pelo Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC), caracterizado pela tendência a estabelecer ranking para o setor. A utilização de instrumento único para a avaliação de cursos, embora evidencie a falta de especificidade para a formação de Enfermagem, assegura a avaliação qualitativa. O avaliador é destacado como elemento central do processo de avaliação de cursos, pela possibilidade de diálogo com as instituições, traduzida em uma modalidade de avaliação formativa. Embora a comissão não estabeleça relação entre avaliação e emprego, a oferta e a ampliação de cursos e vagas determina a necessidade de novos postos de trabalho. A expansão da educação superior apresenta maior crescimento no setor privado, ficando a oferta de vagas no setor público praticamente estagnada, caracterizando a transferência da responsabilidade social do Estado para a livre iniciativa. Apontam-se as Diretrizes Curriculares e as diretrizes do SUS como eixos norteadores para a avaliação da educação superior em Enfermagem, definidoras de um novo paradigma de formação em saúde. Ainda que a intenção da avaliação não seja a de focalizar as especificidades da saúde pública, isso torna-se inevitável, pois o SUS constitui-se neste bojo. Deve-se considerar, também, que o sistema possui componentes de caráter regulatório, que são utilizados para conter a abertura mercantilista de cursos e para zelar pela qualidade da formação. Quanto ao caráter formativo da avaliação, o desafio está em que ela exerça real contribuição na elaboração e desenvolvimento de projetos político-pedagógicos para formar o futuro trabalhador do SUS.This essay has the objective of analyze the process of evaluation of the higher education on the Brazilian nursing studies under the perspective of the Adviser Committee of Evaluation for Nursing Studies - INEP. From the analysis fulfilled based on the interviews with the members of the so called committee for the nursing field it was possible to open debates on issues concerning to the policies of the higher education evaluation, taking into consideration the expansion and the diversification at this level of education, the settlement of the procedures for evaluation, established on principles of flexibility and competitiveness, as the health policies, determined from the conductresses of the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) with emphasis on the public health. It becomes clear that the Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior (SINAES), besides presenting elements of regulation, makes possible accomplish a qualitative evaluation, in order to overcome the former model, determined by Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC), characterized by the trend of setting a ranking for the sector. The use of a single instrument for evaluation of the courses, although makes clear the lack of speciousness for the nursing graduation, assures the qualitative evaluation. The rater is highlighted as a central element of the evaluation process of courses, due to the possibility of dialog within the institutions, translated into a modality of formative evaluation. Moreover the committee does not establish relationship between the evaluation and employment, the offer and enlargement of courses and openings; it determines the need of new working positions. The expansion of bachelors degrees show a greater growth in the private sector, being the offer of openings in the public sector fairly stagnated, characterizing the transfer of the social responsibility from the government to the private enterprise. It is brought forward the Curriculum conductresses and the - SUS - conductresses as the guiding axles for the evaluation of the higher education on nursing studies, definer of a new paradigm of graduation in health. Even that the primary intention of the evaluation is not to focalize the specificities of the public health, this becomes undeniable, due - SUS - is based on this values. It is also proper to consider, that the system has elements of regulation character, which are not used to detain the creation of mercantilist courses and care for the graduation quality. Due to the formative character of the evaluation, the challenge is settled in the fact that it leads to real contributions on the elaboration and development of politic-pedagogical projects to form the - SUS - workers-to-be.
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Al-Haji, Ghazwan. "Road Safety Development Index : Theory, Philosophy and Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8812.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation develops, presents and tests a new international tool, the so-called Road Safety Development Index (RSDI), which indicates in a comprehensive and easy way the severity of the road safety situation in a specific country and/or in comparison with other countries. There are three pillars of outcomes involved in the framework of RSDI. One pillar is the People focus (road user behaviour). The second is the System focus (safer vehicles, safer roads, enforcement, management, etc). The third is the Product focus in terms of accident death rates. This thesis analyses each of these pillars. In addition, RSDI links the key national practices of road safety to each other and to the end-results (accident death rates). The study suggests a master-list of performance indicators to be implemented for assessing road safety level in a country and for RSDI building. Based on the “master-list”, a short key list of performance indicators is chosen and classified into two primary categories that correspond to two groups of countries: LMCs “Less Motorised Countries” and HMCs “Highly Motorised Countries”. RSDI aggregates the key performance indicators into