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1
Kono, Daniel Yuichi. "Are Free Trade Areas Good for Multilateralism? Evidence from the European Free Trade Association." International Studies Quarterly 46, no. 4 (December 2002): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2478.00243.
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Weiss, F. "The European Free Trade Association after Twenty-five Years." Yearbook of European Law 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 287–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/5.1.287.
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Cools, Evelien, Julia Ausserer, Marc Van de Velde, Peter Hamm, Sabrina Neururer, and Peter Paal. "Anaesthesiology research in the European Union and the European Free Trade Association." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 34, no. 12 (December 2017): 814–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000000653.
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NEUMANN, IVER B. "The European Free Trade Association: The Problems of an All-European Role." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 28, no. 4 (June 1990): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00373.x.
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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk, Adriana. "Pogłębiona i kompleksowa strefa wolnego handlu — nowa forma współpracy gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej z krajami partnerskimi Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu Południowego w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa." Ekonomia 22, no. 2 (November 10, 2016): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.2.2.
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Deepen and congeneric free trade area — a new form of business collaboration of the European Union with its neighbours from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus within the European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy ENP was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all participants. Within the ENP the European Union offers its neighbours a privileged relationship building upon a mutual commitment to common values, political association and deeper economic integration. The ENP links partner countries with the EU’s internal market and its social and economic model. For partners, this means adopting basic rules on equal opportunities, economic participation and fair competition. The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place between the EU and the partner countries: Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements. Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova signed Association Agreements with the EU on 27 June 2014. The deep and comprehensive free trade agreement is part of a new generation of Association Agreements with eastern partner countries which provides a long-term foundation for future economic relations with the European Union. It was agreed that Association Agreement should take an ambitious and innovative approach, include a deep and comprehensive free trade area and go qualitatively beyond the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement wherever possible. It contains binding, rule-based provisions and cooperation developed further than in traditional agreements and it is wide-ranging, covering all areas of interest. The deep and comprehensive free trade area is part of the Association Agreement which offer a new framework for modernising partner countries trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the eastern partners economy to European Union standards. The deep and comprehensive free trade areas are expected to bring many economic benefits for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine by offering businesses access to the EU’s single market — the largest in the world.
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Yemmen, Jihene, and Mohamed Miras Marzouki. "The Challenges of Free Trade with the European Union for Tunisia." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 7, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2024-0002.
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International economic integration is a complex process of cooperation and diffusion between the national economies of different countries, aimed at creating a unified economic entity. Like many developing countries, Tunisia has adopted unprecedented reforms to facilitate the integration of its economy into the world market. From 1986 to 1995, numerous economic measures involving trade liberalization were undertaken. Tunisia adopted the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), it joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. In 1995 the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between Tunisia and the European Union (EU), which launched and established a free trade zone (FTA) covering industrial products. the European Union has begun negotiations in Tunis on a Comprehensive and In-depth Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). This project aims to broaden and consolidate their economic cooperation. The paper aims is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of integrating a small country into a large economic region. It attempts to analyze the gains and losses of the trade integration agreements established between Tunisia and the European Union. He also referred to the European Union (EU's) recent proposal to Tunisia for a deep and comprehensive free trade agreement (DCFTA). Although the impact of integration is uncertain, the risks are significant and can be avoided by adopting appropriate trade policies. This article contributes to the existing literature studying the impact of the Association Agreement between Tunisia and the European Union (EU).
Received: 8 January 2024 / Accepted: 24 February 2024 / Published: xx March 2024
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Quimba, Francis Mark, and Mark Anthony Barral. "Does Similarity in Philippine Free Trade Agreements Matter in Trade?" Philippine Journal of Development 48, no. 01 (2024): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/pjd2024.48.1c.
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This study proposes using text-of-trade analysis to understand the design of the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). It examines the similarities between these agreements and other free trade agreements of Japan and EFTA member countries and how these similarities impact Philippine trade. The paper illustrates how text analysis can complement conventional methods, such as the gravity model and other econometric approaches, in assessing trade agreement impacts. The results reveal that similarities across trade agreements, whether at the document, chapter, or topic-specific provision levels, which strongly reference sustainable development, can influence and foster trade.
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Cordero-Moss, Giuditta. "Baur, Georges: The European Free Trade Association. An Intergovernmental Platform for Trade Relations. Cambridge 2020." Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 86, no. 2 (2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/rabelsz-2022-0049.
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Rusek, Antonin. "Real exchange rates, economic performance, and trade balances in the central european free trade association." International Advances in Economic Research 2, no. 4 (November 1996): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295462.
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Thorsteinsson, Ástríður Scheving. "Air Transport and the Agreement on the European Economic Area." Air and Space Law 40, Issue 4/5 (August 1, 2015): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2015023.
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This article provides a brief overview of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) with regard to air transport in relation to the three EEA European Free Trade Association (EFTA) States; Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. Although regarded as a well-functioning and dynamic agreement, it has certain inherent limitations which are highlighted. The article explores the third-country dimension of the EEA Agreement as regards air services and examines the effects of the ‘open skies’ rulings with regard to the EEA EFTA States and some of the shortfalls of the otherwise level playing field for air carriers within the EEA. References are also made in this context to three other agreements; the European Free Trade Association Convention, the European Common Aviation Area Agreement and the Swiss-EU Air Transport Agreement.
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Sberegaev, Nikolai. "EAEU: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTIVES." Baltic Economic Journal 1, no. 29 (March 18, 2020): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46845/2073-3364-2020-1-29-58-71.
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The article explores the experience of the creation and functioning of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Union (EU), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The positive and negative experience of these associations in different counties is analyzed.
