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CALAFATI, LUCA. "How to make European cities work in the 21 century? A comparison between radical and moderate approaches to urban sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/263134.
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Le città europee sono presentate di frequente come un modello di sostenibilità per la loro capacità di unire la coesione sociale alla prosperità economica. Tuttavia, l’alto impatto ambientale e la persistenza delle diseguaglianze sociali solleva dei dubbi sulla capacità dell’urbanesimo europeo di essere sostenibile nel futuro. Questo lavoro esamina gli approcci moderati e gli approcci radicali alla sostenbilità urbana con lo scopo di valutare quale ha più potenziale rendere le città europee sostenbili sotto il profilo sociale e ambientale. L’analisi si concentrata sull’Inghilterra, utilizzando una base empirica sfaccettata su diverse scale spaziali. L’analisi include trend nazionali sul consumo di risorse naturali, trend regionali di welfare materiale, uno studio sulla strategia di sviluppo della regione urbana di Swansea e un esperimento in rigenerazione di quartiere. La tesi principale è che le città Europee hanno bisogno di una transizione strutturale – e non solo di aggiustamenti strategici – per diventare veramente sostenibili.European cities are often presented as a model of sustainability for their capacity to reconcile social cohesion with economic prosperity. However, high environmental impact and persistence in social inequalities raises questions about the capacity of European urbanism to be sustainable in the future. This work analyses moderate and radical approaches to urban sustainability in Europe with the aim of assessing which has the most potential making European cites social and environmentally sustainable. The analysis focuses on the UK using a nuanced empirical base at different spatial scales. The analysis includes national trends in environmental impact, regional trends in material welfare, a study of the development strategy the Swansea City Region and an experiment in neighbourhood regeneration. The main argument is that European cities require a structural transition – and not just strategic adjustment – to become truly sustainable.
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De, La Torre Sebastián Ane. "Cities and climate change actions : Comparison between five european cities." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33065.
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During the last few years cities are taking the lead against climate change. Theyare aware of the big contribution they can make to mitigate the climate change, so theyare working actively in this field. This thesis’ aim is to study what cities are doing andthe chance they have to be successful. The cities selected for this thesis were Madrid,Barcelona, London, Manchester an Dublin. The method followed to active the aim wasto read all the information available from the selected cities’ Councils about themeasures they are carrying out. Then, transform that information to a way that all thecities’ information can be compared. As a result, it can be seen that there are fewdifferences in their lines of action,excluding some punctual facts. All the cities areworking actively to reduce transport sector’s emissions, to improve the energy use athomes and to increase the importance of the renewable energies. Spanish cities’emissions reduction targets are still not ambitious enough, while London’s are the mostambitious among the studied cities. As a conclusion, it can be said that cities shouldwork together to face the challenge of climate change, because there’s still much to do,targets have to be more ambitious and measures stricter.Estos últimos años las ciudades están tomando la iniciativa en contra del cambioclimático. Son conscientes de las grandes oportunidades que tienen para mitigarlo, asíque están trabajando activamente en este sentido. El propósito de esta tesis es estudiar loque están haciendo las ciudades para mitigar el cambio climático y las oportunidadesque tienen de tener éxito. Las ciudades seleccionadas para este estudio son Madrid,Barcelona, Londres, Manchester y Dublín. El método para conseguir el propósito fueleer toda la información disponible por parte de los ayuntamientos de las distintasciudades acerca de las medidas que están llevando a cabo. A continuación transformaresa información a unos parámetros comunes a todas las ciudades y compararla. Comoresultado se observa que hay muy pocas diferencias en sus líneas de acción, con algunaexcepción puntual. Todas las ciudades están trabajando activamente para reducir lasemisiones del sector transporte, mejorar el aprovechamiento energético doméstico ypara aumentar la proporción de energías renovables. Las ciudades Españolas todavía notienen objetivos de reducción de emissiones suficientemente ambiciosos, al contrarioque Londres. Como conclusión, las ciudades deberían trabajar unidas en contra delcambio climático, porque todavía queda mucho por conseguir, los objetivos deben sermás abiciosos y las medidas más estrictas.
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Nochta, Timea. "Network governance and low-carbon transitions in European cities." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8832/.
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The thesis investigates the role of governance networks in advancing sustainable energy transitions in the cities of Europe. By doing so, it aims to provide insights about the practical applicability of the Transition Management framework in different urban settings. Exploring this issue is timely as well as important due to parallel processes of the rising profile of cities in transition governance; and the perceived need in city authorities to develop new governance mechanisms to support low-carbon transitions on the urban scale. The main contribution to knowledge is the empirical evidence provided for the context-dependency of the connections between technological change required for urban low-carbon energy transitions and organisational change in local governance arrangements. The findings' consequence for theory is that the implicit assumptions built into Transition Management about the functioning of collaborative governance networks limit its applicability in different cities. The evidence collected through the study also highlights problems with scaling down the Multi-Level Perspective to the urban scale. The findings are derived from a comparative study of three cities from across Europe with diverse characteristics in terms of historical sustainability agenda development, locally relevant rationales for transitions, and patterns of organisational fragmentation and power-distribution in local governance arrangements.
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Lacinová, Andrea. "Landscape related factors affecting urban sprawl in European cities." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13859.
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Mestrado em Arquitetura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - ULThis thesis aims to discuss some issues related to the actual situation of suburban sprawl in Europe and focuses on the nature and landscapes. Urbanization is a main topic in EU, since cities are still growing, economy is stabilized, although it faced some challenges during the last decade and the larger part of Europe experiences a long period of time with no war or health epidemic. People have the resources to invest in new housing and in many cases they want to fulfill their dream of a house with garden. But this vision requires a lot of space usage so cities are sometimes spontaneously expanding beyond their borders and sometimes it does not even correspond to state urban policies. Urban sprawl is also a serious issue for European nature that does not have as many space alternatives as for example the USA. There are issues with coastal habitats, landscape fragmentation and loss of natural habitats. Thus, this thesis aims to find the main drivers behind urban sprawl and issues related to them. It analyzes its political, economic or social background and deducts solutions for urban sprawl repair with the help of successful projects or experience of states/cities, that suffered from urban sprawl but managed to find a way how to keep the urban development in balance. In this thesis it is a case of Norway. In practical part of this thesis, two case studies were chosen to represent characteristic problems of urban sprawl. They are from Portugal (regional level) and Czech Republic (community level). Those two cases are analyzed independently on each other and variations of solutions are found for them
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Giannuzzi, Federico. "Importanza dei PAES nei bandi SMART CITIES verso le SMART ANCIENT CITIES." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di analizzare lo stato dell’arte della Pianificazione Energetica Territoriale tenendo presenti le varie tecnologie disponibili con particolare riferimento a quelle “low carbon”, che includono le rinnovabili. Vengono esaminati i ruoli dei vari enti europei per la Pianificazione Energetica e il Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile (PAES).
Il primo esempio di “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon”, tipico del al panorama italiano come esempio scelto dei borghi antichi, è il Comune di Magliano in Toscana che ha una Convenzione di Ricerca con l’INGV dove è stata attuata un’importante riqualificazione energetico-architettonica in merito alle varie filiere nelle quali operare. Sono stati analizzati i dati sperimentali reali provenienti dal Comune stesso, includendo la Centrale a Biomasse della Azienda di Luigi Vivarelli e tutte le sue più recenti evoluzioni.
Un altro esempio di sistemi “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon” presentati nella tesi è lo studio realizzato nelle isole canarie, che grazie alle loro caratteristiche territoriali e alla posizione geografica sul mare, possono utilizzare al meglio le tecnologie previste dai bandi Europei Horizon 2020 “Smart Cities and Communities”.
I risultati scientifici Smart e Low-Carbon sia compilativi che sperimentali ottenuti includono considerazioni sia energetiche che economiche attraverso l’analisi di preventivi reali, per le installazioni dei sistemi energetici, di cui si fornisce una stima della produzione mensile e annuale, ipotizzando un periodo di ammortamento.Le strategie per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, l’aumento delle FER e la diminuzione dei consumi, sono e saranno sempre più legate allo sviluppo di comuni e città intelligenti. Promuovere e sviluppare la sostenibilità, intraprendere opere di efficientamento energetico, agevolerà il passaggio alla nuova generazione tecnologica basata sulle FER, nel rispetto dell’ambiente.
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Sialelli, Julien. "Human bioaccessibility of seven potentially toxic elements in two European cities." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502312.
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Verbruggen, Raf. "World cities before globalisation : the European city network, A.D. 1300-1600." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8439.
