Journal articles: 'European harvestmen'

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NOVAK, TONE, SAŠA LIPOVŠEK DELAKORDA, and LJUBA SLANA NOVAK. "A review of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) in Slovenia*." Zootaxa 1325, no. 1 (September 28, 2006): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.17.

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The authors present a short historical faunistic, zoogeographical and ecological review of research on harvestmen (Opiliones) of the territory of presentday Slovenia, and discuss some actual ecological and nature conservational questions. Till recent, 64 species plus two subspecies of Opiliones inhabiting Slovenia are recorded, most of these are Alpine, European, Central- and Western European elements. Taxonomically, there are some open questions, especially in the genus Trogulus. A small number of further species can be expected in Slovenia, raising the potential final number to 69-71. Some harvestmen are locally and regionally endangered, especially by anthropogenous habitat and ecosystem changes.

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JINDROVA, Hana, Matyas HIRMAN, David SADILEK, Pavel BEZDECKA, and Frantisek STAHLAVSKY. "Distribution of 18S rDNA clusters in Central European harvestmen of the suborder Eupnoi (Arachnida: Opiliones)." European Journal of Entomology 117 (June 11, 2020): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2020.032.

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Raspotnig, Günther, Miriam Schaider, Petra Föttinger, Christian Komposch, and Ivo Karaman. "Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in the Scent Gland Secretions of European Cladonychiid Harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores, Travunioidea)." Journal of Chemical Ecology 37, no. 8 (July 16, 2011): 912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-011-9996-2.

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Heneberg, Petr, and Milan Řezáč. "Dry sandpits and gravel–sandpits serve as key refuges for endangered epigeic spiders (Araneae) and harvestmen (Opiliones) of Central European steppes aeolian sands." Ecological Engineering 73 (December 2014): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.101.

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Schönhofer, Axel L., and Jochen Martens. "Revision of the genus Trogulus Latreille: the Trogulus coriziformis species-group of the western Mediterranean (Opiliones:Trogulidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 5 (2008): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is08013.

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Within the well researched European fauna of harvestmen, the genus Trogulus Latreille exhibits unexpectedly high cryptic diversity. The species’ uniform morphology hinders an exclusively morphological approach to their systematics and taxonomy, and a preliminary molecular study estimated the number of species to be three times higher than currently known. The current study focuses on a clearly defined species-group within Trogulus, combining molecular (~1700 bp 28S rRNA and the cytochrome b gene), distributional, morphometric and morphological data. Relationships are reconstructed using Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood and this information is subsequently used to evaluate morphological characters for systematic usability and to identify biogeographical processes leading to speciation events. The Trogulus coriziformis species-group is defined and diagnosed and includes eight species. Three species are redefined: T. coriziformis C. L. Koch, 1839, for which a neotype is designated, and T. aquaticus Simon, 1879 and T. cristatus Simon, 1879 for which lectotypes are designated. Four species are described as new: T. balearicus, sp. nov. from the Balearic Islands, T. huberi, sp. nov. from southern Portugal, T. prietoi, sp. nov. from Andalusia, Spain, and T. pyrenaicus, sp. nov. from the central Pyrenees. Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1931 is used as collective name and probably refers to a composite of species presently difficult to tell apart. Trogulus salfii De Lerma, 1948 is proposed as a synonym for T. coriziformis. Within Trogulus, the molecular genetic data support monophyly and basal placement of the Trogulus coriziformis species-group. The species to differ in external morphology (size, papillation of palps, apophyses of legs, pattern of body papillation, morphometric data), 28S and cytochrome b autapomorphies and to a lesser degree by male genital morphology. The species-group is confined to the western Mediterranean area and its species are allopatrically distributed. Their present distribution corresponds to geological processes in the Miocene and Pliocene indicating that this group of organisms may be of considerable value for further biogeographic studies.

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Castro-Garcia, Sergio, Uriel A. Rosa, Christopher J. Gliever, David Smith, Jacqueline K. Burns, William H. Krueger, Louise Ferguson, and Kitren Glozer. "Video Evaluation of Table Olive Damage during Harvest with a Canopy Shaker." HortTechnology 19, no. 2 (January 2009): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.2.260.

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Table olives (Olea europaea) traditionally are hand harvested when green in color and before physiological maturity is attained. Hand harvesting accounts for the grower's main production costs. Several mechanical harvesting methods have been previously tested. However, tree configuration and fruit injury are major constraints to the adoption of mechanical harvesting. In prior work with a canopy shaker, promising results were attained after critical machine components were reconfigured. In this study, stereo video analysis based on two high-speed cameras operating during the harvesting process were used to identify the sources of fruit damage due to canopy-harvester interaction. Damage was subjectively evaluated after harvest. Fruit mechanically harvested had 35% more bruising and three times as many fruit with broken skin as that of hand-harvested fruit. The main source of fruit damaged in the canopy was the strike-impact of fruit by harvester rods. Implementation of softer padding materials were effective in mitigating fruit injury caused by the impact of rods and hard surfaces. Canopy acceleration was correlated with fruit damage, thus restricting improvements needed for fruit removal efficiency through increased tine frequency.

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Dunlop, Jason A., Ulrich Kotthoff, Jörg U. Hammel, Jennifer Ahrens, and Danilo Harms. "Arachnids in Bitterfeld amber: A unique fauna of fossils from the heart of Europe or simply old friends?" Evolutionary Systematics 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22581.

