Journal articles on the topic 'European Power Grid'
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1
Posch, J. "European transmission interconnection: Eurasian power grid." IEEE Power Engineering Review 11, no. 9 (September 1991): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/39.93822.
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Guerrero, Manuel, Raul Baños, Consolación Gil, Francisco G. Montoya, and Alfredo Alcayde. "Evolutionary Algorithms for Community Detection in Continental-Scale High-Voltage Transmission Grids." Symmetry 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11121472.
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Symmetry is a key concept in the study of power systems, not only because the admittance and Jacobian matrices used in power flow analysis are symmetrical, but because some previous studies have shown that in some real-world power grids there are complex symmetries. In order to investigate the topological characteristics of power grids, this paper proposes the use of evolutionary algorithms for community detection using modularity density measures on networks representing supergrids in order to discover densely connected structures. Two evolutionary approaches (generational genetic algorithm, GGA+, and modularity and improved genetic algorithm, MIGA) were applied. The results obtained in two large networks representing supergrids (European grid and North American grid) provide insights on both the structure of the supergrid and the topological differences between different regions. Numerical and graphical results show how these evolutionary approaches clearly outperform to the well-known Louvain modularity method. In particular, the average value of modularity obtained by GGA+ in the European grid was 0.815, while an average of 0.827 was reached in the North American grid. These results outperform those obtained by MIGA and Louvain methods (0.801 and 0.766 in the European grid and 0.813 and 0.798 in the North American grid, respectively).
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Boubaker, K., A. Colantoni, and E. Allegrini. "Renewable Energy in Eastern North Africa in Terms of Patterns of Coupling to Czisch European HVDC Super Grid." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.125-129.
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In this study, wind energy potential and perspectives in the eastern North Africa region (Tunisia) have been investigated in terms of connectivity to the projected Czisch European HVDC super grid. A simplified extracted scheme of this grid has been used as a guide to optimize transportation efficiency through the whole net. Wind, as an available and easily exploitable renewable energy was showing to have a promising future for 2025 horizon in the context of a connected net with the European Union, despite local sub-grids disparities. This is also to emphasis HVDC technology adequacy for economical power transmission over very long distances andconnection between differently established grids.
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Hansen, Anca Daniela, Kaushik Das, Poul Sørensen, Pukhraj Singh, and Andrea Gavrilovic. "European and Indian Grid Codes for Utility Scale Hybrid Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144335.
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The aim of this paper is to review and compare present European and Indian grid code requirements imposed to hybrid power plants (HPPs) combining wind, solar and storage technologies. Since there are no grid codes specifically for HPPs, the paper will review grid codes for the power plant based on individual renewable technology in the HPP. European grid codes specifies ranges for parameters inside which each national transmission system operators (TSO) has to specify the set of national parameters (Danish specifications in this paper). The comparisons are performed with respect to fault-ride-through capability, frequency and voltage operation ranges, active power control/frequency support as well as reactive power control/voltage support.
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Holmes, Andrew. "Evolution and de-evolution of a European power grid." Electricity Journal 5, no. 8 (October 1992): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(05)80023-5.
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Hadjsaid, Nouredine, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, and Sebastien Henry. "European Power Grid: Many Changes Ahead [In My View]." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12, no. 2 (March 2014): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2013.2294383.
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ROSAS-CASALS, MARTÍ, SERGI VALVERDE, and RICARD V. SOLÉ. "TOPOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY OF THE EUROPEAN POWER GRID UNDER ERRORS AND ATTACKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 17, no. 07 (July 2007): 2465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127407018531.
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We present an analysis of the topological structure and static tolerance to errors and attacks of the September 2003 actualization of the Union for the Coordination of Transport of Electricity (UCTE) power grid, involving thirty-three different networks. Though every power grid studied has exponential degree distribution and most of them lack typical small-world topology, they display patterns of reaction to node loss similar to those observed in scale-free networks. We have found that the node removal behavior can be logarithmically related to the power grid size. This logarithmic behavior would suggest that, though size favors fragility, growth can reduce it. We conclude that, with the ever-growing demand for power and reliability, actual planning strategies to increase transmission systems would have to take into account this relative increase in vulnerability with size, in order to facilitate and improve the power grid design and functioning.
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Ostrowska, Anna, Tomasz Sikorski, Alessandro Burgio, and Michał Jasiński. "Modern Use of Prosumer Energy Regulation Capabilities for the Provision of Microgrid Flexibility Services." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010469.
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Due to the prospect of climate change and the challenges posed by the European Union to the modern power grid, a decentralized system based on distributed energy sources is being created from a centralized system based on utility power. It also involves new ideas on the operation and management of power grids, especially at the level of low-voltage distribution networks, where prosumers play a special role. In addition to the transformation of sources to renewables, the aim is to increase the flexibility of power grids by exploiting the regulatory potential of flexible grid components. The issue of grid flexibility assumes particular importance in the case of microgrids and local grids covered by the energy communities. Many posts describe the realization of the task of flexibility through energy storage, e.g., storing storage resources in electric vehicles or the use of energy transformation through conversion to heat, air compression air, or process cooling. However, there seems to be a lack of exploration of the topic, where the photovoltaic inverter could provide a flexible energy source while maintaining the rigor of power quality. This article presents current developments in low-voltage grids and the prospect of using prosumer installations to provide grid flexibility and stability.
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Bompard, Ettore, Shaghayegh Zalzar, Tao Huang, Arturs Purvins, and Marcelo Masera. "Baltic Power Systems’ Integration into the EU Market Coupling under Different Desynchronization Schemes: A Comparative Market Analysis." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081945.
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Currently, the power transmission system of the Baltic states is synchronized with the Integrated/Unified Power System (IPS/UPS), which includes the Russian grid, and the IPS/UPS provides frequency regulation and system security within the Baltic states. Since joining the European Union (EU) in 2004, the Baltic states have been following the EU’s energy policy targets. The Baltics are presently participating in a European electricity market, i.e., the NordPool market, while they are expected to join the pan-European electricity market—the European target model for power market integration. Moreover, from a power grid perspective, EU energy policies intend to desynchronize the power grid of the Baltic states from the IPS/UPS over the coming years. This paper evaluates these policy trends through market impacts, and it complements existing studies on Baltic-IPS/UPS desynchronization in terms of wholesale electricity prices, generation surpluses, primary reserve adequacy, and redispatch costs. Participation of the Baltic states in the integrated pan-European day-ahead electricity market with zonal pricing was modeled for 2030, followed by a national redispatch, with detailed power grid modeling of Baltic states to solve potential intrazonal congestion. The simulation results imply the superiority of the Baltics’ synchronization to continental Europe, compared to the other schemes.
