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Journal articles on the topic 'European blackbird'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Tomiałojć, Ludwik, and Jens Bursell. "Why dark plumage of the European Blackbirds Turdus merula?" Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2007): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2006.23129.

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Why does the European Blackbird’s dark coloration match the ground color of the less widespread of its breeding habitats, the riparian forest, although its main European population occurs in the pale-litter woodland? It is argued that crypsis of all the age stages was more necessary in riparian stands, as this habitat is more risky for the species owing to a high ground vegetation surrounding a foraging bird. Poorer crypsis of Blackbird plumage in pale-litter habitats may be a neutral feature, being compensated by easier scanning of the surroundings over the lower and sparcer herb vegetation and by a tendency to remain in dark sites. The black plumage of the Blackbird male, perhaps reinforced by sexual selection in pristine forest conditions may also retain its cryptic function. Keywords: Dark/black plumage, crypsis, primeval habitat, European Blackbird Turdus merula.

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2

Németh, Zoltán. "Partial migration and decreasing migration distance in the Hungarian population of the Common Blackbird (Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758): Analysis of 85 years of ring recovery data." Ornis Hungarica 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2017-0007.

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Abstract The Common Blackbird is a partial migrant throughout much of its range in Europe. That is, part of its breeding population migrates while the rest stays at the breeding ground for winter. Given the rapidly changing global climate, it is important to understand how migratory birds, including partial migrants, respond to shifting climatic conditions. In this study, I analyzed 85 years of ring recovery data of the Hungarian population of the Blackbird, ringed during the breeding season and recovered during migration or winter, with two objectives in mind: (1) to assess whether the Hungarian Blackbird population is also partially migratory, and (2) to test the prediction that Blackbirds have exhibited decreasing migration distances over the past decades as expected based on warming winter temperatures. Hungarian Blackbirds expressed both migratory and resident strategies, thus can be considered as partial migrants. Furthermore, Blackbirds had been recovered increasingly closer (-5.9 km/year) to their breeding grounds in the past decades. Age and sex had no effects on recovery distance. Provided that this trend continues, the adaptive benefits of migratory behavior may eventually be reduced to a level that selection will not maintain it in the population and the Hungarian population becomes entirely sedentary. Surprisingly, 88% of migrant recoveries were the result of shooting or hunting activities in Mediterranean countries, primarily in Italy, highlighting both the need to understand the effects of hunting pressure on migratory behavior at the population level in songbirds and the urgency to ban the killing of migratory birds in European countries.

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3

El Hassani, Abderahim, Ismail Mansouri, Wafae Squalli, Abdelbari El Agy, Amine Assouguem, Kenza Bouayad, Abdellah Markou, et al. "Breeding Performances of the European Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Morocco: Habitat Selection, Breeding Phenology, and Breeding Success." International Journal of Zoology 2021 (July 17, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7742894.

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The European Blackbird (Turdus merula) is a widespread species. In Morocco, available knowledge on this species is limited to a few descriptive pieces of information with no detailed data provided. With climate change and the intensification of agricultural activities, the study of the breeding performances of this species is indispensable for management purposes. This study investigates breeding biology, nesting habitats, breeding chronology, and reproductive success of the European Blackbird in both apple orchards and surrounding woody vegetation at Ait Ayach (Morocco) between March and August 2016. We monitored weekly nest status, nesting sites, breeding dates, and failure factors. Results showed that the European Blackbird nests mainly in apple orchards, on Golden Delicious and Starkrimson Delicious trees. Nest height above the ground was 214.15 ± 0.09 cm. Blackbird nests were cup-shaped with medium size dimensions and built from twigs, including dry leaves, stems, and roots walled by the mud. Breeding activities started firstly by nest construction during the last week of April, secondly by egg laying during the first week of May, and thirdly by hatching during the second week of May. Among the 74 surveyed nests, 100% were active during the nesting phase and 88.38% of eggs have succeeded during the incubation phase. In total, 69.03% of chicks have been emancipated. In short, 15.9% of clutches were attacked by predators, 14.35% of clutches were failed due to nest desertion, and 8.75% of chicks were dead. Our study provides the first and only detailed data on reproductive parameters of the European Blackbird in Moroccan ecosystems. Data collected from this study provide valuable information for long-term monitoring of the Moroccan Blackbird population. Additionally, our data offer a possibility of large-scale comparative studies of the reproductive ecology of the Blackbird species.

