Journal articles: 'Europe (satellite)'

1

Chaplin, Jon. "ESA Olympus provides distance learning in Europe." Industry and Higher Education 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228800200112.

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OLYMPUS is a programme supported by 8 ESA member states, including the UK, Italy and Canada. Its objectives are to develop and prove, in orbit, key satellite technologies which will be relevant to commercial satellite programmes in the 1990s, and to demonstrate new applications of satellites for communications and broadcasting, stimulating all the players in the game. The use of the satellite for service demonstrations starting in 1989 will be normally free of charge but, in principle, the participating organizations will have to meet all other costs of the demonstration, including transport of the material to be transmitted to one of the few uplink stations.

2

Volkmer, Ingrid. "Satellite cultures in Europe." Global Media and Communication 4, no. 3 (December 2008): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766508096079.

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Vries, Gijs de. "Satellite broadcasting in Europe." Space Policy 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-9646(87)90035-x.

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4

Forssell, Börje. "Loran-C in a European Navigation Perspective." Journal of Navigation 51, no. 2 (May 1998): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398007796.

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After a brief overview of Loran-C system operation and performance, the present situation of the system in Europe is described. Loran-C is now in operation under the NELS agreement in north-western Europe in newly established chain configurations with old and new transmitter positions. Parallel to Loran-C the Russian equivalent, Chayka, is also operating, with three chains in Europe. There is an agreement between Norway and Russia concerning cooperation and possibly joint chain operations between the two system providers in the north; similar agreements in the Baltic and Mediterranean/Black Sea areas are being worked on. The situation around the Iberian peninsula has not yet been clarified. Being the only long/medium-range terrestrial system in Europe in the 2000+ time frame, Loran-C could be seen as a supplement to satellite systems. Due to the good penetration properties of its low-frequency signals, it can be used in many circumstances where satellite systems fail because of limited satellite visibility. Integration of Loran-C and (differential) satellite receivers, where Loran-C is calibrated by the satellite system as long as there are enough visible satellites, could in fact give the best of both worlds. For this reason, Loran-C is being considered in the perspective of a future international, civil satellite navigation system, initiated in Europe.

5

Novák, Andrej, and Kristína Kováčiková. "AMSS in Europe." AEROjournal 20, no. 2 (2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/aer.c.2022.2.2.

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Nowadays, technology is developing rapidly, therefore satellite and aviation systems need to keep pace with modern trends and new technology. The paper is focused on satellite systems and aviation systems. Based on analysis of the issues it is possible to take measures against problems that may arise in the future. There is a need for satellite-based navigation system that can solve the problems of the existing systems and make the existing systems better and more efficient by providing great convenience to the airspace users for the safe, efficient, comfortable and economical realisation of flights in the future. The paper contains information about Air Communication and Navigation Systems and discusses the state of current aviation and satellite systems.

6

Jaksic, Krsto, Ivana Milosevic, Branimir Jaksic, Vladimir Maksimovic, and Jelena Todorovic. "Structure and share of satellite TV channels and DTH platforms in Europe." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (July 28, 2022): e59237. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.59237.

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This work deals with the structure of TV channels that are distributed from satellite positions where DTH platforms offer their services in European countries. The structure is being considered via service availability (FTA and PAY TV), resolution (SDTV, HDTV and UHDTV), standards of broadcasting (DVB-S and DVB-S2), satellites and satellite positions, as well as market share of leading satellite operators at European market through which DTH providers do their services to the ultimate users. We also represent the market of TV channel distribution through the number of household which use cable, satellite, terrestrial and IPTV. Collected data are represented as a table and graph for the period from 1996 to 2020.

7

Forrest, J. R. "Commercial satellite broadcasting for Europe." IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 34, no. 4 (1988): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/11.16487.

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8

Collins, R. "Public service broadcasting by satellite in Europe: Eurikon and Europa." Screen 34, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/34.2.162.

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9

Kothe, Steffen, Elizabeth Good, André Obregón, Bodo Ahrens, and Helga Nitsche. "Satellite-Based Sunshine Duration for Europe." Remote Sensing 5, no. 6 (June 7, 2013): 2943–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs5062943.

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10

Johnstone, Bill. "New education satellite planned for Europe." Nature 327, no. 6122 (June 1987): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/327453c0.

