Relevant bibliographies by topics / European Economic Community – Austria

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'European Economic Community – Austria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "European Economic Community – Austria"

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WIESER, T., and E. KITZMANTEL. "Austria and the European Community." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 28, no. 4 (June 1990): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00376.x.

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Atac, Ilker. "Determining Turkish migration to Austria: the role of migration policy." Migration Letters 11, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i3.223.

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Migration from Turkey to Austria started as “guest worker” labour migration. Soon, however, there were signs of permanent immigration from Turkey to Austria leading to a permanent migration in which the differences between labour and family migration began to blur. How can we explain Turkish migration and its shifting dynamics to Austria from a historical perspective? Which factors have played a role in shaping this migration? Turkish migration to Austria offers an interesting case for a discussion of migration policy outcomes since Austria has been a good example of a country with restrictive policies in European comparison. Austrian government policies were of major importance for determining the migratory process from Turkey. However, these were continuously challenged by interventions of the Austrian Constitutional Court, European Court of Human Rights and European Court of Justice. Besides, factors at the individual and meso level, such as family and community networks, and issues connected to economic and political developments in Turkey, shaped migration policy outcomes. After discussing in more detail the various factors that have been identified as influencing migration processes in previous studies, I will examine the interaction of these factors in shaping Turkish migration to Austria, and the role of limiting government policies.
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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.

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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.
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KURZER, PAULETTE. "Unemployment in Open Economies." Comparative Political Studies 24, no. 1 (April 1991): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414091024001001.

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This article compares variations in the level of unemployment in four small, open economies-Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Rather than focusing on the political-institutional differences between these four countries, the article examines international economic variables such as the role of the European Monetary System, the structure of foreign trade, and linkages to international markets to understand the greater deterioration of employment in Belgium and the Netherlands. In turn, the decision to join the European Community and to seek firmer integration into financial markets is attributed to the relatively greater influence of banking capital or the financial sector in the systems of economic policy-making of Belgium and the Netherlands. The article concludes that the detachment of the Austrian and Swedish economies from the European experience in economic integration has greatly helped the Social Democrats in these countries in fulfilling their promises of full employment.
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Blanck, Kathrin, Angelika Hable, and Ulrike Lechner. "Conference Report - Europe's Constitutionalization as an Inspiration for Global Governance? Some Viennese Conference Impressions." German Law Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013596.

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“New Foundations for European and Global Governance? The Achievements of Europe's Constitutionalization.” This was the title of the two-day conference organized by the European Community Studies Association (ECSA) of Austria and the Europainstitut of the University of Economics and Business Administration. The meeting was set in the beautiful atmosphere of the Banqueting Hall of the Bank of Austria building in the centre of Vienna on 29 and 30 November 2004.
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VOGLER, Sabine. "Pharmaceutical regulation and policies in Austria." Revista Brasileira de Farmácia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saúde 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.30968/rbfhss.2022.131.0639.

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Austria is a middle-sized, high-income country in Central Europe with universal health coverage and a highly fragmented health care system. Medicines for outpatient use that are reimbursed by the social health insurance are price-regulated, whereas medicines for inpatient use are neither subject to price regulation nor to health technology assessment (HTA). These medicines are procured by hospitals, hospital groups and provinces which are the main owner of public hospitals. The major pricing policy for new medicines in the outpatient sector is external price referencing. Austria refers to all other 26 European Union (EU) Member States; the determined benchmark price must not exceed the EU average price. External price referencing is based on list prices, but the statutory manufacturer discounts applicable in some reference countries are considered. Regular price reviews with subsequent price adjustments are in place. For generic and biosimilar medicines to be included in the outpatient positive list, a price link policy is applied with different reduction rates for generics and biosimilars. In the supply chain, prices of all medicines are regulated through regressive mark-up schemes for wholesale and community pharmacies. The inclusion in the outpatient positive list is based on an HTA process which comprises pharmacological, medical-therapeutic and economic evaluations, followed by price negotiations about the reimbursement price. For medicines with high financial burden for the public payers, the Austrian Social Insurance (for the outpatient sector) and procurers for hospitals tend to conclude managed-entry agreements with confidential discounts. For outpatient medicines, patients are charged a fixed prescription fee per prescribed item; no further co-payments apply for outpatient or inpatient medicines. Studies have shown that the current pricing and reimbursement policies in Austria have contributed to keep prices of outpatient medicines stable (high-cost medicines tend to range above EU average), whereas the unregulated prices of medicines used in hospitals are frequently the highest in European comparison. Pharmacy mark-ups are also high in comparison to other European countries.
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Haase-Kromwijk, Bernadette, Frans du Pré, and Bernard Cohen. "Organ Transplantation and European Community Law: The Case of Non-Residents." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2, no. 3 (July 1997): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969700200308.