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Bitterfeld amber, sometimes referred to as Saxon or Saxonian amber, is a potentially significant but poorly known source of arthropod data for the Palaeogene of northern Europe. An important aspect is a long-standing controversy about the age of this amber: namely whether it is equivalent to, and perhaps merely a southerly extension of, the better-known Baltic amber, or whether it is a unique and geological younger deposit sampling a different fauna. Here, we briefly review the Bitterfeld arachnids with particular emphasis on how these data could be used to elucidate the age of this deposit. Five arachnid orders have been recorded from Bitterfeld amber: spiders (Araneae), acariform mites (Acariformes), parasitiform mites (Parasitiformes), harvestmen (Opiliones) and pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones). This is a lower diversity than Baltic amber, where scorpions (Scorpiones) and camel spiders (Solifugae) have also been recorded. Spiders are the most comprehensively studied group, with more than 75 described species. Other groups such as pseudoscorpions and mites appear to be very diverse, but are virtually undescribed. Morphological overlap is apparent in the arachnid fauna and 40 species are currently shared between Baltic and Bitterfeld amber whilst 50 species are unique to the Bitterfeld deposit. At the family level overlap is even higher, but in all groups Baltic amber appears more diverse than Bitterfeld. This overlap may be interpreted as evidence for temporal conspecifity of the Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers, albeit with the Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers possibly representing independent localities within a larger Eocene European amber area which also included the Rovno amber from the Ukraine. However, caution should be exercised because the taxonomic foundation for such assumptions is far from comprehensive, most of the material remains to be studied in detail using modern techniques of morphological reconstruction. There are further issues with date estimates because some arachnid groups show extraordinary morphological stasis over time, even at species level, which may bias the analyses available. Here, we review the available knowledge on Bitterfeld arachnids and discuss how a detailed assessment of this fauna, and other arthropod taxa, could be generated. Several natural history museums – including Hamburg and Berlin – as well as private collectors host major assemblages of Bitterfeld fossils which may help to clarify the debate about the age and provenance of the material, and the extent to which (morpho)-species were maintained both over geographical distances and potentially geological time.

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Schlick-Steiner, B. C., F. M. Steiner, C. Stauffer, and A. Buschinger. "Life history traits of a European Messor harvester ant." Insectes Sociaux 52, no. 4 (November 2005): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-005-0819-8.

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Ferguson, Louise, and Sergio Castro Garcia. "Transformation of an Ancient Crop: Preparing California ‘Manzanillo’ Table Olives for Mechanical Harvesting." HortTechnology 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.3.274.

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As one of the oldest continuously produced tree crops in the world, it is ironic that table olive (Olea europaea) production has benefitted from few technological innovations, including harvesting. Two harvesting technologies, trunk shaking and canopy contact, have been identified. In a 2013 trial, a prototype canopy contact harvester successfully harvested 92% of a 5.3-ton/acre mechanically pruned crop, vs. 81% for a 12.8-ton/acre hand-pruned control crop in a 19-year-old, 13 × 26-ft grove, spaced at 139 trees/acre and adapted for mechanical harvesting with 6 years of mechanical topping and hedging. About 85% of the hand-pruned olives were cannable vs. 86% of the mechanically pruned olives. Over the 6 years of mechanical pruning, the mechanically pruned trees averaged an annual 4.2 tons/acre vs. 5.3 tons/acre with hand-pruned trees. Again in 2013, this same canopy contact harvester achieved 81% final harvester efficiency with a 5.8-ton/acre crop in a 12-year-old, 12 × 18-ft, 202-tree/acre, mechanically pruned hedgerow grove vs. 80% efficiency for a 5.17-ton/acre crop with hand-pruned hedgerow trees. Similarly, no significant differences in the percentage of cannable olives, fruit size distribution, or value per ton was produced by the pruning treatments. In this trial in which both hand and mechanical pruning were used to produce a hedgerow, the hand-pruned trees averaged 3.7 tons/acre vs. 4.3 tons/acre for mechanically pruned trees. In a commercial trial in 2012, the trunk-shaking harvester achieved 77% average harvester efficiency in a 40-acre, 180-tree/acre grove, with a 4-ton/acre crop prepared with both hand and mechanical pruning. These ongoing trials indicate that adapting groves with mechanical pruning does not decrease average annual yields and can produce table olive groves that can be mechanically harvested at a cost and speed that is competitive with hand harvesting.

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Meyer, F. V. "Book Review: The European Challenge: Industry’s Response to the 1992 Programme." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 4, no. 3 (April 1992): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9200400308.

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The European Challenge: Industry’s Response to the 1992 Programme: Edited by G. Mayes, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, 433pp., Index, £45.00, ISBN 0-7450-1034-2. The New Europe: Changing Economic Relations between East and West: Susan Senior Nello, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, 282pp., Index, £40.00, ISBN 0-7450-1050-4.

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CERNECKA, Ludmila, Ivan MIHAL, and Benjamin JARCUSKA. "Response of ground-dwelling harvestman assemblages (Arachnida: Opiliones) to European beech forest canopy cover." European Journal of Entomology 114 (July 24, 2017): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2017.042.

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Wijnhoven, Hay. "An Enigmatic European Harvestman (Opiliones): New Record and Redescription of Dicranopalpus larvatus (Canestrini, 1874)." Arachnology 18, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.13156/arac.2018.18.1.1.

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Kafkaletou, Mina, and Eleni Tsantili. "The paradox of oleuropein increase in harvested olives (Olea europea L.)." Journal of Plant Physiology 224-225 (May 2018): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.019.

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Hahn, Michael, and Ulrich Maschwitz. "Foraging strategies and recruitment behaviour in the European harvester ant Messor rufitarsis (F.)." Oecologia 68, no. 1 (December 1985): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379472.

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Корепанова, Darya Korepanova, Корепанов, Dmitriy Korepanov, Акшикова, Nadezhda Akshikova, Андреев, and Nikolay Andreev. "Productivity of Oxycoccus macrocarpus Pers. on mineral soils." Forestry Engineering Journal 3, no. 4 (January 21, 2014): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2176.

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The paper presents the data of groundwater research of European cranberry productivity on mineral soils in the climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic useful for industrial and private cultivation. Research aimed at developing technology of European cranberry cultivation on mineral soils, have scientific and practical perspective. Experience in direct rooting of European cranberry cuttings on mineral soils was conducted in 2010…2011 in the botanical garden of the Udmurt State University. As the planting material semilignified European cranberry cuttings were used harvested in the spring before the growing season in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

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Ourge, Mekdes, Ole Hofstad, Kari Klanderud, Katrine Eldegard, and Sarah Tewolde-Berhan. "Illegal Harvesting of Locally Endangered Olea europaea Subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif. and Its Causes in Hugumburda Forest, Northern Ethiopia." Forests 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080498.