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4

Magrath, Robert D. "Cold Tolerance of European Blackbird Embryos and Nestlings." Condor 90, no. 4 (November 1988): 958–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368863.

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5

Szymczak, J. T., W. Kaiser, H. W. Helb, and B. Beszczyńska. "A study of sleep in the European blackbird." Physiology & Behavior 60, no. 4 (October 1996): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(96)00231-4.

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6

Faivre, B., M. Préault, F. Salvadori, M. Théry, M. Gaillard, and Frank Cézilly. "Bill colour and immunocompetence in the European blackbird." Animal Behaviour 65, no. 6 (June 2003): 1125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2142.

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7

Segelbacher, Gernot, Thomas Sacher, Anke Schwarzenberger, Sonja Woitsch, Franz Bairlein, and Timothy Coppack. "Eight microsatellite loci characterised in the European blackbird, Turdus merula." Journal of Ornithology 149, no. 1 (September 21, 2007): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0227-0.

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8

Koglin, Sven, Daronja Trense, Michael Wink, Hedwig Sauer-Gürth, and Dieter Thomas Tietze. "Characterization of a de novo assembled transcriptome of the Common Blackbird (Turdus merula)." PeerJ 5 (December 13, 2017): e4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4045.

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Background In recent years, next generation high throughput sequencing technologies have proven to be useful tools for investigations concerning the genomics or transcriptomics also of non-model species. Consequently, ornithologists have adopted these technologies and the respective bioinformatics tools to survey the genomes and transcriptomes of a few avian non-model species. The Common Blackbird is one of the most common bird species living in European cities, which has successfully colonized urban areas and for which no reference genome or transcriptome is publicly available. However, to target questions like genome wide gene expression analysis, a reference genome or transcriptome is needed. Methods Therefore, in this study two Common Blackbirds were sacrificed, their mRNA was isolated and analyzed by RNA-Seq to de novo assemble a transcriptome and characterize it. Illumina reads (125 bp paired-end) and a Velvet/Oases pipeline led to 162,158 transcripts. For the annotation (using Blast+), an unfiltered protein database was used. SNPs were identified using SAMtools and BCFtools. Furthermore, mRNA from three single tissues (brain, heart and liver) of the same two Common Blackbirds were sequenced by Illumina (75 bp single-end reads). The draft transcriptome and the three single tissues were compared by their BLAST hits with the package VennDiagram in R. Results Following the annotation against protein databases, we found evidence for 15,580 genes in the transcriptome (all well characterized hits after annotation). On 18% of the assembled transcripts, 144,742 SNPs were identified which are, consequently, 0.09% of all nucleotides in the assembled transcriptome. In the transcriptome and in the single tissues (brain, heart and liver), 10,182 shared genes were found. Discussion Using a next-generation technology and bioinformatics tools, we made a first step towards the genomic investigation of the Common Blackbird. The de novo assembled transcriptome is usable for downstream analyses such as differential gene expression analysis and SNP identification. This study shows the importance of the approach to sequence single tissues to understand functions of tissues, proteins and the phenotype.

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9

Glahn, James F., and David L. Otis. "Factors Influencing Blackbird and European Starling Damage at Livestock Feeding Operations." Journal of Wildlife Management 50, no. 1 (January 1986): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801481.

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10

Zeraoula, Ali, Taqiyeddine Bensouilah, Hafid Brahmia, Zihad Bouslama, Moussa Houhamdi, and Ahmed Kerfouf. "Breeding biology of the European Blackbird Turdus merula in orange orchards." Journal of King Saud University - Science 28, no. 4 (October 2016): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.10.005.

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11

Martyka, Rafał, Joanna Rutkowska, Anna Dybek-Karpiuk, Mariusz Cichoń, and Kazimierz Walasz. "Sexual dimorphism of egg size in the European Blackbird Turdus merula." Journal of Ornithology 151, no. 4 (April 2, 2010): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-010-0519-7.