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Gea-Bermúdez, Juan, Lena Kitzing, Matti Koivisto, Kaushik Das, Juan Pablo Murcia León, and Poul Sørensen. "The Value of Sector Coupling for the Development of Offshore Power Grids." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030747.
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Offshore grids can play key roles in the transition of energy systems toward sustainability. Although they require extensive infrastructure investments, they allow for the exploitation of additional resources and may be important in providing for part of the increasing electricity demands driven by sector coupling. This paper quantifies the socioeconomic value of offshore grids and identifies their major drivers, performing energy system optimization in a model application of the northern–central European energy system and the North Sea offshore grid towards 2050. The increasing wake loss with the sizes of hub-connected wind farms is integrated in the modeling. We find that without sector coupling no offshore grid may develop, and that the higher the level of sector coupling, the higher the value of offshore grids. Therefore, it can be strongly stated that offshore grid infrastructure development should not be discussed as a separate political topic, but seen in connection to sector coupling.
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Ciattaglia, Sergio, Maria Carmen Falvo, Alessandro Lampasi, and Matteo Proietti Cosimi. "Energy Analysis for the Connection of the Nuclear Reactor DEMO to the European Electrical Grid." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092157.
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Towards the middle of the current century, the DEMOnstration power plant, DEMO, will start operating as the first nuclear fusion reactor capable of supplying its own loads and of providing electrical power to the European electrical grid. The presence of such a unique and peculiar facility in the European transmission system involves many issues that have to be faced in the project phase. This work represents the first study linking the operation of the nuclear fusion power plant DEMO to the actual requirements for its correct functioning as a facility connected to the power systems. In order to build this link, the present work reports the analysis of the requirements that this unconventional power-generating facility should fulfill for the proper connection and operation in the European electrical grid. Through this analysis, the study reaches its main objectives, which are the definition of the limitations of the current design choices in terms of power-generating capability and the preliminary evaluation of advantages and disadvantages that the possible configurations for the connection of the facility to the European electrical grid can have. In reference to the second objective, the work makes possible a first attempt at defining the features of the point of connection to the European grid, whose knowledge will be useful in the future, for the choice of the real construction site.
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Then, Daniel, Christian Spalthoff, Johannes Bauer, Tanja M. Kneiske, and Martin Braun. "Impact of Natural Gas Distribution Network Structure and Operator Strategies on Grid Economy in Face of Decreasing Demand." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030664.
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Currently, natural gas provides more than a third of the energy used in European residential buildings. As part of the general decline of fossil fuels, this gas consumption is predicted to drop in several countries by 25–100% by 2050. We model a decline in gas consumption in 57 urban German distribution grids looking for the influence of grid-specific factors and different distribution network operator (DNO) strategies on grid charges. We find a functional relationship between grid length and customer amount described by a power law, with an exponent correlated with structural grid parameters. The disordered structure inherent to grids typically results in a decline in grid costs much slower than the corresponding demand. We introduce a simplified yearly cash flow calculation model based on the power law and validate it against mixed integer linear optimization. A comparison of the total costs of operation and resulting grid charges for several scenarios and strategies estimates the effects on DNO business models. Depending on a combination of DNO’s strategy and customers’ exit pattern, grid charges may increase, accelerating the substitution of gas-bound technologies that might develop into a self-reinforcing feedback loop, leading to grid defection.
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Abdurakhmanov, Abdula, Sergey Glushkin, and Andrey Shuntov. "Overhead electrical grids 6-20 kV partition." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901046.
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The paper analyzes the technical principles of construction and the typical structure of overhead electric grids 6-20 kV. Reliability calculations were performed for 18 segments of 6-10 kV electrical grids of one of the largest electric grid companies in the European part of the country. Shown, when assessing the reliability of overhead electric grids, it is permissible to take into account only reliability parameters of electric transmission lines. It is permissible to neglect failures of other grid elements in a first approximation (power transformers, circuit breaker e.t.c.)
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Vladimir Dokmanović. "EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE IN CONNECTION WITH THE INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY WIND POWER PLANTS INTO ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS." Journal of Energy - Energija 57, no. 4 (October 11, 2022): 376–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2008574329.
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The article presents European experiences regarding the use of wind power in electricity production. Emphasis is placed upon the signifi cance of optimizing, strengthening and expanding an existing electrical grid, as well as the construction of modern grids for the rapid and effi cient integration of renewable energy sources. The goal of the article is to draw attention to the importance and complexity of this topic by utilizing the fi ndings of numerous research studies on the integration of electricity from wind power plants into the electrical power systems of individual countries.
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Fita, Nicolae Daniel, Dragos Pasculescu, Florin Gabriel Popescu, Alina Daniela Handra, and Emilia Grigorie. "Energy security aspects related to the National Power Grid." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134204010.
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National Power Grid is an important element within the National Power System, having in its composition critical infrastructures of national importance without which the national economy could not operate, and its non-operation, totally or partially (black/brown-out), generates energy insecurity, negative factor with devastating and catastrophic effects on industrial, economic and national security. Due to the fact that National Power Grid is of national strategic importance, it has to be assessed and monitored permanently in terms of security risks, in order to identify vulnerabilities, and this need for assessment also comes from the European perspective because Romania is interconnected to ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators) which interconnects various power overhead lines from North to South, from West to East, or even with Africa and Asia. In order to secure the National Power Grid, the authors have set out in this paper to identify possible internal or external vulnerabilities and what impact they have on the National Power Grid and National Power System. By knowing the vulnerabilities, one can automatically identify the dangers and threats to which it is subjected and engaged, being able to develop national/European measures or strategies for the protection and security of the critical infrastructures related to. For this reason, it is considered that the identification of vulnerabilities must become a pressing issue of national, and European energy security and be a useful tool for authorities to develop a energy strategy (short – long term) for the proper functioning of the National Power Grid and the national economy, because all sectors of the economy depend on electricity. The identified vulnerabilities are eliminated by National Energy Strategy 2021 – 2036 (short, medium,and long term) proposed by the authors, with the aim of increasing energy and national security.