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11

Tydeman, J. "Direct Broadcast Satellite Systems in Europe." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 3, no. 1 (1985): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1985.1146186.

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12

Veefkind, J. P., G. de Leeuw, C. Robles Gonzalez, and A. Jeuken. "Satellite derived aerosol distributions over Europe." Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (September 1999): S567—S568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)80295-x.

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13

Bartholomé, P., G. Berretta, and R. Rogard. "Land mobile satellite services in Europe." Acta Astronautica 20 (January 1989): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(89)90069-6.

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14

Tzallas, Vasileios, Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou, Nikos Benas, Jan Meirink, Christos Matsoukas, Paul Stackhouse, and Ilias Vardavas. "Evaluation of CLARA-A2 and ISCCP-H Cloud Cover Climate Data Records over Europe with ECA&D Ground-Based Measurements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020212.

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Clouds are of high importance for the climate system but they still remain one of its principal uncertainties. Remote sensing techniques applied to satellite observations have assisted tremendously in the creation of long-term and homogeneous data records; however, satellite data sets need to be validated and compared with other data records, especially ground measurements. In the present study, the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of Total Cloud Cover (TCC) from the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) Cloud, Albedo And Surface Radiation dataset from AVHRR data—edition 2 (CLARA-A2) and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project H-series (ISCCP-H) is analyzed over Europe. The CLARA-A2 data record has been created using measurements of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument onboard the polar orbiting NOAA and the EUMETSAT MetOp satellites, whereas the ISCCP-H data were produced by a combination of measurements from geostationary meteorological satellites and the AVHRR instrument on the polar orbiting satellites. An intercomparison of the two data records is performed over their common period, 1984 to 2012. In addition, a comparison of the two satellite data records is made against TCC observations at 22 meteorological stations in Europe, from the European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D). The results indicate generally larger ISCCP-H TCC with respect to the corresponding CLARA-A2 data, in particular in the Mediterranean. Compared to ECA&D data, both satellite datasets reveal a reasonable performance, with overall mean TCC biases of 2.1 and 5.2% for CLARA-A2 and ISCCP-H, respectively. This, along with the higher correlation coefficients between CLARA-A2 and ECA&D TCC, indicates the better performance of CLARA-A2 TCC data.

15

Picard, Robert G. "Book reviews of Television in Europe/Satellite Television in Western Europe." Journal of Media Economics 7, no. 2 (April 1994): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me0702_7.

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16

Quintana-Diaz, Gara, Torbjörn Ekman, José Miguel Lago Agra, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, Alberto González Muíño, and Fernando Aguado Agelet. "In-Orbit Measurements and Analysis of Radio Interference in the UHF Amateur Radio Band from the LUME-1 Satellite." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 3252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163252.

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Radio interference in the uplink makes communication to satellites in the UHF amateur radio band (430–440 MHz) challenging for any satellite application. Interference measurements and characterisation can improve the robustness and reliability of the communication system design. Most published results focus on average power spectrum measurements and heatmaps. We apply a low complexity estimator on an SDR (Software-Defined Radio) to study the interference’s dispersion and temporal variation on-board a small satellite as an alternative. Measuring the Local Mean Envelope (LME) variability with different averaging window lengths enables the estimation of time variability of the interference. The coefficient of variation for the LME indicates how much the signals vary in time and the spread in magnitudes. In this article, theoretical analysis, simulations, and laboratory results were used to validate this measurement method. In-orbit measurements were performed on-board the LUME-1 satellite. Band-limited interference with pulsed temporal behaviour and a high coefficient of variation was detected over North America, Europe, and the Arctic, where space-tracking radars are located. Wide-band pulsed interference with high time variability was also detected over Europe. These measurements show why operators that use a communication system designed for Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) at power levels obtained from heatmaps struggle to command their satellites.

17

Hjarvard, Stig. "Richard Collins: Satellite Television in Western Europe." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 7, no. 16 (September 1, 1991): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v7i16.977.

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18

Bartholome, P. "The Future of Satellite Communications in Europe." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 5, no. 4 (May 1987): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1987.1146572.

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19

Butler, Declan. "Europe holds fire on spy satellite plan ..." Nature 375, no. 6530 (June 1995): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375350a0.

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20

Geraghty, J. G., and H. L. Young. "Satellite-delivered continuing medical education in Europe." Postgraduate Medical Journal 72, no. 846 (April 1, 1996): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.72.846.218.