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12

Cholewa, Marta, Łukasz Jankowiak, Magdalena Szenejko, Andrzej Dybus, Przemysław Śmietana, and Dariusz Wysocki. "The effects of parental age difference on the offspring sex and fitness of European blackbirds." PeerJ 9 (March 23, 2021): e10858. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10858.

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Background Many studies of birds have indicated that offspring sex ratios can vary with environmental and parental traits. On the basis of long-term research, we first evaluated the possible influence of parental age difference and brood characteristics on offspring sex and fitness in multi-brooded Blackbirds Turdus merula. Methodology The study was conducted in the city-centre Stefan Żeromski Park in Szczecin, NW Poland, where the local population of Blackbirds has been studied since 1996. Data on the offspring sex and fitness were collected in five years, 2005–2007 and 2016–2017. During the breeding season we inspected the study area to locate the pairs’ territories and to track their nests and clutches. Results We found that the overall sex ratio did not differ statistically from 50:50, but that younger females bonded with older mates did tend to produce more sons, probably because of the greater fitness of male descendants. Accordingly, the sons’ breeding success increased with the father’s age, but this relationship was close to non-linear, which may indicate that the transgenerational effect of paternal senescence could negatively affect progeny fitness despite the high-quality of older fathers. Older females mated with younger males produced more daughters, which could have been due to the lesser attractiveness of the males and the mothers’ poorer condition caused by accelerated senescence. We found that neither offspring hatching sequence nor hatching date or clutch sequence were significant for sex determination. Conclusions We consider that in our Blackbird population, parental age could make a more significant contribution to shaping offspring sex and reproductive success.

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13

Russ, Anja, Terézia Lučeničová, and Reinhard Klenke. "Altered breeding biology of the European blackbird under artificial light at night." Journal of Avian Biology 48, no. 8 (June 8, 2017): 1114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.01210.

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14

Creighton, Emma. "Mate acquisition in the European blackbird and its implications for sexual strategies." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 13, no. 3 (July 2001): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2001.9522774.

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15

Wysocki, Dariusz, and Łukasz Jankowiak. "The first case of successful polyterritorial polygyny in the European Blackbird Turdus merula." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 130, no. 2 (June 2018): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/16-205.1.

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16

SCHLEE, MARSHA A. "Avian Predation on Heteroptera: Experiments on the European Blackbird Turdus m. merula L." Ethology 73, no. 1 (April 26, 2010): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00995.x.

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17

SIMEONI, MICHELLE, DEBORAH A. DAWSON, LOUISE K. GENTLE, LISETTE COIFFAIT, KIRSTEN WOLFF, KARL L. EVANS, KEVIN J. GASTON, and BEN J. HATCHWELL. "Characterization of 38 microsatellite loci in the European blackbird, Turdus merula (Turdidae, AVES)." Molecular Ecology Resources 9, no. 6 (October 12, 2009): 1520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02708.x.

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18

Piliczewski, Piotr, Łukasz Jankowiak, and Dariusz Wysocki. "Age-dependent changes in biometrics indicate senescence in the European Blackbird Turdus merula." Bird Study 65, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2018.1451821.

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19

Jarska, Katarzyna, Łukasz Jankowiak, Przemysław Śmietana, and Dariusz Wysocki. "Blackbirds Mate Choice: Dependence of Male Social Status on Age and Morphology in an Urban Population of the European Blackbird,Turdus merulaL." Polish Journal of Ecology 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15052249pje2015.63.3.014.

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20

Lučeničová, Terézia, Anja Nordt, Reinhard Klenke, and Ján Jamriška. "Prevalence of Bird Blow Fly Infestation in Nests of the European Blackbird (Turdus merula)." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125, no. 4 (December 2013): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/12-165.1.

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21

Ludvig, E., L. Vanicsek, J. Torok, and T. Csorgo. "Seasonal Variation of Clutch Size in the European Blackbird Turdus merula: A New Ultimate Explanation." Journal of Animal Ecology 64, no. 1 (January 1995): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5829.

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22

SCHLEE, MARSHA A. "An Experimental Study of Prey-attack Behavior in the European Blackbird Turdus m. merula L." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 61, no. 3 (April 26, 2010): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01338.x.