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This dissertation is a quantitative study of the spatial business strategies of 130 late medieval and 16th-century European commercial and banking firms, the business networks of which have been put together for a structural analysis of the European city network between ca. 1300 and ca. 1600. Concretely this investigation has been carried out through the application of an interlocking network model – specifically developed for the study of the present-day global city network produced by the office networks of business service firms – to this historical case study, in order to challenge predominantly hierarchical conceptualisations of city networks which are often influenced by central place theory. After a methodological section, in which solutions are designed for reconciling the geographical model with the particularities of historical research, a first part of the analysis focuses on agency within the network, identifying and reconstructing the multiple spatial strategies used by the different agents. In a second part the overall structure and dynamics in the network are investigated, revealing the operation of Christaller's traffic principle, as well as a cyclical variation in emphasis on continental and maritime nodes within the European city network. More generally, this study demonstrates that the functioning of dynamic transnational networks based upon complementarity and cooperation rather than competition is not limited to our contemporary globalised world, but can also be found in particular historical societies.
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Peabody, Seth. "Environmental Fantasies: Mountains, Cities, and Heimat in Weimar Cinema." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467382.
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This dissertation analyzes filmic environments within Weimar cinema and argues for a concept of Heimat in which the landscapes of modernity are embedded into the environments of home. Mountain films such as Der heilige Berg enact a visual mechanization of the Alpine landscape; industrial films such as Sprengbagger 1010 constellate pastoral and modernized scenes in a similar fashion to contemporary Heimat club journals; and urban films such as Menschen am Sonntag reveal the ways in which the city figures as Heimat within Weimar film. Further, film journals display contradictory discourses surrounding Heimat before the standardization of idyllic rural scenes in the postwar Heimatfilm genre.
These filmic environments interact with the real-world environment in complex and multi-directional ways. They participate in the development of new ways of seeing, marketing, and using the environment and function as nodes within sociopolitical debates regarding human communities and physical landscapes. These findings complicate arguments made by environmental historians who have claimed that the German notion of Heimat, encompassing both natural and cultural elements, might offer a useful alternative to the essentialism of the American wilderness ideal. In fact, the image of Heimat as a rural nature-culture hybrid, at least within film, only became dominant in the Nazi era. Within Weimar cinema, the term Heimat represents the focal point of a much more diverse and open discussion of environmental values.Germanic Languages and Literatures
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Costa, Alvaro Fernando de Oliveira. "Organisational form and performance of urban public transport in Western European cities." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7339.
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In recent years, many Western European urban public transport systems have undergone major reorganisation, including London (1985), Madrid (1985), Manchester (1986), Zurich (1990), Antwerp (1991), Copenhagen (1991), Athens (1992,1993), Gothenburg (1993) and Hamburg (1996). Other cities are also about to implement reorganisationsin their public transports ystems. Despite this, and with the exception of the British case, relatively little attention has been paid in the literature to the determinants and effects of these changes. Nevertheless, economics has benefited from individual contributions from people involved in these reorganisations. The aim of this thesis is to address two main weaknessesin the existing literature on the organisationo f urban public transport. Firstly, there is a distinct shortage of studies integrating different experiences in terms of forms of organisation.a nd their important features. Hence, emphasisi n this thesis is placed on examining structural changes in urban public transport, using a broad typology of organisations, and to explore related changes in the conduct and performance of public transport systems. A second weakness of the literature is the lack of detailed evaluations of the link between forms of organisation and the performance of transport operators. The evaluation of this link is carried out making use of case studies of Metro de Madrid and London Underground. The key objective of this thesis is to explore the existence of a link between organisation of the urban public transport markets and the performance of transport operators. Ile empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that reorganisations induce changes in performance levels. Additionally, in the cases of Metro de Madrid and London Underground, efficiency and effectiveness values emerge as positively correlated which is contrary to evidence presented in previous work.
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Wagenaar, Wester. "Challenging cultural identities : Between new forms of tourism and old European cities." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300184.
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New forms of tourism are on the rise where the incentive to travel is not primarily induced by a country’s heritage, but by mediatized narratives, characters and locations starring in products such as movies, comics and literature. This so-called contents tourism is considered promising by some, but the question is: who benefits? Europe is often understood as the old continent, a place with a rich history. Modern products capitalize on this sense of oldness and tell new narratives, providing Europe with new identities. These differing identities create challenges for cities and therefore demand to be mitigated. Utilizing the Japanese concept of contents tourism, this thesis aims to shed a light on the impact of these forms of tourism on city identities. This provides a better understanding on how interests, and entwined identities, challenge one another in European cities. Three case studies are employed: Harry Potter tourism in Oxford, tourism induced by the Millennium series in Stockholm and Twilight tourism in the Italian city of Volterra. It argues that there are three ways in which a city can perceive identities brought about by contents tourism: acceptance, indifference or reluctance. Not all alternative identities are considered challenging, but contents tourism influences city identities regardless.
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Miliutenko, Sofiia. "Aggregate provision and sustainability issues in selected European cities around the Baltic Sea." Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-45617.
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Exner, Andreas, Livia Cepoiu, Carla Weinzierl, and Viviana Asara. "Performing Smartness Differently - Strategic Enactments of a Global Imaginary in Three European Cities." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6432/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2018_05.pdf.
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In the scholarly literature on smart city, normative and prescriptive approaches dominate. Most
publications with analytic goals focus on transnational corporations, the related global imaginary of
a smart city, and on associated new technologies. In comparison, actually existing smart cities have
seldom been investigated. This is even more the case for public governance arrangements of smart
city policies. Our study compares three EU cities in this regard, which are attempting to take a lead
in smart city development. In addition, urban agriculture and citizens' participation are specifically
investigated in their relation to smart city policy-making. Based on policy document and media
discourse analysis, interviews, and participant observation, three governance arrangements of smart
city policies are identified: hierarchical governance by the government in Barcelona between 2011
and 2015, closed co-governance by the city executive and non-governmental actors in Vienna and
since 2015 in Barcelona, and open co-governance in Berlin. Citizens' participation is in the center
in Barcelona since 2015, and is potentially important in Berlin. The Viennese smart city governance
arrangement is characterized by non-hierarchical bargaining within the administration and signals
innovative meta-governance, without citizens' participation. In all three cities, international
dynamics play a crucial role for engaging with smart city, but it is enacted in particular ways
according to place-specific history, social forces, and economic and political conditions. The
meaning of smart city varies thus considerably: a comprehensive urban sustainability strategy
focused upon climate policy goals in Vienna; a comprehensive internationalization strategy in
Barcelona between 2011 and 2015; a limited technology- and business-oriented approach in Berlin;
and a limited digital city frame geared to participatory democracy and technological sovereignty in
Barcelona since 2015. Contrary to the literature, we highlight the agency of city executives, and the
place-specific enactments that global smart city imaginaries undergo. Current smart city policies
express more continuity than rupture with regard to urban development policies in our case study cities.Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
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Garrett, Amanda Lynne. "When Cities Fight Back: Minorities, Local Politics, and Conflict in Europe." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10821.
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What explains minority-state urban conflict across Europe? When, how and why do some localities seem more prone to turn the political expression of grievance into a blood sport, while others avoid this fate altogether, even when faced with similar internal and external conditions? To answer these questions, my argument challenges existing interpretations of minority-state relations based on "national models" of integration, cultural variables and minority inequality. Instead, I find that it is the entrenchment of local political elites and their strategic foundational social alliances with minority populations that ultimately condition the likelihood of violent confrontation and the ways in which it is managed at the local level.Government
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Favero, Adrian Viktor. "Role of Polish cities in shaping attitudes of urban, educated youth towards European integration." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31505.
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Cities constitute important political, economic and cultural frameworks, playing a potentially crucial role in influencing the residents' views and opinions about the world. In the context of Central Europe, there has been little attempt to examine the dynamics and construction of attitudes within urban societies. In this research, I explore the influence of urban spaces on citizens' attitudes towards the city and the European Union (EU). This study investigates such citizen behaviours in the largest new EU member state - the Republic of Poland. Building on existing scholarship, I include economic factors and attachment-related approaches to assess support of EU integration among highly skilled citizens living in European cities, the so-called Eurostars. The thesis asks to what extent perceived conditions in Polish cities shape the attitudes of young well-educated urban citizens towards the EU. How do citizens' perceptions of the local and of the supranational space affect their choice of location and work? I assess these questions by employing a sequential mixed methods approach that combines a quantitative and a qualitative method. I devised a survey that I conducted on 923 Masters (MA) students in Polish cities to evaluate their perceptions about their cities' performance. The survey further assessed students' attachments to their cities and their support for the EU. This collected data is complemented by detailed semi-structured interviews with 27 MA students to investigate whether their individual views on their respective city and on the EU influence their motivations to leave or stay in their city. This study situates these students as 'potential Eurostars' as they still live in their hometown. I conducted the comparative investigation in five large urban spaces in Poland: the Tricity area (Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia), Poznań, Warsaw, Wrocław and Kraków. Although not representative of every urban centre in Poland, these cities serve as a microcosm to understand the impact of local conditions and Europeanisation in Central and East Europe. (CEE) The use of cities as sites of analysis departs from the traditional and dominant nation-state framework. This thesis further underscores the attitudes of a specific social urban group, whose newly-gained access to the EU - with its opportunities for mobility - potentially offers them new perspectives. Such conditions may influence students' choices of future location and work. The developed methodological framework, with its focus on Polish cities, can be further applied to other countries, groups and territorial units in future research. The quantitative and qualitative findings reveal a relatively marginal influence of urban conditions on place attachment. I further demonstrate that satisfaction with economic and cultural conditions in Polish cities relate to positive attitudes towards the EU. The perception of quality of life plays an important role for the sampled MA students in how they decide where to work and live after graduation. Although, attachment to the city does not necessarily lead to a negative opinion about the EU, it does impact students' exit strategies and often leads to temporary migration plans. Other elements such as local patriotism, family and friends' networks, equally shape this form of place attachment.
