Journal articles on the topic 'European credit and interest rate markets'
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1
Li, Jinzhi, and Shixia Ma. "Pricing Options with Credit Risk in Markovian Regime-Switching Markets." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/621371.
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This paper investigates the valuation of European option with credit risk in a reduced form model when the stock price is driven by the so-called Markov-modulated jump-diffusion process, in which the arrival rate of rare events and the volatility rate of stock are controlled by a continuous-time Markov chain. We also assume that the interest rate and the default intensity follow the Vasicek models whose parameters are governed by the same Markov chain. We study the pricing of European option and present numerical illustrations.
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Gruppe, Mario, Tobias Basse, Meik Friedrich, and Carsten Lange. "Interest rate convergence, sovereign credit risk and the European debt crisis: a survey." Journal of Risk Finance 18, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-01-2017-0013.
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Purpose This paper aims to briefly review the literature on interest rate convergence and the European debt crisis with a special focus on the current fiscal problems of some governments in Europe. Design/methodology/approach Relevant empirical papers are identified and reviewed focusing on time series analysis techniques. Findings The introduction of the euro has caused interest rate convergence among European Monetary Union (EMU) government bond yields. However, now sovereign credit risk and possibly even redenomination risk have caused divergences in European bond markets. Research limitations/implications A major limitation is that a relatively new field of the literature is surveyed. However, there are enough papers of relevance. This review paper could therefore be helpful in finding new approaches for additional empirical research examining the EMU bond market. Originality/value The results of empirical studies in a relatively new field of the literature are summarized. There meanwhile are some relevant papers. A brief survey of the results of these papers is provided. Important empirical findings with regard to interest rate convergence, sovereign credit risk and redenomination risk in the EMU are discussed and evaluated. The review is especially helpful for researchers and practitioners in the field of managerial finance and risk managers in the financial services industry.
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Verga, Giovanni, and Nicoleta Vasilcovschi. "ROMANIAN INTERBANK INTEREST RATES AND CENTRAL BANK’S MONETARY POLICY." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 66, no. 4 (2019): 487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0042.
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Interbank rates are affected by the monetary policy of a country and represent a link to other financial and credit markets. In 2007, Romania became a member of the European Union and its central bank, the National Bank of Romania (NBR), joined the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) but not the Eurosystem. This paper analyses the role of the central bank and the use of its instruments concerning interbank rates. The research evaluates the influence of the Romanian Central Bank on interbank rates and shows that the policy rate and bank liquidity are among the main determinants of interbank rate movements. It is also presented that the NBR’s deposit and lending rates can limit the free movements of the interbank rate of interest. This research confirms that interbank interest rates influence bank rates strongly. The methodology used in this research includes cointegration, dynamic econometric measurement and analyses with Granger causality. Our research uses mainly ROBID and ROBOR of different maturities, showing that the influence of the Romanian Central Bank (NBR) on the interbank rate is strong, while the influence of the ECB and Fed is weak.
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Jung, Alexander. "Have money and credit data releases helped markets to predict the interest rate decisions of the European Central Bank?" Scottish Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12143.
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Di Francesco, Marco. "A General Gaussian Interest Rate Model Consistent with the Current Term Structure." ISRN Probability and Statistics 2012 (September 5, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/673607.
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We describe an extension of Gaussian interest rate models studied in literature. In our model, the instantaneous spot rate is the sum of several correlated stochastic processes plus a deterministic function. We assume that each of these processes has a Gaussian distribution with time-dependent volatility. The deterministic function is given by an exact fitting to observed term structure. We test the model through various numeric experiments about the goodness of fit to European swaptions prices quoted in the market. We also show some critical issues on calibration of the model to the market data after the credit crisis of 2007.
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Barradas, Ricardo. "The finance-growth nexus in the age of financialisation: An empirical reassessment for the European Union countries." Panoeconomicus 69, no. 4 (2022): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180927014b.
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This paper draws an empirical reassessment of the finance-growth nexus by performing a panel data econometric analysis for all 28 European Union countries over 27 years from 1990 to 2016. Since the mid-1980s, the financial system has experienced a strong liberalisation and deregulation by preventing its beneficial effects on the real economy. This phenomenon, typically called financialisation, points to a negative view of finance and contradicts the well-entrenched hypothesis on the finance-growth nexus. We estimate both linear and non-linear growth models by incorporating seven proxies of finance (money supply, domestic credit, financial value added, short-term interest rate, long-term interest rate, stock market volume traded and stock market capitalisation) and five control variables (the lagged growth rate of the real per capita gross domestic product, the inflation rate, the general government consumption, the degree of trade openness and the education level of the population). Our results show that finance has impaired economic growth in the EU countries, both in the precrisis period and in the crisis and post-crisis periods. The enormous growth of domestic credit and of the financial value added have been restraining the economic growth of the EU countries since 1990 and particularly up until the Great Recession. This implies the need to reduce the prominence of finance, i.e. socalled definancialisation, in the coming years in order to avoid the potential new ?secular stagnation? in the current age of financialisation.
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Sotiropoulou, Theodora, Antonios Georgopoulos, and Stefanos Giakoumatos. "Causality between financial development, economic growth, and income inequality in EU countries." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v5i1.759.
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This study investigates the causality between financial development, economic growth, and income inequality using panel data for 23 European Union countries over the period 1987-2017. Various proxies of financial development are chosen to represent the depth, efficiency, and stability of the banking system and stock markets. For the empirical analysis, the study performs the Granger non-causality test in heterogeneous panels. The findings are contradictory and sensitive to the measures of financial development. Most importantly, the results reveal a one-way causality from financial development to economic growth when private credit, stock market capitalization, net margin interest rate, and Z-score are chosen as financial development indicators. In addition, a two-way causality exists between bank assets, liquid liabilities, non-performing loans, and economic growth, and a one-way causality from economic growth to value traded and turnover ratio. However, the results show no causality between stock price volatility and economic growth. The results indicate a one-way causality running from income inequality to economic growth. Finally, a one-way causality runs from income inequality to financial development for most measures of financial development except for a one-way causality running from private credit to income inequality, a two-way causality between bank assets and inequality, and an absence of causality between income inequality and turnover ratio, Z-score and stock price volatility.
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Bobrov, A. "Transformation of the EU Monetary Policy in an Age of Financial Instability." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 2 (2022): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-33-41.
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Challenges the European economy began to face 12 years ago raised the question about actions European Central Bank (ECB) have to undertake to maintain the financial sustainability, considering its objective to ensure price stability while coping with a changed economic environment. Provision that the ECB is obliged to take efforts to ensure financial stability as well as potentially serious consequences of crisis’ impact on the banking system and industrial production, led to an expansion of its role beyond standard monetary policy measures, with the unconventional steps being taken in addition to conventional to combat the adverse impact of the financial crisis. While reducing the interest rate, ECB also provided a cheap financial capital for banks via fixed-rate “Long Term Refinancing Operations” (LTROs), and three “Covered Bond Purchase Programmes” (CBPP). Purchases of debt securities were also conducted via “Securities Market Programme” (SMP) and, later, with then ECB’s President Mario Draghi declaring that ECB will do “whatever it takes to preserve the euro”, possibility of their increase was announced with the start of “Outright Monetary Transactions” (OMT) Programme. A mere announcement of the OMT was enough to calm financial markets, as none of the eurozone countries applied for financial support within this programme’s framework. Then ECB proceeded with a full-fledged quantitative easing, starting to buy sovereign bonds under its Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP), having spent 2.6 trillion € on its implementation. Understanding that a monetary union without an efficient banking union is unacceptably dangerous, the European Banking Union, under which supervision of largest eurozone banks has transferred directly to the ECB, was progressively established. While ECB’s anti-crisis policies achieved their goals, prolongation of the strategy it adopted may create new risks for the financial stability of the euro area, such as excessive dependence of credit institutions on monetary support and excessive inflationary risks under a zero interest-rate policy. Still, EU institutions’ coordinated financial management played an important role in overcoming the existing turbulence, with fiscal and monetary policy measures reinforcing each other.