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23

Mendes, Solange, Víctor J. Colino-Rabanal, and Salvador J. Peris. "Bird song variations along an urban gradient: The case of the European blackbird (Turdus merula)." Landscape and Urban Planning 99, no. 1 (January 2011): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.08.013.

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24

Ripmeester, Erwin A. P., Maarten Mulder, and Hans Slabbekoorn. "Habitat-dependent acoustic divergence affects playback response in urban and forest populations of the European blackbird." Behavioral Ecology 21, no. 4 (2010): 876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq075.

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25

Straub, Richard W. "Red-Winged Blackbird Damage to Sweet Corn in Relation to Infestations of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 82, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.5.1406.

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26

Gotmark, F. "Simulating a Colour Mutation: Conspicuous Red Wings in the European Blackbird Reduce the Risk of Attacks by Sparrowhawks." Functional Ecology 10, no. 3 (June 1996): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2390283.

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27

BENTZ, S., T. RIGAUD, M. BARROCA, F. MARTIN-LAURENT, D. BRU, J. MOREAU, and B. FAIVRE. "Sensitive measure of prevalence and parasitaemia of haemosporidia from European blackbird (Turdus merula) populations: value of PCR-RFLP and quantitative PCR." Parasitology 133, no. 06 (September 4, 2006): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001090.

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28

Roesch, Ferdinand, Alvaro Fajardo, Gonzalo Moratorio, and Marco Vignuzzi. "Usutu Virus: An Arbovirus on the Rise." Viruses 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070640.

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The Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus that is drawing increasing attention because of its potential for emergence. First isolated in Africa, it was introduced into Europe where it caused significant outbreaks in birds, such as in Austria in 2001. Since then, its geographical distribution has rapidly expanded, with increased circulation, especially in the last few years. Similar to West Nile virus (WNV), the USUV enzootic transmission cycle involves Culex mosquitoes as vectors, and birds as amplifying reservoir hosts, with humans and other mammals likely being dead-end hosts. A similarity in the ecology of these two viruses, which co-circulate in several European countries, highlights USUV’s potential to become an important human pathogen. While USUV has had a severe impact on the blackbird population, the number of human cases remains low, with most infections being asymptomatic. However, some rare cases of neurological disease have been described, both in healthy and immuno-compromised patients. Here, we will discuss the transmission dynamics and the current state of USUV circulation in Europe.

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29

Flux, John E. C. "Comparison of predation by two suburban cats in New Zealand." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0009.

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AbstractTo study the effects domestic cats may have on surrounding wildlife, a complete list was made of 558 items caught in the garden or brought into the house by one cat over 17 years, from 1988 to 2005. The effect on prey populations was assessed by comparing their abundance with the previous 15 years’ population without a cat. On balance, this cat (Cat 1) was clearly beneficial to the native bird species by killing rodents and deterring mustelids. The diet of a second cat (Cat 2) was recorded in the same way from 2006 to 2016. This cat caught half the number of items 148:287, but in the same proportions: house mice (37.8:42.6); ship rats (12.8:12.1); European rabbits (all young) (8.1:6.7); weasels (0.7:0.4); dunnock (12.8:9.2); house sparrow (2.0:3.1); blackbird (2.7:2.5); song thrush (1.4:1.3); European greenfinch (0.7:5.8); chaffinch (0.7:3.3); silvereye (10.1:8.3); New Zealand fantail (2.0:1.0); lizards (8.1:1.7). Despite this, there were significant differences: Cat 2 avoided finches (2:28, P = 0.004), and took a few more lizards (12:5). For both cats, birds apparently formed about a third of their diet: 33.4% and 34.5%, but comparison of the proportion of birds and rodents brought into the house (12:92) and found dead away from the house (49:45) implies that 320 rodent kills may have been missed, being far more difficult to find. As top predators, these cats were clearly beneficial to native birds, and proposed control or elimination may precipitate mesopredator release and a rabbit problem.

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30

Majerová, Karolina, Václav Hönig, Michal Houda, Petr Papežík, Manoj Fonville, Hein Sprong, Natalie Rudenko, et al. "Hedgehogs, Squirrels, and Blackbirds as Sentinel Hosts for Active Surveillance of Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi Complex in Urban and Rural Environments." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121908.