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21

Völk, Florian, Konstantinos Liolis, Marius Corici, Joe Cahill, Robert T. Schwarz, Thomas Schlichter, Eric Troudt, and Andreas Knopp. "Satellite Integration into 5G: Accent on First Over-The-Air Tests of an Edge Node Concept with Integrated Satellite Backhaul." Future Internet 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11090193.

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The 5G vision embraces a broad range of applications including the connectivity in underserved and remote areas. In particular, for these applications, satellites are going to play a role in future 5G networks to provide capacity on trains, vessels, aircraft, and for base stations around the globe. In this paper, a 5G edge node concept, developed and evaluated with over-the-air tests using satellites in the geostationary orbit, is presented. The article covers a testbed demonstration study in Europe with a large-scale testbed including satellites and the latest standardization for the network architecture. The main goal of this testbed is to evaluate how satellite networks can be best integrated within the convergent 5G environment. The over-the-air tests for 5G satellite integration in this article are based on a 3GPP Release 15 core network architecture.

22

Stampoulis, Dimitrios, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou. "Evaluation of Global Satellite Rainfall Products over Continental Europe." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-086.1.

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Abstract An extensive evaluation of two global-scale high-resolution satellite rainfall products is performed using 8 yr (2003–10) of reference rainfall data derived from a network of rain gauges over Europe. The comparisons are performed at a daily temporal scale and 0.25° spatial grid resolution. The satellite rainfall techniques investigated in this study are the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 V6 (gauge-calibrated version) and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH). The intercomparison and validation of these satellite products is performed both qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative part of the analysis, error maps of various validation statistics are shown, whereas the quantitative analysis provides information about the performance of the satellite products relative to the rainfall magnitude or ground elevation. Moreover, a time series analysis of certain error statistics is used to depict the temporal variations of the accuracy of the two satellite techniques. The topographical and seasonal influences on the performance of the two satellite products over the European domain are also investigated. The error statistics presented herein indicate that both orography and seasonal variability affect the efficiency of the satellite rainfall retrieval techniques. Specifically, both satellite techniques underestimate rainfall over higher elevations, especially during the cold season, and their performance is subject to seasonal changes. A significant difference between the two satellite products is that TRMM 3B42 V6 generally overestimates rainfall, while CMORPH underestimates it. CMORPH’s mean error is shown to be of higher magnitude than that of 3B42 V6, while in terms of random error variance, CMORPH exhibits lower (higher) values than those of 3B42 V6 in the winter (summer) months.

23

Girin, Michel, Gianna Calabresi, Juerg Lichtenegger, Andrea Petrocchi, Alain Febvre, and Camille Lecat. "Oil Spill Monitoring By Satellite: The Ways Towards Making a Reality Out of a Dream." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-919.

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ABSTRACT Despite the good results obtained in a series of experiments performed jointly by satellite image providers and pollution response authorities in Northern Europe, the reluctance to acknowledge the spaceborne data contribution to oil spill surveillance is still considerable. The authors, in part counter pollution professionals, in part experts in satellite imagery interpretation, started to collaborate with background ranging from strong doubts on the suitability of satellite imagery to support pollution control activities, to substantial experience in using radar satellites such as ERS for ocean features detection. Building on their different languages, priorities, and views, they compared satellite imagery with airborne collected information and identified areas where today, unavoidably, using satellite imagery would be disappointing (such as emergency monitoring of major pollution events), areas where satellite imagery can offer a service not satisfied through airplane surveillance (such as wide, synoptic area surveillance together with complementary control of anchorage areas and collection of statistical information on major deballasting routes), areas of potential synergy between satellite and airplane imagery (such as the

24

Bakan, S., M. Betancor, V. Gayler, and H. Graßl. "Contrail frequency over Europe from NOAA-satellite images." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 10/11 (August 31, 1994): 962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0962-y.

