Journal articles on the topic 'European Economic Community – Austria'
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WIESER, T., and E. KITZMANTEL. "Austria and the European Community." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 28, no. 4 (June 1990): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00376.x.
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Atac, Ilker. "Determining Turkish migration to Austria: the role of migration policy." Migration Letters 11, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i3.223.
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Migration from Turkey to Austria started as “guest worker” labour migration. Soon, however, there were signs of permanent immigration from Turkey to Austria leading to a permanent migration in which the differences between labour and family migration began to blur. How can we explain Turkish migration and its shifting dynamics to Austria from a historical perspective? Which factors have played a role in shaping this migration? Turkish migration to Austria offers an interesting case for a discussion of migration policy outcomes since Austria has been a good example of a country with restrictive policies in European comparison. Austrian government policies were of major importance for determining the migratory process from Turkey. However, these were continuously challenged by interventions of the Austrian Constitutional Court, European Court of Human Rights and European Court of Justice. Besides, factors at the individual and meso level, such as family and community networks, and issues connected to economic and political developments in Turkey, shaped migration policy outcomes. After discussing in more detail the various factors that have been identified as influencing migration processes in previous studies, I will examine the interaction of these factors in shaping Turkish migration to Austria, and the role of limiting government policies.
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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.
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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.
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KURZER, PAULETTE. "Unemployment in Open Economies." Comparative Political Studies 24, no. 1 (April 1991): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414091024001001.
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This article compares variations in the level of unemployment in four small, open economies-Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Rather than focusing on the political-institutional differences between these four countries, the article examines international economic variables such as the role of the European Monetary System, the structure of foreign trade, and linkages to international markets to understand the greater deterioration of employment in Belgium and the Netherlands. In turn, the decision to join the European Community and to seek firmer integration into financial markets is attributed to the relatively greater influence of banking capital or the financial sector in the systems of economic policy-making of Belgium and the Netherlands. The article concludes that the detachment of the Austrian and Swedish economies from the European experience in economic integration has greatly helped the Social Democrats in these countries in fulfilling their promises of full employment.
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Blanck, Kathrin, Angelika Hable, and Ulrike Lechner. "Conference Report - Europe's Constitutionalization as an Inspiration for Global Governance? Some Viennese Conference Impressions." German Law Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013596.
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“New Foundations for European and Global Governance? The Achievements of Europe's Constitutionalization.” This was the title of the two-day conference organized by the European Community Studies Association (ECSA) of Austria and the Europainstitut of the University of Economics and Business Administration. The meeting was set in the beautiful atmosphere of the Banqueting Hall of the Bank of Austria building in the centre of Vienna on 29 and 30 November 2004.
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VOGLER, Sabine. "Pharmaceutical regulation and policies in Austria." Revista Brasileira de Farmácia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saúde 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.30968/rbfhss.2022.131.0639.
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Austria is a middle-sized, high-income country in Central Europe with universal health coverage and a highly fragmented health care system. Medicines for outpatient use that are reimbursed by the social health insurance are price-regulated, whereas medicines for inpatient use are neither subject to price regulation nor to health technology assessment (HTA). These medicines are procured by hospitals, hospital groups and provinces which are the main owner of public hospitals. The major pricing policy for new medicines in the outpatient sector is external price referencing. Austria refers to all other 26 European Union (EU) Member States; the determined benchmark price must not exceed the EU average price. External price referencing is based on list prices, but the statutory manufacturer discounts applicable in some reference countries are considered. Regular price reviews with subsequent price adjustments are in place. For generic and biosimilar medicines to be included in the outpatient positive list, a price link policy is applied with different reduction rates for generics and biosimilars. In the supply chain, prices of all medicines are regulated through regressive mark-up schemes for wholesale and community pharmacies. The inclusion in the outpatient positive list is based on an HTA process which comprises pharmacological, medical-therapeutic and economic evaluations, followed by price negotiations about the reimbursement price. For medicines with high financial burden for the public payers, the Austrian Social Insurance (for the outpatient sector) and procurers for hospitals tend to conclude managed-entry agreements with confidential discounts. For outpatient medicines, patients are charged a fixed prescription fee per prescribed item; no further co-payments apply for outpatient or inpatient medicines. Studies have shown that the current pricing and reimbursement policies in Austria have contributed to keep prices of outpatient medicines stable (high-cost medicines tend to range above EU average), whereas the unregulated prices of medicines used in hospitals are frequently the highest in European comparison. Pharmacy mark-ups are also high in comparison to other European countries.
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Haase-Kromwijk, Bernadette, Frans du Pré, and Bernard Cohen. "Organ Transplantation and European Community Law: The Case of Non-Residents." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2, no. 3 (July 1997): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969700200308.