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Višić, Josipa, and Blanka Škrabić Perić. "The determinants of value of incoming cross-border mergers & acquisitions in European transition countries." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44, no. 3 (August 10, 2011): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2011.07.004.
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This research aims to determine variables that affect the aggregate value of incoming cross-border M&As in European transitional countries. Dynamic panel models have been estimated using Arellano and Bond GMM estimator for period between year 1994 and 2008. The ratio of the total value of cross-border M&A to GDP of the country is the dependent variable. Independent variables include following indicators: lagged value of cross-border M&A to GDP, lagged GDP per capita, lagged GDP growth, inflation, interest rate spread, lagged private credit to GDP ratio, market capitalization to GDP ratio, lagged rule of law and lagged control of corruption.
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ALÒS, E., F. ANTONELLI, A. RAMPONI, and S. SCARLATTI. "CVA AND VULNERABLE OPTIONS IN STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODELS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 24, no. 02 (March 2021): 2150010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024921500102.
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This work aims to provide an efficient method to evaluate the Credit Value Adjustment (CVA) for a vulnerable European option, which is an option subject to some default event concerning the issuer solvability. Financial options traded in OTC markets are of this type. In particular, we compute the CVA in some popular stochastic volatility models such as SABR, Hull et al., which have proven to fit quite well market derivatives prices, admitting correlation with the default event. This choice covers the relevant case of Wrong Way Risk (WWR) when a credit deterioration determines an increase in the claim value. Contrary to the structural modeling adopted in [G. Wang, X. Wang & K. Zhu (2017) Pricing vulnerable options with stochastic volatility, Physica A 485, 91–103; C. Ma, S. Yue & Y. Ma (2020) Pricing vulnerable options with Stochastic volatility and Stochastic interest rate, Computational Economics 56, 391–429], we use the reduced-form intensity-based approach to provide an explicit representation formula for the vulnerable option price and related CVA. Later, we specialize the evaluation formula and construct its approximation for the three models mentioned above. Assuming a CIR model for the default intensity process, we run a numerical study to test our approximation, comparing it with Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that for moderate values of the correlation and maturities not exceeding one year, the approximation is very satisfactory as of accuracy and computational time.
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Gross, Marco, and Willi Semmler. "INFLATION TARGETING, CREDIT FLOWS, AND FINANCIAL STABILITY IN A REGIME CHANGE MODEL." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, S1 (August 14, 2018): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051700102x.
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Recent papers point to the problem that inflation-targeting models do not as of yet consider financial market stability that can considerably derail inflation-targeting monetary policy, implying significant nonzero crisis probabilities that could come along with large negative output and employment gaps. Credit flows and the instability of credit appear to be at the root of the financial instability problem. On the other hand, some authors recently questioned whether a too early and too strong leaning against the wind policy by central banks might have higher costs than benefits in terms of output and employment losses. In our paper, we include in an inflation targeting model a financial stabilization goal. In contrast to infinite horizon and two-period models, we propose a finite horizon model. The model is solved by using a new global solution algorithm, called Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC), exploring stabilizing/destabilizing effects of price and nonprice (credit volume) drivers of the output gap, inflation, and credit flows. We substantiate the theoretical part of the paper by approaching the subject empirically, relying to that end on a regime-switching structural vector autoregressive (VAR) for the euro area. The empirical model contains standard macroeconomic variables along with credit flows and loan interest rates, the central bank policy rate, and European Central Bank (ECB) balance sheet variables. The regime-switching feature of the model is meant to capture the state-dependent relationship between the variables, with specific nonlinearities having direct counterparts in the theoretical model. Based on a sign restriction methodology, we explore conventional and unconventional monetary policy shocks, loan supply, and demand shocks, under different regime assumptions to reveal the state-dependent effects of both interest rate and volume-based policies. The empirical results are used as guidance for the calibration of the theoretical model variants.
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Kanapickienė, Rasa, Greta Keliuotytė-Staniulėnienė, Deimantė Teresienė, Renatas Špicas, and Airidas Neifaltas. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Credit Risk: Evidence on the Impact on Consumer Credit in Central and Eastern European Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 13219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013219.
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Although empirical studies show that different types of loans have different risks (moreover, consumer credit risk is higher compared to other types of loans), it is common to study the credit risk of the banking sector as a whole, or of an individual bank’s whole loan portfolio, and the macro-economic factors affecting it (without grouping them by type of loan). Thus, an analysis of the credit risk of the whole loan portfolio (measured by all non-performing loans) is insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the macroeconomic determinants of the consumer loan credit risk and quantitatively assess their impact in Central and Eastern European countries. After the analysis of scientific literature in the field of credit risk determinants, a detailed classification of factors influencing banking credit risk is proposed. The distinguishing feature of the classification is that the factors influencing credit risk are classified at five different levels; twelve groups of general macroeconomic conditions variables were selected as the potential factors of NPLs. This classification can be useful to better understand and investigate the factors influencing banking credit risk for the whole loan portfolio (in the same way as the factors that affect the credit risk of different types of loans, e.g., consumer loans). Using the methods of constant, fixed and random-effects panel analysis, simple OLS, least squares with breakpoints regression analysis and Markov regime-switching models, the impact of the macroeconomic variables from twelve separate groups is evaluated. The data from 11 CEE countries are used, and the period from 2008 to 2020 is covered. The results of this assessment reveal that in the group of CEE countries, such variables as GDP and labour market variables appeared to have contributed to the increase in the share of non-performing consumer loans, while inflation and real estate market variables were related to the decrease in consumer NPLs; at the same time, the impact of variables form other groups appeared to be mixed-nature or insignificant. The results of this research are useful in that they allow the identification of the most important determinants of consumer loan credit risk and thus allow making assumptions about NPL changes due to the changing macroeconomic situation. In the case of Lithuania, this kind of study (assessment of macroeconomic determinants of consumer loan credit risk) was conducted for the first time. Consumer loan credit risk assessment is especially relevant in an increasing interest rate environment, and deeper analysis can help banks and other financial institutions to manage credit risk. On the other hand, a better understanding of the main influencing factors of the macroeconomic environment can help central banks and other official institutions take appropriate monetary and fiscal policy decisions to ensure a good credit transmission channel for sustainable economic growth.
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Tholl, Johannes, Tobias Basse, Samira Meier, and Miguel Rodriguez Gonzalez. "Risk premia and the European government bond market: new empirical evidence and some thoughts from the perspective of the life insurance industry." Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 110, no. 1 (February 2021): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12297-021-00503-2.
