Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Europe Kings and rules'

This thesis investigates the role of queens in ninth and tenth century Italy. During the Carolingian period the Italian kingdom saw significant involvement of royal women in political affairs. This trend continued after the Carolingian empire collapsed in 888, as Italy became the theatre of struggles for the royal and imperial title, which resulted in a quick succession of local rulers. By investigating Italian queens, my work aims at reassessing some aspects of Italian royal politics. Furthermore, it contributes to the study of medieval queenship, exploring a context which has been overlooked with regard to female authority. The work which has been done on queens over the last decades has attempted to build a coherent model of early medieval queenship; scholars have often privileged the analysis of continuities and similarities in the study of queens' prerogatives and resources. This thesis challenges this model and underlines the peculiarities of individual queens. My analysis demonstrates that, by deconstructing the coherent model established by historiography, it is possible to underline the individual experiences, resources and strengths of each royal woman, and therefore create a new way to look at the history of queens and queenship. The thesis is divided into four main thematic sections. After having introduced the subject and the relevant historiography on the topic in the introduction, in Chapter 2 I consider ideas about queenship as expressed by narrative and normative sources. Chapter 3 deals with royal diplomas, which are a valuable resource for the understanding of queens' reigns. Chapter 4 analyses queens' dowers and monastic patronage. Chapter 5 examines the experience of Italian royal widows. Finally, the conclusive chapter outlines the significance of this thesis for the broader understanding of medieval queenship.

This dissertation explores the role of Absolutist states in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Western Europe. Three general questions are addressed: (1) what are the determinants of variations in the autonomy of rulers? (2) what are the consequences of variations in autonomy for states policies? and (3) what are the effects of various state policies on economic development? A new theoretical framework, based on a synthesis of the neoclassical economic literature on principal-agent relations and current organizational theory in sociology, is developed to answer these three questions. Case studies of Absolutism in England, France, Sweden, and Spain are used to illustrate the explanatory power of the theory.

A traditional 'integration through law' approach to EC legal studies portrays national remedies and procedural rules as a serious problem for the Community legal order: they offer fragmented standards of judicial protection in respect of Treaty norms being implemented at a domestic levels, and thus distort competitive conditions within the Common Market and / or undermine the principle of equal treatment between Union citizens. The purported solution is to manufacture a harmonised system of legal protection within Europe. Yet the recent history of European union suggests that the assumptions of "integration" and "uniformity" upon which this analysis is based are now ripe for reconsideration. The alternative values of "disintegration" and "differentiation" have attained the status of central regulatory principles within the Community legal order, and prompt a process of doctrinal reconsideration, seeking to update certain assumptions about the Treaty system which are too closely wedded to an untenable ideal of integration. Within the particular sphere of Community intervention in the domestic systems of judicial protection, this process of doctrinal reconsideration suggests that we should abandon the predominant "integration through law" in favour of an alternative "sectoral" approach. The Treaty's pursuit of uniformity at a substantive level, and thus its need for uniformity at a remedial level, changes according to the field of Community activity in question. In some sectors (such as state aids and competition law), uniformity remains a valid goal of Treaty policy, and the harmonisation of domestic remedies and procedural rules might well seem justified. In other sectors (such as environmental consumer and employee protection), the Treaty does not harbour ambitions of achieving any genuine degree of normative uniformity, and the principles of subsidiary and proportionality suggest that we should adopt a correspondingly more restrained interpretation of the need for remedial approximation. These two completing academic models provide the framework for a critical analysis of the European Court of Justice's caselaw on national remedies and procedural rules. Such an analysis demonstrates, in particular, that the Court's most recent jurisprudence rejects implicitly the pressure of greater remedial harmonisation exerted by an "integration through law" approach. Instead, the ECJ seems sympathetic to the challenges of doctrinal reconsideration stimulated by the rise of regulatory differentiation within the Community legal order: its caselaw reflects a more limited sympathy with the imperative of uniformity, such as forms the basic conceptual premises of the alternative "sectoral" model.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns into business practice. It is of increasing importance to utilities, with commercial pressure to be socially responsible coming from, inter alia, consumers, investors and employees. One way in which utilities can integrate CSR into their business is in their procurement. However, the potential scope for the inclusion of CSR considerations in procurement regulated by the EU is uncertain, with some policies clearly restricted but the legality of others being less clear. This thesis examines the practical impact of the EU procurement regulation on the use of CSR policies in utilities procurement, focusing specifically on the inclusion of labour concerns. The project aims to discover practitioners’ opinions of the EU law in this area and their experience in applying it, looking at positive and negative aspects of the law. In order to do so, a qualitative study was completed, with semi-structured interviews conducted with a sample of procurement practitioners based in UK utilities. The study covers the level of use of labour policies in procurement, the types of labour policy commonly included and the means by which those policies are integrated into procurement, with emphasis on the impact of the EU regulation on each issue. The thesis concludes that the impact of the EU regulation was relatively low, with most practitioners feeling that the procurement rules did not generally restrict their inclusion of labour policies. Instead, practical concerns governed the choice of labour policy and the means by which those policies were integrated into procurement. The major exception to this was in the area of policies which favoured local labour or firms, where practitioners felt that the EU regulation was very restrictive and prevented them from achieving their commercial aims.