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Objectives: The role of the European Union in influencing health care policies in member states is of increasing importance. The Eurotransplant Foundation is an organization which provides donor organs to the most suitable transplant recipients. It covers a region of five countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands). As there is a severe shortage of donor organs within its region, registration of so-called non-resident patients on the waiting lists aggravates this shortage. Could European Community law, especially rules on competition, limit Eurotransplant's freedom to introduce a restrictive policy on non-residents? If so, could participating transplant centres or patients initiate legal action against Eurotransplant to stop the execution of such a policy? Methods: Quantitative descriptive data on organ donation and use by the Eurotransplant Foundation during 1994 and 1995, by residents and non-residents. Analysis on basis of economic and legal framework. Results: Solidarity between potential donors and potential recipients is organized in a different manner in an organization such as Eurotransplant as compared to a national organization under national law. National regulations may introduce a restrictive policy for the acceptance of non-resident patients. Eurotransplant — as a matter of its own policy — has to consider international solidarity. The scope of the non-resident issue is dealt with, and it is explained why it is considered to be a problem. On the basis of a discussion of the economic and the legal framework for a non-resident policy, an answer to the question is suggested. Conclusion: It might be possible for Eurotransplant to introduce a restrictive policy on the admission of non-residents without violating the European Community Treaty.
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ATTFIELD, NICHOLAS. "Music and Austrofascism: Radio, Pan-Germanism and the Reinvention of the Wiener Symphoniker." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 147, no. 2 (November 2022): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rma.2022.21.
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Abstract‘Austrofascist’ has again become an accepted term to describe the Austrian regime from 1933 to 1938. This article contributes to this re-emergence using the example of the Wiener Symphoniker, and by seeking long-term ‘fascistization’ processes surrounding the orchestra rather than blunt comparisons against developments in neighbouring regimes. The account hinges on the Austrian radio service (RAVAG), through which, during the economic crises of the 1920s, the state exerted alignment pressure on many cultural institutions. As Chancellor Dollfuss declared the ‘depoliticization’ of Austria (the banning of political parties) in 1933, RAVAG used its leverage to break the orchestra’s union alliances and dictate personnel selection according to politics. On this foundation, new radio series like Stunde österreichischer Komponisten der Gegenwart (‘Austrian Composers of the Present’) extolled ‘pan-Germanism’: a nationalist ideology that proclaimed the European supremacy of German Austrians and attempted to forge an Austrofascist community – even as it simultaneously created exploitable overlap with National Socialism.
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MOŻGIN, Wiktor MOŻGIN. "THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE – AN ASPECT OF CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE IN EUROPE." Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 2(13)/2019, no. 2(13)/2019 (2019): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/20193.
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Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.
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Noiriel, Gérard. "“Civil Rights” Policy in the United States and the Policy of “Integration” in Europe: Divergent Approaches to a Similar Issue." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003651.
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Comparing European and North American policies with respect to “civil rights” is a difficult exercise for two reasons. First, it is important to emphasize that Europe and the United States are not political entities of a same nature. Granted, the fact that the nations that today comprise Europe are heirs of common history explains in part the similarities in their political behavior and distinguishes them as a group from the “New World.” Yet in the American case, despite the country's federalist structure and the existence of fifty states within the Union, we are dealing with a single nation, endowed with a central government capable of generating policies that are valid throughout the territory. Such is not the case with Europe. As is well known, the European continent is divided into two sharply contrasted spheres. On the one hand, there is the East, thrown into confusion by the devastation of communism and mired in a profound economic crisis. On the other hand, there is the West, comprised of nations that share a level of economic prosperity comparable to that of the United States but which do not form a single political entity. At present, the European Economic Community includes only twelve European states; the remaining countries, such as Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria, have yet to become members. In this essay, the question of “civil rights” will be examined specifically in light of those countries that already belong to the EEC.
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Hantrais, Linda. "Introduction: Themed Section on the European Union and Social Policy: National and EU Policy Interaction." Social Policy and Society 2, no. 3 (June 25, 2003): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746403001283.
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When the European Economic Community was established in 1957, the six founding member states (Belgium, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands) had a shared interest, though each for their own reasons, in ensuring that provisions to promote the harmonisation of national social protection systems figured in the treaties. Progressively, and as membership of the Community expanded and diversified, the social dimension came to be accepted as a legitimate, albeit contested and subordinate, component in European law and policy. Whereas the social protection systems of the six original member states could be considered as variants of the continental model of welfare, the new waves of membership in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s brought different conceptions of social protection, making harmonisation ever-more difficult to achieve. Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom in the second wave were characterised by their universal welfare systems. Greece, Portugal and Spain in the third wave had less developed, minimalist provision for social protection. In the fourth wave, Austria was closer to the founding member states, whereas Finland and Sweden represented the Nordic model with their universalist system based on social democratic criteria.
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Blanke, Julia, Alberto Belda Gonzalez, Simona D’Oca, Michael Niederkofler, and Edvard Nordlund. "European small-town Renewable Energy Communities: Participatory design of supporting tools as a vehicle to engage and understand local communities and their energy related concerns." Open Research Europe 2 (November 28, 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15114.1.