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Schwab, Vera. "Towards more resilient border twin cities? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic induced (im)mobility shock on two European border twin cities." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193844.
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When the COVID-19 pandemic hit Europe in the beginning of 2020, a majority of countries reacted by closing their state borders. By drawing on concepts of border studies and border regional resilience, this thesis aims to examine the impact of the (im)mobility shock caused by the pandemic on two border twin cities in Europe. Through a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured expert interviews and content analyses, the thesis attempts to identify (1) Which factors facilitated/obstructed the coping/adapting strategies to the problems caused by the pandemic induced state border closures; and (2) Which long-term effects the COVID-19 crisis will have on the future development of the border twin cities and whether their development path will transform into a more resilient one. The main finding of this thesis is that the crisis management on the local level was considerably limited by the restrictions enacted at the national level. To be better prepared for similar shocks, the border twin cities have already made plans based on their experience. However, it remains to be seen whether these strategies can contribute to the resilience of the cities. Nevertheless, coordination between the local, regional and national level is essential to plan and establish resilient border twin cities.
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Dossi, Samuele. "Cities and the European Union : mechanisms and modes of Europeanization in the city of Turin." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4021.
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This research examines European Union (EU) policy instruments affecting the urban domain throughout the lenses of the Europeanization approach. Instead of looking at EU instruments that are formally/legally consecrated to cities, we use theoretical public policy analysis to explore the arenas and the causal mechanisms that structure the encounter between the EU and urban systems of governance. We develop the argument that there are four different modes of Europeanization. In consequence, to grasp the essence of a single instrument or a given EU initiative, one has to establish which mode is prevailing in the policy logic of that instrument or initiative. The core variables that explain change concern the status of actors’ preferences (a) and the payoffs from Europeanization (b). The combination of (a) and (b) thus originates a four dimensional space. We can therefore develop a typology for the modes of Europeanization, which chimes with current theorisations on the EU modes of governance. The eventual Europeanization of urban systems depends on the nature of strategic interaction, not on the legal ‘tools’ explicitly designated for cities. Thus, policy instruments are initially associated with the four modes. We then used process-tracing to verify whether instruments actually perform according to the ‘mode’ to which they have been initially paired, or if they trigger contingencies that have not been theoretically/deductively foreseen. This is particularly convenient within a realm – urban policies – where the EU does not have a specific formal competence and where interactions between ‘cities’ and the EU are likely to take place within multiple policy areas and during different stages of the policy process. Mechanisms are explored by considering the city of Turin. The four ‘policy instruments’ selected as proxies for the assessment of modes of Europeanization are the Covenant of Mayors programme for energy saving, directive 1994/62 (then waste framework directive) for waste management, directive 1993/30 for air quality control and the URBAN II Community Initiative for urban regeneration and development. The analysis of the four instruments reveals less variation between modes than initially expected. In this connection, theoretical similarity between modes, as emerged from the typological exercise carried out at the outset of the research, was partially echoed by the empirical analysis of policy instruments. Within cities and urban areas, the Europeanization effect is likely to assume a more blurred fashion and the action of, and reaction to, Europe is greatly interwoven with other dynamics, which in turn shape the perception and the actual impact of European modes and instruments for regulation. In the conclusions we highlight the differences between this approach and the traditional analysis of EU urban policy, and suggest avenues for future empirical research based on typologies of policy instruments.
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Devadason, Ranji. "Living to work or working to live? : young adult life transitions in two European cities." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424842.
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Mayer, Agnes Zsofia. "Indian Migration in European Cities: Comparative experiences how Gujarati immigrants are reshaping Leicester and Milan." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425266.
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In the context of globalisation, not only human movement became more facile between places, but the meaning of people’s locality turned unstable and uncertain. During last four decades, the number of studies on the link between people and place has increased, in order to understand the multiplying and reciprocal interactions between people and place, and to recognize the challenges that the change of place issues to people, and the challenges that migrants’ arrival issues to the receiving place, especially to urban environment.
The purpose of this research is to contribute to the discussion about the role of place played in identity, and that how migration influences the place-identity. It investigates the elicitation of attachment to home place, the disruption of place-identity continuity caused by migration, and the reconstruction of homely environment in order to maintain place-identity continuity after the settlement. According to these phases, the research units seek to answer the questions: how home place induces an attachment in people, how the change between places influences the place-identity continuity, and how relocated people manifest and maintain their attachment towards the home place. The study explores the answers in the case of Gujarati immigrants arrived in Leicester and Milan. The cross-urban comparison makes possible to examine the effects of postcolonial relations and migrant community development; size and concentration on the recreation and preservation of place-identity.
Empirical inquiry is based on ethnographic field work: in-depth interviews and non-participant observations. The research analyses overall 62 interviews with Hindu Gujarati immigrants and descendants in Leicester and Milan; 36 and 26 interviews respectively, furthermore completed with further 6 interviews gained from research archives. Observation covers the urban public places, focusing on the material environment, social life, and religious ceremonies.
The study uses the identity-theory as a theoretical framework to transfer the principles of identity to the concept of place and model the complex entity of people-place relationship. It organises the place, person, and process aspects of people-place relationship into a simple four-party model, applying it to the empirical exploration of research themes.
Empirical findings call attention to the outstanding role of home place amongst the places that people come into contact with during their lifetime. First, the research provides clues that due to which particular place features the home place evokes strong positive emotions in Gujarati immigrants. Secondly, examining the emotional effects of migration and resettlement, it reinforces the trace of earlier investigations, proving that migration causes a mental confusion as it is accompanied by change of place. Advancing further, it shows that there is relation between the sense of disruption and certain abilities of immigrants and certain qualities of sending and receiving places. Thirdly, analysing how Gujarati immigrants and descendants maintain and express their attachment to place in Leicester and Milan, the research manifests that immigrants intend to keep up their belonging whenever it is possible, instead an assimilation into the new urban environment. It demonstrated that Gujarati immigrants use the same type of practices to reconstruct the homely environment in the two cities, but they have different outcomes, depending on immigrants’ special skills, labour profile, and the particular environmental factors of settlement place. Cross-urban results also indicate that postcolonial relations between the migrant sending and receiving countries, providing a receptive environment in the destination place and internationally extended social network, guide migratory pattern and favourably influence the immigrant community development, thus they may indirectly facilitate the transformation of urban place.