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) served as King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. A melancholic character, Henry was known for his many marriages, his temper, his bouts of tyranny, and his break with the Catholic Church. Most authors, even those writing contemporary accounts, portray Henry as a villain. Hilary Mantel paints Henry differently. In Wolf Hall and Bringing up the Bodies, the King is as he has always been; argumentative, sardonic, and excessive. However, Mantel chooses to augment these parts of his character with some of his better traits, giving the King a softer edge that is often lost to his actions and infamy. An analysis of Mantel’s writing, as compared to the historical record, sheds new light on Henry VIII and invites readers, through the joy of historical fiction, to be more open in their interpretation of the King.

The purpose of this thesis is to answer the question, why is there a variation in anti-Muslim sentiments across Western Europe? There is existing literature on individual and country-level variable s to explain why prejudice exists, but this research examines the impact of political institutions on anti-Muslim sentiments. Based on new institutionalism theory, electoral systems can shape public attitudes by providing far-right parties a platform to put their concerns on the agenda, and these parties promote anti-Muslim popular sentiments. The results of this analysis support this argument in that the larger the average district magnitude in a country, the greater the anti-Muslim sentiments. The findings also show that an increase in far-right party vote-share also covaries with an increase in anti-Muslim sentiments.

Egypt faced three central pressures to introduce its own competition law in 2005: first, EU/Egypt trade relations, second, introduction of the 1991 privatisation programme and third, its long-term desire by virtue of its Constitution to follow Islamic principles that condemn monopoly. However, Egypt was not forced to transplant EU rules as a result of EU/Egypt trade relations, although it is implicit that the EU deems it desirable to do so. By employing the functional method of comparative law for the purposes of the study on EU, Islamic, and Egyptian laws, the central argument of this thesis is that the Egyptian treatment of abuse of dominance is distinctive in three ways. First, Egyptian rules do not prohibit the practice of excessive pricing. Although in jurisdictions that prohibit it, most notably the EU system, competition authorities do not contemplate it as an investigation priority, it is argued that the lack of its prohibition raises Islamic law concerns and may lead to potential effects on the Egyptian economy. However, the difficulties which investigators face in settling such practice (as the South African Mittal case demonstrates) suggest that the Egyptian legislator may have adopted the right approach not to prohibit it; otherwise, this may have increased the likelihood of committing type II errors and, as a result, violate Islamic law principles of injustice. Second, in contrast with EU law, Egyptian rules do not cover the practice of below-cost margin squeeze. Although it is argued that its omission does not pose potential effects to the economy, it is suggested that it raises Islamic law concerns on the basis of fairness and intentions principles. Given that it is relatively easier to investigate, compared to excessive pricing, it is suggested that the Egyptian legislator should re-consider encompassing it in the future while drawing on the approach adopted in EU law. Third, the Egyptian Competition Law reflects the EU Commission‘s initiative of employing an effects-based approach to abuse of dominance. However, the Egyptian system, arguably influenced by the Islamic principles on market intervention, goes a little further to require an actual effects standard. Despite an effects-based analysis being difficult to employ in emerging economies with inadequate economic expertise like Egypt, it is argued in its favour for two reasons. First, it increases the chances of avoiding type II errors, which, similar to excessive pricing and margin squeeze, violate Islamic law and; second, the Egyptian Competition Authority‘s analysis in the Steel study shows that it is capable of employing this approach at this stage. For the purposes of re-considering the foregoing (gaps) in the future, the Egyptian Competition Authority should focus on increasing economic expertise and seek technical assistance from competition authorities of the developed world.