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Abstract. Contrail cloudiness over Europe and the eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean was analyzed for the two periods September 1979 - December 1981 and September 1989 - August 1992 by visual inspection of quicklook photographic prints of NOAA/AVHRR infrared images. The averaged contrail cover exhibits maximum values along the transatlantic flight corridor around 50 °N (of almost 2%) and over western Europe resulting in 0.5% contrail cloudiness on average. A strong yearly cycle appears with a maximum (<2%) in spring and summer over the Atlantic and a smaller maximum (<1%) in winter over southwestern Europe. Comparing the two time periods, which are separated by one decade, shows there is a significant decrease in contrail cloudiness over western Europe and a significant increase over the North Atlantic between March and July. Contrail cloud cover during daytime is about twice as high as during nighttime. Contrails are found preferentially in larger fields of 1000 km diameter which usually last for more than a day. Causes, possible errors and consequences are discussed.

25

Jaksic, Branimir, Mile Petrovic, Krsto Jaksic, Ivana Milosevic, and Ivana Marinkovic. "Development of Satellite High-Definition Television in Europe." Current Science 111, no. 6 (September 25, 2016): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v111/i6/1037-1044.

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26

Coles, Peter. "Europe launches new-technology education project by satellite." Nature 337, no. 6207 (February 1989): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337496a0.

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27

Loder, Natasha, and Alison Abbott. "… and Europe considers insuring its X-ray satellite." Nature 401, no. 6752 (September 1999): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/46633.

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28

Jones, Peter. "The Development of Satellite Television in Western Europe." Service Industries Journal 8, no. 3 (July 1988): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642068800000049.

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29

Visser, A. R. "Development of Land Mobile Satellite Services in Europe." Journal of Navigation 44, no. 2 (May 1991): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300009966.

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30

Bakan, S., M. Betancor, V. Gayler, and H. Graßl. "Contrail frequency over Europe from NOAA-satellite images." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 10 (1994): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005850050118.

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31

Hondius, F. W. "Copyright Aspects of Television by Satellite in Europe." Yearbook of European Law 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/5.1.125.

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32

Collins, Richard. "Satellite Television in Western Europe the Second Generation." Media Information Australia 58, no. 1 (November 1990): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9005800114.

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33

Arbesser-Rastburg, B. R., and G. Brussaard. "Propagation research in Europe using the OLYMPUS satellite." Proceedings of the IEEE 81, no. 6 (June 1993): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.257700.

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34

DIEDERICH, P. "The Development of Civil Satellite Navigation in Europe." Navigation 36, no. 1 (March 1989): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.1989.tb00985.x.

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35

Menzel, W. Paul, Timothy J. Schmit, Peng Zhang, and Jun Li. "Satellite-Based Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Development and Applications." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 583–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0293.1.

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Abstract Atmospheric sounding of the vertical changes in temperature and moisture is one of the key contributions from meteorological satellites. The concept of using satellite infrared radiation observations for retrieving atmospheric temperature was first proposed by Jean I. F. King. Lewis D. Kaplan noted that the radiation from different spectral regions are primarily emanating from different atmospheric layers, which can be used to retrieve the atmospheric temperature at different heights in the atmosphere. The United States launched the first meteorological satellite Television Infrared Observation Satellite-1 (TIROS-1) on 1 April 1960, opening a new era of observing the Earth and its atmosphere from space. Since then, hundreds of meteorological satellites have been launched by space agencies, including those in Europe, China, Japan, Russia, India, Korea, and others. With the rapid development of atmospheric sounding technology and radiative transfer models, it became possible to determine the atmospheric state from combined satellite- and ground-based measurements. With advances in computing power, forecast model development, data assimilation, and observing technologies, numerical weather prediction (NWP) has achieved consistently better results and thereby improved the prediction and early warning of severe weather events as well as fostered the initial monitoring of global climate change. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the development of satellite vertical sounding capability, quantitative profile retrieval theory, and applications of satellite-based atmospheric sounding measurements, with a focus on infrared sounding.

36

Jin, S. G., R. Jin, and D. Li. "Assessment of BeiDou differential code bias variations from multi-GNSS network observations." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-259-2016.