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AbstractWe study yield spreads between government bonds in the European Monetary Union. This segment of the global fixed income market is of particular importance for insurance companies in Europe. Our empirical research strategy is inspired by Gunay (2020) who has analyzed the relationship between credit and liquidity risk in the United States using Granger causality tests. More specifically, we employ the procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) to test for Granger causality among yield spreads in five different member countries of the European Monetary Union (namely Austria, Belgium, France, Italy and Ireland) relative to Germany. We examine interest rate data from bonds with three different maturities (5, 10 and 30 years). Given the importance of long-term bonds as asset class for European life insurers and pension funds, the empirical results from the often ignored market for government bonds with a maturity of 30 years should be of interest. With regard to long-term sovereign debt, there is no evidence for Granger causality among the time series examined here. Consequently, the risk premia required by investors to hold government bonds of one specific member country of the EMU do not help to forecast the risk premia that have to be paid by other countries. Given the structure of their liabilities, this empirical finding should be of high relevance for portfolio and risk managers in the European life insurance industry and in pension funds. With regard to the yield spreads to be observed in the market for 10-year government bonds, there seems to be no clear picture. Focusing on fixed income securities with a maturity of 5 years, there is one very interesting empirical finding. The test results reported here seem to imply that there is unidirectional Granger causality running from the yield spreads in all other four countries to Austria. Given that Austria is a comparably small country which is assumed to be in a fiscally stable position, this result could be interpreted as evidence for credit risk premia as being helpful to forecast liquidity risk premia in the market for medium-term government bonds issued by member states of the European Monetary Union.
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SIU, TAK KUEN, and ROBERT J. ELLIOTT. "HEDGING OPTIONS IN A DOUBLY MARKOV-MODULATED FINANCIAL MARKET VIA STOCHASTIC FLOWS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 22, no. 08 (December 2019): 1950047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021902491950047x.
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The hedging of a European-style contingent claim is studied in a continuous-time doubly Markov-modulated financial market, where the interest rate of a bond is modulated by an observable, continuous-time, finite-state, Markov chain and the appreciation rate of a risky share is modulated by a continuous-time, finite-state, hidden Markov chain. The first chain describes the evolution of credit ratings of the bond over time while the second chain models the evolution of the hidden state of an underlying economy over time. Stochastic flows of diffeomorphisms are used to derive some hedge quantities, or Greeks, for the claim. A mixed filter-based and regime-switching Black–Scholes partial differential equation is obtained governing the price of the claim. It will be shown that the delta hedge ratio process obtained from stochastic flows is a risk-minimizing, admissible mean-self-financing portfolio process. Both the first-order and second-order Greeks will be considered.
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Naturkach, R. P. "Purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU participating countries." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.10.
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The scientific article is devoted to the study of the purpose of monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states. The legislation of the European Union, the member states of the European Union (Germany, France, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain), as well as the United Kingdom, which left the EU, modern approaches in the science of constitutional and administrative law to determine the monetary policy of central banks EU members. The concept of the purpose of the monetary policy of the Central Banks of the EU member states, the activities and instruments of monetary policy, the functions of the central bank of the EU member state are distinguished. Emphasis is placed on the following regulatory functions of central banks that exist in legal doctrine: 1) management of aggregate money turnover; 2) regulation of the monetary sphere; 3) regulation of supply and demand for credit. The focus is on the fact that the central banks of the EU member states support purchasing power, as well as on the well-known fact: inflation - the slope of financial policy is recognized in economic theory as the most effective. Ensuring the stability of the currency (conducting open market operations or establishing exchange rate policies or reserve requirements, etc.) is a function of the central bank of the state, not the purpose of its activities. The stability of the national unit is also a function of the central bank of the state. It is established that the main purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states is to ensure price stability. In addition, it is argued that this is the inflationary - inclination of financial policy is the most effective. Accounting policy, interest rate policy, regulation of reserve requirements, money supply, open market operations and credit operations, interest rates, reserve requirements of banks are the activities and instruments of monetary policy of central banks. members of the EU, not the purpose of monetary policy.
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Gelo, Tomislav, Željko Vrban, and Dalibor Pudić. "Allowed Revenue of Network System Operators in the Croatian Energy Sector and Interest Rate Changes on the Croatian Capital Market." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 22, s2 (December 1, 2019): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0028.
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Abstract The energy sector is characterized by market and monopoly activities. Monopoly activities include network activities, transmission and distribution of electricity, and transport and distribution of natural gas. For this reason, the revenue of the network activities is defined as allowed income, and it is under the control of the national energy regulator. In Croatia, this is the Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency. The allowed revenues of the network system operator in the Croatian energy sector are defined by the methodologies for individual network activities, which are based on the method of eligible costs. Network activities are usually capital-intensive activities. Capital cost is an element of the eligible cost method and is accounted for as a weighted average cost of capital (WACC). WACC affects the allowed revenue of the network system operator and the network tariff. It depends on the interest rates on debt capital, the risk-free rate, the market risk premium and the corporate tax rate. Changing the interest rate on the capital market, which also depends on the credit risk of the country, affects both the change in WACC and the change of tariffs for transport / transmission of energy. Amortization and operating expenses of the network operator, approved by the energy regulator, also have a significant impact on allowed revenues. The impact of the WACC change on the allowed revenue and network tariffs of network system operators has a different impact on the network tariffs, which depends on the structure of the eligible costs of a particular network system operator. Changing WACC affects the changes in tariffs of the network system operator. The aim of the paper is to determine how an interest rate change affects the WACC and how the change in WACC affects the change in the allowed revenue and the network tariff of the gas transport operator and the transmission of electricity in Croatia. The paper will analyse the tariffs of electricity transmission and natural gas transport in Croatia and compare them with those in the European Union.
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Shapran, Vitaliy, and Igor Britchenko. "Central Banks policy under sanctions: critical assessment of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation experience." VUZF Review 7, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.22.1.01.
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The article provides a critical assessment of The Central Bank of the Russian Federation policy in response to the sanctions of the US, the EU, the UK, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea and a number of other countries. The effect of sanctions on the Russian economy and its financial market is viewed through the prism of credit, interest rate, and currency risk, and the risk of a decline in business activity. Special attention is paid to the inflationary component and inflationary expectations of the Russian Federation, as well as to the forecasts for a decline in business activity in Russia. A critical assessment is given to the actions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic bloc of the government of the Russian Federation as a whole in response to the sanctions of the civilized world, which disable the normal existence of the economy and the main purpose of which is not to destroy the economy of the Russian Federation but to ensure the end of hostilities on the European continent. The results of our study will be useful to everyone who studies the problems of the effect of economic sanctions on the resource-based economy and the processes of stimulating political decisions by economic methods.
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Piazzesi, Monika, and Martin Schneider. "Interest Rate Risk in Credit Markets." American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.579.
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Alekseievska, Halyna, and Anzor Mumladze. "QUANTITATIVE EASING AS THE MAIN INSTRUMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL MONETARY POLICY." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-1-7.
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After the fall of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, the financial crisis turned into a global crisis and had a negative impact on the real economy. During the crisis, there has been a significant decrease in key macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP, short-term interest rates, unemployment and inflation. The GDP growth rate had taken a negative value in developed countries. Inflation was below 1 percent, and deflation was observed in Japan, which in turn slowed down economic development. Central banks responded to the crisis with a change in interest rates, but this was not enough to calm financial markets and improve the real economy. Most central banks have developed many new monetary policy tools, including communication strategies, credit policies, and large asset purchases. These new measures are often called “unconventional” monetary policies. The purpose of the article is to study quantitative easing as one of the unconventional measures of monetary policy. Methodology. The article uses general scientific and special methods: generalization, systematization, economic and statistical analysis, graphic and comparison methods. This allowed us to study the theoretical foundations of the quantitative easing policy, determine the economic background for these measures application, analyze the development stages and the basic rules of functioning policy. The quantitative easing policies usage was also examined on the examples of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan. Results. The main trends and economic conditions, under which these methods can be used in future, were identified using an analysis of the quantitative easing application background. The policy’s main components analysis provides a clear understanding of the quantitative easing essence. As a result of the unconventional monetary policy usage, there has been a significant expansion of the USA, Japan and the Eurozone central banks' balances, which amounts to more than 10 trillion USD. Due to this process, central banks have become key bondholders. Practical meaning. The given results analysis will determine that kind of unconventional monetary policy effectiveness and the possible consequences of a significant increase in the central banks’ balance sheet assets. Value/originality. In the article, the conditions, under which unconventional monetary policy has been applied, are systematized and the four central banks’ quantitative easing policy is compared.