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Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, is one of the most common vector-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe. Knowledge about the enzootic circulation of Borrelia pathogens between ticks and their vertebrate hosts is epidemiologically important and enables assessment of the health risk for the human population. In our project, we focused on the following vertebrate species: European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus), Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), and Common blackbird (Turdus merula). The cadavers of accidentally killed animals used in this study constitute an available source of biological material, and we have confirmed its potential for wide monitoring of B. burgdorferi s.l. presence and genospecies diversity in the urban environment. High infection rates (90% for E. erinaceus, 73% for E. roumanicus, 91% for S. vulgaris, and 68% for T. merula) were observed in all four target host species; mixed infections by several genospecies were detected on the level of individuals, as well as in particular tissue samples. These findings show the usefulness of multiple tissue sampling as tool for revealing the occurrence of several genospecies within one animal and the risk of missing particular B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies when looking in one organ alone.

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31

HERNÁNDEZ-TRIANA, LUIS MIGUEL, VICTOR ALBERT BRUGMAN, SEAN WILLIAMS JOHN PROSSER, CHRIS WELAND, NADYA NIKOLOVA, LEIGH THORNE, MAR FERNÁNDEZ DE MARCO, ANTHONY RICHARD FOOKS, and NICHOLAS JOHNSON. "Molecular approaches for blood meal analysis and species identification of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in rural locations in southern England, United Kingdom." Zootaxa 4250, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.5.

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Thirty-four species of Culicidae are present in the UK, of which 15 have been implicated as potential vectors of arthropod-borne viruses such as West Nile virus. Identification of mosquito feeding preferences is paramount to the understanding of vector-host-pathogen interactions which, in turn, would assist in the control of disease outbreaks. Results are presented on the application of DNA barcoding for vertebrate species identification in blood-fed female mosquitoes in rural locations. Blood-fed females (n = 134) were collected in southern England from rural sites and identified based on morphological criteria. Blood meals from 59 specimens (44%) were identified as feeding on eight hosts: European rabbit, cow, human, barn swallow, dog, great tit, magpie and blackbird. Analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mtDNA barcoding region and the internal transcribed spacer 2 rDNA region of the specimens morphologically identified as Anopheles maculipennis s.l. revealed the presence of An. atroparvus and An. messeae. A similar analysis of specimens morphologically identified as Culex pipiens/Cx. torrentium showed all specimens to be Cx. pipiens (typical form). This study demonstrates the importance of using molecular techniques to support species-level identification in blood-fed mosquitoes to maximize the information obtained in studies investigating host feeding patterns.

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32

Dravecký, Miroslav, Petar Shurulinkov, Georgi Dilovski, Michal Revický, Girgina Daskalova, and Ján Obuch. "Diet composition of the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) in southeastern Bulgaria." Raptor Journal 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2022-0001.

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Abstract During 2018–2022, the local breeding population of the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) in southeastern Bulgaria was monitored in the territory of three districts of Sliven, Yambol and Burgas. Diet data were collected in 15 breeding pairs. Overall, we identified 290 prey items. We used three methods for diet analysis that produced different results: (1) collecting prey remains (68 individuals, 23.5%), (2) collecting pellets and skeletal materials (42 individuals, 14.5%), and (3) collecting data on a diet using trail cameras (180 individuals, 62.1%). The dominant part of the diet formed mammalian species (69.3%, ten species and some undetermined Rodentia and other Mammalia). Birds were less represented but with similar species richness (21.0%, 11 species and pigeons (Columba sp.), thrushes (Turdus sp.), undetermined Passeriformes and Galliformes). Compared to birds, the proportion of Reptilia was lower (9.3%, two species). Amphibia were represented only with one specimen of the common toad (Bufo bufo). The dominant diet of long-legged buzzards in southeastern Bulgaria was European souslik (Spermophilus citellus, 31.0%), followed by sibling vole (Microtus mystacinus, 25.5%). Less abundant taxa were undetermined Passeriformes (6.9%), lesser mole rat (Nannospalax leucodon, 5.9%), pigeons (4.5 %), blotched snake (Elaphe sauromates, 3.8%), Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata, 3.5%), European hare (Lepus europaeus, 3.1%), common magpie (Pica pica, 2.8%), Colubridae (1.7%), common blackbird (Turdus merula, 1.4%), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus, 1.0%) and Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis, 1.0%). Spermophilus citellus was the most abundant species in the Yambol district samples and the most abundant species in the data obtained from trail cameras. In the Burgas district, the dominant species was Microtus mystacinus. When comparing the diet spectrum of Buteo rufinus from other authors, birds occurred more frequently than reptiles in our material.