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Olea europaea L. subsp cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif., an endangered tree species in dry Afromontane forests, has multiple uses in local communities in Ethiopia, making it susceptible to overexploitation. The study investigated the rates and causes of O. europaea harvesting in the Hugumburda National Forest Priority Area (NFPA). We measured the diameter at stump height of harvested stumps from 70 (20 × 20 m) plots and estimated the time since cutting to determine the biomass of O. europaea wood harvested annually in the forest. We performed a socioeconomic survey of the reasons for wood harvesting by conducting 163 stratified random individual interviews in the villages surrounding the forest. The average annual quantity of O. europaea wood illegally harvested from the forest was estimated to be 430 kg ha−1, mainly for farm implements, fuel wood, and fumigation purposes. The results of a General Linear Model (GLM) show that the extraction of O. europaea wood in the forest is higher at higher elevations than at lower, and the number of O. europaea stumps in the forest is higher at an intermediate distance to the villages. We show that O. europaea is harvested in the forest despite the fact that the forest is protected. Permanent sample plots should be established to monitor the increment.

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Schönhofer, Axel L., Cristiano Vernesi, Jochen Martens, and Marshal Hedin. "Molecular phylogeny, biogeographic history, and evolution of cave-dwelling taxa in the European harvestman genusIschyropsalis(Opiliones: Dyspnoi)." Journal of Arachnology 43, no. 1 (April 2015): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/h14-39.1.

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Guerra, M., M. A. Sanz, and P. A. Casquero. "Influence of Harvest Dates on Quality, Storage Capacity and Sensory Attributes of European Plum cv. Green Gage." Food Science and Technology International 15, no. 6 (December 2009): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013209350537.

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The aim of this work was to determine storage capacity and changes in quality and consumer acceptance in plum harvested at different dates as well as to determine which instrumental parameters show good correlation with consumer acceptance and sensory properties. Both harvest date and storage time played a significant role in quality and sensory characteristics. Incidence of internal breakdown (IB) was significantly higher in fruit harvested last and increased significantly until the end of storage. Market life of ‘Green Gage’ plum varies from 20 days in fruit harvested on the last harvest date to 40 days in fruit harvested on earlier dates. When storage is needed, firmness, the best harvest index, should be higher than 42 N in order to extend market life and prevent IB damages in ‘Green Gage’ plums. However, fruit from early harvest dates has a lower consumer acceptance than fruit from late harvest dates (low TSS:TA). Thus, a minimum quality threshold based on TSS:TA (18.9) has been established over which consumer liking for European plums cv. Green Gage improves significantly. High linear regression between a* and TSS:TA would allow to use the a* color parameter as a nondestructive measurement to estimate consumer acceptance.

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Hartsch, Florian, Julia Kemmerer, Eric R. Labelle, Dirk Jaeger, and Thilo Wagner. "Integration of Harvester Production Data in German Wood Supply Chains: Legal, Social and Economic Requirements." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040460.

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Digitalization and its associated technology are shaping the world economy and society. Data collection, data exchange, and connection throughout the wood supply chain have become increasingly important. There exist many technologies for the implementation of Industry 4.0 applications in forestry. For example, the integration of harvester production data throughout the wood supply chain seems to have strong optimization potential but it is faced with several challenges due to the high number of stakeholders involved. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze the legal, social, and economic conditions surrounding the integration of harvester production data integration in Germany. For analysis of the legal and economic conditions, a narrative literature analysis was performed with special consideration of the relevant German and European legal references. For determination of the social conditions, a qualitative content analysis of 27 expert interviews was performed. Results showed that legal ownership of harvester production data cannot be clearly defined in Germany, but there exist several protection rights against misuse, which can define an ownership-similar data sovereignty. Furthermore, harvester data use can be restricted in the case where personal data are traceable, based on European data protection law. From a social perspective, the stakeholders interviewed in the study had different opinions on data ownership. Stakeholders require specific criteria on the data (interfaces) and other factors for the acceptance of new structures to allow successful harvester data integration. From an economic perspective, harvester production data are tradeable through varying transaction forms but, generally, there is no accepted and valid formula in existence for calculating the value or price of harvester data. Therefore, the authors advise discussing these issues with key stakeholders to negotiate and agree on data ownership and use in order to find a suitable solution to realize optimization potentials in the German wood supply chain.

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Myracle, Angela D., Zakkary J. Castonguay, Amber Elwell, and Renae E. Moran. "Fruit Quality and Consumer Acceptability of Three Plum Types and 14 Plum Cultivars Grown in Maine for a Local Market." HortTechnology 28, no. 2 (April 2018): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03958-18.

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Fruit quality and consumer acceptance were measured in 14 plum cultivars. In 2015, six cultivars of asian plum (Prunus salicina) and one cultivar of american plum (Prunus americana) were harvested partially ripe and tree-ripe. In 2016, three types of plums, asian, american, and european (Prunus domestica), were harvested tree-ripe. Within most cultivars in 2015, partially ripe fruit were rated as highly as tree-ripe fruit using a hedonic rating from 1 to 9 with 1 being dislike extremely and 9 being like extremely. ‘Obilnya’ and ‘Abundance’ were rated higher than ‘Shiro’ and ‘Methley’ at both stages of ripeness and higher than ‘Vanier’ at the partially ripe stage. ‘Early Golden’ and ‘Spring Satin’ were rated higher than ‘Shiro’ and ‘Methley’ at the tree-ripe stage. In 2016, seven cultivars (Obilnya, Kahinta, Superior, Toka, Castleton, Early Italian, and Rosy Gage) were scored at the desired consumer acceptance level. ‘Shiro’ and ‘Caçak’s Best’ received overall acceptability scores below the level of acceptability. Plum type had minimal effect on scores for texture, sweetness, sourness, and overall liking. European cultivars received lower color scores than american and asian plums. Soluble solids concentration (SSC) ranged from 6.7% to 13.6% in asian plums, from 14.8% to 19.8% in american plums, and from 15.3% to 22.1% in european plums. Overall consumer acceptance of american and european cultivars was as good as for asian cultivars.