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Renewable Energy Communities (REC) are an emerging initiative that aims to contribute to the energy transition towards a more decentralised system in Europe by encouraging local communities to come together and invest in and operate renewable energy assets together.Decision-making processes of these communities need to be supported by adequate tools, which also can be used in the formation of the community groups in the first place. In this paper a case-study of four European small-town communities in Berchidda (Italy), Ollersdorf (Austria), Ispaster (Spain), and Kökar (Finland) carried out in the context of the LocalRES project is presented, where a participatory design methodology has been applied to co-create community supporting tools. Feedback gathered during four citizen workshops is presented, showing that to optimally support RECs in their formation and operation three main topics need to be supported: (1) the technical realisation and potential upgrades of the energy system, i.e., visualising energy generation and consumption on an individual and a community level, (2) the financial and economic implications of investments, i.e., calculating costs and return on investment for the individual and for the community, as well as (3) the social dimension and communication between community members and other relevant stakeholders, i.e., helping with community building and community engagement. The participatory process presented in the case studies does not only serve to gather requirements for tool design, but it also is a useful vehicle to bring together all interested citizens and understand their needs and concerns. A summary of this detailed citizen feedback is also presented.
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Skála, Ivan. "Zooplankton community composition of high mountain lakes in the Tatra Mts., the Alps in North Tyrol, and Scotland: relationship to pH, depth, organic carbon, and chlorophyll-a concentration." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 64, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2015-0025.
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AbstractThe European EMERGE (European Mountain lake Ecosystems: Regionalisation, diaGnostic & socio-economic Evaluation) project was a survey of high mountain lakes (above treeline) across Europe using unified methods of sampling and analysis. The sampling was carried out in summer or autumn 2000, and comprised biological samples, and samples for chemical analysis. Data from three lake districts are used in this paper: the Tatra Mts. in Slovakia and Poland (45 lakes), the Alps in Tyrol in Austria (22 lakes), and Scotland (30 lakes). As it is shown by multiple regression analysis, DTOC (dissolved or total organic carbon) is the key variable for most groups of zooplankton. With increasing DTOC and mostly with chlorophyll-a decreasing, pH increasing and depth decreasing, macrofitrators with coarse filter meshes are replaced by microfiltrators with fine filter meshes. Higher DTOC may increase bacterioplankton production and advantage species able to consume bacteria (microfiltrators). Other zooplankton species also differ in their preference for DTOC, chlorophyll-a, pH and depth, but DTOC being positively correlated with chlorophyll-a and pH positively correlated with depth. It may be caused by their different preference for food quality in terms of C:P ratio.
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Zielke, Rainer. "Anti-avoidance Legislation of Mayor German Language Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member Countries: Germany, Switzerland and Austria Compared." Intertax 42, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2014): 558–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014051.
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The mayor German language countries, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. Germany is the engine of the European Community and it might be interested to organize a group of affiliated companies in a way where all speak German. In this article anti-avoidance legislation will be reviewed with reference to the tax differential to the thirty-four Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Member Countries. The pivotal question is, therefore, to what extent can internal tax planning with German language countries be optimized by inclusion of anti-avoidance legislation. This article outlines the primary corporate objective and key concepts of international tax planning with regard to anti-avoidance legislation and discusses the corporate income tax burden in the thirty-four OECD Member Countries analysing the tax differential as incentive in relation to transfer pricing, the reduction in ETR as the primary corporate objective and key concepts and the he importance of current and reliable information. After that anti-avoidance legislation in these mayor German language countries is presented and strategies of international tax planning with relation to these countries are developed. Afterwards this is evaluated from the OECD's perspective of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). Finally the concluding remarks are presented.
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Pietsch, Juliet. "Diverse Outcomes: Social Citizenship and the Inclusion of Skilled Migrants in Australia." Social Inclusion 5, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i1.777.
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The sociology of citizenship is concerned with the social and economic conditions of citizens of a national community. Drawing on T. H. Marshall’s contribution to the theory of social citizenship this article argues that some groups of migrants and ethnic minorities in Australia, particularly those from non-British and European Backgrounds, face a number of social and institutional barriers which prevent them from reaching their full potential as members of Australia’s multicultural community. Evidence from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data shows different socioeconomic outcomes for migrants from British and European backgrounds compared with migrants from Asian backgrounds, despite having similar educational qualifications and length of time living in Australia. As such, it is argued that achieving social membership and inclusion continues to be a struggle for particular groups of migrants. A deeper commitment to the core principles of citizenship that is beyond mere notions of formal equality is needed if Australia is to address this important social issue.
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Malatsai, I. "MIGRATION FROM HUNGARY TO AMERICA IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE "COLLECTION OF CONSULAR REPORTS")." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 147 (2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.147.5.
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The article is devoted to the study of the problem of migration processes in the late 19th – early 20th centuries from the territory of Austria-Hungary to America. Demand for workers in the United States, which has been active since the mid-19th century and exacerbation of socio-economic contradictions in Austria-Hungary in the second half of the 19th century, caused the intensification of migration flows between the two continents. Among the emigrants were all the nations who inhabited the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. But the population of the north-eastern regions of the country prevailed. At first there were Slovaks and Ukrainians. They traveled to improve their lives and the lives of their families. Low living standards due to economic backwardness, slow growth of production, lack of new technologies in agriculture only increased the flow of migrants. Lack of land suitable for agriculture, low wages also contributed to travel abroad. There were two main categories, workers, who returned home at the end of the working season, and it was mostly part of spring, summer and autumn, and the next year they went again to search some work. The second category – those who left and never returned. In the following years, some immigrants, Slovaks and Ukrainians, formed community centers, which played an important role in the formation of independent states. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. There was the migration process between the United States and Austria-Hungary took place. The main routes of the continents passed through the ports of Hamburg and Bremen. The diplomacy of the Russian Empire paid much attention to the issue of migration. The interest was due to a desire to understand more about a country that was a political opponent of Russia in European politics. The work is written on the basis of diplomatic reports published in the "Collection of diplomatic reports" in the late 19th – early 20th century. The used materials provide an opportunity to study the process of resettlement of the nations of Hungary to America from the standpoint of Russian diplomacy in the late 19th – early 20th century.