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Abdurakhmanov, Abdula, Sergey Glushkin, and Andrey Shuntov. "About reliability characteristics of overhead electrical grids 6-10 kV elements." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901045.
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In the paper, failure outage statistics in 6–10 kV overhead electric grids of one of the largest electric grid companies in the European part of the country were analyzed to clarify the reliability characteristics of their elements. Failure intensity and mean restoration time for covered and uninsulated overhead lines, low-oil and vacuum circuit breaker cells, power transformers and secondary electrical grid elements were obtained. The obtained reliability characteristics of elements should be used in the tasks of technical justification and selection 6–10 kV overhead electrical grid preferred structure.
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Brancucci Martínez-Anido, C., R. Bolado, L. De Vries, G. Fulli, M. Vandenbergh, and M. Masera. "European power grid reliability indicators, what do they really tell?" Electric Power Systems Research 90 (September 2012): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.04.007.
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Srivastava, Puneet K., Amar N. Tiwari, and Sri N. Singh. "Impacts of Wind Energy Integration to the Utility Grid and Grid Codes: A Review." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 446–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666190709102957.
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Background: This paper reviews the requirements imposed by Transmission System Operators (TSOs) in their grid codes to address intolerable implications of integrating large Wind Power Plants (WPPs) to the grid. Besides the common objectives, terminologies used by different TSOs were distinct. Therefore, developing a harmonized grid code is imperative. Introduction: On the recommendation of the European Commission, European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) has made concerted efforts in the direction of developing a harmonized grid code, and published its document in March 2013. Method: Several TSOs have updated their grid codes in accordance with the increasing wind energy penetration. We have made an effort to present a comparison between different integration requirements specified by different grid codes. The outcomes presented will certainly be beneficial to the countries, which are in the process of enacting their own grid code. Result: We have reviewed different grid codes in terms of Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) requirement, operating voltage and frequency range, active power control (frequency regulation) and reactive power support (voltage regulation). Conclusion: The present study envisages helping wind turbine manufacturers and WPP developers, as it would provide them a clear insight into the regulations imposed on WPPs as included/ updated in different grid codes.
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Pront-van Bommel, Simone. "Smart Energy Grids within the Framework of the Third Energy Package." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 20, Issue 2 (April 1, 2011): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2011003.
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The installation, design and functional potential of energy distribution networks are expected to change dramatically over the next decade. This process is essential to meet the specific demands set by the European legislator. Power distribution and transmission systems are being transformed into smart grids. But what is a smart grid? There is no single conclusive definition of what constitutes a "smart grid". One of its major features involves the architecture of an intricately automated infrastructure to facilitate the envisaged renewable power distribution. The development of smart grids is subject to binding legal requirements as laid down in the Third Energy Directive. The aim of this article is to explore and describe some of the key features of smart grids, and to use this as an instrument of analysis to identify the demands of the European Energy Legislation with respect to smart grids more clearly. Still, a lot remains to be clarified. For instance, another major issue that deserves closer consideration concerns the interrelation with telecommunications and defining its legal aspects under new EU NRF legislation. This article's focus is restricted to an analysis of the legal and regulatory framework for the energy sector only.
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Al Kadhimi, Basim Mohammed. "Analysis for Industrial Grid Containing Nonlinear Loads." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol5.iss1.64.
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Harmonics is the most important issue among all issues related to the power quality. Harmonics comes from different non-linear loads like uninterruptible power supplies systems (UPS), variable speed motor drives, rectifiers, personal computers, adjustable speed drives, fluorescent lighting, rectifier banks, data processing loads, arc furnaces, and so on. Simulation of a real power supply system that consists of linear loads and nonlinear loads as variable speed drives has been carried out in the work. Variable speed drives generate harmonics into supply system that contains different values of compensated capacitors. Calculations of equivalent system reactance for generated harmonics, voltage harmonics, voltage harmonics in percentage, THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) of voltage, frequency characteristics, current flows in the system capacitor units have been worked out using Mathcad software. The obtained results have been compared with the European Standard (EN 50160) for supply quality requirements of the European Union.
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Sourkounis, Constantinos, and Pavlos Tourou. "Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Integration in Europe." Conference Papers in Energy 2013 (June 4, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/437674.
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As the capacity of wind power continues to increase globally, stricter requirements regarding grid connection of wind generators are introduced by system operators. The development of wind turbine technology is inevitably affected by the new grid codes, and wind power plants are expected to support the grid and provide ancillary services much like conventional power plants. The most demanding regulations are found in Europe where wind penetration levels are higher. This paper presents the main aspects of current grid code requirements for the integration of wind power in European countries and suggests performance characteristics in order to satisfy the most demanding requirements. The dynamic behavior of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators is investigated and a solution for low voltage ride through compliance is presented.
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Buire, Jérôme, Frédéric Colas, Jean-Yves Dieulot, and Xavier Guillaud. "Stochastic Optimization of PQ Powers at the Interface between Distribution and Transmission Grids." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214057.
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This paper addresses the volt-var control of distribution grids embedding many distributed generators (DGs). Specifically, it focuses on the compliance of powers to specified PQ diagrams at the high voltage/medium voltage (HV/MV) interface while the voltages remain well controlled. This is achieved using a two-stage optimization corresponding to two different classes of actuators. The tap position of capacitor banks is selected on a daily basis, given a stochastic model of the input powers prediction, which allows infrequent actuation and increases the device lifespan. In a second stage, a confidence level optimization problem allows to tune on an hourly basis the parameters of the DGs reactive power affine control laws. Results on a real-size grid show that the combined tuning of these actuators allows the ability to comply with European grid codes while the control effort remains reasonable.
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Kefalas, Themistoklis D., and Antonios Kladas. "Reduction of Power Grid Losses by Using Energy Efficient Distribution Transformers." Materials Science Forum 721 (June 2012): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.721.269.