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Objectives: The role of the European Union in influencing health care policies in member states is of increasing importance. The Eurotransplant Foundation is an organization which provides donor organs to the most suitable transplant recipients. It covers a region of five countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands). As there is a severe shortage of donor organs within its region, registration of so-called non-resident patients on the waiting lists aggravates this shortage. Could European Community law, especially rules on competition, limit Eurotransplant's freedom to introduce a restrictive policy on non-residents? If so, could participating transplant centres or patients initiate legal action against Eurotransplant to stop the execution of such a policy? Methods: Quantitative descriptive data on organ donation and use by the Eurotransplant Foundation during 1994 and 1995, by residents and non-residents. Analysis on basis of economic and legal framework. Results: Solidarity between potential donors and potential recipients is organized in a different manner in an organization such as Eurotransplant as compared to a national organization under national law. National regulations may introduce a restrictive policy for the acceptance of non-resident patients. Eurotransplant — as a matter of its own policy — has to consider international solidarity. The scope of the non-resident issue is dealt with, and it is explained why it is considered to be a problem. On the basis of a discussion of the economic and the legal framework for a non-resident policy, an answer to the question is suggested. Conclusion: It might be possible for Eurotransplant to introduce a restrictive policy on the admission of non-residents without violating the European Community Treaty.
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ATTFIELD, NICHOLAS. "Music and Austrofascism: Radio, Pan-Germanism and the Reinvention of the Wiener Symphoniker." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 147, no. 2 (November 2022): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rma.2022.21.

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Abstract‘Austrofascist’ has again become an accepted term to describe the Austrian regime from 1933 to 1938. This article contributes to this re-emergence using the example of the Wiener Symphoniker, and by seeking long-term ‘fascistization’ processes surrounding the orchestra rather than blunt comparisons against developments in neighbouring regimes. The account hinges on the Austrian radio service (RAVAG), through which, during the economic crises of the 1920s, the state exerted alignment pressure on many cultural institutions. As Chancellor Dollfuss declared the ‘depoliticization’ of Austria (the banning of political parties) in 1933, RAVAG used its leverage to break the orchestra’s union alliances and dictate personnel selection according to politics. On this foundation, new radio series like Stunde österreichischer Komponisten der Gegenwart (‘Austrian Composers of the Present’) extolled ‘pan-Germanism’: a nationalist ideology that proclaimed the European supremacy of German Austrians and attempted to forge an Austrofascist community – even as it simultaneously created exploitable overlap with National Socialism.
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MOŻGIN, Wiktor MOŻGIN. "THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE – AN ASPECT OF CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE IN EUROPE." Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 2(13)/2019, no. 2(13)/2019 (2019): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/20193.

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Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.
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Noiriel, Gérard. "“Civil Rights” Policy in the United States and the Policy of “Integration” in Europe: Divergent Approaches to a Similar Issue." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003651.

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Comparing European and North American policies with respect to “civil rights” is a difficult exercise for two reasons. First, it is important to emphasize that Europe and the United States are not political entities of a same nature. Granted, the fact that the nations that today comprise Europe are heirs of common history explains in part the similarities in their political behavior and distinguishes them as a group from the “New World.” Yet in the American case, despite the country's federalist structure and the existence of fifty states within the Union, we are dealing with a single nation, endowed with a central government capable of generating policies that are valid throughout the territory. Such is not the case with Europe. As is well known, the European continent is divided into two sharply contrasted spheres. On the one hand, there is the East, thrown into confusion by the devastation of communism and mired in a profound economic crisis. On the other hand, there is the West, comprised of nations that share a level of economic prosperity comparable to that of the United States but which do not form a single political entity. At present, the European Economic Community includes only twelve European states; the remaining countries, such as Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria, have yet to become members. In this essay, the question of “civil rights” will be examined specifically in light of those countries that already belong to the EEC.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European Economic Community – Austria"

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Ward, Stuart. "Discordant communities : Australia, Britain and the EEC, 1956-1963." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27667.