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Kampan, Palapan, and Adam Tanielian. "Energy Reform in ASEAN: Balancing Political, Economic, and Scientific Objectives." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0190.
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Abstract This article focuses on the past, present, and future of environments in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as the region moves toward the 2015 launch of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Policies and data are compared between the ten nations in the group and with others such as the United States, Australia, and European Union (EU) members. Opportunities to promote and support expansion of renewable energies are explored alongside factors constraining green growth initiatives. Climate science and statistical analyses are used to bolster recommendations in favor of implementation of new environmental legislation such as a regional cap-and-trade mechanism and carbon tax. A holistic approach to environmental protectionism is proposed in consideration of conflicting economic and scientific interests, which have resulted in poor enforcement of existing regulations.
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Fina, Bernadette, and Hans Auer. "Economic Viability of Renewable Energy Communities under the Framework of the Renewable Energy Directive Transposed to Austrian Law." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215743.
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This study is concerned with the national transposition of the European Renewable Energy Directive into Austrian law. The objective is to estimate the economic viability for residential customers when participating in a renewable energy community (REC), focused on PV electricity sharing. The developed simulation model considers the omission of certain electricity levies as well as the obligatory proximity constraint being linked to grid levels, thus introducing a stepwise reduction of per-unit grid charges as an incentive to keep the inner-community electricity transfer as local as possible. Results show that cost savings in residential RECs cover a broad range from 9 EUR/yr to 172 EUR/yr. The lowest savings are gained by customers without in-house PV systems, while owners of a private PV system make the most profits due to the possibility of selling as well as buying electricity within the borders of the REC. Generally, cost savings increase when the source is closer to the sink, as well as when more renewable electricity is available for inner-community electricity transfer. The presence of a commercial customer impacts savings for households insignificantly, but increases local self-consumption approximately by 10%. Despite the margin for residential participants to break even being narrow, energy community operators will have to raise a certain participation fee. Such participation fee would need to be as low as 2.5 EUR/month for customers without in-house PV systems in a purely residential REC, while other customers could still achieve a break-even when paying 5 EUR/month to 6.7 EUR/month in addition. Those results should alert policy makers to find additional support mechanisms to enhance customers’ motivations to participate if RECs are meant as a concept that should be adopted on a large scale.
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Paixão Casaca, Ana Cristina, and Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "Protectionist vs liberalised maritime cabotage policies: a review." Maritime Business Review 3, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 210–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-03-2018-0011.
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Purpose The development of the current European economic area maritime cabotage market occurred when, at a policy level, the European Union forced the opening of its member-states cabotage markets to Community shipowners and extended this openness, in 1997, to the european free trade area countries. A two-tier cabotage market emerged, where a European economic area legislative framework co-exists with the legislative acts of each member-state. With such a unique background, this paper aims to investigate both the European economic area member-states and the rest of the world cabotage regimes and identify a list of reasons and policy measures used to implement cabotage policies. Design/methodology/approach By means of a desk research methodological approach, this paper analyses, from a geographical perspective, different countries’ cabotage policies and classifies them, and identifies in a systematically way a set of reasons and policy instruments that support each of chosen policies approach. Findings The outcome indicates that only a few countries promote free liberalised cabotage services and that most countries favour protectionist cabotage policies, whose governments can control the number of foreign vessels participating in these trades. Cabotage regimes have been categorised and the reasons behind both policies and respective policy instruments have been identified. Originality/value Quite often, researchers only focus on the cabotage policies of the European economic area countries, the USA, Australia, Japan and South Korea. This paper value rests on its ability to incorporate cabotage policies from other African, Asian and Latin American countries and to update existing information on the subject. Overall, this paper paves the way to broaden the cabotage knowledge.
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Білявець, Сергій. "PECULIARITIES OF POLICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (END OF THE XX - BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY." Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія: педагогічні науки 24, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v24i1.627.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of regulatory and scientific sources, which reveal the features of police training for EU countries at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. It was found that the integration of European states in the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century contributed to the fact that the system of police training was changing in accordance with the changes in the political and socio-economic situation in individual EU countries and in the Community as a whole. The police training system itself is part of the integration processes within the framework of the integration of the EU law enforcement and police systems. Features such as the practical orientation of training, its continuous nature, and its close relationship to practice are characteristic of all police training institutions in EU countries. At the same time, EU countries are ambivalent about the innovations proposed by the 1999 Bologna Convention.