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Korytin, Denys. "Peculiarities of financial state support of small and medium enterprises in ukraine in modern conditions." Law and innovations, no. 4 (36) (December 15, 2021): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-4(36)-20.
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Problem setting. The formation of state policy to support small and medium enterprises (hereinafter - SMEs) requires consideration of global developments in the direction of legal regulation and economic and managerial justification of certain forms of support. In addition, within the globalized market, as well as taking into account Ukraine's desire to approximate national legislation to EU law, it is not possible to create mechanisms to support SMEs without adapting to global standards, that is, mechanisms similar to conventional ones should be invented. Of course, international documents, including the European Charter for Small Enterprises, can be a guide. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Legal analysis of certain means of state support for small and medium enterprises was carried out by such scientists as N. M. Vnukova, S. V. Hlibko, A. M. Lyubchych, I. V. Podrez-Riapolova, A.T. Zavadska and others. At the same time, this paper will analyze the implementation of financial support for small and medium enterprises, taking into account current government programs. The target of research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of financial support for small and medium enterprises provided by the state, represented by public authorities and local governments, taking into account the principles of European Union law and current national and international programs to support entrepreneurship in Ukraine. Article’s main body. One of the most popular and effective forms of support is state financial support for SMEs. It is noted that the support from the financial and credit system reflects, in fact, the financial and economic relations between the state and market actors on the redistribution of funds. The state program «5-7-9» offers partial compensation of the interest rate on the hryvnia loan in combination with the mechanism of partial credit guarantees to address the problem of lack of collateral and insufficient credit history. The program is implemented by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Foundation for Entrepreneurship Development (formerly the German-Ukrainian Foundation) through a network of partner banks in partnership with the Ministry of Economy and the Office for Small and Medium Enterprises to prevent, spread and eliminate COVID-19 disease caused by the crown virus SARS-CoV-2, and to prevent and overcome their effects. By analyzing the statistical information of the ten largest banks, it was found that there is no unity in the terms of lending, lending is not within a single program, but for individual loan products of banks, which may differ from each other. Conclusions and prospects of the development. Summarizing the above, it is possible to conclude that the current state policy to support SMEs is characterized by the presence of a significant network of funds. One of the most relevant of these is the provision of soft loans. At the same time, there is insufficient information support for the process of direct provision of this support. In view of this, it should be noted that in order to ensure the economic security of the state, these forms should be used through a system of state bodies and organizations, local governments and organizations that must exist in reality, and electronic (virtual) portals for services should operate in additions to the real ones.
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Verplaetse, Alfons. "Van devaluatie tot euro : Het economische en meer bepaald het monetaire beleid van België 1980-2000." Res Publica 42, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v42i1.18526.
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This article on the evolution of economic and monetary policy in Belgium, which turned the "sick man of Europe" into one of the stronger European economies and allowed it to enter into EMU, stresses the role of the monetary authorities as a stabilising force in Belgium. It gives a detailed analysis of how these changes have allowed Belgium to regain the confidence of both monetary authorities and international investors after the devaluation of 1982. The policy responses to the oil shock at the beginning of the seventies broke with the policy mix which had until then been practised. Both the wage formation process andf iscal policy clearly spiralled out of control, the chiefresult of which was a drastic loss in international competitiveness. As a consequence, the current account showed a large deficit, the traditional level at which public deficit had stood rose dramatically, unemployment exploded and the financial structure of most corporations became fragile.A drastic realignment of economic policy started with the devaluation of the Belgian franc in 1982. This devaluation was accompanied by a series of measures aimed at preventing the inflationary pressures from triggering further devaluations, and hence at restoring credibility. These measures included restrictive fiscal policies (tax increases and cuts inpublic spending) and real wage cuts. By 1987 this recovery policy had successfully restored Belgian competitiveness, reduced the government deficit and restored the balance ofpayments equilibrium. Although public policies became less restrictive during the period 1988-1993, the central bank continued to gain international credibility. Significant stepsin this process were the abolition of the dual exchange rate system, the decision to peg the Belgian franc to the most stable currency in the ERM (i.e. the German mark) and the reform of the money markets in Belgium. The latter in particular helped to increase the central bank's independence, since this reform implied total control by the central bank over short term interest rates, it reduced significantly the automatic credit lines of the fiscal authorities with the central bank and it stipulated that revaluations of gold reserves should no langer be used to finance government budget deficits. By 1992 international credibility had been restored to such a degree that the Belgian franc became a strong currency during the 1992 crisis, obliging the central bank to come to the rescue of the weaker currencies under attack in September 1992 with a speculative inflow of capital of about 200 billion BEF. However this restored credibility continued to be fragile, as became evident during the 1993 exchange rate crisis when the Belgian franc was vigorously attacked by international speculation.The insufficient alignment of public and monetary policies proved to be at the heart of the financial problems of the 1993 crises. The Belgian government relaunched its policies of budgetary restriction and wage moderation, brought together in what was called the 'Global Plan'. This realignment of public policies to monetary policy swiftly restored the credibility of the Belgian franc, so that as early as January 1994 the Belgian franc converged to its central parity with an interest differential vis-à-vis the German mark of only about 2 %. This differential declined progressively. Indeed the global plan restored the confidence of the investors in Belgian economic policy. Financial markets now fully believed in the entry of Belgium into EMU and from then on no major difficulties were to arise.
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Tumwine, Sulait, Samuel Sejjaaka, Edward Bbaale, and Nixon Kamukama. "Determinants of interest rate in emerging markets." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-10-2017-0070.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of interest rate in emerging markets, focusing on banking financial institutions in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach Using the net interest margin model, interest rate was estimated by applying a panel random effects regression method on 24 banks, while controlling for bank-specific factors, industry and macroeconomic indicators. Data were drawn from annual reports provided by Bank of Uganda Depository Corporation survey from 2008 to 2016. Findings The results indicate that liquidity, equity capital, market power and reserve requirement have a positive effect on interest rate. The study further finds that operational efficiency, lending out ratio, concentration, public sector borrowing and private sector credit have a negative effect on interest rate. However, credit risk does not influence interest rate. Research limitations/implications Studied banks are grouped in one panel data set; future studies would focus on the differences in banks and establish how these differences affect interest rate. Future study would also focus on how the determinants of interest rate in Uganda are compared with those of other banks in other emerging market countries. Practical implications Bank managers need to take interest in equity mobilization because it is a reliable and cheaper source of funding bank operations. Banks should emphasize efficient operations to reduce on the cost of doing business. Government should utilize funds borrowed from banks in efficient ways to improve economic growth. The central bank should minimize the use of reserve requirement as a means of controlling money in circulation. Originality/value This is the first paper that uses annual report data from several banks and periods to investigate the determinants of interest rate in an emerging country.
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Robertson, Mari L. "Securitization and financial markets: the implications for interest rate pass-through." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 8, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 472–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-02-2016-0010.