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This work is concerned with the demise of ‘British race patriotism’ in Australian political culture in the late 19505 and early 1960s. The organic ideal of British racial community was a founding ideological pillar of Australian nationality for much of this century, yet the declining relevance of these ideas, and the emergence of a more limited, exclusive conception of Australian ‘community’ has not been adequately addressed in the existing historical literature. In many respects, the waning appeal of ‘Britishness’ in Australia was a gradual and piecemeal process, but at the level of Australian political culture the shifts in outlook and assumptions occurred surprisingly rapidly, and converged largely around a single key event; namely, the first British application for membership of the European Economic Community in the years 1961 to 1963. The Macmillan Govemment’s painful choice between the discordant communities of ‘Europe’ and the ‘the British race’ provoked a crisis of British race patriotism in Australia, and prompted long overdue reflection, discussion and debate about the changing determinants of Australian nationhood in the post-war world. This occurred, not under the impetus of an instinctive dawning of an innate and assertive Australian nationalism as is often suggested, but in reaction to the demise of British race patriotism as a viable and credible framework for the ordering of Australian loyalties, priorities and policies. In the case of Britain's EEC membership application, it is significant that the revision of sentimental assumptions took place after it had become painfully self-evident that the United Kingdom was determined to pursue national interests and a national destiny that could no longer be reconciled with the traditional conception of organic Anglo-Australian community. The tensions and contradictions between ‘sentiment’ and 'self—interest‘, long inherent in Australia's political and economic ties to Great Britain, imploded under the impetus of the Macmillan Government's EEC aspirations. Before any limited. sovereign, national community could become fully imaginable in Australian political culture, it was a necessary precondition that the wider sense of British racial community should become ‘unimaginable’.
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Dunbar, Cameron A. "Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1505144142763366.

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Le, Guen Delphine. "Merger control in the European Economic Community." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56895.

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The present thesis analyzes merger control in the European Economic Community, a topical domain on the eve of the completion of the internal market. After a definition according to three approaches (traditional, geographical, quantitative), the provisions of the Rome Treaty on competition law (articles 85 and 86) are elaborated upon, to underline the reinforcement of the Commission's control powers since the entry into force of Council Regulation N$ sp circ$4064/89, in September 1990. The air transport industry has been chosen to illustrate the concept of a priori control of concentrations and its modalities of application in different economic policies.
Jurisprudence and various regulations have promoted the application of EEC competition law to the air transport industry, and have contributed recently to the emergence of a common policy in this field. The Aerospatiale/de Havilland decision constitutes the first dismissal of a concentration notification, since the entry into force of the new provisions. It confirms the wide scope of the Commission's powers in the control of competition.
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Tyrrell, Nicola. "European identity beyond boundaries : conceptualising a future European community." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26128.

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This thesis maintains that the study and practice of European integration is hindered by an unquestioned and all-embracing conceptual foundation, derived from 17th/18th century political thought. By virtue of identity-related assumptions including 'nation-state', 'nationalism', and 'sovereignty', which rest on an exclusive binary distinction between "self" and "other", this foundation is inadequate and anachronistic as a theoretical lens through which to understand the dynamics of contemporary Europe.
Chapter 1 reveals the inadequacy of existing theories of European integration, and Chapter 2 traces this inadequacy to the issue of identity, tying it in with a modern identity crisis. It is argued that the theory and practice of European integration in the 1990's depends on a fundamental reconceptualisation of identity, to eliminate the conceptual rigidity of exclusive self/other binary distinction, and so to provide the basis for a new kind of European identity. In Chapter 3, the framework of a new "non-fixed", "non-essential" and pragmatic identity (and therefore European identity), beyond the self/other boundaries of contemporary thought, is elaborated through the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida, and its effect on the study and practice of European integration is assessed.
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Wilkes, George Richardson. "British attitudes to the European Economic Community, 1956-63." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619704.