States with established educational systems (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are more conservative and less inclined to abandon their own educational standards, unlike Eastern European states that pursue radical reform policies, including reforms in police training. In police education programs, a significant number of hours are devoted to the development of skills and abilities to work with scientific and technological means, which are extremely widely used in police work in foreign countries. It was also found that police officers are thoroughly and comprehensively prepared for close interaction of national services, both through Interpol and directly with each other. At conferences, symposiums, seminars, exchanges of experience and delegations, increased attention is certainly given to police training.
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Buxbaum, Hannah L. "The Scope and Limitations of the Presumption against Extraterritoriality." AJIL Unbound 110 (2016): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300002415.
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In RJR Nabisco v. European Community, the Supreme Court addressed the extraterritorial application of U.S. law for the third time in six years—in this case examining the geographic scope of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). The decision consolidates and in certain respects expands upon the test for analyzing extraterritoriality issues that the Court had introduced in Morrison v. National Australia Bank and refined in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum. It also provides further evidence of the Court’s continuing quest to identify categorical, territory-based rules governing the application of U.S. statutes in cases involving significant foreign elements. As I will argue, however, like other recent decisions, RJR raises doubt as to the sufficiency of such rules to address the messy and often unpredictable patterns of transnational economic activity.
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Usatenko, Galyna, and Tamara Usatenko. "UKRAINIAN-AUSTRALIAN LITERARY HORIZON: CHALLENGES OF ESTABLISHMENT." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 29 (2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.25.
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The article considers the role of Ukrainian literature in the preservation of native culture in Australia of immigrants from Ukraine in the first wave of settlement and the decline of interest in literature in the country of emigrants in the next waves of arrival. The increased attention of the first Ukrainian immigrants to fiction as a unique factor in preserving the mentality in the multicultural society, the formation of public identity, the development of worldview and cognitive, socio-humanitarian, sociopolitical beliefs of the community, each individual. Stages, forms, methods, approaches in the organization of mass literary education of Ukrainian settlers, the activity of literary, non-literary (cultural, sports, professional), commercial and noncommercial structures of the community in the organization of literary process is revealed: selection for reading of classical literature, financial support of writers, participation in printing literary texts, distributing, filling libraries with literature, etc. The contribution of book lovers' circles to the unity of the community, improvement of communication, personal relations, raising interest in reading Ukrainian literature, comprehension of the content of what is read is proved. The role of writers, writers' associations, organizations, literary studios, scientists, public activists in the development of cultural, artistic, literary, educational processes has been studied. The special role of Ukrainian studies centers of universities in Australia in the development of scientific foundations of education, literary studies simultaneously with the solution of economic and economic development, integration into the civil society of the state of Australia. The isolation of the factors of Ukrainian studies from the basis of Ukrainian studies is substantiated. Attention is paid to modern literary studies of the young gener ation of Ukrainian scientists born in Australia (field theory, network, art aesthetics, etc.) through the prism of postmodernist ideas of Western European culture. It is noted about the integration of the Ukrainian literary network into the Australian socio-cultural space. The connections and cooperation of Ukrainian studies centers in Australia with literary institutions of Ukraine, international scientific literary studies, Ukrainian studies centers are highlighted. The emergence of conflicts, conflicts of interest, desires, understanding of opposing views that appear in the process of communication between Ukrainian immigrants of the first wave of settlement and the representatives of the next stages, the preconditions of which are based on objective and subjective conditions. It is noted that the joint solution of inconsistencies based on cooperation and the development of constructive decisions is far from a positive clarification. Challenges, inconsistencies of the emigrant community of the first and subsequent waves of settlement, difficulties of preservation of identity, language, traditions, culture in the multicultural environment are found out.
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Horn, Henrik, and Petros C. Mavroidis. "United States – Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 (WT/DS217/AB/R: DSR 2003:I,375)." World Trade Review 5, S1 (2006): 52–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606001406.
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On January 16, 2003, the WTO Appellate Body (AB) issued its report on the appeal by the United States (US) of the Panel decision in United States – Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000. The report concerns the consistency of the United States Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 (the “CDSOA,” or the so-called Byrd Amendment) with several WTO provisions. This legislation requests the federal state to distribute proceeds from antidumping and countervailing duties to all US economic operators that have supported a request previously submitted to the ratione materiae competent US authority to investigate alleged dumping or subsidization. The appeal was directed against the Panel’s finding that the Byrd legislation was inconsistent with the US obligations under the WTO Antidumping Agreement (AD), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM). A total of 11 complainants (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the European Community, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, and Thailand), and five additional third parties (Argentina, Costa Rica, Hong Kong (China), Israel, and Norway), evidence the interest among WTO Members in the issues at stake in the dispute.
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Cooke, Martin. "Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers: Evidence from Six Countries." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 25, no. 4 (2006): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0015.
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ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.
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Studinski, Volodymyr. "Global reorientation of the world economic space in the modern dimension against the background of the russian-Ukrainian war of 2014-2022." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-78-84.