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Abstract. The differential code bias (DCB) of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) affects precise ionospheric modeling and applications. In this paper, daily DCBs of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) are estimated and investigated from 2-year multi-GNSS network observations (2013–2014) based on global ionospheric maps (GIMs) from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), which are compared with Global Positioning System (GPS) results. The DCB of BDS satellites is a little less stable than GPS solutions, especially for geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites. The BDS GEO observations decrease the precision of inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) and medium Earth orbit (MEO) DCB estimations. The RMS of BDS satellites DCB decreases to about 0.2 ns when we remove BDS GEO observations. Zero-mean condition effects are not the dominant factor for the higher RMS of BDS satellites DCB. Although there are no obvious secular variations in the DCB time series, sub-nanosecond variations are visible for both BDS and GPS satellites DCBs during 2013–2014. For satellites in the same orbital plane, their DCB variations have similar characteristics. In addition, variations in receivers DCB in the same region are found with a similar pattern between BDS and GPS. These variations in both GPS and BDS DCBs are mainly related to the estimated error from ionospheric variability, while the BDS DCB intrinsic variation is in sub-nanoseconds.

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Hyvärinen, Otto, Kalle Eerola, Niilo Siljamo, and Jarkko Koskinen. "Comparison of Snow Cover from Satellite and Numerical Weather Prediction Models in the Northern Hemisphere and Northern Europe." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc2069.1.

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Abstract Snow cover has a strong effect on the surface and lower atmosphere in NWP models. Because the progress of in situ observations has stalled, satellite-based snow analyses are becoming increasingly important. Currently, there exist several products that operationally map global or continental snow cover. In this study, satellite-based snow cover analyses from NOAA, NASA, and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and NWP snow analyses from the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) and ECMWF, were compared using data from January to June 2006. Because no analyses were independent and since available in situ measurements were already used in the NWP analyses, no independent ground truth was available and only the consistency between analyses could be compared. Snow analyses from NOAA, NASA, and ECMWF were similar, but the analysis from NASA was greatly hampered by clouds. HIRLAM and EUMETSAT deviated most from other analyses. Even though the analysis schemes of HIRLAM and ECMWF were quite similar, the resulting snow analyses were quite dissimilar, because ECMWF used the satellite information of snow cover in the form of NOAA analyses, while HIRLAM used none. The differences are especially prominent in areas around the snow edge where few in situ observations are available. This suggests that NWP snow analyses based only on in situ measurements would greatly benefit from inclusion of satellite-based snow cover information.

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Kidd, C., P. Bauer, J. Turk, G. J. Huffman, R. Joyce, K. L. Hsu, and D. Braithwaite. "Intercomparison of High-Resolution Precipitation Products over Northwest Europe." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-042.1.

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Abstract Satellite-derived high-resolution precipitation products (HRPP) have been developed to address the needs of the user community and are now available with 0.25° × 0.25° (or less) subdaily resolutions. This paper evaluates a number of commonly available satellite-derived HRPPs covering northwest Europe over a 6-yr period. Precipitation products include the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing (CMORPH) technique, the CPC merged microwave technique, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) blended technique, and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) technique. In addition, the Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) precipitation index (GPI) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) operational forecast model products are included for comparison. Surface reference data from the European radar network is used as ground truth, supported by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) precipitation gauge analysis and gauge data over the United Kingdom. Measures of correlation, bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio are used to evaluate the products. Results show that satellite products generally exhibit a seasonal cycle in correlation, bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio, with poorer statistics during the winter. The ECMWF model also shows a seasonal cycle in the correlation, although the results are poorer during the summer, while the bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio are consistent through all seasons. Importantly, all the satellite HRPPs underestimate precipitation over northwest Europe in all seasons.

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Sušnik, Andreja, Andrea Grahsl, Daniel Arnold, Arturo Villiger, Rolf Dach, Gerhard Beutler, and Adrian Jäggi. "Validation of the EGSIEM-REPRO GNSS Orbits and Satellite Clock Corrections." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142322.

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In the framework of the European Gravity Service for Improved Emergency Management (EGSIEM) project, consistent sets of state-of-the-art reprocessed Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) orbits and satellite clock corrections have been generated. The reprocessing campaign includes data starting in 1994 and follows the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) processing strategy, in particular exploiting the extended version of the empirical CODE Orbit Model (ECOM). Satellite orbits are provided for Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites since 1994 and for Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) since 2002. In addition, a consistent set of GPS satellite clock corrections with 30 s sampling has been generated from 2000 and with 5 s sampling from 2003 onwards. For the first time in a reprocessing scheme, GLONASS satellite clock corrections with 30 s sampling from 2008 and 5 s from 2010 onwards were also generated. The benefit with respect to earlier reprocessing series is demonstrated in terms of polar motion coordinates. GNSS satellite clock corrections are validated in terms of completeness, Allan deviation, and precise point positioning (PPP) using terrestrial stations. In addition, the products herein were validated with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) precise orbit determination (POD) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). The dataset is publicly available.

