Journal articles on the topic 'European fruit lecanium scale'
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Hodges, G. S., and S. K. Braman. "Seasonal Occurrence, Phenological Indicators and Mortality Factors Affecting Five Scale Insect Species (Hemiptera:Diaspididae, Coccidae) in the Urban Landscape Setting." Journal of Entomological Science 39, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.4.611.
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Proper timing of pesticide applications is paramount when attempting to control scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae, Coccidae) that are important pests of landscape plantings. Use of degree-days and phenological indicators can better time the applications and reduce the number of treatments. Seasonal appearance of five species of scale insects in the urban landscape along with flowering phenology of 40 plant species were systematically monitored during 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 in Athens, GA. Degree-day calculations for predicting first-generation crawler emergence were attained by two methods: use of standard-base or an experimentally determined base temperature. Predictions using a standard temperature resulted in high year-to-year variance. Use of a model-derived base temperature reduced the variance for degree-days needed for first crawler emergence. Mean base temperatures for European fruit lecanium, Indian wax scale, obscure scale, euonymus scale, and tea scale were, respectively, 12.78, 12.78, 5.0, 3.89, and 5.0°C. The range in degree-days required for first crawler emergence of each species using first the experimentally derived base, or the standard base temperature of 10.56 were 1184 to 1296 or 1064 to 1622 for European fruit lecanium; 846 to 1014 or 1150 to 1380 for Indian wax scale; 1246 to 1268 or 515 to 566 for obscure scale; 1366 to 1492 or 313 to 597 for euonymus scale; and 526 to 1502 or 202 to 776 for tea scale. Natural enemy complexes observed in association with each of the scale species are discussed.
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Japoshvili, G., N. Gabroshvili, and B. Japoshvili. "The parasitoid complex of Parthenolecanium corni Bouché in the city of Tbilisi and its surroundings and comparison with some other European countries." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 1 (December 13, 2007): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307005378.
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AbstractThe European fruit lecanium (EFL), Parthenolecanium corni Bouché (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), is a common and harmful soft scale, which attacks Fraxinus oxycarpa Willd. and other ornamental and orchard plants in Tbilisi, Georgia. This study investigates the phenology, degree of plant damage and effect of parasitoids on this scale in Tbilisi, a densely populated area. We present data on the 32 species of chalcidoid parasitoids recorded from EFL in Georgia and south-eastern Europe. The scale is heavily parasitized in Tbilisi, but we did not find any variation in seasonal abundance. The most common parasitoid of EFL was Blastothrix longipennis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
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Hodges, Greg, John M. Ruter, and S. Kristine Braman. "Susceptibility of Ilex Species, Hybrids and Cultivars to Florida Wax Scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.1.32.
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Abstract Susceptibility of 231 holly species, hybrids and cultivars to Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock) were evaluated on field grown plants in Tifton, Georgia. Florida wax scale have two generations/year in this region. Population ratings on different parental lines were grouped as either low populations (<10 scales/60 second count), moderate populations (11–20 scales/60 second count), high populations (21–40 scales/60 second count) and very high populations (>40 scales/60 second count). Taxa from the study rated as being least preferred (low populations) by the Florida wax scale included those with I. crenata, I. buergeri, I. glabra, I. myrtifolia, I. verticillata and I. vomitoria within parental lines. Those prone to heavy infestations were I. aquifolium, I. × attenuata, I. cassine, I. ciliospinosa, I. cornuta, I. × koehneana, I. latifolia, I. × meserveae, I. opaca, I. purpurea, I. rugosa and I. serrata. Other scale insects noted on the hollies included: Barnacle wax scale (Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock), Indian wax scale (Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius)), European fruit lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni Bouche), Brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum Linneaus), Tea scale (Fiornia theae Green), Latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae (Sign.)), and a pit scale (Asterolecanium puteanum Russell).
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Scheurer, R., and M. A. Ruzette. "Effects of insect growth regulators on the oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii) and the european fruit lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni)." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 77, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1974.tb03249.x.
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Hommay, Gérard, Monique Beuve, and Etienne Herrbach. "Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses and Grapevine Virus A by Vineyard-Sampled Soft Scales (Parthenolecanium corni, Hemiptera: Coccidae)." Viruses 14, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122679.
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Grapevine-infecting ampelo- and vitiviruses are transmitted by scale insects belonging to several species, among which is the European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) (Hemiptera Coccidae). Our objective was to characterize the transmission biology of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV) and grapevine virus A (GVA) by this soft scale species in order to evaluate its ability to spread these viruses. In transmission experiments with nymphs sampled from different vineyards infected with GLRaV 1, 2, 3 and GVA, P. corni transmitted only GLRaV 1 and GVA to healthy vines. GVA was predominantly transmitted along with GLRaV 1, whereas the latter could be transmitted alone from single or co-infected vines. Vineyard-sampled second instar nymphs were more efficient than first instars at transmitting GLRaV 1, whereas both instars displayed similar transmission rates for GVA. Short virus inoculation access periods and the absence of virus in eggs of females living on infected grapevines fulfilled the criteria of non-circulative semi-persistent transmission mode.
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Skalský, Michal, Jana Niedobová, and Jan Popelka. "The efficacy of European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché, 1844) control using natural products." Horticultural Science 46, No. 4 (December 30, 2019): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/215/2017-hortsci.
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European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché, 1844) is among the leading worldwide pests of fruits such as plums, currants, jostaberry, grapevine and many others. This study is focused on testing the effectiveness of natural insecticide treatments compared with conventional insecticides on overwintering nymphs of the European fruit lecanium. In February of 2017, two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. The tested products were Boundary SW<sup>®</sup> (plant extract), Konflic<sup>®</sup> (plant extract), Ekol<sup>®</sup> (canola oil) and a tank-mix of Ekol<sup>®</sup> + Reldan 22<sup>®</sup> (canola oil and chlorpyrifos-methyl) as a chemical standard. The most effective product tested was the chemical standard tank-mix of Ekol<sup>®</sup> and Reldan 22<sup>®</sup>, which was 100% effective in all experiments. High efficiency was also achieved with Ekol<sup>®</sup> (canola oil) in high concentrations. We can summarize, that using canola oil in high concentration has almost the same effect as the chemical standard. Using canola oil against European fruit lecanium meets the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and also the need to design cropping systems that are less dependent on synthetic pesticides.
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Hodges, Amanda C., and Greg Hodges. "Notes on Members of the Vespidae Foraging on Honeydew Secretions from the European Fruit Lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche)." Journal of Entomological Science 36, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-36.3.312.
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Hommay, Gérard, Louis Wiss, Catherine Reinbold, Joël Chadoeuf, and Etienne Herrbach. "Spatial Distribution Patterns of Parthenolecanium corni (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and of the Ampelovirus GLRaV-1 and the Vitivirus GVA in a Commercial Vineyard." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121447.
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Distribution patterns of the European fruit lecanium Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) and of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) and grapevine virus A (GVA) were monitored from 2003 to 2015 in a Riesling vine plot in the northeast of France. Virus spread was compared between two periods: 2003–2008 and 2009–2014. The percentage of infected vines increased from 54 to 78% for GLRaV-1 and from 14 to 26% for GVA. The spatial distribution of viruses and of P. corni was analysed using permutation tests and revealed an aggregative pattern. Virus distribution was not associated with the density of P. corni population on grapevines. However, GLRaV-1 and GVA spread mainly from initially infected vines. New GLRaV-1 and GVA infections were more frequent on vines near primarily infected vines, first anisotropically along the row, then between neighbouring rows. Virus spread was similar to those described in literature with grapevine mealybug species. This slow vine-to-vine progression suggests that P. corni was responsible for the virus spread, in accordance with the low mobility and low transmission capacities of its local population.
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Gromek, Natalia. "Overweight and obesity – the scale of the phenomenon and risk factors." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0454.
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Obesity and overweight are classified as lifestyle diseases of the 21st century. Their universality justifies the need to identify the factors which contribute to excessive body weight. The aim of the paper is to determine the scale of the overweight and obesity phenomenon in European countries and, as mentioned above, to identify the factors contributing to it. The research examined socio-economic factors, fruit and vegetable consumption, sugar and fat consumption, smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption, length of sleep and time spent in front of the TV, energy dose supplied by food and the level of physical activity. The study uses the BMI (body mass index), which is the elementary determiner of the regularity or irregularity of body weight. The analysis is based on the data from the OECD bases for 2013–2015 and from Eurostat for 2014. The applied Spearman correlation revealed statistically significant, strong dependencies among the explanatory variables (i.e. between the consumption of fruit per capita and the consumption of fat per capita, between the income per capita and regular sports activity, between the fat consumption per capita and the level of education, and between the level of education and the consumption of fruit and vegetables per capita). The results of the factor analysis demonstrated that in European countries, the phenomenon of excessive body weight is caused by lack of physical activity.