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Wijnhoven, Hay, Salvatore Canu, and Jochen Martens. "Redescription of the rare European harvestman Dicranopalpus brevipes Marcellino, 1970, based on first records from Sardinia (Arachnida: Opiliones)." Arachnology 18, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.13156/arac.2020.18.4.363.

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Berendt, Ferréol, Erik Pegel, Lubomir Blasko, and Tobias Cremer. "Bark Characteristics of Scots Pine Logs." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08020.

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The wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shows good properties as building and construction timber but also as furniture or pulp and paper, and thus, is one of the most commercially important European tree species. Scots pine are mostly harvested and processed with a high degree of mechanization. In Northeast Germany (federal states of Brandenburg and Berlin), 36% of harvested Scots pine have a diameter at breast height (DBH) between 7 and 19.9 cm. As a typical industrial wood assortment, a large proportion of the resulting small-sized logs are used in the wood industry to produce boards. Although bark is considered a by-product or waste product of the industry, no actual study has quantified the bark thickness, bark volume, bark mass and bark damage of such Scots pine logs. Therefore, the bark characteristics from 50 logs from 10 different piles were analyzed. Bark volume was quantified using the water displacement method, bark mass by weighing, bark thickness with a precision caliper and bark damage by tape measurements. The diameters of the analyzed 150 log discs were normally distributed and the mean value was 12.9 cm. The results showed average bark damages from 12.0%, which were mostly caused during the felling and processing of logs with the harvester. No significant correlation was found between double bark thickness (mean: 3.0 mm) and the diameter; whereas fresh bark volume (mean: 5.6%) and dry bark mass (mean: 3.3%) were significantly affected by the diameter. As shown for spruce by other authors, bark characteristics may change over time and therefore, should be measured regularly. Moreover, it was shown that bark parameters are site dependent. Thus, quantifying bark characteristics for economically important tree species at both the local and national scale is of great relevance. More detailed analyzes are described by Berendt et al. (2021) [1].

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PEPE, TIZIANA, IOLE VENTRONE, ELISABETTA SUFFREDINI, MARINA CERUSO, LUCIANA CROCI, ANIELLO ANASTASIO, and MARIA LUISA CORTESI. "Norovirus Monitoring in Bivalve Molluscs Harvested and Commercialized in Southern Italy." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-424.

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Norovirus (NoV) is the main cause of human nonbacterial gastroenteritis throughout the world. NoVs are classified into five genogroups: GI, GII, GIII, GIV, and GV. NoVs from GI and GII are the most commonly reported NoVs associated with human infections, and raw or undercooked shellfish have been identified as the main potential infection vehicle. European Commission Regulation 2073/2005 defines only bacteriological parameters for use as safety criteria for shellfish because reference methods for detection of viruses are lacking. From July 2007 to April 2010, 163 shellfish samples were collected in southern Italy from harvesting areas, authorized or nonauthorized retailers, and a restaurant after an outbreak of human gastroenteritis. The shellfish were analyzed for the presence of NoVs from GI and GII using the one-step real-time reverse transcription PCR protocol. A total of 94 shellfish samples (57.7%) were positive for the presence of NoV, and GII was the most frequently identified genogroup.

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Opitz von Boberfeld, W., E. Beckmann, and H. Laser. "Forage characteristics of Vicia sativa L. and Trifolium resupinatum L. in catch crop systems under Central European conditions." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 3 (November 19, 2011): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3565-pse.

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In a field experiment the development of dry matter yield and forage quality of the catch crop Vicia sativa L. compared with Trifolium resupinatum L. was investigated and the suitability for cultivation in a mixture with Lolium multiflorum ssp. gaudinii (Parl.) Schinz et Keller was tested. The legumes and mixtures sowed in early July or August, respectively, were harvested at different dates from early September until late October/early November. The sowing date had the greatest impact on dry matter yield, crude protein content and net energy for lactation (= NEL). Vicia sativa yielded more dry matter than Trifolium resupinatum, especially at low temperatures and under short-day conditions. At late sowing Vicia sativa should be preferred to Trifolium resupinatum due to a better stability of yield. Vicia sativa had a higher crude protein content but a lower NEL than Trifolium resupinatum. In a mixture with Lolium multiflorum the differences in energy concentration between late sowed legumes were less distinct. In view of NEL, Trifolium resupinatum is superior at early sowing, whereas late sowed mixtures of Vicia sativa and Lolium multiflorum might enable it to feed fresh forage of acceptable quality until early November and in that way to save it for winter feeding and eliminate expensive sources of crude protein.

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MADRAS-MAJEWSKA, BEATA, and ŁUCJA SKONIECZNA. "Variability of morphological characteristics of middle-European bees of the ‘Northern M’ line." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 11 (2018): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6137.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the variability of morphological characteristics of native middle-European bees (Apis m. mellifera) of the ‘Northern M’ line. The research covered characteristics of breed (the length of proboscis, the cubital index), body size (the width of tergite 4 and the sum of widths of tergites 3 and 4) and wing size (length and width). The study compared bees harvested from a leading apiary and from collaborating apiaries participating in a program for the protection of genetic resources of bees of this line. The material for the study was harvested in 10 consecutive years. The samples were collected by the “cluster drawing” method (the multi-stage method of clustering described by Zee et al. in 2013). Each sample consisted of 25 to 30 bees. The frames were loaded in an instrument for the morphological measurement of bees (Apimeter). Seven measurements were taken on prepared body parts of each bee. The length and width of the wing and the length of the cubital vein were measured on the right front wing (hereinafter referred to as the “wing”). In addition, the width of abdominal tergites 3 and 4 and the length of proboscis were measured in each instance. In total, 4 291 bees were harvested and 30 037 measurements were taken. The conclusion is that the program for the protection of genetic resources of bees of the ‘Northern M’ line can be implemented in Poland based on the leading apiary and on the collaborating apiaries, and bees of this line display characteristics of middle-European bees. Moreover, the study demonstrated a consistency of values of the studied characteristics of the ‘Northern M’ line with the applicable references of morphological characteristics for Apis m. mellifera. In addition, based on a review of results of the author’s research and based on collected literature originating from the 1960s, the study proves that a dwarfing trend has emerged among middle-European bees.