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Cinzano, P., F. Falchi, C. D. Elvidge, and K. E. Baugh. "The Artificial Sky Brightness in Europe Derived from DMSP Satellite Data." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900163880.

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We present maps of the artificial sky brightness in Europe in V band with a resolution of ~1 km. The aim is to understand the state of night sky pollution in Europe, to quantify the present situation and to allow future monitoring of trends. For each terrestrial site the artificial sky brightness in a given direction on the sky is obtained by integrating the contributions from each surface area in the surroundings, using detailed models of the propagation in the atmosphere of the upward light flux emitted by the area. The top-of-atmosphere light flux is measured by the Operational Linescan System of the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. The modelling technique, which was introduced and developed by Garstang, takes into account the extinction along light paths, double scattering of light from atmospheric molecules and aerosols, and Earth curvature. Use of this technique allows us to assess the aerosol content of the atmosphere.

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Riffler, M., C. Popp, A. Hauser, F. Fontana, and S. Wunderle. "Validation of a modified AVHRR aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithm over Central Europe." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2010): 785–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-785-2010.

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Abstract. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) carried on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Meteorological Operational Satellite (MetOp) polar orbiting satellites is the only instrument offering more than 25 years of satellite data to analyse aerosols on a daily basis. The present study assessed a modified AVHRR aerosol optical depth τa retrieval over land. The initial approach has used a relationship between Sun photometer measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the satellite data to post-process the retrieved τa. Herein a stand-alone procedure, which is more suitable for the pre-AERONET era, is presented. In addition, the estimation of surface reflectance, threshold values, and the aerosol model are adapted. The method's cross-platform applicability was tested by validating τa from NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 AVHRR at 15 AERONET sites in Central Europe (40.5° N–50° N, 0° E–17° E) from August 2005 to December 2007. Furthermore, the accuracy of the AVHRR retrieval was related to products from two newer instruments, the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on board the Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board Aqua/Terra. Considering the linear correlation coefficient R, the AVHRR results were similar to those of MERIS with even lower root mean square error RMSE. Not surprisingly, MODIS, with its high spectral coverage gave the highest R and lowest RMSE. Regarding monthly averaged τa, the results were ambiguous. Focusing on small-scale structures, R was reduced for all sensors, whereas the RMSE solely for MERIS substantially increased. Regarding larger areas like Central Europe, the error statistics were similar to the individual match-ups. This was mainly explained with sampling issues. With the successful validation of AVHRR we are now able to concentrate on our large data archive dating back to 1985. This is a unique opportunity for both climate and air pollution studies over land surfaces.

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Cox, M. E. "SATCOM/ADS: The Key to CNS Integration for ATM in Europe?" Journal of Navigation 48, no. 3 (September 1995): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346330001287x.

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The availability of an aeronautical mobile satellite service and the emergence of a global navigation satellite system should enable CNS services to be established for civil aviation, virtually worldwide. This paper discusses how the development of a low-cost ADS system, employing these satellite services, might be used to the advantage of European air traffic management (ATM). It indicates that the earlier action is taken, the greater will be the potential benefits. This paper is an updated version of that presented at the NAV94 Conference in November 1994.

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Riffler, M., C. Popp, A. Hauser, F. Fontana, and S. Wunderle. "Validation of a modified AVHRR aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithm over Central Europe." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 5 (September 20, 2010): 1255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1255-2010.