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Purpose The transmission of monetary policy rates to lending rates is viewed as a crucial path of monetary policy. As an integral part of the financial system and the recent financial crisis, securitized assets have the potential to affect the interest rate pass-through process and monetary policy effectiveness. This paper aims to investigate the influence of securitization on the transmission of policy rate changes to lending rates and how rate transmission has changed since the recent financial crisis. Emphasis is placed on differences among the mortgage, consumer credit and business loan securitization markets and between agency and private-label securitization transactions. Design/methodology/approach The empirical framework is an error-correction model augmented to directly measure the influence of securitization. Monetary policy effectiveness is measured by the size and speed of transmitted policy rate changes to lending rates. An efficiency measure of relative adjustment accounts for differences in the size of long-run responses across loan markets and changes in efficiency from securitization within loan markets. Findings The size and speed of interest rate pass-through tend to increase with securitization. Liquidity, capital relief and funding from securitization help to make lending rates more responsive. Increases in pass-through with securitization are less in the consumer credit and business loan markets after the recent financial crisis relative to before the crisis. In contrast, mortgage markets tend to have larger pass-through after the financial crisis. Differences in rate transmission after the recent financial crisis point to the role on nonbanks in consumer credit and business loans and asset purchase programs of the Federal Reserve in mortgage markets. Securitization tends to make the adjustment process more efficient, and gains in efficiency from securitization are larger after the financial crisis. Originality/value A key contribution of the study differentiates securitization across markets and types to determine the effects on the interest rate pass-through process. The results show that increases in the efficiency of the adjustment process from securitization tend to be greater in mortgage markets and for all private-label securitized assets. These findings have implications for proposed government-sponsored entity (GSE) reform to reduce the role of GSEs in the housing market, promote private-label mortgage credit and strengthen securitization deals.
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Akimov, Alexey, Chyi Lin Lee, and Simon Stevenson. "Interest Rate Sensitivity in European Public Real Estate Markets." Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 25, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2020.1803694.
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Oner, Hakan, and Selma Oner. "How Does Credit Default Swap Premiums Affect the Turkish Financial Markets." Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research 8, no. 1 (December 7, 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/88.v8i1.3222.
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One of the most important risks of today's financial markets is credit risk. Credit risk is very important for investors investing in international markets, and therefore it is vital to manage credit risk correctly. Credit Default Swaps (CDS) are at the forefront of the most important financial products that ensure the elimination of credit risk. In this study, the relationship between 5-Year Turkey CDS premium, which is an important indicator for investors, Turkish Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 Index, USDTRY foreign exchange rates and 2-Year Turkish benchmark bonds interest rates are examined. For this purpose, econometric analysis was applied using CDS premium, BIST 100 index, USDTRY and 2-Year Turkish benchmark bonds interest rate data, which consists of 2921 daily observations from 10 March 2010 to 08 March 2022. Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron root tests are used to determine the stationarity of the variables. Then, the Granger Causality test, Impulse-Response Function and Variance Decomposition Analysis are used. According to the results of the study; a bilateral causality relationship was determined between CDS premiums and BIST 100 index, USDTRY exchange rate and benchmark bond interest rates. According to the Impulse-Response functions analysis, a 1% increase in CDS premium prices increases the USDTRY rate and benchmark bond interest rates, while lowering the BIST 100 index.
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ELFAKHANI, SAID, and Wayne Mackie. "An analysis of net FDI drivers in BRIC countries." Competitiveness Review 25, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 98–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2013-0053.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify the main drivers which can explain the relative success of BRIC countries (i.e. Brazil, Russia, India and China), collectively and individually, in attracting foreign direct investment (FDIs). Unlike previous studies that have identified gross domestic product (GDP) as a major determinant, we find that for the sampling period 1980-2008, social variables (namely, high population growth and educated labor) and political variables account for 40 and 7 per cent of the variance in net inward FDI, respectively, and no importance for economic variables. Interestingly, for a sub-period (1999-2008), we observe the salience of financial (namely, sizable GDP economy, favorable net trade balance and controlled currency risk and sovereign debt risk) determinants of inward FDI (R2 is 44 per cent). On the other hand, when testing individual countries, it seems that FDI determinants are not universal as each country enjoys different characteristics and sources of strengths that attract FDIs. The implication is to focus more on those incentives that the host country is weak in to be able to optimize the amount of FDI flowing in from foreign investors. Design/methodology/approach – Three blocks of variables were examined: economic/financial, social and political variables. The economic/financial variable set expands on a prototype developed by Dunning (1981), which distinguishes three types of influences on inward FDI. First, it suggests some domestic market characteristics to influence FDI. They include the market size and the direction of trade flows. Another set of economic/financial factors includes measure of the host country’s overall financial performance such as the inflation rate and the effectiveness of the service sector. Social factors of the host country are considered an important determinant of FDI. Our social model included: the degree of human capital development, the extent of urbanization, the quality of life and the adequacy of the health-care system. Political factors were also considered. Using the STATA statistical package, we run a regression analysis on our transformed data twice: once over the full sampling period (1980-2008), and a second time using a partial data set covering the past 10 years (1999-2008), after controlling for multicollinearity and other econometric problems. Findings – Regressing net FDI inflows on all financial, social and political variables during the full data series (1980-2008), and after controlling for severe econometric problems, the nested block regression concludes that the social variables account for 40 per cent of the change in net inward FDI, followed by political variables (7 per cent). The nested regression for the past 10-year data series (1999-2008), however, shows the economic/financial variables block and social variables blocks contribute the most to FDI variations (R2 is 44 and 7 per cent, respectively), while political variables appear insignificant. The findings for each individual country show that the four countries have few common determinants. Research limitations/implications – Our results are not without limitations. Our sample is limited to BRIC countries that had attracted significant FDIs in the past two decades. Testing for a larger set of countries with smaller or less attractive countries included could be useful before any final conclusions can be drawn. Also, this research can be extended to cover the busted 2008-2010 years. It would be interesting if our results still hold in recent down market conditions. For example, in early 2008, there was a big credit crisis in the USA, followed by a universal market crash in September and October due to large financial institutions collapsing, which resulted in the recent bubble explosion. More recently, we witnessed the European financial crisis beginning with the Greece debt default (followed by fears in Spain, Portugal and potentially others). Practical implications – Overall, our findings suggest that individual countries enjoy different levels of strengths in economic/financial, social and political variables. A country that strives to attract more inward FDI may consider focusing more on those unique country-specific incentives that it is weak in to be able to optimize its intake of FDIs. Originality/value – The main goal of our paper is to bring updated evidence on the relevant set of incentives which have made the BRIC block the penchant for FDI, and whether these incentives are the same for each of the BRIC countries. Our paper makes three major contributions. First, it expands Mathur and Singh’s (2007) set of explanatory variables, especially to reflect the effect of financial markets and economic conditions (such as currency exchange rate risk, level of real interest rate, size of national debt, sovereign credit rating risk and inflation), new social variables (such as life expectancy at birth, people receptivity to foreign investors and the number of graduate degree holders) and new political variables (host country’s level of restriction on capital repatriation). Second, it brings more updated evidence by using a longer sampling period (1980-2008). Third, we test BRIC as a group and we retest individual BRIC countries. We also ensure that our results are free from econometric (autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity) problems.
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AVELLANEDA, MARCO, and LIXIN WU. "CREDIT CONTAGION: PRICING CROSS-COUNTRY RISK IN BRADY DEBT MARKETS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 04, no. 06 (December 2001): 921–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024901001309.
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Credit contagion means that the credit deterioration of an entity causes the credit deterioration of other entities. In this paper, we build and test a continuous-time model for defaultable securities using a diffusive process for risk-free interest rate, and a finite-state continuous-time Markov process for the correlation of credit. The credit contagion, in particular, is established by relating transition rates of various credit states. Examples of derivative pricing with calibrated credit contagion model are provided. Initial empirical results with the benchmarks of Brady bonds show that our model is a viable new technique for the pricing and risk-managing of credit derivatives.