The enforcement of EC procurement law relies heavily on legal action brought by aggrieved bidders for public contracts before the national courts. National remedies for bidders have been harmonised by two EC directives. The study considers the extent to which a system of bidder remedies is an effective mechanism for enforcing the procurement rules, through text-based research of the public sector procurement remedies and an empirical study in the construction sector, based on interviews with bidders, awarding authorities and procurement lawyers, in two Member States, Greece and the United Kingdom. The findings of the research indicate that remedies are not in principle incapable of assisting enforcement but that the use that is made of them and their capacity to enforce the law depend on their features, in terms, particularly, of legal costs as well as of the likelihood of a case being won at trial. Before this project was undertaken, there was no empirical research work on procurement remedies. It is hoped that this study will interest everyone involved in contracts awards (namely, firms, public bodies and lawyers) as well as scholars of EC law studying the national enforcement of EC rules, either in the area of procurement or in other areas regulated by EC law. It is also hoped that the findings of the studywill be of some use to policy and law makers, at European and national level.

Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira
This work provides empirical evidence for a sizeable, statistically significant neg¬ative impact of the quality of fiscal institutions on public spending volatility for a panel of 25 EU countries in the 1980-2007 period. Following Fatas and Mihov (2003), the dependent variable is the volatility of discretionary fiscal policy, which does not represent reactions to changes in economic conditions and which may only reflect exogenous political preferences. Our baseline results thus give support to the strengthening of institutions to deal with excessive levels of discretion volatility. This relationship is based mainly on the fact that countries with more checks and balances make it more difficult for governments to change fiscal policy for reasons un¬related to the current state of the economy. Our results also confirm the findings of Furceri and Poplawski (2008) that bigger countries have less public spending volatil¬ity, while the stabilising function that bigger governments exert also contributes to lower policy volatility. In contrast to previous studies, the political factors do not seem to play a role, with the exception of the Herfindahl index, which suggests that high concentration of parliamentary seats in a few parties would increase public spending volatility. In addition, the run-up to EMU and the SGP dummies have the expected negative sign on policy volatility, while for the new EU members, the results also give some support to reduced levels of policy volatility, reflecting recent improvements in public finances.
Este trabalho documenta empiricamente a existência de um impacto negativo, de magnitude considerável e, estatisticamente significativo da qualidade das instituições orçamentais sobre a volatilidade da despesa pública para um painel de 25 países da UE no período 1980-2007. Seguindo Fatás e Mihov (2003), a variável dependente e a volatilidade da política orçamental discricionária, que não representa reacções a mudanças nas condições económicas e que pode apenas reflectir preferências políticas exógenas. Os resultados de base fornecem então, suporte para o fortalecimento das instituições de modo a lidar com níveis excessivos de volatilidade da política discricionária. Esta relação é baseada sobretudo no facto de que em países com melhores instituições é mais difícil aos governos alterarem a política orçamental por razoes não relacionadas com o estado actual da economia. Os nossos resulta¬dos também confirmam os alcançados por Furceri e Poplawski (2008) de que países maiores tem menor volatilidade da despesa publica, enquanto que a função de estabilização exercida por governos maiores também contribui para reduzir a volatilidade da política. Em contraste com estudos anteriores, os factores políticos não parecem ser importantes, com excepção do índice de Herfindahl, que sugere que elevada concentração de assentos parlamentares em poucos partidos iria aumentar a volatilidade da despesa pública. Adicionalmente, as dummies para a UEM e para o PEC tem o sinal negativo esperado, enquanto que para os novos membros da UE, os resultados também fornecem algum suporte para níveis reduzidos de volatilidade da política, reflectindo melhorias recentes nas finanças públicas.