Empirical findings provide evidences that home place, through the emotional bonding felt towards the environment, became part of people’s identity developing place-identity, and the need to regain the sense of home place disturbed by the migration prompts immigrants to recreate the home place in the urban settlement. By its results, the research contributes and provides new empirical findings to the growing body of literature on place-identity and urban ethnic landscape from many sides. However, the conscious adherence to the homely traditions, the maintenance of social group belonging, and the prominent use of religious practice hint that besides the environmental factors, migrants’ culture also plays a significant role in place-identity continuity. This calls attention to the need for further empirical examinations of the effects of cultural belonging on place-identity, and the need to construct a more culture-sensible place-identity framework.Nel contesto globalizzato, gli spostamenti delle persone sono diventati più facili e il significato di località è diventato instabile e incerto. Nel corso degli ultimi quattro decenni il numero degli studi sul rapporto tra uomo e ambiente è aumentato. Tali studi hanno le finalità di comprendere le interazioni reciproche e multifunzionali tra persone e ambiente, e di riconoscere le sfide del cambiamento che l’ambiente produce sulle persone da un lato, e dall’altro del cambiamento prodotto dall’arrivo dei migranti, in particolare sull’ambiente urbano. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è quello di contribuire alla discussione sul ruolo del luogo nell'identità, e su come la migrazione influenza l’identità di luogo dei migranti. Indaga l’attaccamento all’ambiente di casa, l'interruzione della continuità dell’identità di luogo causata dalla migrazione, e la ricostruzione di ambiente familiare al fine di mantenere la continuità di identità dopo l'insediamento. Secondo queste tre fasi, i capitoli della presente ricerca cercano di rispondere alle seguenti domande : in che modo l’ambiente di casa induce un attaccamento nelle persone, come il cambiamento tra luoghi influenza la continuità dell’identità di luogo, e infine come la gente trasferita manifesta e mantiene il suo attaccamento verso l’ambiente di casa. È analizzato il caso degli indù gujarati migranti arrivati a Leicester e a Milano. Il confronto cross-urbano permette di esaminare: gli effetti dei rapporti post-coloniali e lo sviluppo delle comunità migranti; le dimensioni e la concentrazione sulla ricostruzione e sul mantenimento dell’identità di luogo. La ricerca empirica si basa su un lavoro di campo etnografico con interviste in profondità e osservazioni non partecipanti. Nello specifico, sono analizzate 62 interviste realizzate con indù gujarati immigrati e discendenti a Leicester e a Milano, 36 e 26 interviste rispettivamente, completate con 6 interviste raccolte da diversi archivi di ricerca. L'osservazione riguarda i luoghi pubblici urbani, con particolare attenzione all'ambiente materiale, alla vita sociale, e ai riti e cerimonie religiosi. Lo studio utilizza la teoria dell'identità come un quadro teorico per trasferire i principi dell’identità al concetto del luogo e forma la complessa entità del rapporto persona-ambiente. Organizza luogo, persona e processo del rapporto persona-ambiente in un modello a quattro componenti, applicanto all'esplorazione empirica dei temi di ricerca. I risultati empirici richiamano l'attenzione sul ruolo eccezionale dell’ambiente di casa tra i luoghi con cui le persone entrano in contatto durante la loro vita. In primo luogo la ricerca rivela quali sono le funzioni particolari dell'ambiente con cui l'ambiente di casa suscita emozioni forti e positive negli immigrati gujarati. In secondo luogo, esaminando gli effetti emotivi della migrazione e del reinsediamento, l'investigazione rafforza i risultati di ricerche pregresse, dimostrando che l'immigrazione provoca una frattura mentale causata da un cambiamento di luogo. Ancora, la ricerca mostra una relazione tra da un lato la frattura sentimentale e dall'altro l’abilità dei migranti e qualità dei luoghi di invio e di ricezione. In terzo luogo, analizzando come gli immigrati gujarati e i loro discendenti conservano ed esprimono il loro attaccamento all’ambiente di casa a Leicester e a Milano, la ricerca mette in evidenza che gli immigrati tendono a mantenere la loro appartenenza quanto più possibile, e non ad assimilarsi nel nuovo ambiente urbano. Gli immigrati gujarati usano lo stesso tipo di pratiche per ricostruire l'ambiente familiare nelle due città, con risultati diversi a seconda delle competenze speciali, del loro profilo di lavoro e dei fattori ambientali particolari del luogo di insediamento. I risultati cross-urbani indicano inoltre che le relazioni postcoloniali tra il Paese di invio e il Paese ricevente dei migranti, fornendo un ambiente ricettivo nel luogo di destinazione ed una rete sociale estesa nell’ambito internazionale, guidano il percorso migratorio e influenzano favorevolmente lo sviluppo della comunità di immigrati. In tal modo le relazioni postcoloniali possono indirettamente facilitare la trasformazione del luogo urbano. I risultati empirici provenienti dalla ricerca mettono in evidenza che l'ambiente di casa fa parte dell'identità tramite il legame emotivo costruito con l'ambiente, sviluppando l'identità di luogo, e dimostrano che il bisogno di ritrovare il senso dell'ambiente di casa disturbata dalla migrazione spinge gli immigrati a ricreare l'ambiente di casa nel luogo urbano di insediamento. La ricerca contribuisce e fornisce nuove scoperte empiriche alla letteratura sull’identità di luogo e sul paesaggio urbano, etnico. Tuttavia, l'adesione cosciente alle tradizioni familiari, il mantenimento dell’appartenenza al gruppo sociale e l'uso prominente delle pratiche religiose suggeriscono che oltre ai fattori ambientali, la cultura dei migranti svolge un ruolo significativo nella continuità dell’identità di luogo. Lo studio richiama l'attenzione sulla necessità di ulteriori esami empirici sugli effetti dell’appartenenza culturale sull’identità di luogo e sulla necessità di costruire un quadro dell’identità di luogo più articolato, includente la cultura.
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Loureiro, Bruno Miguel Pinto. "Smart cities na eolítica europeia e o smart living em Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22858.
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Mestrado em GestãoAs cidades inteligentes constituem uma resposta face aos grandes desafios que os atores dos meios urbanos enfrentam e que irão aumentar nos próximos anos devido ao aumento da população esperado nas cidades. Trata-se de uma resposta de base tecnológica, mas também na capacidade da própria cidade em se reinventar no sentido de aumentar a qualidade de vida dos seus cidadãos. Para este estudo foram conduzidas seis entrevistas com o intuito de compreender parte da realidade portuguesa e a política europeia no tema, bem como os casos de inteligência urbana de Águeda e Aveiro, cidades localizadas no centro de Portugal, dando-se um maior enfoque para o Smart Living, dimensão das Smart Cities que envolve as áreas da coesão social, cultura, turismo, educação, saúde e segurança. É observado que a cidade de Águeda possui uma maior orientação relativa à mediação tecnológica no sentido de se tornar uma cidade inteligente, quando comparada com Aveiro que, apesar da presença da Universidade e de empresas do setor das TICE na cidade, não conseguiu transportar a utilização das TIC para a obtenção de uma qualidade de vida superior dos seus cidadãos, mas que é conseguida através de outros meios. Como conclusão, seria benéfico para as cidades portuguesas integrarem de uma forma mais recorrente em projetos integrados nos variados programas de financiamento ligados às cidades inteligentes e promovidos pela Comissão Europeia, mostrando-se aqui necessária a atuação de entidades que consigam fazer com que as cidades portuguesas ganhem maior notoriedade no cenário europeu em matéria de inteligência urbana.
Smart cities are a response to the great challenges that urban actors face and that will rise in the coming years due to the expected population increase in cities. This is a technology-based response, but also the city's ability to reinvent itself in order to increase the quality of life of its citizens. For this study, six interviews were conducted in order to understand part of the portuguese reality and the european politics on this theme, as well the cases of urban intelligence in Águeda and Aveiro, cities located in the center of Portugal, giving a greater focus to Smart Living, the dimension of Smart Cities that involves the areas of social cohesion, culture, tourism, education, health and safety. It is observed that the city of Águeda has a greater orientation regarding technological mediation in the sense of becoming an intelligent city, when compared to Aveiro that, despite the presence of the University and companies of the ICTE sector in the city, is still unable to transport the use of ICT to achieve a better quality of life for its citizens, although that is achieved through other means. As a conclusion, it would be beneficial for Portuguese cities to integrate in a more recurrent way into projects integrated in the various funding programs linked to smart cities and promoted by the European Commission, showing that it is necessary the operation of entities that succeed in getting Portuguese cities to become more prominent in the European scenario in urban intelligence.
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Oppowa, Sascha. "Governance, Functions, and Traits of European Transnational Municipal Networks : An evaluation by means of German Member Cities." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254938.
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As much as urban areas are centres of greenhouse gas emissions, cities hold a unique position in tackling climate change as they have legal authority over key sectors such as buildings, transportation, and urban planning. Recognising the benefit of coordinating activities on the local level, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) unite local governments across borders, providing particular services to its members. In Europe, there are several TMNs focusing on issues related to climate protection. This study examines four of these networks (ICLEI, Climate Alliance, Energy Cities, EUROCITIES) and the functions they hold available. Interviews were conducted with representatives from the networks and a sample of German cities in order to depict both their perspectives. In terms of functions provided by the TMNs as a whole, lobbying for needs and concerns of the municipalities was considered as one of the networks’ main task. Further, two forms of lobbying were identified that varied depending on the respective network: lobbying, including mayoral support; and lobbying on a technical level. In addition, interviewees valued the exchange of information and experiences that these networks enable and foster. Lastly, their role in project management was stated as an important reason for network membership. A TMN-specific analysis revealed that ICLEI’s main strength was seen in lobbying on international level for its members’ concerns by also involving its member cities’ mayors. Municipalities seemed to turn to Energy Cities and EUROCITIES with regard to lobbying concentrated at EU decision-making, project cooperation, and the exchange of information. Climate Alliance’s unique selling point – since none of the other networks was associated with this function – appeared to be in organising awareness raising events and campaigns in cooperation with its members.