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Abstract. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) carried on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Meteorological Operational Satellite (MetOp) polar orbiting satellites is the only instrument offering more than 25 years of satellite data to analyse aerosols on a daily basis. The present study assessed a modified AVHRR aerosol optical depth τa retrieval over land for Europe. The algorithm might also be applied to other parts of the world with similar surface characteristics like Europe, only the aerosol properties would have to be adapted to a new region. The initial approach used a relationship between Sun photometer measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the satellite data to post-process the retrieved τa. Herein a quasi-stand-alone procedure, which is more suitable for the pre-AERONET era, is presented. In addition, the estimation of surface reflectance, the aerosol model, and other processing steps have been adapted. The method's cross-platform applicability was tested by validating τa from NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 AVHRR at 15 AERONET sites in Central Europe (40.5° N–50° N, 0° E–17° E) from August 2005 to December 2007. Furthermore, the accuracy of the AVHRR retrieval was related to products from two newer instruments, the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on board the Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board Aqua/Terra. Considering the linear correlation coefficient R, the AVHRR results were similar to those of MERIS with even lower root mean square error RMSE. Not surprisingly, MODIS, with its high spectral coverage, gave the highest R and lowest RMSE. Regarding monthly averaged τa, the results were ambiguous. Focusing on small-scale structures, R was reduced for all sensors, whereas the RMSE solely for MERIS substantially increased. Regarding larger areas like Central Europe, the error statistics were similar to the individual match-ups. This was mainly explained with sampling issues. With the successful validation of AVHRR we are now able to concentrate on our large data archive dating back to 1985. This is a unique opportunity for both climate and air pollution studies over land surfaces.

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Sreesawet, Suwat, Seksan Jaturat, and Sittiporn Channamsin. "Orbit Design for Thai Space Consortium Satellite." Proceedings 39, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019039001.

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Currently, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) and Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) have a co-operation on a project of developing a satellite for scientific research called Thai Space Consortium (TSC). The project is aiming at Earth remote sensing mission by a small satellite about 100 kg. The main payload of the satellite is an optical instrument with the secondary payload of energetic particle detector for space weather. The satellite is designed to be in a Sun Synchronous orbit due to requirement of same light condition throughout the operational lifetime. In the meantime, there is another project by GISTDA named THEOS-2. This project consists of two remote-sensing satellites, THEOS-2 MainSAT and THEOS-2 SmallSAT, under the development in Europe. The SmallSAT does not have the propulsion subsystem. So it cannot perform station-keeping maneuvers or maintain constellation with others. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze two scenarios that the TSC satellite flies as constellations with the MainSAT of THEOS2 project. The constellation is in the sense that the TSC satellite flies on the same ground track path with the MainSAT satellite with slightly differences in local solar time. The ground track sequencing is presented with a methodology for obtaining orbital parameters with a discussion on accuracy relating to Keplerian assumption.

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Mitikov, Yu, and S. Bilogurov. "SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE WORLD’S FIRST UKRAINIAN SPACE COMPLEX «VESELKA»." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 29, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2023.01.074.

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On October 27, 1961, the first world’s space launch vehicle (not completed and tested well ballistic missile) 11K63 (63S1) with a satellite was launched. The main goal of the new space complex “Veselka” (“Rainbow”) (K11K63) was to define potential branches for the effective usage of space technologies. The weight of the first Ukrainian satellite DS-1 (Dnipropetrovsk satellite) was 310 lbs. The practical usage of new space complex was the launch of artificial satellites weighing up to 990 lbs into low Earth orbit. For comparison, the weight of the first American satellite was 30 lbs. with the 4th stage of the rocket, without the possibility to detach the last stage. The satellite DS-1 passed all tests necessary for that time. It was completely ready for work in the conditions of outer space. But … the first Ukrainian satellite to go into space was DS-2, launched on March 16, 1962, in the 3rd launch attempt. For the first time, an attempt was made to analyze the phenomenon of creating the world’s first space complex and launching serial satellites of the Earth (hereinafter – the well-known series “Cosmos”) against the historical background. The scientific, technical, and military-applied aspects of the development of the space complex were analyzed. The role of the powerful industrial cooperation from the very beginning planned by Academies of Sciences, branch institutes, and scientists of Eastern Europe, France, Sweden, and India (the “Intercosmos” program) for the development of the complex was described. The issues of staff training for the rocket and space industry are particularly underlined as a key factor of success in space. Some inaccuracies regarding the history of Ukrainian satellites were noted and fixed, which are often found in some publications on this topic.

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Ghilain, Nicolas, Alirio Arboleda, Okke Batelaan, Jonas Ardö, Isabel Trigo, Jose-Miguel Barrios, and Francoise Gellens-Meulenberghs. "A New Retrieval Algorithm for Soil Moisture Index from Thermal Infrared Sensor On-Board Geostationary Satellites over Europe and Africa and Its Validation." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11171968.