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Pless, C. D., D. E. Deyton, and C. E. Sams. "Control of San Jose Scale, Terrapin Scale, and European Red Mite on Dormant Fruit Trees with Soybean Oil." HortScience 30, no. 1 (February 1995): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.1.94.
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Emulsions of degummed soybean (Glycine max L.) oil were compared to a petroleum oil emulsion for efficacy against winter populations of San Jose scale [Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock); Homoptera: Diaspididae] and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch); Acari: Tetranychidae] on dormant apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and terrapin scale [Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande); Homoptera: Coccidae] on dormant peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees. In laboratory tests, more than 94% of San Jose scale was killed on stems dipped for 1 second in 5.0% or 7.5% soybean oil or 5.0% petroleum oil. Mortality of terrapin scale exceeded 93% on peach stems dipped for 1 second in 7.5% soybean oil or 5.0% petroleum oil. No European red mite eggs survived on apple stems dipped for 1 second in 2.5%, 5.0%, or 7.5% soybean oil, or 5.0% petroleum oil. In field tests, >95% of San Jose scale died on apple trees sprayed with one application of 2.5% petroleum oil or 5.0% soybean oil; two applications of these treatments or 2.5% soybean oil killed all San Jose scales. One or two applications of 2.5% petroleum oil or 5.0% soybean oil killed 85% and 98%, respectively, of the terrapin scales on peach trees. Soybean oil shows promise as a substitute for petroleum oil for winter control of three very destructive fruit tree pests.
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Shaw, P. W., and D. R. Wallis. "An investigation of San Jos scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) predation by the European earwig (Forficula auricularia)." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5855.
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The European earwig (Forficula auricularia) is a generalist predator of a wide range of insect pests in pipfruit orchards including scale insects Since the development of an integrated fruit production programme that uses selective pesticides and biological control of pests earwigs are now more frequently found in commercial pipfruit orchards San Jos scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus SJS) is a diaspid species that is an important insect pest in the main applegrowing regions in New Zealand This study investigated the potential of earwigs to feed on SJS in a nonchoice laboratory trial Individual mature earwigs were placed inside containers with small sections of apple wood infested with mixed age stages of SJS A total of 157 SJS on the apple wood were photographically indentified and marked so that subsequent predation by earwigs over 6 nights could be recorded Predation over this period was 1290 (mean 56) These results indicated that earwigs would potentially feed on scale insects but as they are generalist predators their impact on scale infestations in orchards would depend on scale density and the availability of other prey Very little earwig predation of SJS on fruit was recorded in a similar assessment
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González-Núñez, Manuel, Guillermo Cobos, and Ismael Sánchez-Ramos. "Evaluation of Mass Trapping Devices for the Control of the European Cherry Fruit Fly [Rhagoletis cerasi (L.)]." Horticulturae 8, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100869.
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Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) is the most damaging pest of cherries in Europe and Western Asia and it has been recently introduced in North America. Females sting the ripening cherries and tolerance of damaged fruit is very low (<2%). The management of this pest is mainly based on insecticide applications near harvest. Only a few insecticides are authorized for this use in Europe, and repeated use of them likely entails environmental risks, resistance to insecticides and residues in the fruit. Therefore, alternative tools are needed. Trap-attractant combinations were compared on searching an efficient and economical device for a viable mass trapping method against R. cerasi on a large-scale use. A folded yellow sticky trap with a homemade ammonium acetate dispenser was the most efficient and also the cheapest one. The efficacy of mass trapping using this device was evaluated in farm-scale trials. With low pest pressure, mass trapping was sufficient to obtain commercially acceptable fruit. With high pest pressure, mass trapping reduced the number of insecticide (spinosad) applications while keeping damage below the economic threshold. Therefore, mass trapping can be a useful tool for managing R. cerasi and reducing insecticide application.
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Hampson, C. R., and H. A. Quamme. "Use of Preference Testing to Identify Tolerance Limits for Fruit Visual Attributes in Apple Breeding." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.921.
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Sensory evaluation methods were used to establish tentative guidelines for screening apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) breeding selections for four visual attributes. A panel of 42 regional consumers rated sample selections for fruit size on the 7-point “Just Right” (JR) scale, for fruit shape on a 7-point hedonic (liking) scale, and for the appearance of lenticels and stem bowl russet (SBR) on a 7-point affective (acceptability) scale. The panel most preferred a fruit about 7.5 cm in diameter. No evidence was found for range bias or for differences between yellow and red apples in size preference. Women and panelists over 55 years of age tended to prefer a slightly smaller apple. Panelists liked all the most common apple shapes. Lenticels generally became unacceptable when they exceeded 1.0 mm in diameter, but lenticel density was not related to acceptability. For red or yellow apples, SBR was acceptable on average, provided its maximum extent did not exceed about 55% of the fruit diameter. The panel's tolerance to SBR resembled that of a larger regional population, and their fruit size preferences resembled those reported elsewhere for European consumers. Similar methods could be used by other breeders to assess the preferences of their target consumer population.
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Sossa, Elvire, Codjo Agbangba, Gustave Dagbenonbakin, Roméo Tohoun, Pierre Tovihoudji, and Guillaume Amadji. "Organo-Mineral Fertilization Enhances the Acceptability of Smooth Cayenne Pineapple Fruit (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) for European Export and Domestic Consumption in Benin." Agriculture 9, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9030065.
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Heterogeneity in pineapple fruit quality explains the low export volume of fruits from Benin to the international market. This work aims to investigate influences of organo-mineral fertilizer on a) pineapple fruit yield, b) fruit quality and the proportion of fruits meeting European export standards, and c) fresh fruit acceptability for domestic consumption. The experimental design is a split-plot with three replications where the main factor is organic manure (poultry litter) (P0 = 0 t ha−1, P1 = 5 t ha−1, P2 = 10 t ha−1) and the sub-plot factor, N-P-K fertilization in kg ha−1 (T0:100-30-150, T1: 200-60-300, T2: 400-120-600, and T3: 600-180-900). To evaluate the percentage of fruit meeting European standards, a generalized linear model with binomial error structures was used. A sensorial test was carried out on fresh pulp to assess the preference of fruit meeting domestic criterion. A preference mapping was assessed through an acceptability test with a nine-point hedonic scale. Organo-mineral fertilizer significantly improved fruit weight (p = 0.012), fresh juice weight (p = 0.042), total soluble solids (p = 0.032), and the percentage of fruits meeting European standards (p < 0.001). Better fruits meeting export standards were found with treatments P1T1, P2T0, and P2T3 (83.33 ± 28.87%). Fruits from treatments P0T2, P2T1, P1T3, and P2T2 were highly accepted for domestic consumption (70%). The results suggested that organo-fertilizer producing fruit achieving exportation standards may differ from those satisfying domestic preferences. Moreover, the findings suggested that the ratio crown length: fruit length, which is a key ratio for exportation standards, is not related to physico-chemical quality. Finally, the findings have implications for the sustainability of pineapple production for domestic and exportation purposes.
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Kulikov, Ivan M., Julia V. Burmenko, Natalya YU Svistunova, Sergey N. Evdokimenko, Fedor F. Sazonov, Tatyana A. Tumaeva, and Sergey N. Konovalov. "Regionally Adapted Model of an Ideal Malus×domestica Borkh Apple Variety for Industrial-Scale Cultivation in European Russia." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122124.
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Apple is one of the most common fruit crops in the Russian fruit-growing industry, with huge varietal diversity and a vast cultivation area. The key regions for industrial-scale apple cultivation are the Central, Central Chernozem, and North Caucasian Districts. The main disadvantage of the relevant apple cultivars, especially the ones intended for intensified horticultural practices, is their low resistance against abiotic stresses and the fruit’s low quality and poor marketable condition. In Russia, apple is a crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket, so fruit producers hold new varieties to higher standards and expect them to outperform their predecessors in terms of yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment, while satisfying stricter requirements. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production. A regionally adapted model of commercial apple cultivars, characterized by 28 features and properties divided into three groups and defining the cultivar’s resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, is presented in this paper. In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%. The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa Karmen, Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala and Gala Schniga in the North Caucasian District; Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; and varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.