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Kostanyan, Hrant. "Examining the Discretion of the EEAS: What Power to Act in the EU-Moldova Association Agreement?" European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 3 (October 1, 2014): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014030.
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This article applies the principal-agent model to examine the discretion of the European External Action Service (EEAS) agent vis-à-vis the Member State (MS) principals in the negotiation of the EU-Moldova Association Agreement including the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA). The EEAS was allocated various responsibilities in each of these policy areas. While the EEAS is in charge of negotiations on political association, it does not lead in the area of free trade talks; the Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission plays a greater role in this process. Moreover, in the areas of sectoral cooperation pertinent to the EU-Moldova Association Agreement, the EEAS has to rely extensively on the expertise of the European Commission's Directorates General. The European Commission therefore functions as a horizontal check with regard to the EEAS. The article finds that in order to monitor and control the EEAS' action throughout the negotiation of the EU-Moldova Association Agreement, the MS employ ex ante and ex post mechanisms. The control exercised by the MS and the checks applied by the Commission considerably limit the EEAS' discretion in pursuing the Association Agreement and the DCFTA between the EU and Moldova. Besides applying the principal-agent model, the original empirical research of this article contributes to the understanding of the EU's post-Lisbon foreign policy institutional architecture.
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ILIC, Irena, and Salome MARKOZIA. "Future Associates: An Overview of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement." Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jss.v4i2.88.
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This paper provides an overview of some legal aspects of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement (AA) in the system of European Union law as an important foreign policy instrument for the regulation of bilateral relations. It outlines the history and mechanisms of the political and economic cooperation between the European Union and Georgia prior to the conclusion of the Association Agreement. The article also examines the implication of the AA for the process of European integration of Georgia and analyses some legal challenges and results of the implementation process. In addition, the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), which forms an integral part to the AA, is scrutinized as particularly significant forthe economic integration of Georgia in the EU and for the mutual liberalization of trade.
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Jošić, Hrvoje, Berislav Žmuk, and Ksenija Dumičić. "Measurement of Export Market Concentration for the Largest European Economic Integrations." Business Systems Research Journal 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2019-018.
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AbstractBackground: By joining different regional economic trade agreements, countries achieve preferential trade liberalisation. There are four main types of regional economic agreements in the world today: free trade area, customs union, common market, and economic and monetary union.Objectives: The goal of this paper is the measurement of the export market concentration for the largest European regional economic integrations in the period between 1995 and 2016.Methods/Approach: Various concentration measures have been used in the measurement of export market concentration, but the emphasis is placed on the standardized Herfindahl-Hirschman index as the basic measure of trade concentration.Results: Results of the analysis have shown that the highest concentration level of trade with countries worldwide is among the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries, whereas the EU-15 countries seem to have the lowest concentration level. On the other side, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) countries have the highest concentration level of trade with countries from the same group, and again the EU-15 countries have the lowest concentration level, which indicates that the CEFTA countries implemented deeper integration processes related to mutual intra-regional trade.Conclusions: Deep integration processes led to lower values of export market concentration indices for intra-regional trade among countries of the same regional economic integration in comparison to trading with countries worldwide.
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Чичкало-Кондрацька, Ірина Борисівна, Анастасія Олегівна Власюк, and Дарія Сергіївна Кондрацька. "Deepening relations between Ukraine and EU in the context of DCFTA conditions." ЕКОНОМІКА І РЕГІОН Науковий вісник, no. 1(72) (June 24, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/eir.2019.1(72).1435.
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The article is devoted to the study of the real state and consequences of deepening of economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the conditions of implementation of the Association Agreement. The state of implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union is considered on the basis of the study of official government reports and the results of independent experts' studies. The analysis of the current state, structure, tendencies and peculiarities of trade cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union is conducted. The influence of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU is determined. Particular attention is paid to the problems of Ukrainian companies entering the EU market and the use of duty-free tariff quotas.
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Giladi, Rotem M. "The Practice and Case Law of Israel in Matters Related to International Law." Israel Law Review 30, no. 3-4 (1996): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002122370001517x.
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On July 31, 1996, Israel and Canada signed a Free Trade Agreement in Toronto. This Agreement, which is the culmination of two years of negotiations, will — upon its forthcoming entry into force — set the framework for future trade between Israel and Canada. This is a significant step for Israel's trade: Canada's population, as of 1995, was 28.9 million; it is the seventh largest world market: in 1994, its export was $164.3 billion F.O.B. and its import was $151.5 billion C.I.F. The Canadian trade relies heavily on the United States, and a Free Trade Agreement is in force between the two since 1989.Israel import from Canada totaled $216 million in 1995, most of which included sales of machinery and parts, aluminum, paper and paperboard, electrical equipment and parts, pulp of wood, cereals, sulphur and asbestos, optical measuring and checking equipment, wood and man-made staple fibers. That year, Israel export to Canada was $240.8 million, consisting mainly of diamonds, mechanical and electrical machinery and equipment. Like Canada, Israel has a free trade agreement with the United States. Since 1975, Israel has also had a free trade agreement with the European Community, which is, as of January 1,1996, replaced by the recently signed Association Agreement with the European Communities.
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Delimatsis, Panagiotis. "A Partnership of Equals? ‘Deeper’ Economic Integration Between the EU and Northern Africa." European Foreign Affairs Review 26, Issue 4 (December 1, 2021): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021040.