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Monitoring soil moisture at the Earth’surface is of great importance for drought early warnings. Spaceborne remote sensing is a keystone in monitoring at continental scale, as satellites can make observations of locations which are scarcely monitored by ground-based techniques. In recent years, several soil moisture products for continental scale monitoring became available from the main space agencies around the world. Making use of sensors aboard polar satellites sampling in the microwave spectrum, soil moisture can be measured and mapped globally every few days at a spatial resolution as fine as 25 km. However, complementarity of satellite observations is a crucial issue to improve the quality of the estimations provided. In this context, measurements within the visible and infrared from geostationary satellites provide information on the surface from a totally different perspective. In this study, we design a new retrieval algorithm for daily soil moisture monitoring based only on the land surface temperature observations derived from the METEOSAT second generation geostationary satellites. Soil moisture has been retrieved from the retrieval algorithm for an eight years period over Europe and Africa at the SEVIRI sensor spatial resolution (3 km at the sub-satellite point). The results, only available for clear sky and partly cloudy conditions, are for the first time extensively evaluated against in-situ observations provided by the International Soil Moisture Network and FLUXNET at sites across Europe and Africa. The soil moisture retrievals have approximately the same accuracy as the soil moisture products derived from microwave sensors, with the most accurate estimations for semi-arid regions of Europe and Africa, and a progressive degradation of the accuracy towards northern latitudes of Europe. Although some possible improvements can be expected by a better use of other products derived from SEVIRI, the new approach developped and assessed here is a valuable alternative to microwave sensors to monitor daily soil moisture at the resolution of few kilometers over entire continents and could reveal a good complementarity to an improved monitoring system, as the algorithm can produce surface soil moisture with less than 1 day delay over clear sky and non-steady cloudy conditions (over 10% of the time).

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Vitt, Ronja, Gudrun Laschewski, Alkiviadis Bais, Henri Diémoz, Ilias Fountoulakis, Anna-Maria Siani, and Andreas Matzarakis. "UV-Index Climatology for Europe Based on Satellite Data." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070727.

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The UV-Index (UVI) is aimed at the prevention of skin cancer as well as other negative implications of ultraviolet radiation exposure. In order to support health related applications, assessments and planning that rely on long term data in high spatial resolution and as there exist only limited ground-based measurements, satellite products from reliable atmospheric monitoring services are used as sustainable data sources to create a climatology of the UVI at the local noon. In this study, the (all-sky) UVI as well as the hypothetically clear-sky UVI were analysed for the European region from 30° North to 65° North and from 25° West to 35° East in a spatial resolution of 0.05° for the time period 1983 to 2015. Maps of the monthly mean UVI provide an overview of the distribution of UVI for Europe as well as the spatial and temporal differences and regional variability at local solar noon. Additionally, eight selected locations provide insight into the effects of latitude and altitude on UVI in Europe. Monthly boxplots for each location provide information about regional differences in the variability of UVI, showing maximum variability in Northern and Central Europe in summer, where in Southern Europe this basically occurs in spring. The frequency of the World Health Organization exposure categories moderate, high and very high UVI is provided based on ten-day means for each month. The maximum difference between mean values per decade of 2006–2015 compared to 1983–1992 ranges from −1.2 to +1.2 for UVI and from −0.4 to +0.6 for UVI c l e a r − s k y . All locations, except the Northern European site, show an increase of UVI during spring and early summer months. A statistically significant increase in the annual mean all-sky UVI has been found for four sites, which ranges from +1.2% to +3.6% per decade. The latest eleven-year period of the UVI climatology (2005–2015) has been validated with UVI measured in five sites. The sites that are located north of the Alps show an underestimation of the UVI, likely due to the cloud modification. In the south, the UVI climatology provides values that are on average overestimated, possibly related to the use of climatological aerosol information. For the site within the Alps, a switch between underestimation and overestimation during the course of the year has been found. 7% to 9% of the UVI values of the climatology differ from the measured UVI by more than one unit.

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Collins, Richard. "The language of advantage: satellite television in Western Europe." Media, Culture & Society 11, no. 3 (July 1989): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016344389011003006.

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THIEM, V. "Meteorological satellite data in Europe Free access or commercialization?" International Journal of Remote Sensing 10, no. 2 (February 1989): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431168908903875.

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Butler, Declan. "Europe weighs bid to extend life of sensing satellite." Nature 370, no. 6488 (August 1994): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370317b0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Europe (satellite)'

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