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Habán, M., D. Zvercová, and M. Adamjaková. "Evaluation of variability of silymarin complex in Silybi mariani fructus harvested during two production years." European Pharmaceutical Journal 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2020-0023.

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Abstract Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.], a member of Asteraceae family, is one of the most cultivated medicinal plants widespread throughout the world. The pharmacological drug is a ripe fruit without pappus – Silybi mariani fructus – containing flavonolignans and generating silymarin complex. In folk medicine, it is used for the treatment of liver disorders, kidney problems, rheumatism as well as gastronomic disturbances, cardiac and neurotic disorders, and fever. The components of silymarin complex are useful in cancer prevention and treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the amount of silymarin complex contained in the fruit of the harvest of two consecutive years and how much they differ from one another. Representative samples of fruit were collected in 2015 and 2016 and distributed by a company Agrofos (Slovakia). Regarding the analytical method, we used a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the method was approved by the European Pharmacopoeia 10. The statistical significance was on the level P < 0.05. The total content of silymarin complex was 15.28 ± 0.06 g.kg−1 (in 2015) and 16.65 ± 0.09 g.kg−1 (in 2016). In both studied years, the highest representation of silybin B was observed (7.04 ± 0.07 g.kg−1 versus 5.92 ± 0.08 g.kg−1). The differences between the individual fractions of the silymarin complex were statistically significant. There was also a significant difference of 9% in the total silymarin content between 2015 and 2016. In conclusion, we can state that both samples of Silybi mariani fructus meet the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia.

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Speese, John, and Brian A. Nault. "Foliar Sprays to Control European Corn Borer in Spring and Fall Peppers, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.119.

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Abstract Peppers were transplanted on 23 May (spring crop) and 1 Aug (fall crop) at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 20-ft-rows with 3-ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCBD for both plantings. Sprays were applied with a propane-powered backpack sprayer using 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows and delivering 46 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi. Latron CS-7 was used with each application at 0.12% vol./vol. Weekly applications were made on both crops beginning when fruit was ≥2 inches in diameter. The spring crop was sprayed from 31 Jul-10 Sep (6 sprays), and the fall crop was sprayed from 17 Sep-8 Oct (4 sprays). To evaluate efficacy of the treatments, the market-sized fruit was harvested from the most uniform row and examined for ECB damage. The number and weight of undamaged (marketable) fruit, and the number of ECB damaged fruit, were recorded for each crop. Harvest dates are indicated in the tables. Plant stand counts were taken in all harvested rows, and yields and % damaged fruit were adjusted to a per plant basis.

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Hobson, Keith A., Hervé Lormée, Steven L. Van Wilgenburg, Leonard I. Wassenaar, and Jean Marie Boutin. "Stable isotopes (δD) delineate the origins and migratory connectivity of harvested animals: the case of European woodpigeons." Journal of Applied Ecology 46, no. 3 (June 2009): 572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01651.x.

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Frizzi, F. "Complexity of searching movement in the European harvester ant Messor wasmanni: effect of temperature and body size." Insectes Sociaux 65, no. 2 (February 22, 2018): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-018-0609-8.

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Zastocki, Dariusz, Hubert Lachowicz, Jarosław Sadowski, and Tadeusz Moskalik. "Changes in the Assortment and Species Structure of Timber Harvested from the Polish Managed Part of Białowieża Forest." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 3279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093279.

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The subject of the research, which is the Polish managed part of Białowieża Forest together with Białowieża National Park, a remnant of primeval forests, is one of the most valuable forest areas in Europe. This article presents the history of the use of these forests. The assortment and species structure of the harvested timber was analyzed in detail for the Białowieża, Browsk, and Hajnówka Forest Districts from 2008 to 2017. The research is based on data from the State Forests Information System (SILP) and Forest Management Plans (PUL), as well as Nature Conservation Programs (POP). The volume of harvested timber was diversified. In 2011–2013, it was limited by a decision of the Minister of the Environment from 110,000 m3 in 2010 to 48,500 m3. This contributed to the increase of the European spruce bark beetle gradation, causing the death of spruce stands. By an annex to the Forest Management Plan issued in 2016, the Minister of the Environment increased the amount of the timber harvest. In 2017, it amounted to almost 190,000 m3, where 91% of the harvested volume was spruce, but the wood was markedly inferior in technical quality compared to previous years. Such a large increase in harvesting aroused the opposition mainly of environmental organizations and the European Commission. In April 2018, the EU Court of Justice decided that Poland violated EU law by increasing the number of felled trees in Białowieża Forest. After this decision, the Minister of the Environment repealed the earlier decision, the basis for conducting the increased wood harvesting in Białowieża Forest. Changes in the timber harvested in terms of volume, quality, and assortment, are due to the specificity of managing environmentally valuable areas. This relates to the many limitations on commercial forestry, which must take into account the need to protect nature and the legal acts regulating timber harvesting.

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Sorensen, K. A., and C. Wade Holloway. "Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control with Insecticides, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.102.

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Abstract ‘Golden Queen’ sweet corn was seeded on 22 I Apr near Calabash, NC in Brunswick Co. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft were used I between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Test 1 and Test 2 were in the same field with a 75 ft spacing of untreated area between the two test sites. Applications were made to both Test 1 and Test 2 twice a week on 27 and 30 Jun, and 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 Jul. Insect-damaged ears were assayed on 21 Jul when all ears were harvested from both tests.

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Ostlie, K. R., J. Luedeman, P. Price, J. Bhend, B. Potter, and P. Porter. "Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997B." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.376.

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Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in southwest Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30-inch row spacing), were established in Normania loam soil on 5 May at a rate ol 30,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generations on 4 Aug included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from both the first generation and univoltine generations were measured simultaneously from 10 plants per plot on 27 Aug. Measurements for second-generation ECB on 15-16 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Plots were harvested on 23 Oct and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.

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Ostlie, K. R., J. Luedeman, P. Price, K. Helgeson, and J. Rowe. "Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997C." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.377.