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Strengthening ties with Africa has become a top priority for the current geopolitical European Commission. The focus on Africa is not new: Since 2004, the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) has gradually developed a framework for political dialogue and reforms in Northern African countries, which form part of the Southern Neighbourhood. The conclusion of association agreements and free trade agreements (FTAs) at the end of the previous century brought these countries closer to the European Union (EU) in commercial terms. In February 2021, the EU launched a renewed agenda for the South Mediterranean with a view to integrating these economies further to the EU edifice. Against this backdrop, this Article discusses how economic integration manifests itself in the region. It further pinpoints the economic fundamentals and political realities that will shape further economic integration between the EU and Northern Africa. A central element of EU’s renewed strategy in the region is the conclusion of deep and comprehensive free trade agreements (DCFTAs) with Northern African countries. It is argued that the conclusion of such agreements will constitute a litmus test for EU’s new assertive approach in trade matters in line with the newly adopted concept of open strategic autonomy. European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), Southern Neighbourhood, Northern Africa, EU trade policy, EU foreign policy, strategic autonomy, deep and comprehensive free trade agreements (DCFTAs), South Mediterranean, economic integration
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Shnyrkov, O. "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE WITH THE EU IN TECHNICAL STANDARDS REGULATION AREA." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 131 (2017): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.131.0.111-120.
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The structural reforms in Ukraine are taking place under extraordinary and unprecedented for international economy circumstances. The annexation of Crimea, the war in Donbas region, the loss of important economical potential, human causalities, lack of territorial integrity guaranties from other countries formed a new system of challenges not only for our country but for the whole world in total. Under the external aggression and trade war with Russia the Association Agreement with the European Union should become the main and effective Ukraine’s economical structural changes mechanism. The economical part of Association Agreement with the EU and the deep free trade agreement are characterized as liberalization of mutual trade and regulatory convergence especially including the technical standards regulation field. Modern liberalization in mutual trade between Ukraine and EU has low tariff protection of the EU market for Ukrainian goods and doesn’t not affect the common volume of trade. That is why the technical barriers remains the main obstacles in Ukrainian goods export to the European single market.
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Zielke, Rainer. "Norway: 2013 Tax Developments." Intertax 42, Issue 2 (February 1, 2014): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014013.
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The present article provides a praxis-oriented overview for international readers on the 2013 tax developments in Norway with special respect to new tax reform plans, new Supreme Court judgments and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Surveillance Authority new.
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Jachowicz, Estera, Magdalena Gębicka, Daria Plakhtyr, Myroslav Shynkarenko, Juri Urbanowicz, Maciej Mach, Jacek Czepiel, Jakub Marchewka, and Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach. "Incidence of Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Diseases in the European Union and in the European Free Trade Association Countries." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070796.
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Introduction: Despite the widespread availability of vaccines, the incidence of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases (VPCD) started to grow in recent years. The aim of the study was to compare the annual incidence of selected VPCDs in the EU (European Union) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries in the period of the last 5 years (2014–2019 or other intervals, depending on data availability), and the country-specific vaccine schedules. Methods: VPCD incidence rates in Europe were based on “The Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases” by the ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control); vaccination schedules were based on ECDC reports. Results: The obligation to vaccinate was not universal, and it generally only applied to two preparations: the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine and the one against polio. During the study, the situation associated with mumps did not change or improve in individual countries; the median incidence amounted to 30 cases. The median incidence associated with rubella amounted to 1 case, but in a few countries, it grew very rapidly, i.e., in Germany, Italy, and Romania; in Poland, the incidence was clearly decreasing, from 5923 to 1532 cases. The most dynamic situation concerned measles. The total median was 2.4 cases per 100,000 population; the only one country with falling incidence was Germany. The diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis remained at a stable level in all analyzed countries. Conclusion: Vaccine schedules differ among the countries, so does the epidemiological situation of selected diseases. Morbidity on measles was the most disturbing phenomenon: the incidence rate increased in almost 40% of all countries, regardless of the obligation to vaccinate. The increasing incidence of VPCD may be due to anti-vaccine movements, the activity of which is often caused by mistrust and spreading misinformation. In order to better prevent the increase in morbidity, standardization of vaccine schedules and documentation should be considered in the EU countries.
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Gladkov, I. S. "Foreign Trade of the European Union : Dominant Fluctuations." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-3-34-43.
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The article analyzes the most important changes that have taken place over the past five years in the dynamics and geographical structure of foreign trade relations of the European Union (EU) as the largest entity in the system of modern international commodity trade. It is shown that, despite such rather unfavorable external factors as the increase in general turbulence in world commodity trade, the expansion of the zone of protectionist and sanctions measures, trade conflicts, the EU was able to maintain its dominant position in international commodity exchange. At the same time, the European Union has pushed the main competitors, as the latest statistics show a significant decrease in the share of the North American free trade Association (NAFTA, consisting of the United States, Canada, Mexico) and Japan in international exports. Continuing to pursue a balanced foreign trade policy, the EU used its traditional instruments not only to increase its activity in general and outside the European region, but also to maintain a positive balance of foreign trade. In addition, there are hopes for the resumption of goodneighbourly trade relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation, which have been complicated in recent years by the introduction and extension of sanctions measures by the EU and Russia's response. The author presents new statistical materials, numerous calculated data, for the first time introduced into the domestic scientific circulation.
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Kristjánsdóttir, Helga, Sigurður Guðjónsson, and Guðmundur Kristján Óskarsson. "FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) WITH CHINA AND INTERACTION BETWEEN EXPORTS AND IMPORTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-1-1-8.