one single quantitative value (composite index). Four main objective and subjective approaches are used to calculate RSDI and determine which one is the best. One approach uses equal weights for all indicators and countries, whereas the other approaches give different weights depending on the importance of indicators. Two empirical studies were carried out, in different parts of the world, to determine the applicability of this tool in real world applications. The first empirical study comes from eight European countries (HMCs). The second empirical study comes from five Southeast Asian countries (LMCs). The RSDI results from this study indicate a remarkable difference between the selected countries even at the same level of motorisation and/or with close accident death rates. The unavailability of comparable and useful data are problems for deeper analysis of RSDI, especially the index should be as relevant as possible for different parts of the world. The empirical and theoretical assessments prove that RSDI can give a broader picture of the whole road safety situation in a country compared to the traditional models and can offer a simple and easily understandable tool to national policy makers and public.Denna avhandling utvecklar, presenterar och testar ett nytt internationellt verktyg, det så kallade Road Safety Development Index (RSDI), vilket på ett begripligt och lättillgängligt sätt beskriver trafiksäkerhetsläget i ett visst land jämfört med andra länder. Resultatet av RSDI utgörs av tre grundpelare. Den första pelaren är Fokus på människor (vägtrafikbeteende). Den andra är Fokus på systemet (säkrare fordon, säkrare vägar, beivrande, management, osv). Den tredje pelaren är Fokus på produkten med avseende på antal döda per fordon och per invånare. Arbetet analyserar var och en av dessa tre pelare. RSDI kopplar dessutom samman de viktigaste nationella praxisarna och erfarenheterna med varandra och till slutresultaten (antal dödsfall). Studien föreslår en lista med de viktigaste indikatorerna på hur olika länder vidtar åtgärder för trafiksäkerheten. Grundat på denna “master-lista” kan en kort lista med de viktigaste indikatorerna skapas och klassificeras i två huvudkategorier för två typer av länder: LMC “länder med låg andel fordon” och HMC “länder med hög andel fordon”. RSDI aggregerar de viktigaste performance-indikatorerna till ett enda kvantitativt mått (ett sammansatt index). Fyra olika objektiva och subjektiva huvudangreppssätt används för att beräkna RSDI och bestämma vilket av dem som är det bästa. En metod använder sig av lika stora vikter för alla indikatorer och länder, medan en annan metod ger olika vikter beroende på indikatorernas betydelse. Två empiriska studier genomfördes i olika delar av världen för att bestämma tillämpligheten av detta verktyg i verkliga situationer. Den första empiriska studien kommer från åtta länder i Europa (HMC-länder). Den andra empiriska studien har gjorts i fem länder i Sydostasien (LMC-länder). Resultaten från detta RSDI tyder på en anmärkningsvärd skillnad mellan de valda länderna, också om andelen bilägare och/eller andra variabler för trafiksäkerhet hålls konstanta. Bristen på jämförbara och användbara data medför problem vid en djupare analys av RSDI för olika delar av världen. De empiriska och teoretiska skattningarna visar att RSDI kan ge en bredare bild av hela trafiksäkerhetssituationen i ett land jämfört med traditionella modeller och kan erbjuda ett enkelt och lättförståeligt verktyg för de nationella beslutsfattarna liksom för allmänheten.
44
Thebaud, Edern. "Les produits-frontière dans la législation alimentaire de l'Union européenne: émergence d'une santé alimentaire entre logique du marché intérieur et exigences de sécurité." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209577.
Full textAbstract:
Si le droit connaît les médicaments et les denrées alimentaires, il ne reconnaît pas les alicaments. Or, ces dernières années ont vu l’apparition et le développement, sur le marché de l’Union européenne, de « produits-frontière » c'est-à-dire de produits se trouvant à la frontière entre les médicaments et les aliments. Confrontées à un vaste conflit de qualification causé par l’ambivalence conceptuelle des « produits-frontière », les institutions de l’Union ont, au nom de la libre circulation des marchandises ainsi que de la nécessité d’une protection accrue des consommateurs et de la santé publique, entamé, dès le début des années 2000, une large harmonisation des dispositions nationales relatives à ces produits. Considérés comme aliments, leur nature particulière nécessite cependant une approche adaptative de la part du législateur européen. Cette nouvelle approche de l’aliment par le droit, favorable à la reconnaissance d’une santé alimentaire, tant convoitée par la société contemporaine, ne résout toutefois pas l’ambiguïté quant à la place à accorder aux « produits-frontière » dans le corpus juridique de l’Union européenne.Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
45
Achee, Ashley. "A Deconstruction of the Effects of Race, Gender, and Class in the Nineteenth Century British Asylum Complex." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/889.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis will explore the intersectional construction of the British asylum network in the nineteenth century. It will look at gender, race, and class as factors in the diagnostic process, in addition to the confinement and treatment of the insane.
46
Marks, Géraldine. "Quelle place pour le droit dans la gestion des urgences sanitaires de portée internationale ? : esquisse d’une gouvernance des risques biologiques par l’échange d’informations." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1108.