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GUERINI, MICHELA. "Quality of life and families agency in European Cities: a comparison between neighborhoods in Milan and Amsterdam." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/34448.
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La tesi propone un originale modello per lo studio della qualità di vita urbana riferendosi alla Capability Approach (CA) di Amartya Sen (1992, 1999, 2004, 2009) con l’inclusione di aspetti partecipativi. Il concetto di qualità di vita si lega al benessere inteso in termini di sviluppo umano. L’approccio pone la centralità dei cittadini nell’individuazione di quelle dimensioni di benessere che essi stessi hanno motivo di valore come importanti per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di sviluppo della proprio vita.
Il modello propone una definizione partecipativa di benessere e qualità di vita urbana e viene combinata con l'indagine dei modi di vita dei cittadini. La tesi prende in esame quei tratti di vita urbana composti da funzionamenti, capacità, libertà, scelte e valori messi in gioco dai cittadini quotidianamente per migliorare la propria qualità di vita.
Un test empirico di questo modello è stato implementato in un’analisi comparativa sulle famiglie con i bambini in due quartieri di Milano e Amsterdam. I dati sono stati raccolti attraverso focus group e interviste e sono stati analizzati secondo le categorie del CA declinato all’ambito urbano. Risultati positivi delineano una nuova direzione negli studi sulla qualità di vita urbana basata su un approccio centrata sulle persone e sugli abitanti della città.The thesis proposes an original model to define quality of urban life referring to the Capability Approach (CA) of Amartya Sen (1992, 1999, 2004, 2009) with a participative enforcement. Opening the concept of quality of life to well-being as human development we refer to citizens' centrality in identifying own dimensions of well-being according to what they have reason to value and to what they aim to achievement. The model proposes a participative definition of well-being and quality of urban life to be combined with the investigation of citizens' agency as the sum of valued actions chosen to develop their life. Urban traits of citizens' functionings, capabilities, freedom, choices and values emerge with relevant indications on how people like to improve their personal and social well-being. An empirical test of this model has been implemented in a comparative analysis on families with children in neighborhood in Milan and Amsterdam. Data has been collected trough focus groups and interviews and analyzed trough the CA categories with urban sociological and geographical declination. Positive results have emerged and further improvement on this model could bring new direction on quality of urban life based on a more people-centered approach.
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McKenzie, Catherine. "Sustainable development, urban transport and urban theory : current positions, convergence and contradictions; a case study of transport and environmental policy-making in selected European cities." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286984.
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Abad, Marta. "WORK WITH AGENDA 21 IN EUROPEAN CITIES. : A case of study: the waste's management in Barcelona and Gävle." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-752.
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Sweden is a long-term world reference country in terms of sustainable development. On the other hand, Barcelona has recently made great efforts in order to improve and to make society aware of the importance of environmental issues. Hence, it would be interesting to investigate if these efforts had succeeded in the waste’s management in Barcelona compared to other leading European cities, and particularly to the case of Gävle.
In this work, the operation of the management of the urban solid wastes of the two cities is explained.
First, the objectives marked by Agenda 21 of each locality are exposed. Next, a theoretical perspective about management, generation of wastes and types of waste treatment is provided. In the following chapter, the results of the generation of wastes, selective collection and the treatments of the wastes are shown for both the cases of Barcelona and Gävle until the 2006.
Finally, the two cities are compared and the results obtained in the management of the wastes are discussed.
The conclusion in this study is that Barcelona has improved noticeable in terms of environmentally safe management of the wastes. This has happened thanks to the efforts of the city council and of the citizens.
But It is still necessary to make a major effort by the inhabitants of Barcelona.
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Hagängen, Johan, and Yashar Najafzadeh. "Real Estate Profitability in three European cities : A quantitative study of risk adjusted returns from real estate investments." Thesis, Stockholm University, School of Business, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-5969.
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This is a study of the profitability of three European real estate markets. The returns from real estate investments in Stockholm, London and Paris are compared on a risk-adjusted basis. The study takes the perspective of a corporate real estate investor, an investment bank, insurance company or other actor who whishes to invest in real estate. Real estate consists of land and any buildings or improvements located on the land. The real estate market has a few characteristics that differentiate it from other markets. The planning and construction of buildings is a time consuming process. This makes the supply of real estate slow moving and unable to quickly adjust to changes in demand. Because of real estate’s importance for the economy at large and for society, the real estate markets of most nations are highly regulated by governments. Real estate investments are mostly long term and extensive use of debt is common. The real estate market has a business cycle of its own. These characteristics give rise to numerous investment opportunities for the well-informed investor. The time frame of this study is 20 years in order to cover several business cycles. The source of data is the Investment Property Databank (IPD). The results show that Stockholm is the high-risk alternative and Paris is the low-risk alternative of the three markets in the study. The total return consists of income return and capital growth. The average annual returns ranged from 7.5% in Paris to 11.2% in Stockholm. By including debt the returns of Stockholm and London could be leveraged to approximately 20% per year. Use of debt can also destroy value when the cost of capital exceeds the return on the investment, as would be the case for Paris. No significant correlation between the returns of London and Paris was found, while the returns of Stockholm and London were highly correlated. The risk adjusted returns of the three markets as measured by the Sharpe ratio show that Stockholm is the most profitable market, closely followed by London and Paris being the least profitable market.
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Bullen, Claire. "Tales of two cities : comparing culture and social relations in Liverpool and Marseilles, two 'European Capitals of Culture'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tales-of-two-cities-comparing-culture-and-social-relations-in-liverpool-and-marseilles-two-european-capitals-of-culture(c92ff428-3164-4587-b494-71230aadcfeb).html.
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Since introduced in 1985, the European Capital of Culture often figures as the most ‘successful’ European Union cultural policies. It is also regularly evoked as representative of contemporary strategies of culturally-inflected urban development. That is, where city leaderships look to ‘culture’ as a means to make their cities more competitive, and to manage urban populations. This dissertation uses this European cultural policy as an entry point through which to compare how culturally-inflected urban development has shaped understandings, representations and experiences of culture and social relations in two European cities: Liverpool, European Capital of Culture in 2008, and Marseilles, titleholder in 2013. The central question addressed here is whether it is possible to observe similar opportunities and barriers for urban dwellers of diverse backgrounds living in impoverished urban areas to participate in city and cultural-making processes. The two cities have comparative value because of similarities they share within multi-scalar hierarchies of power. Historically, both were significant global ports of empire; both have frequently been associated with large working class populations that are often racialised or criminalised; both are regularly depicted as ‘cities of crisis’ or ‘uncultured places’. The two urban localities are situated relatively low down on political and economic inter-urban league tables. Since the 1980s, they have become the sites of major market-led urban restructuring processes, exacerbated in the context of recent austerity policies. There are also significant variations; in national and local frameworks of urban governance, differing relations with ‘Europe’ and distinctive histories of race and class. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a range of urban actors (urban dwellers in impoverished neighbourhoods, cultural policy workers and urban decision-makers) between 2004 and 2014, I explore how understandings and experiences of culture and social relations were differentially reconfigured in relation to this European cultural policy initiative. My findings point to similarities in the ways in which cultural policy materialised in these two places historically understood as lacking ‘cultural distinction.’ Dominant understandings of culture value were defined in relation to hierarchies of value constructed in social networks that extending beyond the city (the nation state, Europe, the world). In both, cultural policy-making was closely linked to economic growth policies. As elsewhere in the world, these trends resulted in growing professionalisation of the arts, gentrification of the city centre and increasing marginalisation of local cultural workers and urban dwellers living in impoverished areas, in processes inflected by gender, race and class. The study also draws out some of the complexities and unexpected outcomes of culturally-inflected urban policies. Nuancing studies on cultural diversity and gentrification, it offers an ethnographically sensitive yet critical reading of how such culturally-inflected urban development materialises in particular locations, contributing to broader understandings about the production of social difference and competing understandings of cultural value in cities, in unequal relations of power.
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Charlton, Nathan. "How do urban forms enable political projects? : the affordance of nationalism and nationhood during the modernisation of European cities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3849/.