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Gubareva, Mariya, and Maria Rosa Borges. "Interest rate, liquidity, and sovereign risk: derivative-based VaR." Journal of Risk Finance 18, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-01-2017-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study connections between interest rate risk and credit risk and investigate the inter-risk diversification benefit due to the joint consideration of these risks in the banking book containing sovereign debt. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops the historical derivative-based value at risk (VaR) for assessing the downside risk of a sovereign debt portfolio through the integrated treatment of interest rate and credit risks. The credit default swaps spreads and the fixed-leg rates of interest rate swap are used as proxies for credit risk and interest rate risk, respectively. Findings The proposed methodology is applied to the decade-long history of emerging markets sovereign debt. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the diversified VaR benefits from imperfect correlation between the risk factors. Sovereign risks of non-core emu states and oil producing countries are discussed through the prism of VaR metrics. Practical implications The proposed approach offers a clue for improving risk management in regards to banking books containing government bonds. It could be applied to access the riskiness of investment portfolios containing the wider spectrum of assets beyond the sovereign debt. The approach represents a useful tool for investigating interest rate and credit risk interrelation. Originality/value The proposed enhancement of the traditional historical VaR is twofold: usage of derivative instruments’ quotes and simultaneous consideration of the interest rate and credit risk factors to construct the hypothetical liquidity-free bond yield, which allows to distil liquidity premium.
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Botticini, Maristella. "A Tale of “Benevolent” Governments: Private Credit Markets, Public Finance, and the Role of Jewish Lenders in Medieval and Renaissance Italy." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 1 (March 2000): 164–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700024694.
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This article illustrates the impact of Jewish lenders on private credit markets and public finance in medieval and Renaissance Italian towns. In Tuscan private credit markets, Jewish lending helped households to smooth consumption, buy working capital, and provide dowries for daughters. Jewish lenders also helped the public fmances of the communes in which they resided. This article shows that public-finance considerations affected the choice of the interest-rate ceiling Jews were allowed to charge. In many instances, the communes raised the interest-rate ceiling for Jewish lenders in order to tax or borrow the proceeds.
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Kini, Omesh, William Kracaw, and John J. McConnell. "Corporate Takeovers And Interest Rates." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 7, no. 3 (October 19, 2011): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v7i3.6228.
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This study analyzes the effect of corporate takeover announcements on the volatility of interest rate changes and on the level of interest rates over the period 1962 through 1984. The findings suggest that intercorporate takeovers increase the volatility of interest rate changes over this period. Because the increase in volatility is concentrated around the announcement of cash takeovers, the results imply that it is the mode of financing, rather than takeovers, per se, that is important of credit markets.
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Ozdemir, Dicle. "Time-Varying Housing Market Fluctuations: Evidence from the U.S. Housing Market." Real Estate Management and Valuation 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2020-0018.
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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to investigate how the housing market and credit market factors contribute to US business and interest rate cycles in a time-varying transition probability modeling framework. The Markov switching results appear to exhibit periods of low-growth regime and highgrowth regime for both house and credit markets. The study also shows that the transition probabilities reflecting the regime switching behavior of business and interest rate cycles vary over time as functions of the house and credit market. We find that both the housing market and credit market contribute to whether the economy remains in a high-growth regime or moves into lowgrowth regime, and whether the interest rates remain in a low or high-growth regime. The results show that the housing market plays a leading role in affecting the time-varying probabilities between regimes for the business and interest rate cycles.
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Ito, Takayasu. "Credit default swap and Japanese Government Bond markets under negative interest rate policy." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 33, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22545.
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Tanjung, Oppie Meisya, Isfenti Sadalia, and Nisrul Irawati. "The Effect of Macroeconomics on Non-Performing Loans with Credit Growth as an Intervening Variable at PT. Bank SUMUT." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 7 (July 23, 2022): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220758.
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Macroeconomics in Indonesia is a system for analyzing changes in the country's economy that can affect markets, companies and society. Macroeconomics can also explain the shape of changes in economic conditions in Indonesia. The formulation of the problem in this study are: (1) Does the inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate have a partial effect on Non Performing Loans at PT. Bank SUMUT; (2) Does Non-Performing Loan affect credit growth at PT. Bank SUMUT; (3) Does the inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate have a partial effect on Non Performing Loans through credit growth at PT. Bank SUMUT. The type of research used in this study is a causal research method using a quantitative approach, using quantitative data carried out by classical assumption tests, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis using Eviews 10. The results show that (1) Inflation and interest rates have a positive and significant effect on Non-Performing Loans, this indicates that the higher the inflation rate and interest rates, the higher the Non-Performing Loans, while the Rupiah exchange rate has a positive but not significant effect. to Non Performing Loans, this shows that the higher the Rupiah exchange rate does not affect the Non Performing Loans; (2) Credit growth has a negative and significant effect on Non-Performing Loans, this indicates that the higher the credit growth, the lower the Non-Performing Loans; (3) The inflation rate and interest rates have a significant effect on credit growth and credit growth also has a significant effect on Non Performing Loans, so this shows that credit growth can mediate the relationship between inflation rates and interest rates on Non Performing Loans, while the exchange rate Rupiah has no effect on credit growth but credit growth has a significant effect on Non-Performing Loans, so this shows that credit growth cannot mediate the relationship between the Rupiah exchange rate and Non- Performing Loans. Keywords: Inflation Rate, Interest Rate, Rupiah Exchange Rate, Credit Growth, Non-Performing Loans..
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Hasan, M. Aynul, Ashfaque H. Khan, and S. Sajid Ali. "Financial Sector Reform and Its Impact on Investment and Economic Growth: An Econometric Approach." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.885-895.
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The financial sector is central to economic development as it serves the role of intermediary by mobilising savings and subsequently allocating credit for productive activities. However, in many developing countries including Pakistan, administered interest rate, domestic credit controls, high reserve requirements, use of captive banking system to finance large budgetary requirements of the government and controls on international capital inflows have remained the main features of the monetary policy. These repressive policies had their repercussions in the form of excess liquidity with the banking system, disintermediation of cash flows, segmentation of financial markets, underdeveloped money and capital markets, etc. [McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973)], therefore, argued that low interest rate ceilings unduly restrict the real flow of loanable funds, thus depressing the quantity of productive investment.
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Bodenhorn, Howard. "Capital Mobility and Financial Integration in Antebellum America." Journal of Economic History 52, no. 3 (September 1992): 585–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700011402.
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Studies of postbellum financial markets have shown that the United States was not served by an integrated short-term capital market until the turn of the twentieth century. Until recently the data necessary for the study of a similar phenomenon in the antebellum period have not been available. This article reports several new regional interest rate series for the antebellum era that show that antebellum credit markets were more integrated than postbellum markets.
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Indah Sari, Wahyu, Ade Novalina, and Annisa Sanny. "Optimization of Monetary Policy Transmission Through Credit Channels to Foreign Direct Investment." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20221168.
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This study aims to analyze the variable Amount of Money in Supply, Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, Credit, Exports and Tax on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This study uses secondary data or time series data for the period 2009-2020. The data analysis model used is ARDL Panel Regression. The results of the ARDL panel data analysis show that the Money Supply, Exchange Rate and Interest Rates can be the leading indicators of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Five Southeast Asian Countries of Emerging Markets in the short term seen from the short run. So that it can be concluded that a monetary policy transmission that can be recommended is through the management of Foreign Direct Investment and the Money Supply, Exchange Rate and Interest Rate which is much better. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Credit, Foreign Direct Investment
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De Meza, David, and David C. Webb. "The role of interest rate taxes in credit markets with divisible projects and asymmetric information." Journal of Public Economics 39, no. 1 (June 1989): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(89)90053-4.