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Waitt, G. R. "International specialisation of manufacturing activity and economic integration within the European Economic Community." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384256.

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Korres, George M. "Technological performance in Greece within the European community." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281667.

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Field, Heather. "Consequences of concentration on the CAP for European integration." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123114.

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This sub-thesis deals with the concentration of the European Community (EC) on the Common Agricultural Policy or CAP as its main policy to date, and the consequences of this for the process of integration. This process of integration is considered to be both economic and political, with both the economic welfare and the influence in international affairs of the integrated whole, the European Community, being greater than the sum of these from the individual parts, in this case the member states.
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Koh, Jae Bang. "Regional disadvantages and economic and political integration within the European Community /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487778663286902.

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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.

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This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries.  The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement.  It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion.  They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion.  The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
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Books on the topic "European Economic Community – Austria"

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Heinrich, Schneider. Austria and the EC. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1989.

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Steininger, Rolf, and Michael Gehler. Österreich und die europäische Integration seit 1945: Aspekte einer wechselvollen Entwicklung. 2nd ed. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2014.

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Community, European Economic. Arrangement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Austria concerning reciprocal trade in cheese: Brussels, 31 July 1987. London, England: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Handelspolitik versus Entwicklungspolitik: Vergleich der Präferenzgewährung der Europäischen Union und Österreichs. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Co-operation agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Austria in the field of medical and health research. London: H.M.S.O., 1991.

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Kreissler, Félix. L' Autriche, treizième des douze: Entre "nostalgies" et "obsolescences" quelle identité ? [Rouen]: Publications de l'Université de Rouen, 1993.

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Ökonomische und juristische Analyse der Steuerharmonisierung in der Europäischen Union. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1997.

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Commission of the European Communities. Proposal for a Council decision and the Commission on the conclusion of the agreement on the European Economic area between the European Communities, their member states and the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Iceland, the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Swiss Confederation.: Proposal for a Council decision on the conclusion of agreements in the form of exchanges of letters concerning certain agreements in agriculture between the European Economic Community and, respectively, Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. Proposal for a Council decision on the conclusion of agreements in the form of exchanges of letters on fisheries between the European Economic Community and, respectively, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Brussels [Belgium]: The Commission, 1992.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Assistance Committee., ed. European Community. Paris: O.E.C.D., 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Assistance Committee., ed. European Community. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "European Economic Community – Austria"

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Hilf, Meinhard, and Goetz J. Goettsche. "The Relation of Economic and Non-Economic Principles in International Law." In Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 5–46. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_1.

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Scott, Joanne. "Integrating Environmental Concerns into International Economic Law." In Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 371–87. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_11.

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Hafner, Gerhard. "The Effect of Soft Law on International Economic Relations." In Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 149–67. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_5.

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von Bogdandy, Armin. "Legitimacy of International Economic Governance: Interpretative Approaches to WTO law and the Prospects of its Proceduralization." In Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 103–48. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_4.

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Griller, Stefan. "International Economic Law as a Means to Further Human Rights? Selective Purchasing Under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement." In Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 267–88. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_8.

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Helczmanovszki, Heimold. "Austria-Hungary*." In European Demography and Economic Growth, 27–78. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003138624-2.

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Goodman, S. F. "Economic Performance." In The European Community, 91–106. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20904-0_6.

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El-Agraa, Ali M. "The European Community." In International Economic Integration, 59–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09163-8_4.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Community." In International Economic Institutions, 201–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5565-7_7.

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Grant, Wyn. "The European Community." In The Politics of Economic Policy, 135–55. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14903-2_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "European Economic Community – Austria"

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Blochle, Max, Gerhard Zucker, Evangelia Xypolytou, Thomas Leber, Wolfgang Pruggler, and Thomas Ruhrlinger. "Optimizing neighborhood consumption of renewables through clustering and H2 storage: An economic assessment of an Austrian community." In 2015 12th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2015.7216716.

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Apostolidi, Eftychia, Martina Šomodíková, and Alfred Strauss. "Statistical survey of existing reinforced and pre-stressed bridge types for the AT-CZ region within the "ATCZ190 SAFEBRIDGE" Project." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0504.