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Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringienis (Bt) trangenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in east central Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30- inch row spacing), were established in Dakota silt loam soil on 19 May at a rate of 32,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generation on 30 Jul included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings (1 to 9 scale) from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from first generation were measured from 10 plants per plot on 13-15 Aug. Measurements for second generation ECB on 14, 20, & 27 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, ear and shank damage from 10 plants per plot. Plants were harvested on 6 Nov and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.

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Shegelman, Ilya, Pavel Budnik, Vyacheslav Baklagin, Oleg Galaktionov, Ivan Khyunninen, and Artem Popov. "Analysis of natural-production conditions for timber harvesting in European North of Russia." Central European Forestry Journal 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2019-0006.

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Abstract Natural-production conditions determine operational efficiency of logging machines. This influence needs to be taken into account at different levels of forest management. It is necessary to allocate areas with similar natural-production conditions for effective forest management. It allows simplifying the decision making process for selecting logging technology and machines. The purpose of this study was to establish areas with similar natural and production conditions in the European North of Russia (ENR). In addition, for small enterprises, we recommend logging technologies and logging machines that can be used in established areas. We determined the indicators of the natural-production conditions of ENR regions and compared them. Cluster analysis was used to compare the indicators. We found that ENR can be divided into three main zones A, B, C and two subzones B1 and B2 with similar natural-production conditions. In the zones A, B and the subzones B1 and B2, small logging enterprises should use a harvester and a forwarder. In the zone C, the enterprises can use a logging system including a harvester and a forwarder or a logging system including a feller buncher, a skidder and a processor. The logging system should be based on the light class of logging machines for the zone A, the medium class or the heavy class for the zones B, C and the subzones B1, B2, the heavy class of machines for the zone C.

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Bryła, M., E. Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, G. Podolska, A. Waśkiewicz, K. Szymczyk, and R. Jędrzejczak. "Occurrence of ergot and its alkaloids in winter rye harvested in Poland." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2018.2322.

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Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) is a fungal pathogen that infects various grass and small grain cereal species, most often open-pollinated grasses, including rye and triticale. We tested 122 samples of rye grains harvested in three different regions of Poland in 2016 and 2017 for ergot and its alkaloids. Ergot sclerotia were found in all samples. The mean content of ergot sclerotia in grain ranged between 0.74 and 1.06 g/kg, and the mean concentration of ergot alkaloids in grain ranged between 270.1 and 580. 4 μg/kg, depending on the region of cultivation. 37% of the samples were infected with ergot below the 0.5 g/kg level set by the European Commission as the maximum permissible level for ergot, and in those samples the mean ergot alkaloids concentration was 155.8 μg/kg (range 4.7-667.9 μg/kg). A statistically significant correlation (R2=0.6941) between ergot content and concentration of ergot alkaloids was found. Ergot alkaloids concentration in grain was re-calculated into ergot alkaloids concentration in sclerotia, and was found to vary widely from 114 to 3,167 mg/kg. Ergot alkaloids profiles were most frequently dominated by R-configured ergopeptides, such as ergocryptine, ergocornine and ergocristine (31, 29 and 16% of the samples, respectively).

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Gower, Stith T., Jonathan W. Chapman, John C. Volin, and Adrian E. Hagen. "Stem Biomass Growth of Four Plantation-Grown Conifer Species in Southwestern Wisconsin." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.1.26.

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Abstract Red and white pine, European larch and Norway spruce were destructively harvested from 27-year-old plantations in southwestern Wisconsin and regression equations were developed to estimate stem biomass accumulation rates for the four species. Total stem biomass accumulation differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the four species and ranged from 51.8 tons/ac for Norway spruce to 75.1 tons/ac for European larch. Annual stem biomass increment also differed among the four species and was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in 1987 than 1988 for all four conifers. The large decrease in tree growth was attributed to the severe drought of 1988. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):26-28

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Ostlie, K. R., J. Luedeman, P. Price, M. Jharco, and George Nelson. "Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997D." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.378.

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Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the per formance of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic corn hybrids (<95-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in west centra Minnesota. This area contains a mixture of univoltine and multivoltine biotypes. Treatments included 3 non-Bt hybrids (Ciba 4144, NK 2555, NK 3030) anc their isogenic counterparts (Max 357, NK 2555Bt, NK 3030Bt) arranged in a RCB design with 6 replications. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30-inch row spacing), were planted on 19 May at a rate of 30,000 seeds per acre using a Hiniker Econo Till Planter. Planting preparations, fertilizer and herbicide ap plications followed normal production practices. First generation evaluations on 5 Aug included % of plants with leaf injury, leaf injury ratings (1 to 9 scale) number of tunnels, and tunnel length. Combined effects of univoltine and second generations were measured by examining tunnel number and length, ear anc shank infestations, and overwintering larvae on 20 Sept. Plots were harvested on 10 Oct and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.

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Hampson, Michael C. "Sequence of events in the germination of the resting spore of Synchytrium endobioticum, European pathotype 2, the causal agent of potato wart disease." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-283.

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Populations of freshly harvested to 4-year-old resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. from sand compost and aqueous immersion cultures were observed, using normal and television microscopy. Germination vesicles were found in aging cultures: at 49 days in sand compost or peaking at the 11th day in aqueous immersion. Freshly harvested spores gave rise to the largest quantity of vesicles in aqueous immersion. The ability to produce vesicles fell off in rapid exponential fashion with time after spore harvest. Release of the sporangia from the enveloping vesicles and discharge of zoospores from sporangia were studied in detail through the use of videotape recordings. This is the first reported description of these phenomena in the life history of S. endobioticum.

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Koreivienė, Judita, Jūratė Karosienė, Jūratė Kasperovičienė, Ričardas Paškauskas, Bogusława Łęska, Radosław Pankiewicz, Loreta Juškaitė, et al. "EU Project of LIFE Programme ‘Algae Service for LIFE’ Develops Ecologicaly Sustainable Bioproducts from Freshwater Cyanobacteria and Macroalgae Biomas." Botanica 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2019-0019.