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The importance of distribution transformer no-load loss on the operation of modern electrical grids is often underestimated. Internationally, distribution transformer no-load loss constitutes nearly 25% of the transmission and distribution losses of electrical grids. The losses in European Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33 TWh/year whereas, reactive power and harmonic losses add a further 5 TWh/year. In the Greek electrical grid the no-load losses of 140,000 distribution transformers are estimated at about 490 GWh/year. This paper has two goals the first one is to illustrate the significance of distribution transformer no-load loss in periods of high electric energy cost and the second goal is the presentation of a novel numerical methodology for wound core transformers no-load loss analysis, enabling to determine the economically and technically optimum transformer for every use.
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Bauer, Dennis, Sara Gail, Lena Hitzenberger, Can Kaymakci, Alexander Sauer, Laura Körting, and Benjamin Körting. "SynErGame: Gamified Knowledge Building on Synchronizing Energy Supply and Energy Demand." European Conference on Games Based Learning 16, no. 1 (September 29, 2022): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecgbl.16.1.479.
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Climate change is one of humanity’s biggest challenges. With reference to power grids, there is a strong need for decarbonization alongside for a substantial increase in renewable energy generation. Keeping in mind that renewable energy sources are volatile – solar and wind power are heavily weather dependent – it is necessary to ensure the balance between power generation and power demand in the European power grid at all times. Significant deviations in grid frequency or bottlenecks could lead to a blackout. This raises the need for flexibility in the power grid substantially. An option so far relatively little explored is to make use of industrial demand-side flexibility. With a share in the power demand of about 45 per cent in Germany, industry could contribute significantly to power grid stability. While technologies for industrial demand-side flexibility have been comprehensively explored by the scientific community and (prototypically) implemented in industry, this knowledge has not spread to a broader audience. To foster knowledge on industrial demand-side flexibilization, we developed an approach using a serious game called SynErGame, synchronizing energy supply and demand. Within two game modes, one perspective macro-oriented and the other industry-oriented, a player learns about the benefits and challenges of using demand-side flexibility options to stabilize a power grid. The paper first introduces the topic of flexibilizing industrial power demand. Secondly, requirements are derived and the game design is outlined in detail. Thirdly, the paper shows how to make the game accessible via browser or app on mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. During ongoing use, SynErGame has proven particularly effective for audiences inclined to digital technologies, such as students.
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Fotis, Georgios, Vasiliki Vita, and Theodoros I. Maris. "Risks in the European Transmission System and a Novel Restoration Strategy for a Power System after a Major Blackout." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010083.
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Many citizens of European countries may soon experience a long and extensive blackout. The lack of predictability in the output of renewable energy sources, aggravating the problem of consistently matching supply with demand on electric grids, along with cyber-attacks or even worse unpredictable incidents in the electric grid are some factors that may mean a blackout is much more likely than in previous years. This paper covers the possibility of an extensive blackout in a country of the interconnected European electricity transmission system or, even worse, a blackout in a wide area of the European continent. The topic of this paper becomes even more important and timely given the energy crisis due to the war in Ukraine, which has made the possibility of a blackout in the winter of 2022–2023 high. First, the major European blackouts that occurred in the past 20 years are presented, examining their causes. On 8 January 2021, the European electricity grid was divided into two separate sections, with different frequencies; some additional scenarios are considered which, if they had happened, could have led to blackouts in some European countries or, even worse, a wide area of Europe. This work also examines how to avoid such an eventuality, as well as how European TSOs should react in case a blackout occurs. Focused on the fast and reliable supply of consumers after a blackout, a novel restoration strategy based on the A* Algorithm is presented. Its efficiency is validated in the IEEE-39 and IEEE-68 bus systems.
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Agathokleous, Christos, and Jimmy Ehnberg. "A Quantitative Study on the Requirement for Additional Inertia in the European Power System until 2050 and the Potential Role of Wind Power." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092309.
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A significant amount of conventional power plants in the European power system is anticipated to be replaced by solar and wind power in the future. This may require alternative sources for inertia support. The purpose of the paper is to learn about the consequences on the frequency deviation after a fault in the European power system when more wind and solar are introduced and when wind is considered as a possible provider of inertia. This study quantifies the expected maximum requirement for additional inertia in the future European power system up to 2050. Furthermore, we investigated the possibility of wind power to meet this additional need by providing emulated inertia. The European power system of the EU-28 countries has been clustered to the five synchronous grids, UCTE, Nordic, UK, Baltic and Irish. The future European energy mix is simulated considering twelve different scenarios. Production units are dispatched according to their expected environmental impacts, which closely follow the minimum natural contribution of inertia, in descending order. The available capacity for all the types of production is considered the same as the installed. For all the simulated scenarios the worst case is examined, which means that a sudden disconnection of the largest production unit of the dispatched types is considered. Case study results reveal that, in most cases, additional inertia will be required but wind power may fully cover this need for up to 84% of all simulated horizons among all the scenarios on the UCTE grid, and for up to 98%, 86%, 99% and 86% on the Nordic, UK, Baltic and Irish grids, respectively.
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Ginocchi, Mirko, Amir Ahmadifar, Ferdinanda Ponci, and Antonello Monti. "Application of a Smart Grid Interoperability Testing Methodology in a Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing Environment." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071648.
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Interoperability testing is widely recognized as a key to achieve seamless interoperability of smart grid applications, given the complex nature of modern power systems. In this work, the interoperability testing methodology proposed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre is applied to a specific use case in the context of smart grids. The selected use case examines a flexibility activation mechanism in a power grid system and includes DSO SCADA, Remote Terminal Unit and flexibility source, interacting to support a voltage regulation service. The adopted test bed consists of a real-time power grid simulator, a communication network emulator and use case actors’ models in a hardware-in-the-loop setup. The breakdown of the interoperability testing problem is accomplished by mapping the use case to the SGAM layers, specifying the Basic Application Profiles together with the Basic Application Interoperability Profiles (BAIOPs) and defining the design of experiments to carry out during the laboratory testing. Furthermore, the concepts of inter- and intra-BAIOP testing are formalized to reflect complementary interests of smart grid stakeholders. Experimental results prove the applicability of the methodology for testing the interoperability of large-scale and complex smart grid systems and reveal interesting features and possible pitfalls which should be considered when investigating the parameters responsible for the disruption of a system interoperability.