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The world trade system appears to gravitate toward trade blocks. While the European Union (EU) is by far the largest trade block in Europe, the subject of this research is focused on another European block, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), with the member states of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. Unlike the EU, the EFTA countries can enter into Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) individually, with another country, whenever they choose. The world's largest increasing trading house over the last two decades is China, but it has not yet signed an FTA with the EU. However, China has a bilateral agreement with both Iceland and Switzerland. The methodology of this research involves using the STATA program for statistical regression estimation of simultaneous equation system since it estimates the interaction between the trade going between the countries. This allows for considering substitution or complementary effects between the goods flowing back and forth between the countries. The methodology is based on the means of the gravity model. This research aims to answer the following question: is it beneficial for small countries such as Iceland and Switzerland to have a bilateral agreement with China? This research focuses on estimating trade flows, in US dollars, between China and Iceland on the one hand and between China and Switzerland on the other. Results from regression analysis indicate that when accounting for the FTAs, import to Iceland from China positively affects exports from Iceland to China, but not the other way around. However, estimates for trade between Switzerland and China show the reverse of this to be true. When presenting and analyzing literature and economic studies in the field, selection data and presenting the three-stage regression result, accounting for the Free Trade Agreements with China, our conclusion is the following: The trade relation of China with the two small European countries of Iceland and Switzerland has developed such that in 2014 the Free Trade Agreements between China and Iceland, and China and Switzerland came into effect. A combination of the three-stage least-squares regression, as well as the gravity model, allowing for accountancy of FTAs is applied. We conclude that when accounting for the FTAs, import to Iceland from China has stimulated exports from Iceland to China, but not the other way around. However, the estimates for Switzerland are reverse to the estimates received for Iceland.
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Arora, Rahul, Sarbjit Singh, and Somesh K. Mathur. "Assessment of the Proposed India-China Free Trade Agreement: A General Equilibrium Approach." Journal of Centrum Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcc-08-02-2015-b002.
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Purpose The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of the proposed India-China free trade agreement (FTA) in goods trade on both countries under a static general equilibrium framework. Design/Methodology/Approach The study has utilized the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade with the presence of skilled and unskilled unemployment in the world. For analysis purposes, 57 GTAP sectors, representing the whole regional economy, have been aggregated into 43 sectors and 140 GTAP regions, representing the whole world, have been aggregated into 19 regions. The study has also used the updated tariff rates provided by the World Trade Organization for better results. Findings The preliminary analysis using trade indicators depicted that by utilizing their own comparative advantage, both of the countries can maximize their gains by exporting more to the world. The simulation results from the GTAP analysis revealed that a tariff reduction in all goods trade would be more beneficial for both the countries than the tariff reduction in each other's specialized products. All other regions lose in terms of shifting the Indian imports towards China in a post-simulation environment. Regions with a significant loss are: the European Union (28 members), Southeast Asia, the Unites States, Japan, Korea, West Asia, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Originality/Value The disaggregated sector-wise analysis has been performed using the latest available GTAP database, version 9.
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Sidorenko, T. V. "European Union — Mexico: The Conclusion of a “New Generation” Trade Agreement." World of new economy 13, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-4-72-78.
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The article analyses the main innovations of the modernised free trade agreement between the European Union and Mexico, signed in April 2018. The author examined such aspects of the agreement as the liberalisation of trade in food, telecommunications, financial services, as well as e-commerce, providing access to the market of government procurement, protection of intellectual property rights, investment facilitation and other. Members of the EU emphasised that the conclusion of a “new generation” trade agreement with Mexico is in line with the updated foreign economic strategy of this integration association, aimed at promoting the commercial interests of the European business outside the EU. They also argue that Mexico is a desirable market for the European companies, given the size of its economy, its population, and its membership in NAFTA. Therefore, the entry into force of the modernised agreement will allow the intensification of the trade and investment relations between the partners. The latter should provide an additional incentive for their economic development, especially for Mexico.
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Ciobanu, Natalia. "The Route of Republic of Moldova in Eastern Partnership: Between Achievements and Political Failures." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.31-38.
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Eastern Partnership is an initiative of consolidation and deepening of cooperation between European Union and six partner states form Eastern Europe and South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. The cooperation with Eastern Partnership states is founded on two dialog frameworks: bilateral (signing and implementing the association agreement, creating a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, the liberalization of visa regime) and multilateral (it is implemented throughout specialized platforms and initiatives).
In this article, the author sets the objective to approach multilaterally the position of Republic of Moldova throughout the set of perspectives and opportunities of political, economic and social integration in the European community, outlining specifically that Republic of Moldova has achieved the main objectives that were agreed on in Prague in 2009:signing the Association Agreement with EU, The Agreement of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area and implementing the liberalization of visa regime in Schengen area for the owners of biometric passports.
The author's opinion states that the topicality of this study lies in evaluation of the potential of Republic of Moldova to perceive the impact of this European initiative of foreign policy and to value the membershipwithin the Eastern Partnership for the perspective of integration in European Union.
Keywords: Eastern Partnership, European Union, Republic of Moldova, multilateral and bilateral cooperation
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CHAABOUNI, Karim. "Assessing Tunisian Exports towards the European Union: Intensity, Complementarity and Gravity Estimation." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 10, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5009.v10i1.4476.