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Abstract‘Algae Service for LIFE’, the project supported by the European Union, seeks to promote best practices in ecological service and the circular economy by implementing innovative complex system of three interlinked elements: i) prototypes for harvesting of cyanobacteria and macroalgae biomass; ii) distant methods for surveying of the blooms and defining hot-spots of algal agglomerations; and iii) restitution of harvesting costs by redesigning of waste algal biomass into valuable products. The current paper describes application of algal biomass part of the project by providing actions in redesigning of harvested waste biomass of cyanobacteria and macroalgae into potential valuable products for sustainable management and recycling of environmental resources. It also highlights the socio-economic aspects of the project and added value of the project for the European Union.

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Löwe, Sedmíková, Natov, Jankovský, Hejcmanová, and Dvořák. "Differences in Timber Volume Estimates Using Various Algorithms Available in the Control and Information Systems of Harvesters." Forests 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050388.

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Timber is the most important source of revenue in forestry and, therefore, is necessary to precisely estimate its volume. The share of timber volume produced by harvesters is annually growing in many European countries. Suitable settings of harvesters will allow us to achieve the most accurate volume estimates of the produced timber. In this study, we compared the different methods of log volume estimation applied by control and information systems of harvesters. The aim was to analyze the price categories that can be set up in the StanForD standard and to determine the differences between the algorithms used for log volume estimations. We obtained the data from *.STM files collected from March 2017 until June 2018 on a medium-size harvester. We analyzed price categories and found seven different algorithms used to estimate the log volumes. Log volume estimates according to Algorithm A2 were considered as standard because these estimates should be closest to the true log volumes. Significant differences, except the difference between Algorithm A2 and Algorithm A3, were found between log volumes estimated by different algorithms. After categorization of logs to assortments, the results showed that significant differences existed between algorithms in each assortment. In the roundwood assortment, which contains the most valuable logs, a difference of more than 6% was found between the log volumes estimated by Algorithm A5 and Algorithm A2. This is interesting because Algorithm A5 is widely used in some Central European countries. To obtain volumes closest to the true volumes, we should use Algorithm A2 for the harvester production outputs. The resulting differences between the algorithms can be used to estimate the volume difference between harvester outputs using the different price categories. Understanding this setting of harvesters and the differences between the price categories will provide users useful information in applied forest management.

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Lyach, Roman, and Jiri Remr. "The effect of a large-scale fishing restriction on angling harvest: a case study of grayling Thymallus thymallus in the Czech Republic." Aquatic Living Resources 32 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2019010.

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In Central Europe, European grayling Thymallus thymallus is an endangered and vanishing fish species with high recreational angling value. For that reason, in January 2016, the minimum legal angling size for grayling was increased from 30 to 40 cm in the Czech Republic. This study evaluated if the increase in minimum angling size had any effect on grayling harvest. Data from 229 fishing sites covering the years 2011–2017 were used in this study. The data originated from individual angling logbooks, collected in the regions of Prague and Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. Over the 7 yr, anglers visited the studied fishing sites 3.6 million times and harvested 105 000 salmonids. Grayling made up only 0.5% of the overall salmonid harvest. The fishing restriction caused a decrease in grayling harvest per visit. It also decreased the contribution of grayling to the overall harvest as well as the number of fishing sites where anglers successfully harvested graylings. Fish stocking was constant during the study period. Increased minimum angling size led to increased average body weight of harvested fish. In conclusion, the increase in minimum angling size significantly affected fish harvest and composition.

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Quiring, Dan T., and Peter R. Timmins. "Predation by American crows reduces overwintering European corn borer populations in southwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-318.

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American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) overwintering in Canada's largest known crow roost near Essex, in southwestern Ontario, often forage during the day in surrounding fields of corn, Zea mays, where they perforate cornstalks and eat overwintering larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Survival of overwintering larvae was ca. 50% less in uncaged than in caged plants in a field 26 km from the roost. Although crows perforated stalks in all fields < 25 km from the rookery that were sampled, the number of perforations per cornstalk was negatively correlated with the distance from the roost to the cornfields. In Essex county migratory crows do not arrive until October when most corn has been harvested and they leave in March, before corn is planted. Thus overwintering crows usually do not damage standing corn, increasing their importance as biological control agents.

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Chevallay, Mickael, Minoa Jung, Felix Berlth, Chon Seung-Hun, Philippe Morel, and Stefan Mönig. "Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Cancer: The European Point of View." Journal of Oncology 2019 (May 12, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8738502.

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Objective. Multiple Asian studies have proved the feasibility of laparoscopic approach for surgical treatment of gastric cancer. The difference between Asian and European patients could limit their application in Europe. We reviewed the literature for European studies comparing open gastrectomy with laparoscopic approach in the treatment of gastric cancer. Method. We searched the keywords gastric cancer and laparoscopy in MEDLINE and EMBASE. We included all studies published between 1990 and 2016 and conducted in Europe. Result. We found 1 randomized and 13 cohort studies which compared laparoscopic with open gastrectomy. We found no mean difference in the number of lymph nodes harvested between laparoscopic and open group (mean difference: -0.49; 95% CI: -2.42; 1.44, p=0.62) and no difference of short-term or long-term mortality (short-term odds ratio: 0.74, p=0.47; long-term odds ratio: 0.65, p=0.11). We found a longer operative time in the laparoscopic group (mean difference: 35.75 minutes, p<0.01) but lesser reoperation rate than the open group (odds ratio: 1.55 p=0.01). Conclusion. European based population studies found results comparable with their Asian counterpart. In the current state of evidence, minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer is safe and can achieve the same oncological results.

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Dag, Arnon, Smadar Boim, Yulya Sobotin, and Isaac Zipori. "Effect of Mechanically Harvested Olive Storage Temperature and Duration on Oil Quality." HortTechnology 22, no. 4 (August 2012): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.4.528.