French religious life in the mid-seventeenth century was conspicuous for its revolutionary reversal of Tridentine prescriptions enforcing strict claustration upon women religious. In the process modes of female piety changed from contemplative to active within the development of a number of active female religious congregations dedicated to working beyond the cloister to provide key social and welfare services to communities. This study explains the genesis of this active female apostolate in the seventeenth century. It is a comparative examination of the first three of these orders, which spearheaded this development; the Order of the Visitation, the Daughters of the Cross and the Daughters of Charity. The work initially examines the Visitandines, the first female religious order seriously to challenge Tridentine prescriptions on claustration. Although in the long run they failed in their attempt, this order served as an influential example and created powerful networks of people of influence and means who would go on to support future orders. The second order, the Daughters of the Cross, was the first to benefit from their 'mistakes' and networks. Although they developed on a small scale, the highly significant Paris-based community, unrestricted by claustration, dedicated itself to professional teaching services. The third and the biggest success story, the Daughters of Charity, drew on the experience of these two groups, and exploited networks of influence and finance. They circulated freely in the community and worked to provide community servies on a national and subsequently international scale. My thesis is concerned with the interaction between founders, supporters, particular bishops and the women themselves and the acts of collusion which finally achieved this radical change. It aims to identify an initially tentative process which gained in the course of 50 years considerable momentum and radically transformed religious life for both women and for social Catholicism.

Thèse (LL.D.) -- Université de Montréal, 2004.
"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Droit (LL.D.) et à la Faculté de Droit et de Sciences Politiques de l'Université de Nantes en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur" Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.

ABSTRACT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE SECTOR-SPECIFIC AND COMPETITION RULES IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR IN TURKEY IN THE LIGHT OF THE EU LAW Aydemir, Duygu M.S., Department of European Studies Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Gamze Asç
ioglu-Ö
z May 2008, 189 pages This thesis examines the role of the sector-specific rules and competition rules in the liberalized telecommunications markets. It aims to analyse the design of the legal and institutional framework of these two sets of rules in the liberalized telecommunications sector in Turkey in the light of the EU law. To this purpose, the thesis initially compares and contrasts the main characteristics of and shared responsibilities between the sector-specific and economy-wide competition rules and institutions in the post-liberalization and post-privatization period. Then, the thesis explores the EU approach on the balance of influence between these two sets of rules and institutions. Against this background, the thesis examines role, design and interaction of the sector-specific and competition rules and institutions in the recently liberalized Turkish telecommunications markets. It, also, analyses some important competition law cases concluded by the Competition Authority. The thesis has two main arguments. Firstly, it argues that liberalization and privatization in the telecommunications sector does not automatically lead to the competitive environment in the sector. Competitiveness of the markets after the postliberalization and post-privatization period critically depends on the existence of a robust, coherent, and transparent regulatory framework ensuring a smooth balance between the sector-specific and the competition rules and institutions. Second argument is that sector-specific rules have a transitional character. As telecommunications markets move towards effective competition, sector-specific regulation will be reduced and the role of the competition rules in those markets will increase.

Les philosophes français des Lumières se sont évertués, notamment dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle, à préciser les cas où l’inégalité et les limites de la liberté seraient conformes aux lois naturelles afin de proposer les préceptes permettant une vie sociale épanouie. Ce faisant, ils ouvrirent la voie à la formation des absolutismes éclairés qui trouvent leurs racines juridiques dans la théorie du droit naturel. Elaborée pour une large part par Voltaire qui la mettait directement en relation avec l’idéologie des absolutismes « classiques », l’idéologie des absolutismes éclairés avait pour but principal la création d’un Etat fort. Ayant accepté les propositions des philosophes les « rois philosophes » ou « monarques éclairés » fondèrent les justificatifs d’une telle politique sur la langue, la mode, et surtout sur la confiance dans un progrès que la France avait su promouvoir
The French philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, especially in the second part of the eighteenth century, endeavoured to specify the cases in which inequality and the limitations of freedom would be in accordance with natural laws in order to propose precepts for a blossoming life. By doing so, they opened the way to the formation of enlightened absolutism, a model of government that finds its legal foundations in the Natural Law Theory Developed largely part by Voltaire, who put it in the direct relation with the ideology of “classical” absolutism, the ideology of enlightened absolutism had as its principal goal the creation of a strong state. Having embraced the philosophers’ precepts, the “enlightened monarchs” or “philosopher kings” founded the evidence of such a policy on language, fashion, and especially on the confidence in a progress that France had been able to promote