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Otero-Iglesias, Miguel, and Manuel Weissenegger. "Motivations, security threats and geopolitical implications of Chinese investment in the EU energy sector: the case of CDP Reti." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 594–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066119871350.
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The recent surge in Chinese outbound foreign direct investment in Europe has been met with anxiety often invoking national security concerns. Using the national security framework developed by Moran and Oldenski, we try to ascertain which transactions justify apprehension. Our case study is the acquisition by a subsidiary of wholly state-owned State Grid Corporation of China of a 35% stake in CDP Reti S.p.A. (CDP Reti) that controls Italy’s electricity grid via its subsidiary Terna S.p.A. Although State Grid Corporation of China can nominate two members of CDP Reti’s board of directors, we find that there is no direct threat to national security. We then tackle the geopolitical dimension of investments in electricity grids. Using the ‘thought experiment’ developed by Scholten and Bosman, the contribution we make is that, in a world where the importance of renewable energy increases, a framing power rather than control over the strategic development of a country’s grid is sufficient to exert geopolitical power. Since State Grid Corporation of China’s exponents on CDP Reti’s board can at least partly influence the company’s investment decisions, we conclude that the transaction grants China geopolitical influence over Italy’s grid. Furthermore, in the future this type of geopolitical influence could also lead to indirect security concerns. The interconnection of European electricity flows extends this conclusion to the EU’s electricity grid as a whole.
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Espejo, Rafael, Sara Lumbreras, and Andres Ramos. "Analysis of transmission-power-grid topology and scalability, the European case study." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 509 (November 2018): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.06.019.
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Korneev, Konstantin, Darya Maksakova, and Sergei Popov. "Institutional Issues of International Power Grid Development in Northeast Asia." E3S Web of Conferences 27 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182701002.
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With regard to the initiative of “International power interconnections in northeast Asia” here examines the challenges which may hinder the establishment of a common energy system in region. The analysis is based on the APERC methodology for international energy cooperation in the APEC region, and on historical approach to the development of pricing mechanisms and policy in the European common market of electricity trade and system services. Mechanisms for the prevention and overcoming of the revealed problems of regional cooperation in the power sector are proposed.
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Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Ewald Perwög, Ermis Garyfallos, Mercedes Sanz Millán, Emmanuel Zoulias, and Nikolaos Chalkiadakis. "Hydrogen in Grid Balancing: The European Market Potential for Pressurized Alkaline Electrolyzers." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020637.
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To limit the global temperature change to no more than 2 °C by reducing global emissions, the European Union (EU) set up a goal of a 20% improvement on energy efficiency, a 20% cut of greenhouse gas emissions, and a 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (10% share of renewable energy (RE), specifically in the transport sector). By 2030, the goal is a 27% improvement in energy efficiency, a 40% cut of greenhouse gas emissions, and a 27% share of RE. However, the integration of RE in energy system faces multiple challenges. The geographical distribution of energy supply changes significantly the availability of the primary energy source (wind, solar, water) and is the determining factor, rather than where the consumers are. This leads to an increasing demand to match supply and demand for power. Especially intermittent RE like wind and solar power face the issue of energy production unrelated to demand (issue of excess energy production beyond demand and/or grid capacity) and forecast errors leading to an increasing demand for grid services like balancing power. Megawatt electrolyzer units (beyond 3 MW) can provide a technical solution to convert large amounts of excess electricity into hydrogen for industrial applications, substitute for natural gas, or the decarbonization of the mobility sector. The demonstration of successful MW electrolyzer operation providing grid services under dynamic conditions as request by the grid can broaden the opportunities of new business models that demonstrate the profitability of an electrolyzer in these market conditions. The aim of this work is the demonstration of a technical solution utilizing Pressurized Alkaline Electrolyzer (PAE) technology for providing grid balancing services and harvesting Renewable Energy Sources (RES) under realistic circumstances. In order to identify any differences between local market and grid requirements, the work focused on a demonstration site located in Austria, deemed as a viable business case for the operation of a large-scale electrolyzer. The site is adapted to specific local conditions commonly found throughout Europe. To achieve this, this study uses a market-based solution that aims at providing value-adding services and cash inflows, stemming from the grid balancing services it provides. Moreover, the work assesses the viability of various business cases by analyzing (qualitatively and quantitatively) additional business models (in terms of business opportunities/energy source, potential grid service provision, and hydrogen demand) and analyzing the value and size of the markets developing recommendations for relevant stakeholder to decrease market barriers.
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Beljic, Zeljko, Bojan Vujicic, Ivan Zupunski, Zoran Mitrovic, and Vladimir Vujicic. "Measurement over an interval method in measuring and monitoring of power quality." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 1 (2014): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee131130016b.
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Measuring and monitoring of power quality of supplied electric energy are important links in electro-distribution chain. Modern systems used for this purpose are complex. Goal of this paper is to present a new approach to the measurements of power quality, which can achieve equal or better performances using less complicated hardware. In this paper, we have presented the method of measuring over an interval in measurements of relevant factors of power quality: grid voltage frequency, grid voltage RMS and grid voltage distortion factor. Also given is the analysis of performances from metrology point of view, which shows that the measurement uncertainty of proposed method is many times lower than required, regarding maximum deviations from nominal values, defined by the European norm EN50160.
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Zsiborács, Henrik, Gábor Pintér, András Vincze, Zoltán Birkner, and Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai. "Grid balancing challenges illustrated by two European examples: Interactions of electric grids, photovoltaic power generation, energy storage and power generation forecasting." Energy Reports 7 (November 2021): 3805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.007.
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Kostenko, A. P. "Overview of european trends in electric vehicle implementation and the influence on the power system." System Research in Energy 2022, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.01.062.