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The Tunisian economy faces various challenges. Within a local and international environment full of constraints, several defies call to missing requirements like economic growth, employment, balance of payments’ equilibrium, etc… Despite these concerns, Tunisian economy remains open to the Rest of the World. Openness is consolidated since decades by Tunisian membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as by the country’s regional integration with various partners. In this field, the major involvement in world markets is confirmed by the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between Tunisia and the European Union (EU) in 1995, which launched and established a Free Trade Area (FTA) covering industrial products. Indeed the Tunisian trade remains strongly linked to EU and such links are expected to be reinforced since Tunisia and the EU have currently negotiated over the expansion of the FTA to agriculture and services within a project of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA). The purpose of this paper is to focus on Tunisian exports towards the EU by assessing both the intensity and the complementarity of the trade side “from Tunisia to the EU”. Besides, by considering the Gravitational model, the aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of orienting Tunisian exports towards the EU. The findings highlight the concentration of Tunisian exports towards few EU countries despite a middle trade compatibility with all EU countries. Gravity estimation results, in line with previous works, point out the key roles of language and geographical proximity.
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CHAABOUNI, Karim. "Assessing Tunisian Exports towards the European Union: Intensity, Complementarity and Gravity Estimation." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 10, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5009.v10i1.4476.
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The Tunisian economy faces various challenges. Within a local and international environment full of constraints, several defies call to missing requirements like economic growth, employment, balance of payments’ equilibrium, etc… Despite these concerns, Tunisian economy remains open to the Rest of the World. Openness is consolidated since decades by Tunisian membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as by the country’s regional integration with various partners. In this field, the major involvement in world markets is confirmed by the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between Tunisia and the European Union (EU) in 1995, which launched and established a Free Trade Area (FTA) covering industrial products. Indeed the Tunisian trade remains strongly linked to EU and such links are expected to be reinforced since Tunisia and the EU have currently negotiated over the expansion of the FTA to agriculture and services within a project of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA). The purpose of this paper is to focus on Tunisian exports towards the EU by assessing both the intensity and the complementarity of the trade side “from Tunisia to the EU”. Besides, by considering the Gravitational model, the aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of orienting Tunisian exports towards the EU. The findings highlight the concentration of Tunisian exports towards few EU countries despite a middle trade compatibility with all EU countries. Gravity estimation results, in line with previous works, point out the key roles of language and geographical proximity.
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Hosli, Madeleine O. "Admission of European Free Trade Association states to the European Community: effects on voting power in the European Community Council of Ministers." International Organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028125.
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Several member states of the European Free Trade Association have applied for admission into the European Community (EC). Paradoxically, enlarging the EC in this way will expand the voting power of Luxembourg, the smallest EC member state, in the EC Council of Ministers but diminish the power of the other states. In an EC with more members, voting by unanimity increasingly becomes an impractical decision-making procedure. As the Single European Act and possibly also the Treaty on European Union are being implemented, the distribution of EC council voting power takes on growing importance, since the range of issues to be decided by qualified majority votes increases considerably. Moreover, there are tendencies within the EC to render decision making more transparent and to publish member states' positions taken in majority votes. Thus, the distribution of voting power will increasingly be a crucial aspect for the EC.
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Wattanapruttipaisan, Thitapha. "Trademarks and Geographical Indications: Policy Issues and Options in Trade Negotiations and Implementation." Asian Development Review 26, no. 01 (June 2009): 166–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110509500061.
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Trademarks and geographical indications have been the focus of contention in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations and in the implementation of agreed trade obligations and regulations among World Trade Organization members, including partners in free trade agreements with Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members. This paper examines these issues, and the related policy implications and options, in terms of specifications and scope, priority rights and coexistence, and the treatment of generic names in the registration and protection of geographical indications. The development, commercialization, and protection of geographical indication products can benefit trade and development in ASEAN economies. However, a geographical indication system similar to that in the European Union would likely reduce ASEAN imports of competing products from non-European Union sources. An agenda for further research, policy facilitation, and information dissemination is mapped out, emphasizing the importance of adequate and affordable policy incentives and business development services.
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Pasternak, Olena. "Evaluation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement’s Impact on the Development of Border Territories." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.140-150.
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Some of the results of experts’ survey of 288 representatives of 113 authorities on the issues of EU-Ukraine Association Agreement’s impact on social and economic development of Ukrainian border oblasts are outlined. The respondents were the representatives of cities of republican and oblast status (city councils’ employees) and of district state administrations of six border oblasts: Volynska, Lvivska, Zakarpatska, Ivano-Frankivska, Chernivetska and Odeska oblasts. The experts’ understanding of thelevel of impact the signing of Agreement (including the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)) has on the development of their district (city) is presented both in general and by border oblasts as well as district state administrations and city councils. The experts’ evaluation of the spheres most influenced by deepening of European integration processes in the context of the Agreement implementation is shown. Interpretation of border oblasts local authorities’ assessment of EU-Ukraine Association Agreement advantages is conducted. The types of economic activity, which have gained the most advantages from Association Agreement implementation according to experts’ point of view, are outlined. Suggestions on activation of awareness about the Agreement in order to use more of its advantages for border territories’ development are made.
Keywords: EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, borderterritories,experts’ survey, European integration processes, Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)
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Turkina, Anastasia. "Extradition of European Union Citizens anywhere except the Russian Federation: The Case of I.N." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.01.10.
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Abstract In its recent practice, the Court of Justice of the European Union has held that European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals enjoy the same level of protection against extradition to a third state as EU citizens. This article analyses the reasoning of the Court and establishes a link with previous decisions on extradition matters. The author concludes that the test for extradition is still forming and its application lacks clarity and consistency.
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Chistruga, Boris, and Diana Bragoi. "Impact of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Zone on the Economic Development of the Republic of Moldova." Economica, no. 4(126) (December 2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2023.126.007.