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Formulation of the problem. In modern conditions, in particular after the beginning of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, it poses a number of serious problems to the world in various dimensions. The economic space of world civilization is one of them. First of all, this is due to the fact that in conditions of war, especially full-scale, important factors in victory are not only the quantitative military advantage of one of the warring parties, but also economic advantages based on modern production technologies. At the same time, there are questions of consolidation of the world community on the side of the country that fell victim to the aggressor country. In this particular case, we are talking about Ukraine, which was attacked by the Russian Federation. It is the consolidation of European Union member states, NATO member states, as well as individual countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Poland, Germany, Japan, Australia and other countries that strengthens Ukraine's unequal struggle with Russia. In addition, the role of international organizations such as the UN, the EU, the World Trade Organization and others cannot be underestimated. Combining the efforts of individual states, international organizations, and international economic systems that oppose the aggressive policy of the Russian Federation, undermines the efforts of the aggressor country in the sphere of world domination. The economic sanctions imposed by the world's leading countries and international organizations at the very beginning of Russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine put the economy of the aggressor country, in particular its financial system, on the brink of disaster. Practically today there is a reorientation and reorganization of the world economic civilization system and the creation of a new paradigm of economic security. This is the largest transformation since the Second World War, as the security mechanisms in general and economic security in particular, enshrined in the UN Charter, the 1975 Helsinki Accords do not provide any guarantees today. Even the Budapest Memorandum, which guaranteed Ukraine's security and territorial integrity, did not work and was violated by the Russian Federation, which signed the document. Analysis of recent research and publications. At the moment, there are no fundamental and generalizing works on this subject, as the topic itself is quite new and requires a comprehensive study in the future. At the same time, there are a large number of assessments of the current situation and prospects for the development of the world's civilized economic global space. The purpose of this study is to determine the possible prospects for the transformation of the world's civilized economic space and the new place of Ukraine in this system. Results of the research. The article attempts to consider the prospects of global reorientation of the world economic space in the context of modern large-scale changes against the background of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Conclusions. As a result of the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, it posed a number of serious risks to the world community in the economic, political, military, environmental and other spheres. The world had to react to the disturbance of world balance and balance caused by Russia's aggressive policy. As a result, a number of decisive steps have been taken by the world community in the field of reorientation of the global economic space.
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Schuchart, Kelvin. "The European Economic Community." Social Studies 77, no. 1 (January 1986): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1944.11019771.
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Kallarackal, Tomy. "An Insight Into the Value Added Tax System Detailing Its Origins, Impact, Provisions and Regulations With Reference to India." Ushus - Journal of Business Management 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2004): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12725/ujbm.4.2.
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The Value Added Tax was first introduced in France in 1954. It was the resultant effort of France and members of the European Economic Community (E.E.C) during the 1950s aimed at the simplification of commodity taxes. Currently more than 130 nations in the world have adopted the VAT system. In the last decade alone over 50 nations have introduced VAT. This includes implementation in China and most recently the addition of Australia to the list of VAT nations. The world over, VAT is payable on both goods and services as they constitute a part of the national GDR Excise duty and sales taxes are merged into the singularity of VAT. No tax is levied on exports with full input tax credit made available.
The scheme of taxation adopted by most nations is very simple. The seller of goods and the service provider charge tax on sales, avail input tax credit and pay the difference as VAT to the goVernment treasury. The compliance system in VAT nations is also very simple. There is very less interface between the tax collector and the tax payer. However there are provisions for heavy penalization of VAT defaulters. VAT is administered nationally and is also levied on imports.
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Cutoi, Marian-Ionel. "Romanian Community in Austria. Social and economic Integration." Analele Universității din Oradea. Seria: Relații Internaționale și Studii Europene 2022 (2020): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.58603/mfbm2998.
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Migration is a social phenomenon that has profoundly affected Romanian society for the last three decades. Due to migration, in some receiving states, more representative communities of Romanians began to develop. One of these communities is that of the Romanians in Austria, which in recent years has developed steadily, becoming the second-largest minority community in this country. The influencing factors and the contextual environment influenced both the immigration and the socio-economic integration of the Romanians into the Austrian society. Evidence of this integration is given by a high rate of engagement in the labour market, entrepreneurship and the school system. Romanians are not only a well-integrated community, but also human capital that plays a particularly important role in certain areas of socio-economic life in Austria.
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Smil, Vaclav. "January 1958: European economic community." IEEE Spectrum 55, no. 1 (January 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2018.8241724.
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O’Rourke, K. A. C. "Post-Brexit. The Politics of Resentment and EU Reintegration: Creating A New Legal Constitution for Capitalism." International and Comparative Law Review 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 38–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2019-0002.