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Berawe, Ahmed, Mohamed Z. Mahmalji, Abd-Alnabi Basheer, Essmaiel Archoukieh, and Lina A. K. AL-Amir. "Karyotyping of European Fruit Scale Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) on almond trees in Village of Rankous (Damascus Countryside Governorate) Syria." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2012.6.2.220.
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karyotyping of European Fruit Scale Parthenolecanium corni(Bouché) studied on almond trees in Village of Rankous-Syria in 2008. Results showed there are 16 chromosomes of the insect by using the technique of squashing preparations described by Gavrilov and Trapeznikova (2007) without use of dry ice and substituting it with freezing at -140°C (Cryo Freezer).
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Liguori, Giorgia, Carla Gentile, Giuseppe Sortino, Paolo Inglese, and Vittorio Farina. "Food Quality, Sensory Attributes and Nutraceutical Value of Fresh “Osteen” Mango Fruit Grown under Mediterranean Subtropical Climate Compared to Imported Fruit." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040103.
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Mango is a fruit with a very short shelf-life due to its rapid ripeness after harvest; it is high in B vitamins, contains some amounts of magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium and it is rich in soluble and insoluble fibers. In order to reach the European markets at proper marketable maturity, fruit from tropical countries are harvested at early maturity stage. Although this harvesting practice improves mango postharvest life, fruit reach the market with very low quality, especially in terms of taste. The present study was conducted to evaluate food quality, sensory attributes and nutraceutical value of “Osteen” fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit, and imported ones coming from tropical countries. Mango fruit imported from abroad were collected from 5 large-scale organized markets; fresh Italian mango fruit were harvested from a commercial orchard, at green- and mature-ripe stage. Imported and fresh Italian mango fruit were analyzed in terms of firmness, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, flesh disorders, nutraceutical value, and sensory attributes. Mediterranean Italian mango fruit showed the best quality performances in terms of nutraceutical value and quality attributes. Sensorial analysis confirmed this behavior, these quality attributes, were perceived by the trained panel, that preferred fresh Mediterranean mango fruit.
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Pinket, An-Sofie, Marieke De Craemer, Lea Maes, Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Greet Cardon, Odysseas Androutsos, Berthold Koletzko, et al. "Water intake and beverage consumption of pre-schoolers from six European countries and associations with socio-economic status: the ToyBox-study." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 13 (December 18, 2015): 2315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015003559.
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AbstractObjectiveTo study the quantity and quality of water intake from beverages among pre-schoolers and investigate associations with gender and socio-economic status (SES).DesignKindergarten-based cross-sectional survey within the large-scale European ToyBox-study. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers filled in sociodemographic data and a semi-quantitative FFQ.SettingKindergartens in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain).SubjectsEuropean pre-schoolers (aged 3·5–5·5 years) and their parents/caregivers (n 7051).ResultsMean water intake was 1051 ml/d; plain water, 547 ml/d; plain milk, 241 ml/d; other fruit juice, 104 ml/d; pure fruit juice, 59 ml/d; soft drinks, 55 ml/d; tea, 45 ml/d; sugared and chocolate milk, 37 ml/d; smoothies, 15 ml/d; and light soft drinks, 6 ml/d. Boys had a higher water intake than girls due to a higher consumption of plain water, but more importantly to the consumption of beverages of less quality. Lower-SES pre-schoolers scored better on quantity than high-SES pre-schoolers, but as a consequence of consumption of sugared beverages. Nevertheless, the associations differed by country.ConclusionsThe water intake from beverages did not meet the European Food Safety Authority standard of 1280 ml/d; especially in Western European countries water intake from beverages was low. The most important water sources were plain water, milk and fruit juices. Interventions aiming at a proper and sufficient water intake should focus on both quantity and quality. Messages about water and water sources should be clear for everyone and interventions should be sufficiently tailored.
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García-Galindo, Daniel, Arkadiusz Dyjakon, and Fernando Cay Villa-Ceballos. "Building Variable Productivity Ratios for Improving Large Scale Spatially Explicit Pruning Biomass Assessments." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050957.
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Biomass assessments of agro–residues performed at large geographical scales generally base calculations on single constant pruning productivity ratios (RSRs). Reliability of biomass assessments shall be improved if RSRs respond to prevailing regional crop growing conditions. The present paper describes the methodology applied to create geographically varying pruning RSR ratios–tons of dry matter per hectare—for five crop groups: vineyard, olive, fruit species, citrus and dry fruits. A newly created database containing 230 records–from seven EU28 countries—is submitted to statistical analysis. Results reveal that agro-climatic conditions are able to explain a not negligible share of the pruning productivity as dependent variable. Subsequent regression analysis provides two equations—for vineyard and citrus—achieving a reasonable good fitting (R2 0.18 and 0.42 respectively) between RSR and the agroclimatic variables. Analysis of olive, fruit species and dry fruits scatter and whisker plots were useful for zoning and inducing ramp functions. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was utilised to apply the functions to the agroclimatic raster coverages in order to obtain RSR raster grids. Zonal statistic procedures applied by European regional units (NUTs0, NUTs2, NUTs3) provide a specific crop RSR ratio per administrative unit as a principal output of the present work.
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De Bourdeaudhuij, I., K.-I. Klepp, P. Due, C. Perez Rodrigo, MDV de Almeida, M. Wind, R. Krølner, C. Sandvik, and J. Brug. "Reliability and validity of a questionnaire to measure personal, social and environmental correlates of fruit and vegetable intake in 10–11-year-old children in five European countries." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 2 (April 2005): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004673.
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AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the internal consistency of the scales and the test–retest reliability and predictive validity of behaviour theory-based constructs measuring personal, social and environmental correlates of fruit and vegetable intake in 10–11-year-old children.DesignTest–retest with one-week interval.SettingFive European countries: Norway, Spain, Denmark, Portugal, Belgium.SubjectsThree hundred and twenty-six children completed the questionnaire during class hours.ResultsFor the total sample across all countries, the test–retest reliability was good to very good (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.60) for 12 out of the 15 fruit constructs and also for 12 out of the 15 vegetable constructs. Acceptable ICCs, ranging between 0.50 and 0.59, were found for the remaining constructs. Test–retest reliability was comparable across countries. Only in Portugal were some significantly lower ICCs found for some constructs (knowledge and barriers related to fruit, general self-efficacy related to fruit and vegetables) compared with the other countries. Cronbach'sαvalues were moderate to high (range 0.52 to 0.89) with the exception of the general self-efficacy scale, which had a value below 0.50 for both fruit (α= 0.42) and vegetables (α= 0.49). Spearman correlations with intake ranged between -0.16 and 0.54 for personal determinants and between 0.05 and 0.38 for environmental determinants. Compared with other studies, predictive validity can be considered moderate to good.ConclusionsThe questionnaire provides a reliable, valid and easy-to-administer tool for assessing personal, social and environmental factors of potential influence on fruit and vegetable intake in 10–11-year-olds.
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Leisso, Rachel, Bridgid Jarrett, Katrina Mendrey, and Zachariah Miller. "Bagging Apple Fruit for Codling Moth Control in Western Montana." HortTechnology 31, no. 4 (August 2021): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04848-21.
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Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is a major insect pest of apple (Malus domestica). If unmanaged, then codling moth can infest nearly all apples in an orchard, where the flesh-tunneling larva leave frass-laden tracks in the fruit. Insecticide-based management requires accurate application timing (typically based on adult moth and/or degree-day monitoring) and multiple spray applications. Both the season-long commitment to codling moth monitoring and management and limited familiarity with insecticides, application tools, and proper application procedures can prevent a small-scale or backyard grower from effectively limiting fruit damage. In addition, an increasing segment of growers is interested in nonchemical alternatives. Bagging fruitlets early in the season could be a simple and effective method of codling moth management for this subset of growers. At our research orchard in Corvallis, MT, we tested a method combining fruit thinning and bagging using plastic bags the first season and nylon bags the second season. Plastic bags reduced the incidence of codling moth damage to fruit from 34% to 10%, but european earwig (Forficula auricularia) frass, which was found in more than 50% of plastic-bagged apples, made harvesting the fruit unappealing. We tested nylon fruit bags during the second year of the study. These bags did not significantly reduce the incidence of codling moth. Both the soluble solids content and titratable acidity were higher in unbagged fruit during the second year of the study, whereas color measurements indicated bagged fruit were greener on the shaded side of the fruit. Failure of the nylon bags may have been attributable to eggs laid before bagging, eggs laid or larva burrowing through bagging, or improper bag application methods. Further research could assess whole-tree bags, the addition of rubber bands or twist ties when applying nylon bags, pretreatment of fruit with horticulture oil, and/or dipping nylon bags in kaolin clay before application; however, these steps add time and increase costs, which may discourage the small-scale fruit grower. Overall, results indicate that fruit bagging holds promise for codling moth management; however, further work is needed to optimize the methodology.