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An overview of the trends in the development of electric transport in European countries is presented, including the state and tax policy of supporting electric transport owners, the dynamics of the growth of the European fleet of electric vehicles, the development of charging infrastructure and the main principles of the interaction between electric vehicles and power system. The experience of countries that have successfully developed electric transport was reviewed, and it was found that the demand for electric cars mostly depends on the price of electric cars for the end user, infrastructure development and government incentive programs. The review also showed that, in practice, the wide spread of electric vehicles should occur simultaneously with the development of the corresponding infrastructure, as well as the development of systems for their interaction with the energy system and compliance with global environmental standards. The growing number of electric vehicles certainly requires special attention from network and power system operators, because the appearance of charging stations of various manufactures and capacities, installed in residential areas, private and apartment buildings, can lead to the number of problems, the emergence of which is associated with electromagnetic compatibility, overloading of electric cables and distribution transformers, safety of operation, that as a result can negatively affect the reliability and quality of power supply. There is also the potential risk that with a certain number of EVs, there will not be enough existing generation capacity and capacity of the electricity grid to charge EV batteries. The analysis of the principles of interaction between electric vehicles and power system in Europe showed that they are based on the concept of Smart Grid - smart or intelligent power supply networks, by means of which the electric vehicle charging system can be managed by the energy supplying company in order to solve a number of energy system tasks: increasing the efficiency of network infrastructure using, peak load shift and the development of smart grid infrastructure. Keywords: electric vehicle, electric charging station, charging infrastructure, power system, environmental requirements, the Smart Grid concept
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Denysiuk, S. P., P. V. Makhlin, O. A. Shram, and V. M. Slynko. "FEATURES OF OPERATING MODES ANALYSIS OF THE POWER SYSTEM IN AREAS WITH ALTERNATIVE ELECTRIC POWER SOURCES (WIND POWER PLANTS)." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2022, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2022.01.041.
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High growth of renewable energy sources in the energy system necessitate of balancing their variable power. The integration of the interconnected power grid of Ukraine into the pan-European energy system ENTSO-E provides for solution to the issue of increasing the flexibility of the Ukraine power grid and ensuring the stability of its operating modes. It is shown that the problem of ensuring the stability of operating modes of power systems is growed by the integration of powerful wind farms in power systems. In particular, issues of stability are becoming relevant for both the powerful renewable energy sources themselves and their impact on the stability of existing power plants operating in a compatible manner with these sources at the regional level. The simulations of electromechanical transients and the study of the power grid operating mode when the operation of the wind power plant changes has been carried out in the article. The issues of ensuring the oscillatory stability of the power system at the regional level and ensuring the reliability of power supply in an extreme case - with a sudden shutdown of the wind power plant are considered. The change in power in the main transmission lines and its reverse, the dependence of the voltage in the network, the angles of the rotors of the generators of the nearest power plants and their slippage are investigated in the work. References 14, figures 4, tables 3.
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Andronico, G., A. Falzone, G. Lo Re, A. Pulvirenti, A. Rodolico, and R. Barbera. "The GENIUS Web Portal." Methods of Information in Medicine 44, no. 02 (2005): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633950.
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Summary Objective: The development of computational Grids is making huge amounts of computing power and data storage available for a lot of scientific applications.At this stage of development, the use of the Grid is mainly based on Command Line Interface (CLI) tools that are not very friendly and can be considered an obstacle to the use of these powerful tools. The objective of this paper is to present a solution to this problem. Methods: To ease the access of new users to the grid the GENIUS (Grid Enabled web eNvironment for site Independent User job Submission) grid portal has been jointly developed by INFN and NICE within the context of both the Italian INFN Grid and the European DataGrid Projects. Here we devote particular care to the description of job creation and submission and the services for transparent access to user’s data and applications. Results: Using GENIUS, the obstacle of complicated CLI can be overtaken and simple web interfaces can be built for specific user communities and applications. Here we show examples in the field of bio-medical applications. Conclusions: The use of Grid can be made easy with the use of Grid portals such as GENIUS.
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Gloe, Arne, Clemens Jauch, and Thomas Räther. "Grid Support with Wind Turbines: The Case of the 2019 Blackout in Flensburg." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061697.
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The work presented in this paper aims to show how modern wind turbines can help to control the frequency in a small grid which suffers from large power imbalances. It is shown for an exemplary situation, which occurred in Flensburg’s distribution grid in 2019: a major blackout, which occurred after almost two hours in islanding operation, affecting almost the entire distribution grid, which supplies approximately 55,000 households and businesses. For the analysis, a wind turbine model and a grid support controller developed at the Wind Energy Technology Institute are combined with real measurements from the day of the blackout to generate a fictional yet realistic case study for such an islanding situation. For this case study, it is assumed that wind turbines with grid support functionalities are connected to the medium voltage distribution grid of the city. It is shown to what extent wind turbines can help to operate the grid by providing grid frequency support in two ways: By supplying synthetic inertia only, where the wind turbines can help to limit the rate of change of frequency in the islanded grid directly after losing the connection to the central European grid. In combination with the primary frequency control capabilities of the wind turbines (WTs), the disconnection of one gen set in the local power station might have been avoided. Furthermore, wind turbines with primary frequency control capabilities could have restored the grid frequency to 50 Hz shortly after the islanding situation even if the aforementioned gen-set was lost. This would have allowed connecting a backup medium voltage line to the central European grid and thereby avoiding the blackout.
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Jahan, Ibrahim Salem, Vojtech Blazek, Stanislav Misak, Vaclav Snasel, and Lukas Prokop. "Forecasting of Power Quality Parameters Based on Meteorological Data in Small-Scale Household Off-Grid Systems." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 5251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145251.
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Off-grid power systems are often used to supply electricity to remote households, cottages, or small industries, comprising small renewable energy systems, typically a photovoltaic plant whose energy supply is stochastic in nature, without electricity distributions. This approach is economically viable and conforms to the requirements of the European Green Deal and the Fit for 55 package. Furthermore, these systems are associated with a lower short circuit power as compared with distribution grid traditional power plants. The power quality parameters (PQPs) of such small-scale off-grid systems are largely determined by the inverter’s ability to handle the impact of a device; however, this makes it difficult to accurately forecast the PQPs. To address this issue, this work compared prediction models for the PQPs as a function of the meteorological conditions regarding the off-grid systems for small-scale households in Central Europe. To this end, seven models—the artificial neural network (ANN), linear regression (LR), interaction linear regression (ILR), quadratic linear regression (QLR), pure quadratic linear regression (PQLR), the bagging decision tree (DT), and the boosting DT—were considered for forecasting four PQPs: frequency, the amplitude of the voltage, total harmonic distortion of the voltage (THDu), and current (THDi). The computation times of these forecasting models and their accuracies were also compared. Each forecasting model was used to forecast the PQPs for three sunny days in August. As a result of the study, the most accurate methods for forecasting are DTs. The ANN requires the longest computational time, and conversely, the LR takes the shortest computational time. Notably, this work aimed to predict poor PQPs that could cause all the equipment in off-grid systems to respond in advance to disturbances. This study is expected to be beneficial for the off-grid systems of small households and the substations included in existing smart grids.