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How do ideologies and cities shape each other? This work offers a theoretical strategy for explaining how urban forms and political projects have afforded each other's development historically, while avoiding a deterministic account of how political aims are realised in particular urban forms. To do this it focuses on the emergence of nationalism in the context of the modernisation of European cities in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. As background, the development of the concept of citizenship in the context of the medieval city is explored and an understanding of the exceptional political space of the city in political philosophy is outlined. The political philosophy of nationalism is seen to engender an urban-rural tension and the works of Rousseau and Herder are read to understand further the relationship between nationalist thought and the modern city. Then in order to structure an investigation of how urban form and ideology interact, an analytical framework is developed using JJ Gibson's theory of affordances. The framework is applied to European urban forms which developed during the rise of nationalism, specifically in three historical city cases: Budapest, Vienna and Venice. The cases share in common an experience of Habsburg administration and the rise of nationalism in the nineteenth century but have quite different formal contexts. Urban forms and affordances are discussed more generally using the phenomenon and concept of Haussmannisation and the usefulness of that concept is discussed. More general conclusions are drawn in which political ideas, ideologies and urban forms are understood to afford each other ranges of such possibilities without determining them.
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Harbulak, Paul. "The Residential Patterns of European Ethnic Groups in U.S Cities: Case Studies in Pittsburgh and Cleveland, 1940 and 2000." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1177516572.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Geography, 2007."May, 2007." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 12/31/2008) Advisor, Robert B. Kent; Committee members, Linda R. Barrett; Department Chair, Kwadwo Konadu-Agyemang; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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CONTATO, Annalisa. "City Networks, Polycentrism, Gateway Cities: verso un nuovo modello per le città policentriche europee." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/91053.
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La ricerca affronta lo studio del modello insediativo reticolare, le potenzialità delle reti e nei nodi urbani nel rappresentare la logica spaziale disegnata dai flussi materiali e immateriali.
La tesi è sviluppata attraverso tre parti principali. La prima parte, dedicata all’inquadramento scientifico del tema e all’apparato teorico, propone un regesto critico delle teorie e dell’evoluzione del concetto di rete, attingendo sia alla letteratura delle scienze sociali, geografiche ed economiche sia alle pratiche relative alla spazializzazione delle reti in ambito territoriale.
La seconda parte si concentra sullo studio e interpretazione del modello insediativo policentrico, dove, attraverso l’approfondimento di esempi europei, vengono riscontrate le relazioni con il modello reticolare al fine di comprendere come quest’ultimo integri e potenzi il modello policentrico. Queste analisi hanno condotto alla formulazione di un’ipotesi di un “modello policentrico reticolare multilivello”, in cui è stata posta particolare attenzione al ruolo delle città-nodo ai diversi livelli di relazioni spaziali. Quindi, sono stati analizzati con particolare attenzione i territori in cui i flussi, materiali e immateriali, trovano la loro dimensione spaziale e il locale si connette con il globale, ovvero: le piattaforme territoriali e le gateway cities, nuove configurazioni territoriali, esito delle dinamiche di sviluppo e di trasformazione in corso.
Nella terza parte si affronta il tema della governance reticolare e le questioni ancora aperte nell’attuale processo di re-scaling che caratterizza l’intero territorio europeo. Partendo dall’analisi dei sistemi territoriali policentrici europei presi in esame, la ricerca propone un’ipotesi di linee guida per la governance territoriale di questi sistemi con l’intento di fornire indirizzi organizzativi e procedurali.The research addresses the study of the reticular settlement model, the potential of networks and urban nodes to represent the spatial logic drawn by the material and immaterial flows. The argument is developed through three main parts. The first part, devoted to the scientific and theoretical apparatus, offers a critical register of theory and the evolution of the concept of network, drawing on the literature of the social geographical and economic sciences and on the practices relating to the spatialization of networks at territorial level. The second part focuses on the study and interpretation of the polycentric settlement model, where, through the deepening of European examples, are found relations with the reticular model in order to understand how the latter integrates and strengthens the polycentric model. These analyses have led to the formulation of the hypothesis of a " polycentric reticular multilevel model," in which special attention has been paid to the role of the city-node at different levels of spatial relationships. So were analysed, with particular attention, the territories in which the flows, material and immaterial, find their spatial dimension and where the local level is connected with the global: the regional platforms and the gateway cities, new territorial configurations, result of the development dynamics ongoing. The third part addresses the issue of reticular governance and the remaining issues in the ongoing process of re-scaling that characterizes the whole of Europe. Based on the analysis of the European polycentric territorial systems studied, the research proposes an hypothesis of guidelines for territorial governance of these systems with the intention of providing organizational and procedural addresses.
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Dostlar, Derya. "Socioeconomic Determinants Of Internal Migration: A Comparative Analysis In Seven Cities In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615365/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore whether or not there exists a difference
between the old and new migrants who moved to Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Izmir,
Gaziantep, Erzurum and Sanliurfa provinces pre and post 1990, and the
disadvantaged residents born in the urban areas of these provinces in terms of
education, health and employment.
To attain this aim, a theoretical framework, through which main features of the
concept of disadvantageous were discussed.The overview of the literature, is
based on these three dimensions of being disadvantaged, which are education,
health and employment by using socio-economical characteristics as the
interpretive tools. Therefore, the definition of disadvantageous centered on the
notion of migration is accepted as a background of the study. In this respect,
disadvantaged people are accepted as a group that experiences a higher risk of
poverty and social exclusion than the general population.
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Pol, Peter Martinus Jacobus. "A renaissance of stations, railways and cities : economic effects, development strategies and organisational issues of european high-speed-train stations /." Rotterdam, 2002. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00062038.pdf.
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Smith, Daniel John. "The challenge of creating sustainable development processes for large scale urban regeneration projects : exploring different experiences in major European cities." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5741/.
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This research investigates what type of actors and organisations are involved in achieving the goal of providing more sustainable high quality urban regeneration in England. The research draws on three key strands of literature including sustainable urban development, development processes and governance. The research gap is where these three strands come together. The thesis explores these issues through the use of case studies in Hafencity (Hamburg) and 22@ (Barcelona) alongside consideration of major projects in England. The main findings of the research show that the continental case studies place stronger emphasis on proactive public sector management of projects (‘positive planning’) than would normally be the case in England. The public sector is able to lead the projects for reasons including land ownership, the planning system, skills in the planning department, use of a local development agency and a more positive and collaborative approach between the public and private sectors involving the appropriate use of power, partnerships and networks. This approach permits greater emphasis to be placed on long term / sustainability issues and helps to balance public interest and private sector gain, both of which could be of interest in the context of achieving more sustainable urban regeneration in England.
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Wahl, Fabian [Verfasser], and Sibylle H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Lehmann-Hasemeyer. "Trade and political institutions in late medieval European cities : origins and long-run consequences / Fabian Wahl ; Betreuer: Sibylle Lehmann-Hasemeyer." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-11968.
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Schader, Miriam. "Religion as a political resource ? : the religious and political involvement of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa in two European cities." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0019.
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Alors que la religion est souvent dépeinte comme un obstacle à la participation démocratique de migrants, cette thèse pose la question de savoir si la religion peut être une ressource pour l’engagement politique de migrants. Sur la base d’entretiens réalisés à Berlin et en Ile-de-France, la participation religieuse et politique de migrants d’Afrique sub-saharienne est analysée. Pour des raisons méthodologiques, l’accent est mis sur des organisations religieuses à Berlin. Une analyse des réseaux d’organisations africaines laïques, musulmanes et chrétiennes montre que les réseaux chrétiens sont les plus denses et les plus complets, alors que les musulmans sont presque isolés. Pour les organisations chrétiennes, leur religion est une ressource organisationnelle et symbolique qui accroît leur cohésion, leur coopération et la capacité d’agir de leurs leaders. De plus, leurs réseaux religieux leur donnent accès à d’autres ressources. L’analyse herméneutique des entretiens révèle que les fédérations des chrétiens africains à Berlin ont une perspective politique et s’engagent politiquement, alors que leur légitimité est fondée sur la religion. De plus, les migrants chrétiens utilisent leur religion comme ressource symbolique pour revaloriser une identité africaine dans un contexte souvent marqué par la discrimination. La comparaison entre les deux villes montre cependant qu’il y a des différences significatives entre les deux contextes et entre les religions et les confessions. Ceci mène à la conclusion que la religion peut être une ressource organisationnelle et symbolique pour la participation et la mobilisation politiques de migrants,mais seulement dans certaines circonstancesWhile migrant religion is often portrayed as an obstacle to democratic participation, this thesis raises the question whether religion can be a resource for the political involvement of migrants. Based on interviews made in Berlin and the Parisian agglomeration, the religious and political engagement of migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa is analysed. For methodological reasons, the main focus is on religious organisations in Berlin. A formal analysis of networks of African secular, Muslim and Christian organisations in Berlin shows that Christian networks are the densest and most encompassing, whereas Muslims are almost isolated. For Christian organisations, religion is an organisational and a symbolic resource for unity, cooperation, and for increasing their leaders’ capacity to act. Also, their religious networks provide access to resources such as premises or support by the non-migrant population. The hermeneutic analysis of the interview material reveals that, while their legitimacy is based on religion, the federations set up by African Christians in Berlin are explicitly political in their outlook and get involved politically. Also, Christian migrants draw on their religion as a symbolic resource to revalorise an African identity in a context often marked by disrespect and discrimination. Muslims do not seem to have the same option. The comparison between the two cities, however, demonstrates that there are significant differences between the two contexts and between religions and confessions. This leads to the conclusion that religion may be an organisational and a symbolic resource for the political involvement of migrants, but under certain circumstances only
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Wahl, Fabian Verfasser], and Sibylle H. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Lehmann-Hasemeyer. "Trade and political institutions in late medieval European cities : origins and long-run consequences / Fabian Wahl ; Betreuer: Sibylle Lehmann-Hasemeyer." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1170228593/34.