Full textAbstract:
Les urgences sanitaires de portée internationale font partie de ces risques que les Etats, pris isolément, ne peuvent gérer seul pour assurer la permanence du bien-être de leur population. Cette thèse explore alors la possibilité de pallier l'insuffisante intégration de la communauté internationale en matière de gestion de ce qui sera considéré comme des risques biologiques, par l'établissement d'un système de gouvernance internationale et globale fondée sur l'échange d'informations. Pour le fonctionnement de ce système, l'information doit être produite mais elle doit également avoir la possibilité juridique d'être échangée. Dans ce contexte, l'échange d'informations se doit d'être organisé de manière à tenir compte des caractères juridiques des informations utiles à la gestion de ces risques. L'étude des conditions de cet échange met alors en évidence le rôle essentiel du droit dans l'organisation des conditions de l'efficience de ces échanges, et dès lors dans le fonctionnement de ce système de gouvernance. Elle en montre aussi les limitesPublic health emergencies of international concern are part of those risks that can not be efficiently managed by States on their own to ensure the longstanding well-being of their population. This thesis explores the possibility to supersede the international community's lack of integration for the management of what will be considered as biological risks, by the designing of an international and global governance system based on the exchange of information. For the functionning of this system, information will need to be produced and have the capacity to be exchanged. In this context, information exchanges ought to be organised, in order to take into account the legal specifities of the information involved. The study will thus aim at emphasizing on the essential role of law in the organisation of those exchanges but also on its limitations
47
Ho, Van Truc Catherine. "L'influence du droit européen des dispositifs médicaux sur le droit français : la démocratie sanitaire en question ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0135.
Full textAbstract:
Le droit des dispositifs médicaux est un droit qui depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix est encadré par le droit de l’Union européenne. En particulier, la directive générale adoptée en 1993 sur les dispositifs médicaux, maintes fois modifiée par la suite, constitue encore à l’heure actuelle le fondement de cette législation. Ce texte était censé harmoniser les législations nationales relatives aux dispositifs médicaux et garantir des normes de sécurité élevées afin d'inspirer une confiance au grand public. Il permet l'utilisation de ces produits dans tous les pays de l'Union européenne en posant un certain nombre de conditions (et d’évaluations), qui relèvent aussi d’un impératif d’ouverture au marché européen, d’autant que les dispositifs médicaux, contrairement aux médicaments, ne font pas l’objet d’une autorisation de mise sur ce marché. Elle a aussi pour particularité, comme toute directive européenne d’être appliquée et mise en œuvre dans les États membres au terme d’un processus législatif particulier qui est celui de l’Union européenne, faisant intervenir de multiples acteurs, à des degrés divers ˸ États membres, Institutions et professionnel de santé et industriel. L’ensemble de ce processus et ses incidences dans les États, en particulier en France, n’ont cependant pas suffit pour éviter certaines dérives, et interroge au regard du respect de la démocratie sanitaireThe law on medical devices is a law which since the 1990s has been framed by European Union law. In particular, the general directive adopted in 1993 on medical devices, which has been amended many times since then, still forms the basis of this legislation today. This text was intended to harmonise national legislation on medical devices and to ensure high safety standards in order to inspire confidenceamong the general public. It allows the use of these products in all EU countries by imposing a number of conditions (and assessments), which are also necessary to open up the European market, especially as medical devices, unlike medicines, are not subject to a marketing authorisation.It also has the particularity, like any European directive, that it is applied and implemented in the Member States at the end of a specific legislative process, which is that of the European Union, involving multiple actors, to varying degrees˸ Member States, institutions and health and industrial professionals. However, the whole process and its impact in the Member States, particularly in France, have not been sufficient to prevent certain abuses, and raises the following questions with regard to respect for health democracy
48
Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes November 6, 2017." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626195.
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PIRIU, ANDREEA ALEXANDRA. "ESSAYS ON GLOBALISATION: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/728739.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies the effects of import competition from China and Eastern Europe
on the health and fertility decisions of German individuals working in manufacturing.
Individuals are matched with separate measures of exposure to competition from China
and Eastern Europe, respectively. To isolate exogenous supply shocks from the origin,
instrumental variables for competition from each of China and Eastern Europe are constructed.
Results in Chapter 1 suggest that higher import competition worsens individual health via
job displacement, wage decline, shortened employment duration, increased reliance on
welfare and less future orientation, with Chinese import competition affecting individuals
twice as much. Health declines as individuals increase their visits to the doctor, exercise
less frequently and have a higher probability of developing chronic illness. Also, there is
some evidence that individuals do not tend to become disabled but may be slowly pushed
into chronic illness.
Findings in Chapter 2 show that import competition negatively affects the individual’s
probability of having children via reduced earnings, lower satisfaction with personal
income and shortened employment duration. The chapter then investigates effects of
import exposure by gender. Results show that male and female fertility choices differ
upon rising import competition. Higher import exposure lowers female earnings and
job autonomy, which in turn generates a lower opportunity cost of work, to the point
where having children would become a more rewarding alternative for female workers.
By contrast, increased import exposure negatively affects male workers’ fertility through
reduced earnings and employment duration.
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Haile, Yohannes. "Sustainable Value And Eco-Communal Management: Systemic Measures For The Outcome Of Renewable Energy Businesses In Developing, Emerging, And Developed Economies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1459369970.
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