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Panteli, Christiana, Eglė Klumbytė, Rasa Apanavičienė, and Paris A. Fokaides. "An Overview of the Existing Schemes and Research Trends in Financing the Energy Upgrade of Buildings in Europe." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.27.2.25465.
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Financial supporting schemes for the energy upgrading of the building sector in Europe constitute one of the major policies of the European Union (EU). Since the beginning of the 2000s, dozens of funding programs and initiatives have been announced by the European Commission (EC). It is a fact that the majority of these policies have borne fruit, as the metrics on both energy savings in the building sector and the promotion of renewable energy in the built environment have turned the EU into a global pioneer. This paper attempts to give a brief overview of the main policy and financial tools for the energy upgrading of the built environment in Europe. Emphasis is placed on three major mechanisms, which concern different-scale projects: crowdfunding projects, public-private co-financing projects, and large-scale projects funded by financial institutions such as European Investment Bank (EIB). Reference is also made to recently implemented EU funded research programs in this field. This work aspires to constitute a reference study for future research activities in the field of financial supporting schemes for energy upgrading of buildings in Europe.
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Tattoni, Clara, Erica Soardi, Filippo Prosser, Maurizio Odasso, Paolo Zatelli, and Marco Ciolli. "Fruit availability for migratory birds: a GIS approach." PeerJ 7 (February 5, 2019): e6394. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6394.
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Bird migration is a widely studied phenomenon, however many factors that influence migratory flows remain unknown or poorly understood. Food availability en route is particularly important for many species and can affect their migration success, pattern and timing but this relationship has not been addressed at a wide scale due to the lack of spatial models of food availability on the terrain. This work presents a GIS-database approach that combines spatial and non-spatial ecological information in order to map fruit availability from vegetation over time in the SE Alps, an important node of European migratory routes. We created a unique database that contains information on the presence and periods of fructification of 52 wild plants carrying berries and a series of original cartographic themes. The presence and coverage of the plant species was modelled with the geo-statistical method of the Gaussian Kernel, which was validated against the ground truth of field sampling data with a correct classification power above 80% in most cases. The highest fruit availability in the study area during September and October co-occurs with the peak of captures of berry eating birds. The maps created and distributed along this work can be useful to address more detailed studies about stopover sites as well as the spatial ecology of other fruit eating animals.
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Wohlgemuth, Thomas, Anita Nussbaumer, Anton Burkart, Martin Moritzi, Ulrich Wasem, and Barbara Moser. "Muster und treibende Kräfte der Samenproduktion bei Waldbäumen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 167, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2016.0316.
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Patterns and driving forces for seed production in forest tree species Why is the annual fruit production in forest tree species not constant, and which factors cause massive fruit production (seed mast year)? These and other related questions were already posed more than 100 years ago when tree breeding was economically beneficial. The questions have not been fully answered, yet. Rather, the same questions are studied again today as the climate is changing and the uncertainty about the continuation of forests at their current locations is growing. A 25 year long observation series on the variation of fruit production in Switzerland revealed a mean frequency of three years for mast seeding (full and medium mast) at low elevation on the Central Plateau in European beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus petraea, Q. robur) and silver fir (Abies alba). In contrast, mast seed years of Norway spruce (Picea abies) occurred, on average, every sixth year. In 1992 and 2011, all four species synchronously showed mast seeding. The results are discussed in the light of different theories and new research findings. From the state of the current know ledge, we derive the need for long-term and fine-scale baseline data and present the new reporting and information webpage «mast web.ch». Here, volunteers can report observations on the fruit production of main tree species following a few simple criteria (citizen science approach). With this data, distribution maps on mass fructification levels will be made available and will serve for spatio-temporal fine-scale studies on mast seeding phenomena.
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Mikosvki, Andreia Izabel, Nayara Tayane Silva, Claudinei Santos Souza, Marcelo Dias Machado, Wagner Campos Otoni, Ilio Fealho Carvalho, Diego Ismael Rocha, and Maurecilne Lemes Silva. "Tissue culture and biotechnological techniques applied to passion fruit with ornamental potential: an overview." Ornamental Horticulture 25, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v25i2.2036.
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The ornamental flower sector has growing over the past years worldwide with potential for further expansion. Among the ornamental plants, Passiflora species have been gaining ground in the market, mainly in European and North American countries. However, the market aiming the use of these species in ornamentation is still poorly explored. The inclusion of passion flower in the list of ornamental plants is related to the peculiar characteristics of the flower as it is complex structure, capacity of flowering all year long and also by the abundance and exuberance of the leaves, which in many species adds an ornamental value. Among the biotechnological tools for the production of ornamental plants, tissue culture has been outstanding in the cloning of elite genotypes, with high phytosanitary quality and large scale production. In addition, it offers possibilities of producing new varieties with characteristics peculiar to the market of ornamental plants. The diversity of wild Passiflora opens perspectives to the conservation, market and production of ornamental Passiflora cultivars.
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Dequigiovanni, Gabriel, Fernanda Rech, Felippe George Gatti Gomes, Ivan Somensi Cerotti, Ivan Faoro, Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira, Vera Quecini, and Patricia Ritschel. "Identification of a Simple Sequence Repeat molecular-marker set for large-scale analyses of pear germplasm." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 12, no. 2 (June 2012): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332012000200004.
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Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) are molecular markers suitable to assess the genetic variation of germplasm resources; however, large-scale SSR use requires protocol optimization. The present work aimed to identify SSR markers, developed for pear and other fruit species that are effective in characterizing pear germplasm collections and in demonstrating their use in providing support for genetic breeding programs. From a total of 62 SSR markers investigated, 23 yielding reproducible and polymorphic patterns were used to genotype a sample of 42 pear accessions of the Brazilian Pear Germplasm Bank (PGB). When compared to these 23 SSR markers, a subset of eleven markers, selected based on He, PIC and PId, was used to distinguish individual accessions and perform cluster analysis with similar efficacy. Genetic diversity analysis clustered the European, Japanese and Chinese accessions in distinct groups. This markers subset constitutes a valuable tool for several applications related to pear genetic resources management and breeding.
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Olewnicki, Dawid, Ewa Sabała, and Dagmara Stangierska. "FINANCIAL-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCER GROUPS IN POLAND, AND CONDITIONS FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF PRODUCER GROUPS." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing, no. 25(74) (July 15, 2021): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pefim.2021.25.74.7.
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Poland occupies a high position in both global and European fruit and vegetable production. The large number of small-sized farms has been one of the problems of Polish agriculture for years.National and EU financial help has increased interest in associating producers into groups. The effective functioning of these groups is conditioned by many factors related to the specificity ofhorticultural production, legislation and the market situation. Organizations on the fruit and vegetable market show significant variation in functioning as well as in the production andeconomic results achieved.The aim of the article is to assess the financial and economic situation and provide strategic analysis of the conditions for the operation of fruit and vegetable producer groups in Poland.Research was conducted on the basis of data contained in the financial statements from 2016-2017 and the financial liquidity and profitability ratios calculated on their basis. A general assessmentof the conditions needed for the functioning of producer groups is also presented in the paper.Low profitability and financial liquidity of producer groups were noted in the analyzed years. Key strategic factors for the functioning of producer groups included: the visible impact offinancial assistance, the functioning of producer groups and economies of scale resulting from greater aggregation of competition, and the fact that farmers are still reluctant to associate andoften have limited business competences to run producer groups.
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Marin, Florin Cristian, Mirela Călinescu, and Mihaela Sumedrea. "RESEARCHES ON USE OF SOME POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES TO CONTROL WEEDS IN THE BEARING APPLES ORCHARDS." Fruit Growing Research 38 (December 22, 2022): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v38.2022.23.