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Mendes, Victor, and Margarida Abreu. "Monetary and Financial Instability and European Bank Interest Margins." International Finance and Banking 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v5i1.13000.
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This paper studies the extent to which financial instability and monetary and exchange rate policy influence European bank net interest margins, controlling for microeconomic variables and allowing for the heterogeneity of the banking industry. The sample is a broad cross-section of balance sheet and income statement information provided by banks from 12 European countries.We conclude that European banks are sensitive to exchange rate and interest rate volatility. They are also affected by their home country’s vulnerability to balance of payment and currency crises, but we find that banks feel differently about the associated risk of liquidity problems depending on their specialization. The instability of international financial markets is not good for banks, insofar as interest and exchange rate volatility both have a negative impact on the net interest margin.
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Tereshchenko, O., M. Stetsko, N. Tkachenko, and N. Babiak. "DETERMINANTS OF INTEREST RATES ON CORPORATE DEBT." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 4, no. 39 (September 10, 2021): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v4i39.241315.
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Abstract. The objective of this article is theoretical and methodological justifying of determining algorithm of the cost of debt capital for enterprises functioning in emerging markets (EM). The methods of research: analysis and synthesis, system analysis, comparative analysis, empirical and statistical methods, factor analysis. Results. In this article key determinants of interest rates on debt capital for enterprises and their impact on the procedure of discount rate calculation are determined. The issue of the cost of debt calculation of enterprises in condition of absence of complete information concerning systematic and non-systematic crediting risks is studied. Differences between interest rate on the loan fixed in credit agreement and expected by creditors the cost of debt are identified. It is determined that the key factor impacting the deviation level of market value of debt capital from the nominal, and respectively, deviation of the cost of debt from the cost of capital is probability of default (PD). At the minimum values of PD, the contract interest rate corresponds to the rate of cost of debt and it is advisable to use it for discount rate calculation. Critical analysis of alternative methodological approaches of the cost of debt calculation is made. Ways of integrating of market information concerning credit default swaps into the process of expected cost of debt calculation are justified. Factors of shadowing of rates of the cost of debt and ways of reducing of shadow transactions’ level in the credit market are identified. Conclusions. At high PD values, expected by market premium for default risk may exceed the contract interest rate, which necessitates constant monitoring of credit risks and appropriate adaptation of interest rates. In the paper the algorithm of such adaptation are proposed. It is shown that in the case of non-use of interest rates adjustment taking into account changes in PD, CDS and LGD, premium for creditors’ systematic risk can differ significantly from market values of similar enterprises (peer-group), and estimated value of the cost of debt can acquire negative values. Contract (promised) interest rate should be set in such way that the premium for systematic risk of providing debt capital will be at the level of similar companies and does not change significantly as a result of probability of default changes. If in practice the opposite situation occurs, it is the evidence of contract interest rate shadowing, absence of effective system of assessment and management of credit risks. For solving the problem of interest rate transparency and filling of information gaps concerning PD borrowers in EM countries, should intensify CDS market. Keywords: debt capital, default probability, non-performing loans, credit default swap, credit spread, debt capital premium, shadow economy. JEL Classification E47 Formulas: 16; fig.: 0; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 15.
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Gwoździewicz, Sylwia, Dariusz Prokopowicz, and Daniel Szybowski. "ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3914.
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The development of market financial system in Poland was determined to a large extent, globally operating processes of the situation on the financial markets and the processes of adaptation to the normative standards and technological European Union. As part of anti-crisis measures leading central banks, Anglo-Saxon and European financial system have launched a high-budget system, interventionist assistance programs. Finally, the cost of rescuing the financial system was thrown to the proverbial John Doe ie. Most numerous segment of bank customers. Currentlyperformed research carried out in previous years, interventionist government programs to rescue the anti-crisis measures of the key players of the economy from bankruptcy financial and activation of demand, investment, production and liquidity in the credit market. In terms of development-oriented activities of government intervention, the European Central Bank continues to apply mild monetary policy of low interest rates in order to improve liquidity in the financial system and offering cheap money for the development of pro-investment share of credit of commercial banks operating in the European Union.
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Dibra, Rezart, and Jetmir Bodini. "Corporate governance in Balkan financial institution, case of Albania." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 3, no. 2 (2013): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv3i2art2.
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Corporate governance has at its backbone a set of transparent relationships between an institution’s management, its board, shareholders and other stakeholders. In this article, in the first part, the nature and purpose of corporate governance has been discussed with special emphasis on the problems of banks in the field of corporate governance. Corporate governance involves regulatory and market mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders, and the goals for which the corporation is governed. Lately, corporate governance has been comprehensively defined as "a system of law and sound approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled focusing on the internal and external corporate structures with the intention of monitoring the actions of management and directors and thereby mitigating agency risks which may stem from the misdeeds of corporate officers. The financial crisis exposed flaws throughout financial markets and prompted much investigation into the way banks work. The ‘2008 crisis in the financial industry, among other causes, brought to light the conflict of interest between achieving aggressive results by the executives in order to obtain bonuses and the long-term risk associated with the commercial company in its business. This paper focuses on one line of investigation - the corporate governance of banks. It examines why governance of banks differs from governance of nonfinancial firms and where the governance of banks failed during the crisis; it also offers recommendations for improving the governance system. Bank governance has been the topic of much recent academic work and policy discussion (Senior Supervisors Group 2008, 2009; Walker Report 2009; Committee of European Banking Supervisors 2010). Because of their contemporaneous nature, there has been little connection between the academic approach and policy analysis. The purpose of this paper is to make such connections and ground the policy debate on scientific evidence. The Corporate Governance in banks is one of the most important discussions overall the world, being reinforced especially after the crises period. It is related with the sensitive situation and the stage of developments of the local economy and moreover with the impact of the crises that is still ongoing. As an answer, during late 2008 and beginning 2009, it has been noticed a fast reaction and total focus from all banks on building (if missing) and improving their structures of Corporate Governance. The liquidity problems suddenly affecting the banking sector constrained Banks to enlarge their activities / operations and forced them in better evaluating their investments. The importance of a strong financial sector in impacting the country’s economy growth through both level of banking development and stock market liquidity (Levine and Sara Zervos 1996, 1998) is quite evident even in the developing countries. Moreover, Peter Rousseau and Watchel (2000) findings’ confirm the positive impact of the stock market activity and the banking development. For this reason the governments in the developing countries are insisting in increasing credits of banks towards the private firms. The banking system in Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Albania has certain similarities in terms of development stage, related with the economic growth rate as well. The banking system, there is operating for more than 100 years instead of 15-20 years of development in the remaining countries.
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Pfalz, Reimar. "Two Approaches to Examine the Impact of Different Credit Default Indicators on Real Estate Loans." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 190–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2019-0012.
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Abstract Financing of real estates was a trigger of the largest financial crisis after the “Great Depression” from the early thirties in the last century. One of the main causes of this 2007 crisis was poor risk management in real estate financing. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of different classes of indicators on credit default rates of real estate loans. Two research approaches should confirm a model that proves how strong the relationship is between different predictor variables such as interest rates, macroeconomic and individual indicators on the response variable of credit defaults. The first approach focuses on conducting descriptive and inferential experimental research by collecting secondary data in different markets and by analysing these data for correlations and linear regressions. The second approach is an expert survey of different banks to compare and complement the results of the first research approach. The research provides the evidence that individual indicators and macroeconomic indicators have a higher impact on credit defaults than interest rates. The scientific research on this theme has led to nearly the same results in different markets: the unemployment rate and thus personal conditions are the most responsible predictors for the credit defaults, also in different markets. The novelty of the present research is the proof that a banking survey with primary data on the causes of credit defaults confirms and complements the results of the secondary data analysis.