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Summary The GeoNOMOS model introduced in Part I, is a qualitative descriptive taxonomy updating traditional notions of sovereignty for this century and was generally applied to the 2016–2018 BREXIT divorce negotiations between the U.K. and the remaining 27EU suggesting a reintegration and redefinition of the legitimate expression of sovereignty in the region.[Diagram 01] The taxonomy depicts a framework of liberty that functions simultaneously within the core function of the State at the intersection of a vertical axis depicting a State’s domestic operation and a horizontal axis depicting the State function as part of an international community of States. The GeoNOMOS confirms two primary roles for the 21st century sovereign State: [1] to protect participatory democracy based on individual liberty. This is generally accomplished by the State supporting broad diversity and its cultural heritage as well as fully funded, functional and integrated domestic institutions along its vertical axis, and [2]to promote an enterprise of law supporting a global society of economic traders along its horizontal axis. This primary role of the State occurs at its core when all three essential capital resources –economic capital, social capital, and human capital – remain highly integrated and in balance. Part II specifically highlights economic capital development and utilization at the core function of the State – a shifting dynamic that has influenced most all of the BREXIT 2017–2019 negotiations to date. The December 2018 EU – BREXIT Withdrawal Agreement a Declaration repeatedly failed U.K. parliamentary adoption between January – June 2019 forcing Theresa May’s resignation as Prime Minister. The most contentious quagmire of the BREXIT Withdrawal Agreement was in the structuring of rules of law around regulating economic capital, financial markets, and global marketplace function for any future UK – EU partnership. The political chaos around BREXIT was feared by the EU political elite in terms of its disruptive impact on the May 2019 European Parliament elections and future EU budget planning and priorities. But the 2019 EU Parliament election was already a process divided on questions of political party legitimacy since 2014 with a deepening of the “politic of resentment” on the Continent between 2016–2018.The EUP elections of May 2019 have caused the biggest political shift in the EU for forty years. Part II engages this “politic of resentment” best described as a steady rise of populism across the region and Continent that challenges the post-World War II notions of liberal democracy, the values of EU solidarity, and the traditional role of the “welfare state.” More to the point, the U.K. electorate was not the only EU member outlining an action plan based on its politic of resentment in the 2016–2018 national election cycles – electoral politics in Greece, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Germany, France, Czech Republic, and Spain aggressively promoted rights of sovereign States. These national elections and the 2019 EUP elections attacked fragmented EU economic policy and highlighted the democratic imbalances of EU institutions in their day-to-day operations. These calls for an institutional “course correction” within the EU are shattering fifty years of solidarity and crying out for a redefinition of democracy and new rules of law for economic models relevant to the 21st century. Economic, legal, and historical research by Piketty, Rodrik, Grewal, and others who support democracy, point to documented gaps in economic capital at the level of the State, in global capital formation and in growing wealth inequality, all alarming trends which are part of the “politic of resentment”. Their research calls for creating a new 21st century legal constitution for capitalism as a course correction for the first legal constitution for capitalism, eg, colonialism. Picketty and Grewal argue new approaches are needed to replace both the post-war “welfare State” [1945–1979]and now, the capitalist ideology of neoliberalism [c.1980–2010], decried as defunct even by the International Monetary Fund. Part II suggests a legal reconfiguration for economic capital development and utilization –one operating inside the GeoNOMOS framework of liberty, first to support its four cornerstones and its enterprise of law and, then, based on those choice sets, to design a new paradigm for capitalist globalization in the marketplace.1
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Binter, Josef. "Neutrality, European Community and World Peace: The Case of Austria." Journal of Peace Research 26, no. 4 (November 1989): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343389026004007.
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Fortin, Ines, Sebastian P. Koch, and Klaus Weyerstrass. "Evaluation of economic forecasts for Austria." Empirical Economics 58, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01814-1.
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AbstractIn this paper, we evaluate macroeconomic forecasts for Austria and analyze the effects of external assumptions on forecast errors. We consider the growth rates of real GDP and the demand components as well as the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The analyses are based on univariate measures like RMSE and Theil’s inequality coefficient and also on the Mahalanobis distance, a multivariate measure that takes the variances of and the correlations between the variables into account. We compare forecasts generated by the two leading Austrian economic research institutes, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) and the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), and additionally consider the forecasts produced by the European Commission. The results indicate that there are no systematic differences between the forecasts of the two Austrian institutes, neither for the traditional measures nor for the Mahalanobis distance. Generally, forecasts become more accurate with a decreasing forecast horizon, as expected; they are unbiased for forecast horizons of less than a year considering traditional measures and for the shortest forecast horizon considering the Mahalanobis distance. Finally, we find that mistakes in external assumptions, in particular regarding EU GDP and the oil price, translate into forecast errors for GDP and inflation.
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Reynolds, Thomas H. "Introduction to the European Economic Community." Legal Reference Services Quarterly 8, no. 3-4 (November 3, 1988): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j113v08n03_03.
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Henteleff, Thomas O., and Barbara A. Noah. "{BLR 1118} European Economic Community - Regulation." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 1 (January 1991): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.3.
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Gehler, Michael, and Wolfram Kaiser. "A Study in Ambivalence: Austria and European Integration 1945–95." Contemporary European History 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004057.
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During the Cold War era the smaller states in Western Europe were confronted with numerous external pressures. These included most of all the need for closer economic co-operation within Western Europe to sustain the process of post-war economic and political reconstruction and the impact on Europe of the confrontation between the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The responses of the smaller states to these external pressures varied considerably between two poles: on the one hand, a policy of active integration, with common policies and the transfer of at least some degree of national sovereignty to common institutions, and, on the other, a policy of neutrality, either chosen freely or initially forced upon, to retain as much decision-making autonomy as possible, while safeguarding core economic interests through intergovernmental co-operation. The choice of strategy depended not only on the character and degree of the external political pressures, but also on the respective historical preconditions and on what domestic and external aims the smaller states hoped to achieve with their policies.