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Most newly planted olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards are irrigated and harvested mechanically. We assessed the effects of olive storage temperature and duration on the resultant oil’s quality in three cultivars from modern orchards. Oil acidity increased with storage temperature and time, most markedly in ‘Barnea’ and least in ‘Koroneiki’. In ‘Koroneiki’, after 9 days in cool storage (4 and 10 °C), free fatty acid (FFA) level remained constant. Polyphenol (PP) content behaved differently among cultivars: in ‘Picual’, it was relatively invariable; in ‘Barnea’, it decreased moderately; and in ‘Koroneiki’, it decreased sharply to half of its initial value in 4 °C storage and one-sixth its initial value in room temperature storage after 23 days. Peroxide value (PV) did not increase during the storage period and did not appear to be affected by temperature. Thus, different cultivars show different responses to storage, and fruit originated from modern orchards are not necessarily more sensitive to storage than those from traditional orchards.

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Rocha, Filipa, A. Cristina Rocha, Luís F. Baião, Juliana Gadelha, Carolina Camacho, M. Luísa Carvalho, Francisco Arenas, et al. "Seasonal effect in nutritional quality and safety of the wild sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus harvested in the European Atlantic shores." Food Chemistry 282 (June 2019): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.097.

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Detrain, C., O. Tasse, M. Versaen, and J. M. Pasteels. "A field assessment of optimal foraging in ants: trail patterns and seed retrieval by the European harvester ant Messor barbarus." Insectes Sociaux 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050009.

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NA, M. Walter, M. K. Glaister, N. R. Clarke, H. von Lutz, Z. Eld, N. T. Amponsah, and N. F. Shaw. "Are shelter belts potential inoculum sources for Neonectria ditissima apple tree infections." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5797.

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The susceptibility of plants around apple orchards to Neonectria ditissima infections in the Tasman region was determined during summer 2013/14 Shelter belt and other neighbouring plants (in the absence of shelter trees) surrounding 20 apple orchards (approximately 51 km shelter length) were identified and compared with known European canker hosts Onethird of all neighbouring plants identified were either species known to be European canker hosts or shared a genus with a known host Nine nonpomaceous plant species were selected for inoculation studies Two rasp wounds were created (July 2014) and one was inoculated with N ditissima conidia the other with mycelium Symptoms were recorded and the pathogen reisolated In February 2015 all symptomless inoculation sites were harvested to determine potential latent infections Neonectria ditissima was reisolated from 38 of inoculations including from symptomless inoculation sites The fungus could be reisolated from all species inoculated

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Zeps, Martins, Silva Senhofa, Mara Zadina, Una Neimane, and Aris Jansons. "Stem damages caused by heart rot and large poplar borer on hybrid and European aspen." Forestry Studies 66, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsmu-2017-0003.

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Abstract Solid wood production of hybrid aspen requires relative longer rotation periods, thus increasing risk of wood damages by pests and diseases. We compared damages by heart rot and poplar borer of 48 years old hybrid (Populus tremuloides Michx. × P. tremula L.) and European aspen in a progeny trial located in Eastern part of Latvia. Trees were harvested and rot patches and galleries were recorded and measured at a stump level. The number of galleries had positive relation on number of patches and total area of rot. The susceptibility of the rot and poplar borer was similar for both hybrid and European aspen. Yet, some differences among families were detected. No effect of pathogens damage was observed on the tree growth. Larger trees had smaller proportion and incidence of rot and galleries per unit of area as well as wider outer rot-free wood layer.

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Schai-Braun, Stéphanie C., Christine Kowalczyk, Erich Klansek, and Klaus Hackländer. "Estimating Sustainable Harvest Rates for European Hare (Lepus Europaeus) Populations." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 2837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102837.

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Hunting quotas are used to manage populations of game species in order to ensure sustainable exploitation. However, unpredictable climatic events may interact with hunting. We established a population model for European hares (Lepus europaeus) in Lower Austria. We compared the sustainability of voluntary quotas used by hunters—which are derived from hare-specific guidelines—with the actual numbers of hares shot and our recommended quotas for hares, which have been derived from climate and population modeling. We used population modeling based on vital rates and densities to adjust our recommended quotas in order to achieve sustainable harvest. The survival of age classes 1 and 3 had the highest impact on the population growth rate. Population viability analysis showed that a recommended quota with a harvest rate of 10% was sustainable for population densities of 45 hares/km2, and that the threshold for hunting should be raised from 10 hares/km2 so that hare populations with <15 hares/km2 are not hunted. The recommended quota outperformed the voluntary hunting quota, since more hares could be harvested sustainably. Age Class 1 survival was strongly linked with weather: a single year with unfavorable weather conditions (low precipitation) negatively affected population densities. Game species, including the European hare, face increasingly frequent weather extremes due to climate change, so hunting quotas need to be sensitive to frequent population fluctuations.

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Pari, Luigi, Francesco Latterini, and Walter Stefanoni. "Herbaceous Oil Crops, a Review on Mechanical Harvesting State of the Art." Agriculture 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080309.

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The sustainable production of renewable energy is a key topic on the European community’s agenda in the next decades. The use of residuals from agriculture could not be enough to meet the growing demand for energy, and the contribution of vegetable oil to biodiesel production may be important. Moreover, vegetable oil can surrogate petroleum products in many cases, as in cosmetics, biopolymers, or lubricants production. However, the cultivation of oil crops for the mere production of industrial oil would arise concerns on competition for land use between food and non-food crops. Additionally, the economic sustainability is not always guaranteed, since the mechanical harvesting, in some cases, is still far from acceptable. Therefore, it is difficult to plan the future strategy on bioproducts production from oil crops if the actual feasibility to harvest the seeds is still almost unknown. With the present review, the authors aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the state of the art of mechanical harvesting in seven herbaceous oil crops, namely: sunflower (Heliantus annuus L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.), camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinica R. E. Fr.), and castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). The review underlines that the mechanical harvesting of sunflower, canola and cardoon seeds is performed relying on specific devices that perform effectively with a minimum seed loss. Crambe and safflower seeds can be harvested through a combine harvester equipped with a header for cereals. On the other hand, camelina and castor crops still lack the reliable implementation on combine harvesters. Some attempts have been performed to harvest camelina and castor while using a cereal header and a maize header, respectively, but the actual effectiveness of both strategies is still unknown.

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Journal articles on the topic 'European harvestmen'

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