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33

Lovász, Lilla, Fränzi Korner-Nievergelt, and Valentin Amrhein. "Grazer density and songbird counts in a restored conservation area." PeerJ 9 (January 5, 2021): e10657. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10657.

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Grazing by large herbivores is increasingly used as a management tool in European nature reserves. The aim is usually to support an open but heterogeneous habitat and its corresponding plant and animal communities. Previous studies showed that birds may profit from grazing but that the effect varies among bird species. Such studies often compared bird counts among grazed areas with different stocking rates of herbivores. Here, we investigated how space use of Konik horses and Highland cattle is related to bird counts in a recently restored conservation area with a year-round natural grazing management. We equipped five horses and five cattle with GPS collars and correlated the density of their GPS positions on the grazed area with the density of bird observations from winter through the breeding season. We found that in the songbirds of our study site, both the overall density of bird individuals and the number of species increased with increasing density of GPS positions of grazers. Correlations of bird density with horse density were similar to correlations with cattle density. Of the eight most common songbird species observed in our study area, the Eurasian Skylark and the Common Starling had the clearest positive correlations with grazer density, while the Blackbird showed a negative correlation. Skylarks and Starlings in our study area thus seem to profit from year-round natural grazing by a mixed group of horses and cattle.

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34

Grassi, Laura, Giovanni Franzo, Sofia Grillo, Alessandra Mondin, Michele Drigo, Fulvio Barbarino, Cristina Comuzzo, et al. "Survey of Tick-Borne Zoonotic Agents in Ixodes Ticks Carried by Wild Passerines during Postbreeding Migration through Italy." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2023 (November 14, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1399089.

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Recently, increasing attention has been posed on the role of migrating birds in the spread of ticks and indirectly of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs). Despite, Italy is considered a bridge between continental Europe and North Africa and a necessary path to connect Mediterranean countries, few studies have been conducted on ticks collected from birds migrating through this country and associated TBPs. The aims of this research were to estimate the infestation burden and identify tick species feeding on migratory birds, and perform a molecular screening for TBPs. During autumn migration (2019–2020), birds were inspected for ticks in a ringing station located in north-east Italy. Ticks were identified and screened for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Neoehrlichia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Bartonella spp. Ixodes ticks (n = 209) were feeding on 2.6% of passerines (88/3411). Most of these (208/209) were Ixodes ricinus, except one Ixodes frontalis. Eight bird species were infested: common blackbird, redwing, brambling, song thrush, common chaffinch, European robin, water pipit, and coal tit. Rickettsiales showed a low prevalence, from 1.4% of Ehrlichia spp., 4.3% of A. phagocytophilum, up to 7.2% of Rickettsia spp.. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. had the highest prevalence, 54.6%, and several zoonotic genotypes were identified: B. garinii, B. valaisiana, B. afzeli, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and B. miyamotoi. All specimens were negative for TBEV and Bartonella spp.. Although the tick burden was generally low, most of the vectors (>60%) were positive for at least one pathogen, highlighting the relevance of a continuous monitoring of migrating birds as potential sources of pathogen dispersal.

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Wysocki, Dariusz, Łukasz Jankowiak, Marta Cholewa, and Dawid Zyskowski. "Natal conditions, lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of European blackbirds." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 17, 2019): 1707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz139.