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Mono and dicotyledonous weeds are the competitors of fruit species, in terms of growth, bearing and fruit quality. Therefore, in fruit growing, the aim is to keep the spectrum of weeds below the economic damage threshold (EDT). In this sense, different methods are used: biotechnical (mulching), mechanical (mowing), agrotechnical (black field worked, weeding between rows) or chemical (pre- or post-emergent herbicide use). The paper presents the results of research undertaken between 2019-2021 on the effectiveness of 6 post-emergent herbicides (4 total, based on glyphosate and 2 including other molecules - cycloxidim 100 g / l and oxifluorfen 240 g / l). The application of the products was carried out in an experimental module with the apple varieties 'Jonathan / M9' and 'Idared / M9', 5-7 years old, in variants and replications arranged randomly. Observations and determinations were performed according to the European Weed Research Society (EWRS) scale showed that, from the whole spectrum of weeds followed in the experimental device, the most difficult or difficult to control were the dicotyledonous weeds such as: Equisetum arvense (note 8-9), Cirsium arvense, Gallium aparine, Galinsoga parviflora, Malva neglecta, Matricaria chamomilla, Ranunculus repens, Rumex spp., Stelaria media (note 5). Among the monocotyledons difficult to control were: Agropyron repens, Lolium perene and Cynodon dactylon, requiring the application of herbicides twice vegetation season, or the integrated control of weeds.
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Tripodi, Pasquale, Massimo Schiavi, and Roberto Lo Scalzo. "Multi-Scale Evaluation on Two Locations and Digital Fruit Imaging Highlight Morpho-Agronomic Performances and Antioxidant Properties in Chilli Pepper Hybrids." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040805.
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Chilli pepper is a vegetable crop widely consumed mostly as fresh food or dried as a spice. The nutritional contribution due to the presence of beneficial healthy-related compounds and the versatility of uses have increased its cultivation over the last decade. In Southern European countries chilli production uses established cultivars and/or landraces that are well adapted to specific environments but do not often meet the requirements of the industry, particularly for packaging and processing. In this study, 10 commercial hybrids were evaluated in two diverse environment sites for their productivity and the content of phytochemicals including, carotenoids, capsaicinoids, ascorbic acid and tocopherols. Fruits were assessed using automated tools for the analysis of size, shape and colour parameters. The pepper materials were promising in terms of productivity, whereas a lower level of capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid were detected. Genotype by environment analysis indicated minimal environmental influence on yield, fruit shape, and capsaicinoids. The integration of different sources of phenomics data demonstrates how breeding activities of hybrids have focused on yield and morphology rather than quality linked to phytochemicals content.
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Kozma, V. "NATIONAL INTERESTS OF UKRAINE BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(53) (July 8, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261118.
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The prospects for international security are closely linked to solving the age-old problems of war and peace, especially on the European continent. The long period of residence of European peoples in this part of the world, their communication with each other revealed numerous models of coexistence from armed confrontation to the formation of political integration with focus first on the economic component and then on socio-political unity. The creation of the European Union has changed relations between European countries. European states have committed themselves to resolving all disputes peacefully and to cooperating closely within the framework of pan-European institutions. However, the military conflict in Eastern Ukraine has reminded us that the war has not disappeared from the European continent and that Europe is facing new threats and challenges. Rising international tensions and the threat of large-scale military conflict in Europe are becoming a central theme of contemporary political discourse. The article analyzes the reasons for the increase in international conflict and new challenges to Ukraine’s national security. The author emphasizes that in order to understand the reasons, it is important to find out what interests each of the parties to the conflict pursues and what role our country plays in the East-West geopolitical confrontation. It is noted that the difference in views of Russia and the West on international relations leaves little room for compromise on Ukraine. The Kremlin’s demands for security combined with the “rattling” of weapons on Ukraine’s borders have provoked mixed reactions in the European Union and the United States. It is clear that Russia’s blackmail is bearing fruit and the start of the negotiation process marks a revision of European security policy. Given these circumstances, the author emphasizes the importance for Ukraine to be an active subject of the negotiation process in order to protect its own national interests.
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Wasilwa, Lusike A., Joseph K. Njuguna, Violet Kirigua, Charles N. Waturu, Richelle A. Stafne, Lusike A. Wasilwa, and Teddy E. Morelock. "Impact of Anthracnose on Avocado Production in Kenya." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1103D—1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1103d.
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Avocado is the leading horticultural export in Kenya. In 2003, Kenya exported about 19,000 t, compared to 23 t in 1970. Most of the fruit is exported to the European markets. There are several constraints limiting production of avocado in Kenya, including limited superior varieties or planting material, poor infrastructure, poor market information, and poor tree crop management. Although several diseases infect avocado, the most important are fruit rot pathogens, such as anthracnose, cercospora, and scab. However, diseases and pests have not been important to avocado production in Kenya. Recently (2004), the constraint limiting avocado production in Kenya is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeospoirioides. Little is known in Kenya on the impact of this disease on production and income realized by small-(<1 acre) or large-scale growers. The objectives of this research were to quantify losses attributed to anthracnose in Kenya, determine the current disease control measures, and recommend good agricultural practice in conformance with EUREP-GAP. A survey was conducted in the avocado growing areas to identify and document constraints limiting avocado production in 2004. The highest losses were reported from central Kenya, where exporters reported up to 100% losses. Because all avocado varieties growing in Kenya are susceptible to anthracnose, it is recommended that good management, i.e., control of pests and diseases and good postharvest handling of fruit to minimize injury used as an entry point by anthracnose, should be enforced.
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Skalicka-Woźniak, Krystyna, Mirosław Zagaja, Kazimierz Głowniak, and Jarogniew Łuszczki. "Purification and anticonvulsant activity of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen)." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0275-9.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the anticonvulsant effects of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) isolated from the fruit of Pastinaca sativa L. This plant is used in European traditional medicine, including Poland. For this purpose, high-performance counter-current chromatography was used. Different solvent systems, mixtures of n-heptane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were tested in order to calculate partition coefficients. Finally, a mixture with the ratio of 1:1:1:1 (v/v/v/v), giving the K value = 0.92, was chosen as optimal. A rapid scale-up process from analytical to preparative was developed. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant action of xanthotoxin in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure test revealed that it produced a clear-cut anticonvulsant action in mice, and the experimentally-derived median effective doses (ED50 values) ranged between 219 and 252 mg kg−1.
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Gębora, Agnieszka Katarzyna. "Pedagogical Values of Renaissance Travels." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 49 (March 2015): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.49.185.
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The time of the Renaissance created the new model of the man-humanist. European patterns stimulated to the cultural or educational development of different fields of the social life. A bloom of the education took place, a thirst for knowledge, an interest in learning, world, travels, getting new experiences. A man educated, being good at foreign languages, opened for changes was appreciated. Geographical discoveries and their effects forever changed the image of the earth. Sixteenth-century peregrinations contributed to the development of states, economic and civilization expansion, and the bloom of culture area. Pedagogic meaning of Renaissance journeys is indisputable. Experience from voyages all over world, extending ranges, the permeation of cultures, the learning of foreign languages, the increase in the knowledge, the development of learning, education and artistic fields bear fruit to this day in the global scale.
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Drogan, D., K. Klipstein-Grobusch, S. Wans, C. Luley, H. Boeing, and J. Dierkes. "Plasma folate as marker of folate status in epidemiological studies: the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study." British Journal of Nutrition 92, no. 3 (September 2004): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041211.
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Folate deficiency is often discussed as a potential risk factor for CVD and some cancers. Reliable assessment of folate status in large-scale epidemiological studies is therefore of major importance. The present study assessed the value of plasma folate (PF) compared with erythrocyte folate (EF) as a marker of folate status in 363 participants in the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort. EF and PF, total homocysteine (tHcy), pyridoxine, cobalamin, creatinine, total protein and packed cell volume were determined; glutamate carboxypeptidase (GCP) C1561T, reduced folate carrier (RFC) G80A and methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR) C677T polymorphisms were analysed. Anthropometric measurements were taken and dietary intake was assessed with the EPIC-Potsdam food-frequency questionnaire. Comparison of EF and PF with factors that may modulate their concentrations was performed. Cross-classification of blood folates in quintile categories resulted in correct classification into the same or adjacent category of 75·5 % of all subjects. Age, BMI, pyridoxine and cobalamin, fruit and vegetable intake, and vitamin supplementation 24 h before blood draw were positively associated with EF and with PF. For tHcy an inverse association was found. Participants with the MTHFR 677TT genotype showed significantly elevated EF concentrations compared with those with 677CT genotype; EF and PF were more strongly correlated (r0·78,P>0·0001) for participants with MTHFR 677TT genotype than for those with the 677CC or 677CT genotype. In summary, our present results indicate that plasma folate seems to be a suitable marker for assessment of folate status for use in large-scale epidemiological studies.