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Gosselin, Kyle. "Rhetorical Tales Of Jerusalem And Constantinople: Cities And Strategies Of The Crusades." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/827.
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This thesis will demonstrate that the modern understanding of the four primary crusades (1095-1204) has been influenced by a fundamentally flawed framework. Defining the crusades as a conflict between two monolithic at-war religious groups (Christians and Muslims) results in an incorrect conception of the period. Therefore, in order to deconstruct this belief, this thesis will view the crusades through the prism of two cities: Constantinople and Jerusalem. The rhetorical relationship that developed between these two cities during the crusading period demonstrates that the moment was defined by political and pragmatic relationships that cut across religious lines. Modern historians, through oversimplifications and assertions of a binary religious relationship, have buttressed public misperceptions of the crusades. Thus, historians have allowed the moment to be used as a rhetorical justification for modern political issues like imperialism and terrorism.
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Prazeres, Joana Filipa Silva. "Turismo religioso: Fátima no contexto dos santuários marianos europeus." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12127.
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A crescente importância do turismo religioso enquanto atividade económica e movimentador de massas, sobretudo em destinos como Fátima tem atraído a atenção dos investigadores. Partindo da análise das motivações e necessidades dos visitantes de quatro cidades-santuário marianas europeias e, com base em instrumentos como a entrevista, o questionário, a observação direta, este estudo procura analisar as condições e os serviços oferecidos aos visitantes em Fátima por comparação às(aos) oferecidas(os) nas cidades-santuário de Lourdes, Banneux e Loreto, para assim identificar as áreas onde essa oferta pode ser melhorada. A maioria dos visitantes dos santuários marianos são movidos, indubitavelmente, por motivos religiosos; porém, o perfil do visitante-tipo tem vindo a alterar-se e isso exige uma reflexão e ação coordenada dos agentes locais por forma a conhecer as novas procuras turísticas. Duas áreas sobressaem negativamente face aos demais santuários: informação / acolhimento e oferta turística. Um resultado a que não será alheia a crescente recetividade destes visitantes a novas propostas de atividades complementares, mesmo de caráter não exclusivamente religioso; Religious Tourism: Fatima in the Context of European Marian Shrines
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The growing importance of the religious tourism as an economic activity and a crowd mover, especially in destinations like Fatima has called the attention of researchers. Starting with the analysis of the visitors’ motivations and needs of four European Marian shrine cities and using interviews, questionnaires and direct observation as research tools, this study seeks to analyze the reception conditions and services offered to visitors in Fátima compared to those offered in Lourdes, Banneux and Loreto, aiming to identify areas for improvement. Most visitors to Marian sanctuaries are undoubtedly driven by religious motivations; however, the visitor profile-type has been changing over recent years and it urges local agents to rethink and better coordinate their activities in order to meet the new tourist demands. Two areas stand out negatively compared to other sanctuaries: information / reception conditions and tourism offer. Perhaps this is due to the fact that visitors are more receptive to new proposals for activities not exclusively of a religious character.
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Časarová, Lucie. "Nástroj Evropské unie URBACT II (případová studie ČR)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71782.
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This work deals with the URBACT II Operational Programme and EU supporting the development of cities. The introductory part describes the development of URBAN I and II initiative and comprehensively analyzes the URBACT II - who can participate in it, what projects and themes are supported, how is the program managed, etc. It also focuses on the analysis of European cities involved in this program and the expected development in the period 2014 to 2020. The work also includes evaluation of the involvement of Czech cities in the URBACT. Analyzes which cities are involved in projects and what topics these projects deal with, what is their output or what are their impacts.
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Ball, Rachael I. "An Inn-Yard Empire: Theater and Hospitals in the Spanish Golden Age." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281290896.
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PALA, DANIELE. "Spatial Enablement and Simulation Tools to Improve Public Health and Wellbeing in Big Cities: a New Framework Based on the European PULSE Project." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1420342.
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Sajir, Zakaria. "The political integration of Moroccans in Europe : an analysis of the attitudinal and behavioural engagement of Moroccan-origin residents in politics in five European cities." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42769.
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In this dissertation I focus on the political integration of the people of migrant-origin from Morocco. The main objective is to explore how contextual factors shape the political engagement of this group. In addition, the varying migration trajectories and histories of settlement in Europe of this large, heterogeneous, stigmatised, and understudied group are made visible. I begin by advancing my own conception of political integration, adding to work that seeks to fill a gap in the literature on migrant integration, which has predominantly focused on the social and economic aspects. Using this concept, I analyse the attitudinal and behavioural forms of political engagement expressed by the members of the Moroccan-origin communities residing in Brussels, Lyon, Turin, Barcelona, and Madrid. I use survey data from the LOCALMULTIDEM project, a sister project, and an original survey in Turin that I designed and conducted. I investigated how contextual factors—the presence of local voting rights in favour of non-European nationals and the strength of the anti-discrimination policies implemented in the countries of residence—can shape the way Moroccan-origin individuals engage in their countries of residence. I conducted a series of multivariate analyses whilst controlling for the influence of individual attributes, like gender, age, and education. The results produced do not provide evidence in support of the argument that the extension of local voting rights in favour of migrant-origin individuals can stimulate their political engagement. The Moroccan-origin individuals residing in Brussels, the only city where non-European nationals can take part in local elections, do not have a higher chance to be engaged in politics. However, the findings suggest that the Moroccan-origin communities residing in countries implementing stronger and intermediate anti-discrimination policies (Belgium, France, and Italy) can express their voice through a wider set of political acts.
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Ayyub, Muhammad Faisal. "Analysis between United Nation ESCAP and European Commission sustainable urban transport indicators." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23719/.
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The growth and concentration of motor vehicles has led to increase demand for urban mobility. Renewed commitments of urban cities are required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals SDG target 11.2 on urban mobility as well as to enhance overall sustainability of urban transport systems and services. Cities and countries need to track the progress in improving urban mobility. With a view to support evidence-based decision, the thesis introduces the Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI), a comprehensive assessment tool developed by UNESCAP to help summarize, track and compare the state of urban mobility in Asian cities. It also presents the results of pilot application of SUTI in two Asian cities: Greater Jakarta and Colombo completed in 2017. The two pilot cities were able to collect data, analysed and assess the state of urban mobility in their city using SUTI. The visual output display in spider diagram was very useful to comprehend state of all 10 key indicators in a glace. More Asian cities have shown interest in application of SUTI. A workshop held in Colombo confirmed the relevance and significance of SUTI tool to evaluate and assess state of urban transport systems and services in Asian cities and as well as to make comparison among peer cities. Similarly European Commission (EC) has developed a comprehensive set of practical and reliable indicators that support cities to perform a standardised evaluation of their mobility system and to measure improvements that result from new mobility practices or policies. Sustainable urban mobility indicators are a useful tool for cities and urban areas to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their mobility system and to focus on areas for improvement. As cities and urban areas continue to develop Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) and work towards EU policy goals. The aim is to analyse the sustainable transport indicators of ESCAP and European union in terms of their input data and output result
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Shectman, Stanislav. "Cuisine Worlds: Professional Cooking, Public Eating, and the Production of Culture in Contemporary Moscow." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/199925.
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AnthropologyPh.D.