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Abstract Even though much has been published in recent years on the factors affecting the lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of birds, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Here, we present the results of a long-term study of European blackbirds which examined the effect of natal conditions on lifespan and lifetime reproductive success (expressed by the number of fledglings) of 152 nestlings (72 males and 80 females) ringed in the Stefan Żeromski Park in Szczecin (NW Poland). We have complete information regarding parental age, family brood (first-egg laying date, clutch size, and hatching sequence), bird size, lifetime reproductive success, pair density and weather conditions during the natal year. For males, total fledgling production was the smaller, the later the laying date of the family brood, but increased with mean daily precipitation and pair density in the natal year. In the case of females, we did not find any significant relationships between their lifetime reproductive success and the above parameters. Male lifespan increased with mean daily precipitation and bird density, but only pair density had a positive effect on female lifespan. We suggest that for females, genetic factors could be more important for their reproductive success than for males. In addition, a blackbird’s lifespan depends strongly on environmental factors.

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Palamarenko, O. V. "ОРНІТОФАУНА ДЕНДРАРІЮ БОТАНІЧНОГО САДУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЛІСОТЕХНІЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ УКРАЇНИ." Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 82, no. 1-2 (September 6, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.22.1-2.5.

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The article presents data on bird observations in the Botanical Garden of the National Forestry University of Ukraine. The information was collected from 2017 to 2021. In 2021, 37 species of birds were identified. Of these, 8 species belonging to the Passeriformes series are settled. The best represented family is Muscicapadae, including 7 species. The family Fringillidae includes 6 species, the family Paridae – 5 species. As many as 7 families represent only one species of birds. Birds identified in 2021 are: The great tit (Parus major L.), The Eurasian blue tit (P. caeruleus L.), Crested tit, (P. cristatus L.), Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus L.), The coal tit (P. ater L.), The marsh tit (P. palustris L.), The common blackbird (Turdus merula L.), Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris L.), The song thrush (T. philomelos Brehm), Redwing (T. iliacus L.), The mistle thrush (T. viscivorus L.), The spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata Pallas), European robin (Erithacus rubecula L.), Common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus L.), common pigeon (Columba livia, Gmelin), Eurasian magpie (Pica pica L.), The Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius L.), Hooded crow (Corvus cornix L.), The rook (C. frugilegus L.), Great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major L.), The middle spotted woodpecker (D. medius L.), The white-backed woodpecker (D. leucotos Bechstein), Grey-headed woodpecker (Picus canus Gmelin), Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea L.), Eurasian treecreeper (Certhia familiaris L.), Short-toed treecreeper (C. brachydactyla Brehm), Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes L.), Common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), European greenfinch (Chloris chloris L.), Eurasian bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula L.), Eurasian siskin (Spinus spinus L.), Red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra L.), Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla L.), Eurasian wren (Troglodytes troglodytes L.), The goldcrest (Regulus regulus L.), Corn bunting (Emberiza calandra L.), Common buzzard (Buteo buteo L.). The most populated is the part of the arboretum, which is located at the top of the hill, where there are plantations of conifers, including yew, Amur cork tree grows. Ivy and mistletoe on the trees, attract birds throughout the year. The most important risk factor for birds is cats. A marten also occurs in the protected area. Care gardening has a pronounced negative effect on birds, especially during the nesting season. Such work includes pruning bushes, removing individual trees or dry branches, and removing fallen leaves. The collection of nuts, acorns and seeds is not carried out in full – for animals, there is always a significant supply of crops. No special animal protection measures have been implemented in the protected area. It would be appropriate to hang artificial nests in trees and inform people about the inadmissibility of semi-free keeping of cats that regularly hunt birds.

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Desrochers, André, and Robert D. Magrath. "Environmental predictability and remating in European blackbirds." Behavioral Ecology 4, no. 3 (1993): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/4.3.271.

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Hatchwell, B. J., M. J. Wood, M. Anwar, and C. M. Perrins. "The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of European blackbirds, Turdus merula." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 4 (April 2, 2000): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-228.

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The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of a rural population of European blackbirds, Turdus merula, were investigated. Parasites belonging to eight species from four genera (Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Trypanosoma) were identified. Prevalence was high: 83% of adults and 80% of juveniles were infected by at least one species of haematozoa, but no parasites were detected in 8-day-old nestlings. There were no sex differences in infection rates and only Plasmodium infection varied with age among adult blackbirds. Haemo proteus infections increased and Plasmodium infections decreased through the sampling period (January to July), but infections with other haematozoa showed no seasonal change. Haemoproteus and Plasmodium were negatively associated with each other, even during the period when infections by both genera were frequent in the study population.