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Tóth, Attila, and Axel Timpe. "Exploring urban agriculture as a component of multifunctional green infrastructure: Application of figure-ground plans as a spatial analysis tool." Moravian Geographical Reports 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0018.
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Abstract Using ‘Urban Atlas’ as a data source, the authors present and critically discuss in this paper the application of figure-ground plans in combination with complex land-use maps as a tool for spatial analysis of urban agriculture in European cities and their multifunctional green infrastructure. The selected cities and metropolitan areas (including Dublin, Ruhr Metropolis, Geneva and Sofia) represent different regions in Europe from the Northwest to the Southeast. Urban fabric, agriculture and non-agricultural open spaces have been analysed and compared as the main land-use components. Agricultural open spaces include arable land with annual crops and permanent crops, such as vineyards, fruit trees and olive groves; pastures; as well as complex and mixed cultivation patterns. The results reveal the scale and land-use diversity of metropolitan regions and different spatial patterns of urban agriculture at the regional level and in central urban areas.
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Armbruster, Georg F. J., Kay Lucek, and Yvonne Willi. "Cryptic population structure at the northern range margin of the service tree Sorbus domestica." PeerJ 10 (December 5, 2022): e14397. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14397.
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Climate change has aroused interest in planting warm- and drought-adapted trees in managed forests and urban areas. An option is to focus on tree species that occur naturally, but have centers of distribution in warmer and drier areas. However, in order to protect the species pool of genetic diversity, efforts of planting and promotion should be informed by knowledge on the local genetic diversity. Here, we studied the macro- and micro-scale population genetic structure of the rare European fruit tree Sorbus domestica at its northern range margin, in western Switzerland. New microsatellite data were combined with published data from across the European distribution of the species. Analyses revealed the presence of mainly one of two species-wide ancestral clusters, i.e., the western European cluster, with evidence that it consists of two cryptic sub-clusters. Average pairwise FST of 0.118 was low across the range, and only allelic richness was reduced in the northern margin compared to more southern and southeastern areas of Europe. Based on our finding of considerable genetic diversity of the species in western and northern Switzerland, we suggest that a national propagation program should focus on collecting seeds from natural, high-density tree stands and propagate locally. More generally, our study shows that rare tree species in marginal areas of their distributions do not necessarily have low genetic diversity or heightened levels of inbreeding, and in those cases probably need no assisted migration in efforts to propagate them.
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Bakovic, Vid, Martin Schebeck, Arndt Telschow, Christian Stauffer, and Hannes Schuler. "Spatial spread of Wolbachia in Rhagoletis cerasi populations." Biology Letters 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 20180161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0161.
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The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia has been used to control insect pests owing to its ability to manipulate their life history and suppress infectious diseases. Therefore, knowledge on Wolbachia dynamics in natural populations is fundamental. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi , is infected with the Wolbachia strain w Cer2, mainly present in southern and central European populations, and is currently spreading into w Cer2-uninfected populations driven by high unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. Here, we describe the distribution of w Cer2 along two transition zones where the infection is spreading into w Cer2-uninfected R. cerasi populations. Fine-scale sampling of 19 populations in the Czech Republic showed a smooth decrease of w Cer2 frequency from south to north within a distance of less than 20 km. Sampling of 12 Hungarian populations, however, showed a sharp decline of w Cer2 infection frequency within a few kilometres. We fitted a standard wave equation to our empirical data and estimated a Wolbachia wave speed of 1.9 km yr −1 in the Czech Republic and 1.0 km yr −1 in Hungary. Considering the univoltine life cycle and limited dispersal ability of R. cerasi , our study highlights a rapid Wolbachia spread in natural host populations.
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Golubić, Sandra, Neven Voća, and Stjepan Pliestić. "Multi criteria analysis of the energy potential of agricultural residues: The case study of Međimurje County in Croatia." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): e0208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019174-15140.
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Aim of study: The utilization of agricultural residues may become one of the major sources for production of energy from biomass. The objective of this paper was to analyse the type and quantity of agricultural residues and to determine their energy potential.Area of study: The Međimurje County (north Croatia).Material and methods: The paper analyses three models of sustainable agricultural residues management applying the multi-criteria analysis. The assessment included potentially available quantities of residues in crops, fruit, viniculture and livestock production. For determining the most appropriate model of residues utilisation the multi-criteria analysis was applied.Main results: The results show that total quantities of agricultural biomass amount to 323,912 t with energy potential of 1,092 TJ annually. The largest sustainably available potential of agricultural biomass consists of biomass from arable crops production, with total quantity of 33,670 t followed by 281,233 t of manure from livestock production. The lowest share of potential biomass are pruning residues in fruit and grapevine production with total available residual quantity of 8,109 t. Also, it results from the multi-criteria analysis that a central large scale plant for biogas production is the most feasible facility for such production.Research highlights: The results of this paper provide ground for further development of the models for assessing the sustainability of using agricultural residues, and they can also serve as a basis for assessments of bioenergy projects in specific regions of the European Union.
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Fletcher, Benjamin D., Jayde A. M. Flett, Shay-Ruby Wickham, Juliet M. Pullar, Margreet C. M. Vissers, and Tamlin S. Conner. "Initial Evidence of Variation by Ethnicity in the Relationship between Vitamin C Status and Mental States in Young Adults." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030792.
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Higher fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with improved mood, greater vitality, and lower stress. Although the nutrients driving these benefits are not specifically identified, one potentially important micronutrient is vitamin C, an important co-factor for the production of peptide hormones, carnitine and neurotransmitters that are involved in regulation of physical energy and mood. The aim of our study was to investigate the cross-sectional relationship between blood plasma vitamin C status and mood, vitality and perceived stress. A sample of 419 university students (aged 18 to 35; 67.8% female) of various ethnicities (49.2% European, 16.2% East Asian, 8.1% Southeast/Other Asian, 9.1% Māori/Pasifika, 11.5% Other) provided a fasting blood sample to determine vitamin C status and completed psychological measures consisting of the Profile of Mood States Short Form (POMS-SF), the vitality subscale of the Rand 36-Item Short Form (SF-36), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Participants were screened for prescription medication, smoking history, vitamin C supplementation, fruit/juice and vegetable consumption, kiwifruit allergies, excessive alcohol consumption and serious health issues, and provided age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status information, which served as covariates. There were no significant associations between vitamin C status and the psychological measures for the sample overall. However, associations varied by ethnicity. Among Māori/Pasifika participants, higher vitamin C was associated with greater vitality and lower stress, whereas among Southeast Asian participants, higher vitamin C was associated with greater confusion on the POMS-SF subscale. These novel findings demonstrate potential ethnicity-linked differences in the relationship between vitamin C and mental states. Further research is required to determine whether genetic variation or cultural factors are driving these ethnicity differences.
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Simeonova, Rumyana, Aleksandar Shkondrov, Ekaterina Kozuharova, Iliana Ionkova, and Ilina Krasteva. "A Study on the Safety and Effects of Amorpha fruticosa Fruit Extract on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Induced Type 2 Diabetes." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 2583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44060176.
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Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a variety of diagnostic criteria: obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and arterial hypertension. They contribute to the elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The potential for Amorpha fruticosa L. (Fabaceae) to improve diabetes and metabolic disease is promising, based on in vitro tests. This is why a further investigation of the species is needed. Additionally, a toxicity review in relation to safety revealed that to date, there are no published data regarding the toxicity of A. fruticosa towards humans. This species could provide abundant and cheap resources because it is an aggressive invasive plant that grows almost unrestrictedly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of a purified extract of A. fruticosa (EAF), and to assess its antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The EAF was slightly toxic (LD50 = 2121 mg/kg, b.w.) when administered orally, and moderately toxic (LD50 = 316 mg/kg, b.w.) at intraperitoneal administration, both in mice. The oral administration of EAF (100 mg/kg) for 35 days to SHRs caused significant decreases in the systolic pressure, blood glucose levels, and MDA quantity. It also increased the hepatic level of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, not only in diabetic SHRs, but also in the control group. An additional potential benefit to human health might be conferred through the environmental management of A. fruticosa based on its large-scale use for medicinal purposes, as this aggressive invasive species brings problems to natural habitats in many European countries.