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Kenny, Stuart, Brian Coghlan, David O'Callaghan, John Ryan, Rob Byrom, Laurence Field, Steve Hicks, et al. "The CanonicalProducer: An Instrument Monitoring Component of the Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture (R-GMA)." Scientific Programming 13, no. 2 (2005): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/216707.
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We describe how the R-GMA (Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture) can be used to allow for instrument monitoring in a Grid environment. The R-GMA has been developed within the European DataGrid Project (EDG) as a Grid Information and Monitoring System. It is based on the Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA) from the Global Grid Forum (GGF), which is a simple Consumer-Producer model. The special strength of this implementation comes from the power of the relational model. It offers a global view of the information as if each Virtual Organisation had one large relational database. It provides a number of different Producer types with different characteristics; for example some support streaming of information. We describe the R-GMA component that allows for instrument monitoring, the CanonicalProducer. We also describe an example use of this approach in the European CrossGrid project, SANTA-G, a network monitoring tool.
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Forouli, Aikaterini, Emmanouil A. Bakirtzis, Georgios Papazoglou, Konstantinos Oureilidis, Vasileios Gkountis, Luisa Candido, Eloi Delgado Ferrer, and Pandelis Biskas. "Assessment of Demand Side Flexibility in European Electricity Markets: A Country Level Review." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082324.
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Power systems in many countries have recently undergone a significant transition towards renewable and carbon-free generation sources. Those sources pose new challenges to the grid operation due to their intermittency and uncertainty. Consequently, advanced policy strategies and technologies offering new flexibility solutions on the inelastic demand side are required to maintain the reliability of power systems. Given the diversity of situations, legislation and needs across European countries and the varying nature of distribution system operators, this article reviews the deployment of demand side flexibility at national level to identify best practices and main barriers. The analysis concerns European countries of different progress in solutions that leverage flexibility towards offering electricity grid services. The scope is to explore the operation principles of European electricity markets, to assess the participation of emerging flexible resources, and to propose new approaches that facilitate the integration of flexible assets in the distribution grid. The countries reviewed are the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy and Greece. These countries were selected owing to their diversity in terms of generation mix and market design. Barriers for market access of flexibility resources are also identified in order to form relevant country-specific recommendations.
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Landl, Sarah, and Harald Kirchsteiger. "Mitigating Overvoltage in Power Grids with Photovoltaic Systems by Energy Storage." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0036.
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Abstract The rise of photovoltaic (PV) penetration is contributing to the increasing incidence of overvoltage detection in the electrical grid during times of high-power generation. Overvoltage can cause disturbances or (partial) failures in the electrical supply network, since the components used are designed for a certain voltage band. One option to counteract too high voltage levels and thus ensure power quality, grid stability and resilience is the absorption of active power by means of a battery energy storage system (BESS). In this paper, we first built a suitable simulation setup for a typical European network section, including a large-scale PV system connected to the 10 kV level and a BESS model. A suitable charging and discharging algorithm for the BESS with the aim to realize peak shaving for the grid voltage was developed and implemented. Simulations, performed in MATLAB/Simulink®, show the dependence of the battery capacity and power on the grid-serving effect of BESS. By determining appropriate values for these two factors a significant reduction of the voltage level could be achieved.
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Mosca, C., E. Bompard, G. Chicco, J. Moreira, V. Sermanson, and D. Powell. "Frequency Stability of the European Interconnected Power System Under Grid Splitting in Market Zones." Energy Systems Research, no. 4(12) (February 1, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38028/esr.2020.04.0005.
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This paper proposes a graph theory-based approach to define the possible separation of the market zones in large power systems. The market zone partitioning is used to assess the frequency stability based on a set of parameters, including the inertia, the running capacity of the separated areas, and the power exchanged on the interconnection lines. A system split indicator is finally used to rank the worst split lines. The methodology has been tested on real scenarios of the interconnected Continental Europe power system.
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Kubatko, Oleksandra V., Tetyana S. Tolok, Harrison O. Edafejimue, and Ismail Y. A. Almashaqbeh. "Investments in Renewable Energy for Smart Grid Technology Development." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 2 (2019): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.84.08.
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The current state of economic development foreseen an increasing production processes efficiency and determines the demand for energy resources. At the same time, the global use of traditional energy sources is steadily growing and currently it is still dominant. Considering the empirical arguments regarding environmental degradation and problems related to climate change, the development and implementation of smart and safe energy technologies, such as the Smart Grid, is relevant. Smart and secure power grids today are seen as technologies that facilitate the transition of the energy system supply from traditional electrical networks to more sustainable and environmentally friendly operations. The article deals with theoretical and methodological approaches that reveal the essence of the Smart Grid concept, and analyzes the main areas of investment in such technologies. It is underlined that to ensure energy security and environmental sustainability of energy supply sector the generation of electric power should be based on the use of renewable energy sources. The long-run sustainability of energy sector in climate change conditions is guaranteed by forming deep links between renewable energy generation and Smart Grid technologies. The paper discusses the main factors which may influence the Smart Grid technology development. The investments in renewable energy are named to be the most important factor of Smart Grid technology development. The lack of investments is considered to be an important factor of poor energy efficiency in developing economies. In addition, the article focuses on European experience regarding the implementation of smart and safe energy systems based on renewable energy sources. It is underlined the best EU counties experience for Smart Grid technology development based on investments in renewable energy sector. Key words: Smart Grid, renewable energy, economic process, power network, energy supply, efficiency, investment.
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Caldora, Marzia, Maria Carmen Falvo, Alessandro Lampasi, and Gianluca Marelli. "Preliminary Design of the Electrical Power Systems for DTT Nuclear Fusion Plant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 5446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125446.