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Desrochers, Andre. "Age-Related Differences in Reproduction by European Blackbirds: Restraint or Constraint?" Ecology 73, no. 3 (June 1992): 1128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940186.

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Partecke, Jesko, Eberhard Gwinner, and Staffan Bensch. "Is urbanisation of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) associated with genetic differentiation?" Journal of Ornithology 147, no. 4 (July 18, 2006): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0078-0.

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Robinson, Robert A., Stephen R. Baillie, and Ruth King. "Population processes in European Blackbirds Turdus merula: a state–space approach." Journal of Ornithology 152, S2 (November 25, 2010): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-010-0612-y.

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Dominoni, Davide M., and Jesko Partecke. "Does light pollution alter daylength? A test using light loggers on free-ranging European blackbirds ( Turdus merula )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1667 (May 5, 2015): 20140118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0118.

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Artificial light at night is one of the most apparent environmental changes accompanying anthropogenic habitat change. The global increase in light pollution poses new challenges to wild species, but we still have limited understanding of the temporal and spatial pattern of exposure to light at night. In particular, it has been suggested by several studies that animals exposed to light pollution, such as songbirds, perceive a longer daylength compared with conspecifics living in natural darker areas, but direct tests of such a hypothesis are still lacking. Here, we use a combination of light loggers deployed on individual European blackbirds, as well as automated radio-telemetry, to examine whether urban birds are exposed to a longer daylength than forest counterparts. We first used activity data from forest birds to determine the level of light intensity which defines the onset and offset of daily activity in rural areas. We then used this value as threshold to calculate the subjective perceived daylength of both forest and urban blackbirds. In March, when reproductive growth occurs, urban birds were exposed on average to a 49-min longer subjective perceived daylength than forest ones, which corresponds to a 19-day difference in photoperiod at this time of the year. In the field, urban blackbirds reached reproductive maturity 19 day earlier than rural birds, suggesting that light pollution could be responsible of most of the variation in reproductive timing found between urban and rural dwellers. We conclude that light at night is the most relevant change in ambient light affecting biological rhythms in avian urban-dwellers, most likely via a modification of the perceived photoperiod.

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Partecke, Jesko, and Eberhard Gwinner. "INCREASED SEDENTARINESS IN EUROPEAN BLACKBIRDS FOLLOWING URBANIZATION: A CONSEQUENCE OF LOCAL ADAPTATION?" Ecology 88, no. 4 (April 2007): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-1105.

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Desrochers, André. "Age and foraging success in European blackbirds: variation between and with individuals." Animal Behaviour 43, no. 6 (June 1992): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(06)80002-3.

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Schwabl, H., J. C. Wingfield, and D. S. Farner. "Influence of Winter on Endocrine State and Behavior in European Blackbirds (Turdus merula)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 68, no. 3 (April 26, 2010): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00127.x.

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Wysocki, Dariusz, Marta Cholewa, and Łukasz Jankowiak. "Fledgling adoption in European Blackbirds: an unrecognized phenomenon in a well-known species." Behavioral Ecology 29, no. 1 (December 9, 2017): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arx147.

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Matuschka, Franz-Rainer, and Andrew Spielman. "Loss of Lyme disease spirochetes from Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on European blackbirds." Experimental Parasitology 74, no. 2 (March 1992): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(92)90042-9.

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Russ, Anja, Annika Rüger, and Reinhard Klenke. "Seize the night: European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) extend their foraging activity under artificial illumination." Journal of Ornithology 156, no. 1 (July 31, 2014): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1105-1.

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Partecke, Jesko, Ingrid Schwabl, and Eberhard Gwinner. "STRESS AND THE CITY: URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS PHYSIOLOGY IN EUROPEAN BLACKBIRDS." Ecology 87, no. 8 (August 2006): 1945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1945:satcua]2.0.co;2.

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Nordt, Anja, and Reinhard Klenke. "Sleepless in Town – Drivers of the Temporal Shift in Dawn Song in Urban European Blackbirds." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 7, 2013): e71476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071476.

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