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Thébaud, Gaël, Michel Yvon, Rémi Alary, Nicolas Sauvion, and Gérard Labonne. "Efficient Transmission of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ Is Delayed by Eight Months Due to a Long Latency in Its Host-Alternating Vector." Phytopathology® 99, no. 3 (March 2009): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-3-0265.
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Understanding at which spatiotemporal scale a disease causes significant secondary spread has both theoretical and practical implications. We investigated this issue in the case of European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), a quarantine vector-borne phytoplasma disease of Prunus trees. Our work was focused on the processes underlying disease spread: the interplay between the life cycles of the pathogen (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’) and of the vector (Cacopsylla pruni). We demonstrated experimentally that C. pruni has only one generation per year and we showed that, at least in southeastern France, C. pruni migrates between conifers in mountainous regions (where it overwinters) and Prunus spp. at lower altitude (where it breeds). In acquisition–inoculation experiments performed with C. pruni over its period of presence on Prunus spp., both immature and mature C. pruni were hardly infectious (0.6%) despite effective phytoplasma acquisition and multiplication. We demonstrated that most immature vectors born on infected plants reach their maximum phytoplasma load (107 genomes per insect) only after migrating to conifers and that, after a life-long retention of the phytoplasma, their transmission efficiency was very high (60%) at the end of winter (when they migrate back to their Prunus host). Thus, most transmissions occur only after an effective latency of 8 months, following vector migrations and overwintering on conifers in mountainous regions. From this transmission cycle, we can infer that local secondary spread of ESFY in apricot orchards is marginal, and recommend that disease management strategies take more into account the processes occurring at a regional scale, including the role of wild Prunus spp. in ESFY epidemics.
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Hummer, Kim E., and Stan Pluta. "White Pine Blister Rust Susceptibility in Ribes Species." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 609e—609. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.609e.
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In the late 1800s a European disease called white pine blister rust, Cronartia ribicola Fisher, was introduced into the United States. By 1937 this disease had naturalized and was firmly established in native Ribes across the country. White pine blister rust causes economic damage to white pines and infects leaves of some Ribes late in the summer after harvest. Ribes serve as obligate alternate hosts for this disease. Our objective was to determine which Ribes species were susceptible to white pine blister rust under field conditions in Corvallis, Ore., where inoculum is naturally present. In 1995 and 1996, 57 Ribes taxa from North and South America, Europe, and Asia, were evaluated in mid-August and mid-September for presence of white pine blister rust. Susceptibility was determined by the rust infection of the abaxial leaf surfaces. Rust infection was rated on a scale from 1, no infection observed, to 9, severe infection covering almost the entire surface of at least three or more leaves. Data from 1995 indicated that 22 Ribes taxa were susceptible to white pine blister rust, while 35 others had no infection. The 1996 data will be reported. Species without infection may offer resistance genes to breeders who wish to develop rust-resistant commercial fruit cultivars.
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Brozdowski, Jakub, Boguslawa Waliszewska, Jakub Loffler, Metka Hudina, Robert Veberic, and Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek. "Composition of Phenolic Compounds, Cyanogenic Glycosides, Organic Acids and Sugars in Fruits of Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060762.
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The forest understory is rich in fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. They include both native species and invasive alien plant species (IAPS). One of the most spreading IAPS is black cherry (Prunus serotina E.). Problems with the invasiveness of P. serotina is well known in many European countries. However, there are very few studies related to this IAPS. This article aims to fill the gap in research on the bioactive compounds of black cherry fruits and thus to start a discussion on the potential use of this species on an industrial or semi-industrial scale, which may lead to the reduction of this species presence in forests. Fruits were collected in a forest of Northern Poland. Contents of sugars, phenolic compounds as well as cyanogenic glycosides were determined. Pphenolic compounds and cyanogenic glycoside were assayed using HPLC-DAD coupled with MSn. Sugars and organic acids were determined with the use of HPLC-DAD. Fruits of P. serotina can be considered as rich in anthocyanins, even at a lower level of total phenolics than in their plantation-grown couterparts, fruits of black cherry are still a good source of dietary phenolics of natural, forest-grown origin. When stones are not crushed during processing the level of GCC is within a safe, admissible range.
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Souza, Márcio Araújo de, Isis Tavares Vilas-Boas, Jôse Maria Leite-da-Silva, Pérsia do Nascimento Abrahão, Barbara E. Teixeira-Costa, and Valdir F. Veiga-Junior. "Polysaccharides in Agro-Industrial Biomass Residues." Polysaccharides 3, no. 1 (January 9, 2022): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3010005.
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The large-scale industrial use of polysaccharides to obtain energy is one of the most discussed subjects in science. However, modern concepts of biorefinery have promoted the diversification of the use of these polymers in several bioproducts incorporating concepts of sustainability and the circular economy. This work summarizes the major sources of agro-industrial residues, physico-chemical properties, and recent application trends of cellulose, chitin, hyaluronic acid, inulin, and pectin. These macromolecules were selected due to their industrial importance and valuable functional and biological applications that have aroused market interests, such as for the production of medicines, cosmetics, and sustainable packaging. Estimations of global industrial residue production based on major crop data from the United States Department of Agriculture were performed for cellulose content from maize, rice, and wheat, showing that these residues may contain up to 18%, 44%, and 35% of cellulose and 45%, 22%, and 22% of hemicellulose, respectively. The United States (~32%), China (~20%), and the European Union (~18%) are the main countries producing cellulose and hemicellulose-rich residues from maize, rice, and wheat crops, respectively. Pectin and inulin are commonly obtained from fruit (~30%) and vegetable (~28%) residues, while chitin and hyaluronic acid are primarily found in animal waste, e.g., seafood (~3%) and poultry (~4%).
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Perez, Claudia, Camila Tagliani, Patricia Arcia, Sonia Cozzano, and Ana Curutchet. "Blueberry by-product used as an ingredient in the development of functional cookies." Food Science and Technology International 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013217748729.
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A by-product of blueberry juice industries was used as an ingredient to develop fiber-enriched cookies. The blueberry pomace, once ground and dried, was used as an ingredient in cookie formulation. A control cookie was elaborated as reference. Cookies were analyzed for composition and functional properties. The fiber content obtained in the fiber-enriched cookie allows it to be labeled as “high fiber” in the European Union and as a “source of fiber” in MERCOSUR. The fiber-enriched cookie presented highly increased values on the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol content when compared against the control cookie. Sensory evaluation was performed. Acceptability of the fiber-enriched cookie reached a value of 5.3 in a nine-point hedonic scale. Further strategies should be necessary in order to achieve an acceptable product. Cookies were subjected to an in vitro digestive process. Results show that the cookies’ phytochemicals are bioaccessible and potentially bioavailable. Therefore, eating this type of food would represent an increase in the amount of antioxidants ingested and redound to a health benefit. In addition to improving both nutritional and functional properties of cookies, the present development represents an innovative strategy for a more sustainable growth of fruit juice industries.
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Murafa, Corina. "The energy performance contract - key towards energy efficiency in Europe?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0011.
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Abstract The paper focuses on the Energy Performance Contract (EPC) as a business model for energy efficiency. More precisely, it examines, using two case studies, enablers and disablers – from an economic, legal and institutional/managerial perspective – for advancing this arrangement across the EU. The EU has set a 20% energy savings target by 2020 (roughly equivalent to turning off 400 power stations), with an even more ambitious target of 27% by 2030. To reach these ambitious targets, the investments needed are approximately EUR 100 bn/year across the EU (according to the European Commission). Energy efficiency is not, as fervent proponents often claim, the low hanging fruit in terms of investment efforts. Like any other sub-sector, such as transmission and distribution, it demands innovative financing instruments to ensure adequate scale-up. In the paper, I use two comparative case studies to identify and classify the disablers and enablers of Energy Performance Contracting/Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) development: the European frontrunner, namely Germany, and a laggard, namely Romania. As research methodology, I use literature review, comparisons between similar government policy planning and evaluation documents, and stakeholder interviews. While academic literature on the topic (Seefeldt, 2003; Wilhelm, 2015) is developed for Germany, for Romania a critical reflection on EPC promotion policy is to be found only in industry documents (e.g.: ARPEE, 2013; Tractebel, 2015). The German success demonstrates that, contrary to the belief of Romanian stakeholders, it is not the lack of a standardized contract model that prevents EPC development, but lack of genuine commitment, drive and leadership of public officials in promoting this financing instrument. A solid communication between public authorities and private beneficiaries, and public administration capacity for impact assessment and evidence-based policy planning are two other significant enablers of EPCs, that could foster this financing instrument across the EU.