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Borghi, B., M. Corbellini, M. Ciaffi, D. Lafiandra, Ede Stefanis, D. Sgrulletta, G. Boggini, Ndi Fonzo, Stefanis E. De, and Fonzo N. Di. "Effect of heat shock during grain filling on grain quality of bread and durum wheats." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 7 (1995): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951365.
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In southern Europe the Mediterranean climate is responsible for the remarkable variability in both yield and quality from year to year and also from location to location, but it offers also a unique opportunity for the production of high-quality wheats which are deficient in the European Economic Community. This study was conducted to determine the role of the fluctuation of temperatures during grain filling on the rheological properties of bread and durum wheats (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum) as evaluated with a Chopin alveograph. During the 1991-92 season, four cultivars of bread and durum wheat were grown in several locations scattered along the Italian peninsula and the island of Sicily. In each location different temperature profiles were imposed during grain filling by anticipating or delaying sowing date or by covering the plots with plastic tunnels. Viscoelastic properties, evaluated by the variations in W, P and L alveograph parameters were significantly affected by the imposed treatments. In presence of a long period of temperature in the range of 30-35�C a dough 'strengthening' effect was observed, while frequent episodes of daily maximum temperatures above 35�C led to a dough 'weakening' effect. These results observed both in durum and bread wheat confirm those firstly detected on bread wheat in Australia in areas charcterized by a Mediterranean-like climate. The practical relevance of these effects differs in the two species: an increase of dough strength is considered detrimental in breadmaking quality, while it exerts a positive effect in pastamaking quality.
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FR??HWIRTH, MARTIN, KARIN BERGER, BIRGIT EHLKEN, INGRID MOLL-SCH??LER, STEFAN BR??SL, and INGOMAR MUTZ. "Economic impact of community- and nosocomially acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis in Austria." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 20, no. 2 (February 2001): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200102000-00013.
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Steinherr, A. "Policy Coordination in the European Economic Community." Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082646.
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Coordination of economic policies and convergence of economic performance within the European Community are objectives already laid out in the Treaty of Rome. A number of later decisions by the Council of Ministers reaffirm and specify these principles. The 1974 Convergence Decision provides a procedural framework for review of the economic situation and policy with the aim of bringing about greater convergence of macroeconomic performance. In this process a central place is given to the setting of budgetary policy guidelines. In addition, the EMS provides a potentially strong mechanism for coordinating monetary policy under the constraint of fixed, but adjustable, exchange rates and, in principle, free capital movements.
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Brown, William J. T. "Commercial Arbitration and the European Economic Community." Journal of International Arbitration 2, Issue 1 (March 1, 1985): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1985003.
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Jain, Rajendra K. "Jawaharlal Nehru and the European Economic Community." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 71, no. 1 (February 19, 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928414557999.
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Kondonassis, A. J. "The European Economic Community: Thirty Years Later." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 1 (October 25, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i1.6312.
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The European Economic Community has been in operation for about 30 years. During this period an increased economic cooperation has been attained but the goal of a truly integrated Europe has remained elusive. The Single European Act, which was ratified in 1987, represents a recommitment to an integrated Europe by 1992. It is premised on a number of changes and reforms. Above all the effectiveness of the new effort will depend on the achievement of social cohesion and supranationalism among the EEC countries.
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Sherman, Richard L. "{BLR 1142} Commercial Partnering - European Economic Community." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 2 (January 1991): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.97.
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Hudson, Ray. "The European community: Economic and political aspects." Journal of Rural Studies 8, no. 2 (April 1992): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90080-p.
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Barbier, E. "Geothermal energy in the European economic community." Geothermics 14, no. 5-6 (January 1985): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(85)90035-5.
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Newman, Karl, and Michael Michael. "I. Customs, Excise Duties and Value Added Tax." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 3 (July 1996): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059479.
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Oosterhof, Albert. "Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations." Leiden Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.
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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
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Noël, Émile. "The European Community Today." Government and Opposition 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1987.tb00036.x.
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THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE COMMUNITY IS ITS institutional system. The establishment of that system and the changes and distortions it has undergone have very much moulded its development. But the Community is also a complex ongoing process: the institutional side alone does not give the full picture. The economic, the financial and the institutional aspects are closely interwoven, and together determine the course of its affairs. I propose to consider the state of the Community today, its current crisis and the outlook for the years ahead from both these angles.
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Baker, James C., and John K. Ryans. "Multinational Executives Look at the European Economic Community." IEEE Engineering Management Review 14, no. 1 (March 1986): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.1986.4306170.
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Szegö, Giorgio P. "Risk-based capital in the European economic community." Journal of Banking & Finance 19, no. 3-4 (June 1995): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(94)00154-u.
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Benarie, Michel. "Attitudes to toxicology in the European Economic Community." Science of The Total Environment 74 (August 1988): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(88)90147-7.
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