Based on ethnographic fieldwork among the individuals, groups, and institutions that comprise Moscow's contemporary restaurant industry, this dissertation explores the production and consumption of Moscow's postsocialist culinary culture and landscape. Approaching cuisine as both a social product and a cultural process, I examine the agents and avenues of the local globalization of culinary culture. In my analysis, these "agents" include restaurateurs, chefs, cooks, professional associations, and educators and educational institutions, among others. I attend to the various meanings, practices, and contexts of their work, as well as to the political, aesthetic, and performative dimensions of cooking, cuisine and restaurants. I also examine how Russian consumers engage with and make sense of Moscow's emerging culinary culture and restaurant scene. I see these producers of cuisine and restaurants as authors of the capital's postsocialist consumer landscape and intermediaries between the local and the global. Articulating global culinary culture into local contexts, these cultural producers redeploy contemporary and historical culinary practices, aesthetics, and forms as representations of culture on both local and global stages. I call these practices culinary strategies and argue that they are vehicles through which new social actors struggle over the meanings and values at stake in the marketization of Russian society. Cuisine and restaurants are thus contested sites for the construction of Moscow as a world-class city and the production, dissemination, and negotiation of community, nation, identity, and class. I suggest that cuisine and restaurants play important roles in processes of globalization, serving as sites for reproduction and contestation of global hegemonies of form. Drawing on and expanding work in the anthropologies of food, visual communication, postsocialism, and globalization, my project suggests how ethnography and micro-analysis of the visual, sensual, performative, and structural dimensions of cultural production can open critical understandings of the complex and shifting interactions between local, national, and global contexts.
Temple University--Theses
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Elmhorn, Camilla. "Brussels : a reflexive world city." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-48228.
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This dissertation analyses the consequences of seemingly placeless processes like the European integration and the increasing economic globalisation on Brussels and the people living there. The study shows that Brussels has become one of our time's most important international political capitals and a leading business node in Europe. European institutions, international organisations, headquarters and subsidiaries of transnational corporations are increasingly locating themselves in Brussels. Simultaneously there has been an influx of transnational professionals working in the international sector. This research shows that with the internationalisation of Brussels there has been concomitant economic restructuring with the emergence of an advanced service economy. The labour market has become polarised between those who have jobs and those who do not. Brussels has also experienced a spatial and socio-economic polarisation along ethnic lines. The thesis explores the connections between these changes and Brussels' international role. Drawing on the world / global city thesis of Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse this. One of the important results of this study is that the world / global city thesis needs to be complemented with a thorough analysis of the place: the political and historical context, and also the role of the local agents, to enable an explanation of the observed development. The interplay between global and local processes needs to be clarified. It is also argued that to properly understand cities with an international role like Brussels, we need to know why international agents locate there. Michael Storper's concepts of 'economic reflexivity' and 'territorial specificities' are used to analyse the rise of Brussels into a reflexive world city - a city vibrating with specific knowledge, produced through inter alia social interaction and critical reflection, that some transnational agents find extremely vital to tap into.
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Jones, Dwyane Keith. "In search of digital equality in Mississippi's two largest cities an examination of the digital divide that exists between African and European American-owned small businesses in Jackson and Gulfport /." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04052006-023615.
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Beránková, Martina. "Budování image města Plzně." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197495.
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The purpose of the diploma thesis is to find out the perception of the image of the City of Pilsen in the context of the European Capital of Culture 2015 at the time of culminating final preparations for the project. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with the marketing of cities and municipalities and the communication mix. Furthermore, the thesis deals with general concept of image and image measurement possibilities on the basis of the Czech and foreign literature. The image of the cities is a concept that is currently coming to the fore in city and municipal politics. Cities and municipalities are becoming conscious of the importance of the opinions their citizens and visitors have about them. The diploma thesis discusses the marketing activities of the City of Pilsen and its particular departments and companies that are involved in the marketing of the city. The Image of the city is dependent on these activities. The perception of the image of the City of Pilsen is evaluated on the basis of own research. Firstly, the inquiries are focused on the City of Pilsen in general. Secondly, they are related to the marketing communications of the city and finally to the European Capital of Culture programme. The result of this research is an evaluation of city's image and possible recommendations for the improvement of the current situation.
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Baur, Albert Hans [Verfasser], Birgit [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleinschmit, and Dagmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Haase. "Greenhouse gas emissions in European cities : a straightforward approach for estimating urban emissions by focusing on relevant socioeconomic and spatial drivers / Albert Hans Baur. Gutachter: Birgit Kleinschmit ; Dagmar Haase. Betreuer: Birgit Kleinschmit." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074912349/34.
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Santos, Leandra Alves dos [UNESP]. "O romance europeu do século XIX: uma leitura de Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) de Victor Hugo e A tale of two cities (1859) de Charles Dickens." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115583.
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O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a categoria da espacialidade e o procedimento grotesco nos romances Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) de Victor Hugo e A tale of two cities (1859) de Charles Dickens, mostrando como esses procedimentos narrativos auxiliam na projeção das ações das personagens e como produzem efeito de sentido, revelando assim uma das infinitas leituras oferecidas pelas referidas obras. Em Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), Victor Hugo revela a miséria humana por meio da marca dos sentimentos opostos que habitam no homem; as contradições desses sentimentos existentes uma ao lado da outra, e não no predomínio de uma sobre a outra. Os espaços da narrativa hugoana são configurações de um novo tempo-espaço marcado pela modernidade da época, e representam uma extensão dos personagens desse romance. Em A tale of two cities (1859), Charles Dickens expressa a miséria que permeia as cidades em crise diante da mesma modernidade, evidenciando que a fome, a ausência de liberdade e de condições de vida adequadas para se viver na urbe moderna transformam o homem em um ser irracional e insensível
This study aims to analyse the spatiality category and the grotesque procedure in the novels Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) written by Victor Hugo and A tale of two cities (1859) written by Charles Dickens, the intention is to show how these narrative procedures help in the projection of the characters actions and how they can produce meaning effect, thereby revealing infinite readings which are offered by the referred works. In Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), Victor Hugo reveals the human misery through the opposite feelings which inhabit the human mind; the contradictions of those feelings exist one alongside another and not on the dominance of one over the other. The spaces in Hugo’s narrative are configurations of a new time-space defined by the modernity era, and they represent an extension of the characters in this novel. In A tale of two cities (1859), Charles Dickens expresses the misery that permeates the cities facing crisis in the same modernity, emphasizing that hunger, the lack of freedom and the appropriate living conditions in order to inhabit the modern metropolis transform man into an irrational and insensitive human being
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Santos, Leandra Alves dos. "O romance europeu do século XIX : uma leitura de Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) de Victor Hugo e A tale of two cities (1859) de Charles Dickens /." Araraquara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115583.
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Orientador: Sidney BarbosaBanca: Henrique Silvestre Soares
Banca: Fabiano Rodrigo da Silva Santos
Banca: Antônio Fernandes Júnior
Banca: Andressa Cristina de Oliveira
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a categoria da espacialidade e o procedimento grotesco nos romances Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) de Victor Hugo e A tale of two cities (1859) de Charles Dickens, mostrando como esses procedimentos narrativos auxiliam na projeção das ações das personagens e como produzem efeito de sentido, revelando assim uma das infinitas leituras oferecidas pelas referidas obras. Em Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), Victor Hugo revela a miséria humana por meio da marca dos sentimentos opostos que habitam no homem; as contradições desses sentimentos existentes uma ao lado da outra, e não no predomínio de uma sobre a outra. Os espaços da narrativa hugoana são configurações de um novo tempo-espaço marcado pela modernidade da época, e representam uma extensão dos personagens desse romance. Em A tale of two cities (1859), Charles Dickens expressa a miséria que permeia as cidades em crise diante da mesma modernidade, evidenciando que a fome, a ausência de liberdade e de condições de vida adequadas para se viver na urbe moderna transformam o homem em um ser irracional e insensível
Abstract: This study aims to analyse the spatiality category and the grotesque procedure in the novels Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) written by Victor Hugo and A tale of two cities (1859) written by Charles Dickens, the intention is to show how these narrative procedures help in the projection of the characters actions and how they can produce meaning effect, thereby revealing infinite readings which are offered by the referred works. In Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), Victor Hugo reveals the human misery through the opposite feelings which inhabit the human mind; the contradictions of those feelings exist one alongside another and not on the dominance of one over the other. The spaces in Hugo's narrative are configurations of a new time-space defined by the modernity era, and they represent an extension of the characters in this novel. In A tale of two cities (1859), Charles Dickens expresses the misery that permeates the cities facing crisis in the same modernity, emphasizing that hunger, the lack of freedom and the appropriate living conditions in order to inhabit the modern metropolis transform man into an irrational and insensitive human being
Doutor
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Beckhoven, Ellen van. "Decline and regeneration : policy responses to processes of change in post-WWII urban neighbourhoods /." Utrecht : Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap : Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Geowetenschappen, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016413115&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sonntag, Ramona. "DeTROYt." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33070.
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An attempt to save the city of Detroit, Michigan, and its existing buildings by giving it a new meaning and future. Cars and roads are eliminated. Tiger Stadium is converted into a city-wide freight receiving and shipping facility. A system of pneumatic tubes is implemented in each neighborhood, with a district tube router facility inside the LaFayette Tower. Apartments vitalize the landmark Fisher Building. A new multi-storey research/ education/ work station with more stairs then elevators fills in an old parking lot.Master of Architecture