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The Republic of Moldova, being a state with a small economy, has considerably diversified its sales markets, focusing primarily on the European Union market, which currently absorbs more than half of its exports. The present study tries to highlight the benefits of the Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) implementation, which contributes to increasing the competitiveness of domestic companies on European markets and the liberalization of trade in goods and services. In conclusion, some measures are highlighted that are necessary to be implemented by the Republic of Moldova, in order to ensure the economy reorientation towards export by diversifying both the geographical structure and products in particular, improving commercial policy regulations, product quality, attracting investments foreign direct, the elimination of corruption.
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Berezovska, I. "IMPACT OF THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT WITH THE EU ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD LAW IN UKRAINE." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 131 (2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.131.0.60-67.
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The article notes that after signing the Association Agreement and launching free trade area between Ukraine and the EU, a new stage in the development of Ukrainian food law has begun. It is characterized by the increased impact of European Union law on the legal regulation of this sphere. The provisions of Chapter 4 “Sanitary and phytosanitary measures” of the basic for the FTA Ukraine-EU Title IV of the Association Agreement ”Trade and Trade-related Matters”, which serve as a legal basis for harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU food legislation were analyzed. The ways of Ukrainian food law development are proved to be determined by the Strategy for the implementation of Chapter IV, Section 4 of the Association Agreement. The measures envisaged by the Strategy covering almost all areas of public health, animal health and phytosanitary regulations have been analyzed. The European food and phytosanitary law is found out to cover the territory of Ukraine as a result of the implementation of measures provided for in the Association Agreement and the above Strategy. It was emphasized that the scale of the obligations undertaken by Ukraine to harmonize the food legislation requires prompt and qualified organizational work by the Ukrainian competent authorities.
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Lorenzmeier, Stefan. "Die Zukunft umfassender und gemischter Abkommen der EU nach dem Singapur-Gutachten." integration 43, no. 4 (2020): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2020-4-310.
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The article explores some legal issues regarding comprehensive trade and mixed agreements of the European Union (EU). The concept of mixed agreements is special to the EU legal order and under strain after the opinion 2/15 of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 16 May 2017, in which the Court defined the exclusive competence of the EU for concluding “EU-only agreements” in the context of the common commercial policy. This led to a split-up of trade agreements of the Union into “EU-only agreements” and mixed agreements on investment issues whereas no change of policy had been established for association agreements to date. Besides creating greater legal certainty, some problems remain regarding the to-be-improved acceptance of EU free trade agreements in the Member States. The analysis focuses on the division of powers between the EU and the Member States and its impact on mixed agreements on a political and legal level. It concludes that “mixity” has not been ended by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice and can still be seen as a useful tool in the process of negotiating and concluding future comprehensive international trade and association agreements.
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Bidaurratzaga, Eduardo, and Patxi Zabalo. "Los Acuerdos de Asociación de la UE con África y América Latina: La nueva apuesta europea por Tratados de Libre Comercio con cooperación." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i3.3607.
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This paper examines the scope and potential effects of the association agreements promoted by the European Union in order to institutionalize its relations with countries or groups of countries in Africa and Latin America. The content of the agreements goes beyond traditional trade issues in two ways. On the one hand, apart from a free trade area, they also include political and development cooperation components. On the other, the agreements address a set of issues that aim to go beyond those covered by the WTO.
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Sanahuja, José Antonio. "Trade, Politics, and Democratization: The 1997 Global Agreement Between the European Union and Mexico." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, no. 2 (2000): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166281.
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Mexico and the European Union signed a new Political and Economic Association Agreement in December 1997 and ultimately a free-trade agreement in March 2000, aiming to establish a new model of relations with a more dynamic trade and investment component. This article analyzes the 1997 agreement as background to the final accord. Economic and political changes in the 1990s modified both parties’ participation in the international political economy, helping to overcome some of the structural obstacles to the relationship. The policy toward Latin America adopted by the EU in 1994 was influential. The negotiation process revealed divergences over the scope of the liberalization process and the so-called democracy clause.
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Han, Ji Sun. "The EU-Korea Labour Dispute: A Critical Analysis of the EU’s Approach." European Foreign Affairs Review 26, Issue 4 (December 1, 2021): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021041.
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On 4 July 2019, the EU formally requested the Panel of Experts to be convened under Article 13.15 of the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The gist of the dispute revolved around Korea’s compliance with its labour rights obligations under the Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) Chapter of the FTA. The Panel of Experts gave its decision on 20 January 2021, making several recommendations for Korea to amend its domestic legislation. As a result of the EU-Korea labour dispute, Korea ratified three International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions and made amendments to its Trade Union and Labour Relations Adjustment Act (TULRAA). While the dispute has yielded some successful results for the EU, this article examines shortcomings of the EU’s approach to promoting labour rights in its relations with Korea, and remaining challenges as regards Korea’s obligations under the TSD Chapter. European Union, external relations, labour rights, EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement, Trade and Sustainable Development, labour dispute, Panel of Experts, freedom of association, forced labour
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Toropygin, A. V. "Economic and Political Aspects of the Serbia — EAEU Free Trade Area." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-02-120-131.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Serbia — EAEU relations development through the prism of the Agreement on the Free Trade Area (FTA) — between the integration association and the separate economy / country. The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects of the FTA taking into account Serbia’s desire to integrate into the European Union. The author come to the conclusion that intensive interaction, primarily between Serbia and Russia through the FTA between Serbia and the EAEU, is explained, on the one hand, by Serbia’s multi-vector foreign policy, and, on the other hand, by Russia’s attentive attitude to the course of the conflict over Kosovo. Russia has economic interests in this region, as well as the region is people-related value for Russia within which it has used and will intensively utilize of soft power mechanisms.