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Barbu, Teodora Cristina, and Adina Ionela Străchinaru. "Capital Markets Union: Opportunities and Impact on the European Financial Market." Studies in Business and Economics 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2016-0028.
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Abstract In developing this study we started from challenges and debates that capital markets union project engages, launched by the European Commission during 2015, both in academia and the specialists, regulators and investors. The article is structured in three parts, as follows: in the first part are highlighted theoretical and conceptual issues on the need for a union of capital markets, the second part presents empirical evidence from literature relating to this issue and in the third an econometric model is described, which aims to demonstrate the potential that Capital Markets Union may involve on increasing financing through the capital market. The contribution of this article to prior knowledge in the field consists of filling conceptual approach on the impact that Capital Markets Union will actively engage on the European financial market. The added value by our scientific approach is to highlight the complementarity between capital and banking market. Between IPO dynamics, as a representative indicator of capital market and a significant set of indicators of financial market as Stoxx Europe 600 index, the size of capital markets, changes in credit standards and key rate of the monetary policy of ECB is manifested correlations terms denoting the potential impact that Capital Markets Union will have on European financial markets.
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Rubio, Margarita. "MONETARY AND MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICIES UNDER FIXED AND VARIABLE INTEREST RATES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 3 (June 22, 2017): 1024–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051700013x.
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In this paper, I analyze the ability of monetary policy to stabilize both the macroeconomy and financial markets under two different scenarios: fixed- and variable-rate mortgages. I develop and solve a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) that features a housing market and a group of constrained individuals who need housing collateral to obtain loans. A given share of constrained households borrows at a variable rate, whereas the rest borrow at a fixed rate. I consider two alternative ways of introducing a macroprudential approach to enhancing financial stability: one in which monetary policy, using the interest rate as an instrument, responds to credit growth; and a second one in which the macroprudential instrument is instead the loan-to-value ratio (LTV). The results show that when rates are variable, a countercyclical LTV rule performs better in stabilizing financial markets than monetary policy. However, when rates are fixed, even though monetary policy is less effective in stabilizing the macroeconomy, it does a good job in promoting financial stability.
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Athreya, Kartik, Xuan S. Tam, and Eric R. Young. "A Quantitative Theory of Information and Unsecured Credit." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.3.153.
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Important changes have occurred in unsecured credit markets over the past three decades. Most prominently, there have been large increases in aggregate consumer debt, the personal bankruptcy rate, the size of bankruptcies, the dispersion of interest rates paid by borrowers, and the relative discount received by those with good credit ratings. We find that improvements in information available to lenders on household-level costs of bankruptcy can account for a significant fraction of what has been observed. The ex ante welfare gains from better information are positive but small. (JEL D14, D82, G21)
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FUNAHASHI, HIDEHARU. "AN ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION FOR EUROPEAN OPTION PRICES UNDER STOCHASTIC INTEREST RATES." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 18, no. 04 (June 2015): 1550026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024915500260.
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This paper extends the Wiener–Itô chaos expansion approach proposed by Funahashi & Kijima (2015) to an equity-interest-rate hybrid model for the pricing of European contingent claims with special emphasis on calibration to the option markets. Our model can capture the volatility skew and smile of option markets, as well as the stochastic nature of interest rates. Further, the proposed method is applicable to widely used option pricing models such as local volatility models (LVM), stochastic volatility models (SVM), and their combinations with the stochastic nature of interest rates; hence, it is suitable for practical purposes. Through numerical examples, we show that our approximation is quite accurate even for long-maturity and/or high-volatility cases.
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HUI, Eddie C. M., and Ivan M. H. NG. "ACCESS TO MORTGAGE CREDIT AND HOUSING PRICE DYNAMICS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 20, no. 1 (April 14, 2016): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2015.1103802.
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In real estate studies, arguably the most important topic revolves around what actually affect the price of properties. In addition to various macroeconomic factors, the mortgage industry is also believed to play a major role. Nonetheless, despite its profound implications on the banking sector, the property market, and the economy as a whole, there is no consensus as to the relationship between property price and bank mortgage lending. In light of this, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between property price and mortgage lending, along with other macroeconomic variables, in two housing sub-markets of Hong Kong (i.e. the mass housing market and the luxury housing market). The findings illustrate that one-way directional relationships are discovered 1) from mass housing price to mortgage lending; 2) from luxury housing price to mortgage lending; and 3) from mass housing price to luxury housing price. Macroeconomic factors such as GDP, inflation rate, and interest rate are also found to play a major role in influencing the prices of both property markets and the amount of outstanding mortgage loans. Implications based upon these findings are also discussed.
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Fischer, Dirk-Hinnerk. "The European rating fund." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-12-2016-0107.
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Purpose The complexity of the financial markets and their controlling entities make structural reforms highly problematic and controversial. This paper aims to address the deficiencies of the credit rating agency (CRA) market. The contribution of this paper to this long and ongoing discussion is a reform concept that is based on the introduction of a new public entity. Design/methodology/approach The design is based on the market deficiencies and structural issues defined by numerous other researchers. Findings The proposed market reform is based on the introduction of an entity that mainly acts as a communication layer which takes over the contract distribution and payment organization between the issuers and the agencies. The distribution of products for ratings gets anonymized and randomized, which eliminates most conflicts of interest that prevent the market players from performing as they should. This process changes the market fundamentally, but it does not impact either side’s capacity to make profit. Research limitations/implications The concept can hence solve most issues of the market, but not all. Practical implications The concept is a first step toward necessary reform, and this paper fuels a new discussion about a valid CRA market reform. The reform proposal mentioned in this paper focuses on the European Union, but the structure is easily adaptable to other markets. Originality/value The structure introduced in this paper is a new concept that has not been proposed before.
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Elizabeth, Nwabeke Chidinma, Nathaniel Chinedum Nwezeaku, Nzotta Samuel Mbadike, Uzoamaka Chris-Ejiogu, and Sampson Ikenna Ogoke. "Financial Sector Development and Capital Formation: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria and South Africa." IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BANKING AND FINANCE RESEARCH 8, no. 2 (August 11, 2022): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijbfr.v8.no2.2022.pg67.91.
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This study examined the effect of financial sector development on capital formation of Nigeria and South Africa using time series data from 1987-2019.Time series data was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical bulletin and World Bank data base. percentage of capital formation to gross domestic products was used as the function of credit to private sector, broad money supply, interest rate spread and market capitalization ratio. Ordinary least square methods of cointegration, granger causality test, unit root test and Vector error correction model. The study found that the financial sector development explained 64.1 percent variation in Nigeria capital formation as against 46.4 percent variation from South Africa; this implies that the variables have more explanatory powers in Nigeria than South Africa. From Nigeria, the study conclude that credit to private sector have positive and significant effect, interest rate spread have negative and no significant effect while money supply and market capitalization ratio have positive and significant effect on Nigeria capital formation. However, from south Africa, credit to private sector have negative and no significant effect, interest rate spread have positive and significant effect, money supply have positive and no significant effect while market capitalization ratio have positive and significant effect on south African capital formation. It recommends that the need to increase the size of the markets in both countries by increasing the number of financial instruments available to investors so as to increase trading as well as improve liquidity in the markets and government effort to increase the operational efficiency of the financial sector; the banking habit shall be increase and banking density reduced through effective branch banking policies to enhance effective savings mobilization and credit allocation that will bridge the wide savings-investment gap in the economy
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Korkeamäki, Timo. "Interest rate sensitivity of the European stock markets before and after the euro introduction." Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 21, no. 5 (December 2011): 811–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2011.06.005.
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