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<p>Advanced modeling of structures using combination of non‐linear finite element methods (NLFEM) and reliability analysis is a strong tool for realistic assessment of structures. NLFEM simulation has been recently a well‐established approach to the analysis of concrete structures since the response of the structure can be simulated quite realistically. In combination with fully probabilistic approaches, one can consider the randomness of input parameters such as material, technological and environmental characteristics that can have a direct impact on economic aspects during structural lifetime. However, guidelines fully describing NLFEM modeling of structures and safety formats are not available until now. In the framework of the European Project INTERREG AUSTRIA‐CZECH REPUBLIC "ATCZ190 SAFEBRIDGE", a number of existing bridges are carefully selected to be studied and modeled with NLFEM on deterministic and stochastic levels based on the upcoming Austrian standard ON B4008‐2. The assessment of structures will be described and documented in detail and the results will assist the development of a guideline. This guideline targets to help the engineering community perform accurate NLFEM analysis and to assist the structure's owners to check the accuracy of the assessment process. The current paper focuses on the presentation and discussion of statistical information about road and railway bridges provided by the main bridge operators in both countries. Moreover, the most commonly addressed structural characteristics of bridges within the program region are summarized and the further future steps of the project are briefly described.</p>
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MARKS-BIELSKA, Renata, and Agata ZIELIŃSKA,. "FARMLAND ACQUISITION BY FOREIGNERS IN POLAND IN YEARS 2000–2013." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.100.

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The present study aimed at identification and evaluation the issue of agricultural land acquisition by foreigners in Poland in the years 2000–2013. The authors have used secondary data from: the Ministry of Interior, the Agricultural Property Agency (APA) and the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Food Economy. The issue of farmland acquisition regulation in UE countries was also mentioned. The area of agriculture land acquired in the analyzed time is 5 0833, 98 hectare. The phenomenon most intensively affects legal persons (with permission of Minister of Interior) who purchase 68.7 % of it. Having considered the analyzed issue from the perspective of the country of origin, Germany and Austria dominate in natural persons (49.04 %) and in the case of legal entities leaders are: Germany and the Netherlands (58.27 %).Significant for interest of polish agricultural land by foreigners was Poland’s accession to the European Community, when in the real estate market a recovery from the foreigners side happened. The future situation in the agricultural land market in Poland is determined by the political decisions and public opinion pressure, especially before 1 May 2016. Present prepositions of changes in the regulation will rather do not limit requirements in land acquisition by foreigners like in Hungary, Slovakia, Lithuania or Bulgaria.
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Gass, V., J. Schmidt, F. Strauss, and E. Schmid. "Assessing the economic wind power potential in Austria." In 2012 9th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2012.6254700.

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Mendes, Goncalo, Samuli Honkapuro, Chris Marnay, Christos Ioakimidis, and Paulo Ferrao. "Community Microgrid Systems: Economic Resilience and Challenges Ahead." In 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2018.8469848.

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Wang, Han, Nicholas Good, Pierluigi Mancarella, and Kerry Lintern. "PV-battery community energy systems: Economic, energy independence and network deferral analysis." In 2017 14th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2017.7982021.

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Narayanan, Arun, Jouni Haapaniemi, Tero Kaipia, and Jarmo Partanen. "Economic Impacts of Power-Based Tariffs on Peer-to-Peer Electricity Exchange in Community Microgrids." In 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2018.8469778.

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Kaufmane, Dace. "Community cooperation for tourism development." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.54.018.

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Cooperation and research on related issues in the tourism sector is still topical as virtually no new tourism offer is possible without cooperation. This has been confirmed by previous studies. However, in the context of community initiatives, cooperation in tourism has not been analysed very much. The aim of the paper is to analyse community cooperation in rural tourism development on the basis of content analysis of the LEADER projects and previous studies on collaboration. Cooperation is based on the understanding and exchange of information facilitated by existing and new forms of common actions between public and private actors. The results reveal that community cooperation for the development of rural tourism in Latvia can be seen as structural with the Rural Support Service as a central actor, which is responsible for the uniform implementation of the state’s and European Union’s support policy in Latvia, monitors compliance with agricultural legislation and regulates the conditions of all involved. At regional level, cooperation is coordinated by rural partnerships and governed by their strategies that sets clear objectives for local action in communities.
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Gila, Cristina Iulia. "Challenges and Achievements of European Education Ministers on Information Exchange and Collaboration within the European Economic Community between 60s and 80s." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/25.