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Schwok, René. "Switzerland-EU Relations: The Bilateral Way in a Fragilized Position." European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 2 (August 1, 2020): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020017.
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Relations between Switzerland and the European Union are in bad shape and the Swiss are tearing each other apart on this issue. There are two major issues at stake. First, the Swiss government is dithering over whether or not to initial a new Institutional agreement with the European Union (EU), although it was finalized by the negotiators in November 2018. In the event of non-acceptance by Switzerland, the European Union has already announced retaliatory measures. Secondly, in September 2020, Swiss citizens will have to vote on a popular initiative to scrap the agreement on the free movement of persons between Switzerland and the EU. A positive vote would sound the death knell for the bilateral treaties between both entities as they are bound together by a guillotine clause. These difficulties between Switzerland and the EU are certainly not new. But two fresh developments have arisen. On the one hand, the support of the socialists and trade unionists for the bilateral way is waning. On the other hand, the European Union has become less flexible than it previously was. The worst should, logically, be avoided because the Swiss have always been a pragmatic people and solutions are relatively easy to find. But an accumulation of blunders, combined with misperceptions of the actual power relations, could prove fatal. Switzerland, EU external relations, EU external agreements, European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Economic Area (EEA), Institutional agreement, Free movement of people, immigration, referendum, Brexit
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Khúlová, Lucia. "Export into EFTA and transportation costs." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no. 35 (December 1, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.
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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.
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Delev, Christian, and Javiera Caceres Bustamante. "Where to Next? Modernizing Environmental Commitments in EU-Latin America Free Trade Agreements." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 50, Issue 3 (August 1, 2023): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2023012.
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The European Union (EU) is renegotiating its trade agreements with Latin American States. The core objective of this process is to modernize the Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) chapters of these agreements. As such, this article critically examines the prospects of the modernized TSD chapters in the Chile-EU Association Agreement and the EU-Mexico Global Agreement, drawing lessons for the potential amendment of the EU-Andes Agreement. For this purpose, the article addresses the modernization process of the EU-Chile Association Agreement by surveying Chile’s negotiating practice in incorporating environment and climate change-related provisions in trade agreements. It compares the evolution of these provisions within the EU’s practice and discusses the convergence or divergence of views that have shaped the existing agreement. Additionally, it explores the possible future review process of the TSD chapter in the agreement. Furthermore, the article discusses the ongoing renegotiating process of the Global Agreement between the EU and Mexico. It examines the opportunity to enhance the current environmental protection disciplines in this agreement. Finally, the article evaluates how these experiences can inform a future renegotiation of the EU-Andes Agreement, with a focus on prioritising the Parties’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
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Zhdanova, V. Р. "PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CUSTOMS AFFAIRS: EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF GOODS." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:119.
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Today, for the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, one of the priority areas of international customs cooperation is cooperation with the customs authorities of other countries on the fulfillment of the terms of current free trade agreements. In this context, the exchange of information on the country of origin of goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine is of particular importance, which is one of the important factors for intensifying trade between Ukraine and the European Union. The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union defines a number of obligations that Ukraine must fulfill in order to harmonize national legislation with the requirements of the relevant legislation of the European Union. Please note that there are now over 400 аgreements about free trade and preferential trade agreements that reduce customs tariffs on certain goods, provided they meet the specified origin criteria. However, many participants in foreign economic activity ignore the fact that they may claim tariff preferences or are uninformed in determining whether the goods they buy or sell are entitled to preferential treatment. As a result, many international trade participants pay a fee for goods originating in countries that are parties to the Free Trade Agreements, losing a financial advantage over their competitors. However, many exporters also lose business opportunities, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are particularly affected. This article is aimed at exploring the main aspects of legal and organizational support for the exchange of information on issues of the country of origin of goods in the course of customs in Ukraine. The author also intends to explore aspects of international cooperation of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other customs authorities in determining the country of origin of goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine. Determine the possibility of further application of the preferential conditions provided for in the Free Trade Agreements concluded with the participation of Ukraine in the prevention, detection, and/or termination of customs-related violations of the origin of goods. Keywords. information, exchange of information, product, country of origin of the product, international trade.
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Wiśniowski, Arkadiusz, Jakub Bijak, Solveig Christiansen, Jonathan J. Forster, Nico Keilman, James Raymer, and Peter W. F. Smith. "Utilising Expert Opinion to Improve the Measurement of International Migration in Europe." Journal of Official Statistics 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 583–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2013-0041.
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Abstract In this article, we first discuss the need to augment reported flows of international migration in Europe with additional knowledge gained from experts on measurement, quality and coverage. Second, we present our method for eliciting this information. Third, we describe how this information is converted into prior distributions for subsequent use in a Bayesian model for estimating migration flows amongst countries in the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The article concludes with an assessment of the importance of expert information and a discussion of lessons learned from the elicitation process.
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Claussen, Kathleen. "Stocktaking and Glimpsing at Trade Law's Next Generation." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.69.
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These remarks are derived from a forthcoming work considering the future of international trade law. Compared with most features of the international legal system, the regional and bilateral trade law system is in the early stages of its evolution. For example, the United States is a party to fourteen free trade agreements currently in force, all but two of which have entered into force since 2000. The recent proliferation of agreements, particularly bilateral and regional agreements, is not unique to the United States. The European Union recently concluded trade agreement negotiations with Canada, Singapore, and Vietnam to add to its twenty-seven agreements in force and is negotiating approximately ten additional bilateral or multilateral agreements. In the Asia-Pacific Region, the number of regional and bilateral free trade agreements has grown exponentially since the conclusion of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area of 1992. At that time, the region counted five such agreements in force. Today, the number totals 140 with another seventy-nine under negotiation or awaiting entry into force. The People's Republic of China is negotiating half a dozen bilateral trade agreements at present to top off the sixteen already in effect. India likewise is engaged in at least ten trade agreement negotiations. The World Trade Organization (WTO) reports 267 agreements of this sort in force among its members as of July 1, 2016.