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The realization of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility is one of the key milestones of the European Roadmap, aiming to explore alternative power exhaust solutions for DEMO, the first nuclear-fusion power plant that will be connected to the European grid. For the actual implementation of the DTT and DEMO plants, it is necessary to define the structure of the internal electric power distribution system, able to supply unconventional loads with a sufficient level of reliability. The present paper reports the preliminary studies for the feasibility and realization of the electrical power systems of DTT, describing the methodology adopted to obtain a first distribution configuration and providing some simulation results. In particular, the first stage of the study deals with the survey and characterization of the electrical loads, which allows defining a general layout of the facility and size the main electrical components. To verify the correctness of the assumptions, simulation models of the grid were implemented in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software in order to carry out power flow and fault analyses.
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Hammons, T. J., P. Kacejko, and M. Wancerz. "Proposed East-West European Power Link-possible impact on the Polish Grid network." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 10, no. 3 (1995): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.466510.
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Weitemeyer, Stefan, David Kleinhans, Lukas Wienholt, Thomas Vogt, and Carsten Agert. "A European Perspective: Potential of Grid and Storage for Balancing Renewable Power Systems." Energy Technology 4, no. 1 (November 27, 2015): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500255.
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Dumitru, Cristian-Dragoș, Adrian Gligor, Ilie Vlasa, Attila Simo, and Simona Dzitac. "Energy Contour Forecasting Optimization with Smart Metering in Distribution Power Networks." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031490.
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Smart metering systems development and implementation in power distribution networks can be seen as an important factor that led to a major technological upgrade and one of the first steps in the transition to smart grids. Besides their main function of power consumption metering, as is demonstrated in this work, the extended implementation of smart metering can be used to support many other important functions in the electricity distribution grid. The present paper proposes a new solution that uses a frequency feature-based method of data time-series provided by the smart metering system to estimate the energy contour at distribution level with the aim of improving the quality of the electricity supply service, of reducing the operational costs and improving the quality of electricity measurement and billing services. The main benefit of this approach is determining future energy demand for optimal energy flow in the utility grid, with the main aims of the best long term energy production and acquisition planning, which lead to lowering energy acquisition costs, optimal capacity planning and real-time adaptation to the unpredicted internal or external electricity distribution branch grid demand changes. Additionally, a contribution to better energy production planning, which is a must for future power networks that benefit from an important renewable energy contribution, is intended. The proposed methodology is validated through a case study based on data supplied by a real power grid from a medium sized populated European region that has both economic usage of electricity—industrial or commercial—and household consumption. The analysis performed in the proposed case study reveals the possibility of accurate energy contour forecasting with an acceptable maximum error. Commonly, an error of 1% was obtained and in the case of the exceptional events considered, a maximum 15% error resulted.
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Migliavacca, Gianluigi, Marco Rossi, Dario Siface, Matteo Marzoli, Hakan Ergun, Raúl Rodríguez-Sánchez, Maxime Hanot, et al. "The Innovative FlexPlan Grid-Planning Methodology: How Storage and Flexible Resources Could Help in De-Bottlenecking the European System." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041194.
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The FlexPlan Horizon2020 project aims at establishing a new grid-planning methodology which considers the opportunity to introduce new storage and flexibility resources in electricity transmission and distribution grids as an alternative to building new grid elements, in accordance with the intentions of the Clean Energy for all Europeans regulatory package of the European Commission. FlexPlan creates a new innovative grid-planning tool whose ambition is to go beyond the state of the art of planning methodologies by including the following innovative features: assessment of the best planning strategy by analysing in one shot a high number of candidate expansion options provided by a pre-processor tool, simultaneous mid- and long-term planning assessment over three grid years (2030, 2040, 2050), incorporation of a full range of cost–benefit analysis criteria into the target function, integrated transmission distribution planning, embedded environmental analysis (air quality, carbon footprint, landscape constraints), probabilistic contingency methodologies in replacement of the traditional N-1 criterion, application of numerical decomposition techniques to reduce calculation efforts and analysis of variability of yearly renewable energy sources (RES) and load time series through a Monte Carlo process. Six regional cases covering nearly the whole European continent are developed in order to cast a view on grid planning in Europe till 2050. FlexPlan will end up formulating guidelines for regulators and planning offices of system operators by indicating to what extent system flexibility can contribute to reducing overall system costs (operational + investment) yet maintaining current system security levels and which regulatory provisions could foster such process. This paper provides a complete description of the modelling features of the planning tool and pre-processor and provides the first results of their application in small-scale scenarios.
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Minucci, Simone, Stefano Panella, Sergio Ciattaglia, Maria Carmen Falvo, and Alessandro Lampasi. "Electrical Loads and Power Systems for the DEMO Nuclear Fusion Project." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092269.
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EU-DEMO is a European project, having the ambitious goal to be the first demonstrative power plant based on nuclear fusion. The electrical power that is expected to be produced is in the order of 700–800 MW, to be delivered via a connection to the European High Voltage electrical grid. The initiation and control of fusion processes, besides the problems related to the nuclear physics, need very complex electrical systems. Moreover, also the conversion of the output power is not trivial, especially because of the inherent discontinuity in the EU-DEMO operations. The present article concerns preliminary studies for the feasibility and realization of the nuclear fusion power plant EU-DEMO, with a special focus on the power electrical systems. In particular, the first stage of the study deals with the survey and analysis of the electrical loads, starting from the steady-state loads. Their impact is so relevant that could jeopardy the efficiency and the convenience of the plant itself. Afterwards, the loads are inserted into a preliminary internal distribution grid, sizing the main electrical components to carry out the power flow analysis, which is based on simulation models implemented in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.
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Pongrašić, Marijana, and Željko Tomšić. "Cost-benefit analysis of smart grids projects implementation." Journal of Energy - Energija 66, no. 1-4 (June 23, 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2017661-497.
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Smart Grids are one of a key component of the EU strategy towards a lowcarbon energy future and efficient energy use. From an economic point of view, it's main characteristic is big investment, and benefits are seen after some time with risk of being smaller than expected. Therefore it is important to make a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of those projects. Paper presents restrictions of current electric power networks along with solutions that are offered by Smart Grids. Guidelines for conducting the cost-benefit analysis of Smart Grid projects are compared and applied on pilot projects, to demonstrate use of methodologies for reducing uncertainties and incentivizing investments. As a part of qualitative analysis, social aspect of Smart Grid projects is described. In the end of this paper, it is given an overview of what has been done and what will be done in European Union.