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This article examines the concerns of all national education systems in Europe regarding exchanges of information, ideas and collaborations since the beginning of the configuration of the European Community in the 1960s. The idea of working together member states for a better future for the younger generation was found both in the documents of the Conferences of Heads of State on Education and in the consultations of education experts. This was pointed out by education ministers, such as Edgar Faure or Olivier Guichard, in France, who made strong arguments, demonstrating responsibility for action for future generations. Although the beginning was difficult, in the 1960s the documents referred to the education of the children of migrant workers, the importance of learning modern languages, the recognition of diplomas. In the 1980s, meetings at the level of education ministers highlighted a deepening and strengthening of cooperation to adapt language teaching models, expand the study of European history and European institutions in secondary education increasing access to education for children with special needs, setting up school spaces for language learning, but especially the creation of a European Centre for Education.
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Öngel, Volkan. "An Alternative Foreign Trade Market for Turkey: The Eurasian Economic Community." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00222.

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The Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) is an international organization that has been created by five Commonwealth of İndependent States countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan) on October 10th,2000. The object of this organization was promote the creation of a customs union and the common economic space. After ten years in 2010, three countries (Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan) made a custom union agreement as a second step. And the target is to establish a common economic space by 1 January 2012, a single market for goods, investment and labor. This custom union creates a common market of 170 million people with a $2 trillion economy, $900 billion trade and 90 billion barrels of oil reserves. This three countries have a strategic geopolitical position, rich producer goods reserves:especially oil and natural gas. The economic structure of this three countries can be explain as consumer goods importer, producer goods exporter. This is the exact opposite of European Union economic structure. Therefore, this paper argues that The Eurasian Economic Community would be a good foreign trade market alternative of EU for Turkey. Hence this paper tries to analyse the trade opportunities of this market for Turkey’s export. This paper based on the statistical foreign trade datas of relevant countries.
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Reports on the topic "European Economic Community – Austria"

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Alexander, Timothy, and Ole Seehausen. Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes. "Projet Lac" synthesis report. Eawag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55408/eawag:24051.

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Projet Lac was a large project conducted by Eawag and the University of Bern to quantitatively survey, for the first time, whole-lake fish communities in the large and deep lakes in and around the European Alps using multiple, standardised sampling methods. Starting in 2010, in total 35 lakes were investigated across Switzerland, Italy, France, Germany and Austria, with more than 106 fish species recorded. This report brings together key findings, compares fish communities among lakes, investigates their relationship to environmental parameters, and provides an overview of drivers of biodiversity and community structure in this important ecosystem.
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Sergeyev, Mykola. Ukrainian National Idea in the Modern Ukrainian Media Space. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11407.

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M. Sergeyev’s article “Ukrainian National Idea in the Modern Ukrainian Media Space” states that modern Ukrainian philosophical thought tries to get rid of the flaws and stereotypes of its one-sided orientation “to the East” and tries to establish a European orientation in the minds of Ukrainian citizens. The theoretical proof of the new worldview took place throughout the formation of the Ukrainian state from Little Russia to Ukraine and presents its actual struggle for independence. It is an integral concept that reflects the process of forming theories and views of prominent Ukrainian thinkers on the place and role of Ukrainians in the becoming and development of an independent Ukrainian state. As O. Zabuzhko emphasizes, “all Ukrainian philosophical, historical, sociological thought of the past and our centuries (including the diaspora) is permeated with the sacred idea of nationalism”. The author concludes that the logic of the historical development of the Ukrainian national idea reveals only one model of its socio-political future, which implies the need for Ukraine’s integration into the European and world community. This path requires the moral and political readiness of the entire Ukrainian society for its implementation and prevents the emergence of any other - alternative ideas. Solving this problem is complicated by the need to return to Ukraine the temporarily occupied territories of Crimea, Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Of course, this model will lead to significant political and economic tensions in society (the final severance of economic relations with Russia, the closure of non-competitive industries, the outflow of labor to the west). At the same time, the orientation of the Ukrainian national idea to the west will increase competition in all branches of production and will be a condition for further self-improvement of Ukrainian society.
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.

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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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