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Rao, Madhura, Aalt Bast, and Alie de Boer. "Valorized Food Processing By-Products in the EU: Finding the Balance between Safety, Nutrition, and Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084428.
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Food businesses in the European Union are preparing for a carbon-neutral future by gradually transitioning to a circular way of operating. Building upon results from the EU REFRESH project, we consider the most valuable food processing by-streams in Europe and discuss potential food safety risks that must be considered while valorizing them for human consumption. These risks are weighed against the nutritional benefits offered by these products and their potential applications in food supply chains. Broadly, we examine whether it is possible for spent grains, cheese whey, fruit and vegetable scraps, meat processing waste, and oilseed cakes and meals to be safe, sustainable, and nutritionally valuable at the same time. The discussion highlights that valorizing by-products obtained from food processing operations is feasible on a large scale only if consumers deem it to be a safe and acceptable practice. Extracting valuable compounds from by-products and using them in the preparation of functional foods could be a way to gain consumer acceptance. Furthermore, we find that current EU food safety legislation does not sufficiently accommodate food processing by-products. A way to bridge this regulatory gap could be through the adoption of private food safety standards that have shown proclivity for sustainability-related issues in food supply chains. Finally, by proposing a decision tree, we show that it is indeed feasible for some food processing by-products to be valorized while ensuring sustainability, food safety, and nutritional relevance.
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Duplaga, Mariusz, and Marcin Grysztar. "Nutritional Behaviors, Health Literacy, and Health Locus of Control of Secondary Schoolers in Southern Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124323.
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Nutritional behaviors remain an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. It seems obvious that unfavorable health behaviors adopted in adolescence are maintained late in adulthood and may have a profound effect on health status. The main aim of this study was to assess the association between nutritional behaviors and health literacy (HL), health locus of control (HLC), and socioeconomic variables in secondary school pupils from a voivodship (the main unit of territorial division) in southern Poland. The analysis was based on dataTable from a paper-and-pencil survey taken by 2223 pupils from schools selected as the result of cluster sampling. The survey questionnaire encompassed a set of five items asking about dietary patterns and the consumption of fruit and vegetables as well as fast food, a European Health Literacy Project Questionnaire consisting of 47 items, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, and items asking about sociodemographic and economic variables. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression models have been developed to assess the predictors of indicator nutrition behaviors. The adjusted models revealed that internal HLC was not significantly associated with any of analyzed nutritional behaviors. “Powerful other HLC” and “Chance HLC” (dimension of external HLC) were significant predictors of the selected dietary patterns. Furthermore, higher HL was associated with higher consumption of fruit and vegetables [odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (OR, 95% CI)]: 1.02 (1.01–1.04) and with lower consumption of fast food (OR, 95% CI, 0.98, 0.95–0.999). There was a significant relationship between gender, the size of the household, self-assessed economic situation, expenditures on mobile phones, and weekly duration of Internet use and selected nutrition behaviors. In conclusion, developed regression models confirmed a significant relationship between HL and the types of consumed food, but not with dieting patterns. Contrary to earlier studies, internal HLC was not associated with nutrition behaviors. In our study, boys showed more favorable nutritional behaviors than girls. More intense use of the Internet was associated with less beneficial nutritional behaviors. This study brings important results that should have an impact on health promotion interventions addressed to adolescents in southern Poland.
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Gross, Briana L., Gayle M. Volk, Christopher M. Richards, Philip L. Forsline, Gennaro Fazio, and C. Thomas Chao. "Identification of “Duplicate” Accessions within the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System Malus Collection." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, no. 5 (September 2012): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.137.5.333.
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), Plant Genetic Resources Unit apple (Malus) collection in Geneva, NY, conserves over 2500 trees as grafted clones. We have compared the genotypes of 1131 diploid Malus ×domestica cultivars with a total of 1910 wild and domesticated samples representing 41 taxonomic designations in the NPGS collection to identify those that are genetically identical based on nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. We calculated the probability of identity for samples in the data set based on allelic diversity and, where possible, use fruit images to qualitatively confirm similarities. A total of 237 alleles were amplified and the nine SSRs were deemed adequate to assess duplication within the collection with the caveat that “sport families” likely would not be differentiated. A total of 238 M. ×domestica and 10 samples of other taxonomic groups shared a genotype with at least one other M. ×domestica individual. In several cases, genotypes for cultivars matched genotypes of known rootstocks and indicated that these accessions may not accurately represent the indicated named clones. Sets of individuals with identical genotypes and similar cultivar names were assigned to sport families. These 23 sport families, comprised of 104 individuals, may have mutational differences that were not identified using the nine SSR loci. Five of the selected markers (CH01h01, CH02d08, CH01f02, G12, GD147) overlap with sets of markers that have been used to fingerprint European apple collections, thus making it possible to compare and coordinate collection inventories on a worldwide scale.
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Mustafayeva, G. A. "The study of oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii Bche) and the way of diluting its entomophages in Azerbaijan." Ecology and Noospherology 25, no. 3-4 (July 9, 2014): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031421.
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Scales (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) are the dangerous crop and park-ornamental plant pests. They reproduce very quickly and cause great harm to plants, sometimes even lead to their complete destruction. Scales suck juices from plants, cause premature drying, dying and falling off leaves, dry branches, deformation of leaves, fruits and shoots, reducing annual growth of plants. Therefore the fight with these pests is rather topical in the agriculture. In this connection in this work the analysis of bioecological peculiarities of oleander scale on the territory of Azerbaijan, and also the detection of species content of parasites and predators, which regulate their number is conducted. We will mark that oleander scales in the wild there are the entomophages are vermin and predators that reduce their quantity. For realization of biological fight against people we studied the bioenvironmental features of wreckers, and also educed specific composition of vermin and predators that regulate their quantity. In a biological fight against these wreckers, one of basic questions is study of specific composition of these entomophages. The faunistic material on entomophages of this pest was collected from different biocenosis; the researched works were conducted in the laboratory and field conditions in Azerbaijan. The advanced and research studies that we conducted gave an opportunity to educe entomophages oleander scale that inflicts an enormous damage to the agricultural cultures and park-decorative plants. The method of breeding of effective types of entomophages is studied in laboratory terms. Firstly the biology of oleander scale on Apsheron peninsula and in Guba Khachmazskii area was studied. The results of long-term studies showed that oleander scale, having distributed on Apsheron peninsula, on olive trees gives 3 generations. Only adult female animals and maggots of I and II age spend winter. Awakening of the scales on olives takes place in March-April. In II and III decade of April the male animals begin their flight. In Guba Khachmazskii area the biology of this scale, dwelling on oleander bush was studied. On this plant the scale gives 3 generations. Young female animals, and also maggots of I and II age winter. As a result of the works conducted the following entomophages of oleander scale were detected: predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisd, Chilocorus bipustulatus L., Chilocorus renupustulatus L; parasites: Aphytis chilensis Howаrd, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Graw, Encarsia aurantii (Howard). The habitat of Rhyzobius lophanthae is Australia. At the end of the last century of this predatory beetle left to California, from there left to Italy and in other Mediterranean countries. In 1947 by chance was left to Georgia (Abkhazia). Maybe these useful predators in Azerbaijan were from Georgia. For diluting the entomophages from the local indigenous fauna the potato tubers were used, on which firstly the oleander scales, and then road-beetles Rhyzobius lophanthae, Chilocorus bipustulatus reproduced themselves. In the laboratory conditions the methods of diluting of these Coccinellidae was developed. Thus, firstly the way of diluting parasites of oleander scale was studied and developed – Aphytis chilensis Howard, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Graw и Encarsia antantii (Howard). It was detected that predatory entomophage-chilocor in the natural conditions is ineffective, as their maggots and chrysalises are affected by other local parasites. In the laboratory conditions this beetle produce itself very well on the potato tubers, infected by oleander scale. However, we should note that among entomophage parasites Aphytis chilensis plays the huge role in destruction of scales. In dependence on the weather conditions this macrophage in the nature can give 3–4 generations. Also it was proved that beetle Rhyzobius lophanthae in the biological fight can be applied against all round scales. This predator is effective entomophage of oleander, olive scale, black pine-leaf scale, white peach scale, European fruit scale and cactus scale. In connection with this, Rhyzobius lophanthae can be applied in the biological fight against oleander scale and presently is irreplaceable and perspective entomophage.