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Nozari, Fariborz. "Competition Rules in the European Economic Area." International Journal of Legal Information 21, no. 1 (1993): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027232.
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On October 22, 1991, after exhaustive negotiations between the European Community (EC) and the Member States of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) an agreement on the formation of the European Economic Area (EEA) was reached. Hence, the foundation was laid for an economic and social unit embracing 19 countries and about 380 million people, forming the world's largest economic bloc and a regional single market responsible for ca.40 percent of the world trade.The Agreement consists of a preamble and nine parts covering the objectives and principles, the four freedoms of movements of goods, persons, service and capital, provisions on competition and other common rules, horizontal policies relevant to the four freedoms, cooperation outside the four freedoms, institutional provisions, funding, and final provisions.
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Pasaribu, Shelly, and Ardila Putri. "FAKTOR PENDORONG INDONESIA MENANDATANGANI KERJA SAMA INDONESIA EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION-COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (IE-CEPA)." Jurnal Ekonomi-Qu 11, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.35448/jequ.v11i2.13234.
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Bojan, Matkovski, Lovre Koviljko, and Zekic Stanislav. "The foreign trade liberalization and export of agri-food products of Serbia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 7 (July 11, 2017): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/345/2015-agricecon.
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Liberalization of the market, as a consequence of the achieved trade agreements with the members of the European Union and the Central European Free Trade Association, had a significant effect on the foreign trade exchange of the Serbian agri-food products. In order to determine the liberalization effects on the export of agri-food products of Serbia, a gravity model of the export of these products is estimated using econometric methods for the panel data. In order to find the sections, as well as the advantageous parts of the international market, the comparative advantages of agri-food products in the particular groups of countries are dynamically analysed using the index of the revealed comparative advantages, whereas the level of specialization in the international trade exchange of these products is analysed using the index of the intra-industry trade. In relation to the main objective of the article, which was to identify the effects of the foreign trade liberalization on the performances of the foreign trade in agri-food products, it may be stated that liberalization had positive effects on the intensification of foreign trade with the analysed group of countries, as well as on the increase of the revealed comparative advantages of the agri-food sector in the world market.
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Troitiño, David Ramiro, Karoline Färber, and Anni Boiro. "Mitterrand and the Great European Design—From the Cold War to the European Union." Baltic Journal of European Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2017-0013.
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AbstractFrançois Mitterrand had a leading role in directing the course for the European integration process. While he orchestrated the economic integration of Europe, he remained deeply opposed to further political integration within the Communities. This article researches Mitterrand’s rationale for his clear focus on economic affairs and develops his vision for the institutional setting of the European Union (EU). The focus of the article is allocated to four different perspectives that reflect the four pillars of Mitterrand’s European policy: the common currency, the establishment of a closely integrated and small Western European based EU, the development of the Social Europe and of a free trade area between Europe and Africa. It is argued that although EU institutions have been established based on Mitterrand’s design, today’s reality deviates from the conditions on which his plan was based. For Mitterrand, the ideal EU involved a deep-rooted Western Europe with France at its core and a loose association with Central and Eastern Europe. His perception resembles the current discussions of multi-speed Europe and the determination of France and Germany to proceed to the next stage of the integration process. Importantly, Mitterrand’s print can still be recognised in the EU’s social policy included in the treaties, yet still far from being implemented. Notably, like all of the French Presidents, Mitterrand developed a design for Africa in which an extensive free trade area between Europe and former French colonies were to be established. In this proposal, Germany was to be assigned the part of the economic engine behind the actualisation of the proposal, while France was to carry out the role of a required middle man of the transactions. To further assure France’s political predominance over the Communities, Mitterrand designed a common currency for a small number of homogenous Western-European states.
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Óskarsson, Guðmundur Kristján, and Helga Kristjánsdóttir. "EU Country and EFTA Country Export Differences." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14040147.
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This research seeks to analyze the export differences facing countries in the EU and EFTA. This is firstly to analyze the effects on international trade of the trade bloc of the European Union (EU), and secondly the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and provide a comparison of these two. This research seeks to analyze exports determinants to answer these two questions. There are two countries selected for this study, the small EFTA country Iceland, and the large EU country UK, before BREXIT. We apply a gravity model in our econometric analysis, with exports dependent on the gross domestic product, population, and geographic distance. We estimate these effects on the exports of both the UK and Iceland in separate equation systems. We conclude that exports from the UK, before BREXIT, are more negatively affected by geographical distance than exports for the EFTA country Iceland, when corrected for gross domestic product and population size.
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Kováčiková, Hana. "Integration Model of the European Economic Area: Symmetric or Asymmetric?" International and Comparative Law Review 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0020.
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Summary Research in this article is focused on the analysis of the character of the European Economic Area. It presents a common market for thirty states from European Union (27) and European Free Trade Association (3) established by the Agreement on the European Economic Area. When regarding the size, EU is the bigger player in this relationship compared to EFTA States. On the other side, regarding the principles of international law, parties are equal to each other. These initial thoughts raised author´s interest to find out, whether this economic integration model is symmetric or asymmetric in its nature, regarding its contracting parties. Article provides an answer to this question as well as an insight on the consequences of such regime.