La presente investigación analiza la problemática de una empresa exportadora mexicana y sus clientes quienes recibieron oficios de las administraciones tributarias de Bélgica, España y Reino Unido, en los que se les informa el cobro de impuestos y multas, porque las importaciones de carburo de silicio amparadas bajo un certificado de origen EUR.1 (aceptado en el TLC México-Europa), realizadas desde 2002 hasta 2006, son de origen chino. Las autoridades alegan que la empresa mexicana importó este producto temporalmente de China al amparo de un Programa de Importación Temporal para Producir artículos de Exportación (PITEX) y después los reexportó a Europa; por lo que, en consecuencia, hubo fraude al omitir pagar impuestos de importación (5.5%) y cuotas antidumping (52.6%) al declarar el origen mexicano (exento de arancel) siendo supuestamente chino. Por lo tanto, los certificados de origen EUR.1, expedidos por la Secretaría de Economía de México a favor de la empresa mexicana y que acompañaron los embarques eran considerados inválidos, lo anterior se hizo basándose en una investigación practicada por la Agencia Europea de Lucha contra el Fraude (OLAF) apoyada en la información oficial proporcionada por la Administración General de Aduanas (AGA) de México al amparo del Anexo de Asistencia Aduanera de la Decisión 2/2000 entre México y la Comunidad Europea (TLC) que entró en vigor en 2005. De continuarse esta situación, en la que todas las exportaciones preferenciales a Europa del periodo 2002-2006 fuesen consideradas inválidas por la OLAF, la empresa mexicana, (junto con sus clientes) tendrían que asumir hipotéticamente una omisión de contribuciones aduaneras (Arancel y cuota antidumping) por aproximadamente 2,264,000 Euros, sin añadir las actualizaciones y recargos. En el fondo de este asunto prevalece la situación económica del sector, porque el carburo de silicio es un producto altamente demandado en muchas industrias (aeronáutica, automotriz, médica, etc). China es el principal productor y exportador del mundo, pero en Europa, su ingreso estaba condicionado al pago de cuota antidumping desde 1984 y la defensa al mantenimiento de las mismas por el Consejo de industria Química Europeo (European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)) quien representa a los productores europeos. Sin embargo, la Unión Europea tiene un serio déficit comercial de este producto el cual es cubierto en un 86% por Noruega, Rusia, Venezuela, Brasil, Ucrania y Suiza y solo el 1% proviene de México. El efecto de la investigación de origen de OLAF fue la disminución de las exportaciones mexicanas a ese mercado. Los oficios en cuestión revelaron que la investigación sobre el origen de las mercancías no se realizó por las autoridades competentes ni conforme al procedimiento aprobado en el TLC, además, no hubo un análisis técnico de la regla de origen, del correcto procedimiento para la emisión o invalidez de un certificado de origen EUR.1, y del manejo de un programa PITEX. Se trata de un caso complejo por las variables y actores que intervienen, y por lo delicado del asunto en donde el falseamiento del origen implica un presumible fraude de la empresa exportadora hacia sus clientes, la Unión Europea y la Secretaria de Economía de México pero ¿y si no lo hay? Asimismo, hubo autoridades de ambas Partes quienes actuaron dentro de su ámbito y con distintos fines: intercambiar información aduanera, investigar daños al erario o, cobrar las multas, pero no se tomó en cuenta el TLC para investigar y sancionar un tema de regla de origen. El resultado fue la invalidez “tácita” de un acto de la autoridad mexicana (emisión de un certificado EUR.1) en contra de empresas internacionales pero restando confianza a las actividades y actos de las autoridades de ambas Partes.
This thesis analyzes the problems of a Mexican exporting company and its customers who received offices of the tax administrations of Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom, which informed the collection of taxes and fines, because imports of silicon carbide covered under a certificate of origin EUR.1 (accepted in FTA Mexico-Europe), conducted from 2002 to 2006, are Chinese. Authorities allege that the Mexican company imported product from China temporarily under a Temporary Import Program to Produce Export (PITEX) and then re-exported to Europe; so therefore, there was fraud by failing to pay import taxes (5.5%) and Antidumping duties (52.6%) by declaring the Mexican (free of duty) being supposedly Chinese. Therefore, EUR.1 certificates of origin issued by the Ministry of Economy of Mexico for the Mexican company that accompanying shipments were considered invalid. The above was based on an investigation by the European Agency for anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) supported by the official information provided by the General Administration of Customs (GAC) of Mexico under Customs Assistance Annex of Decision 2/2000 between Mexico and the European Community (FTA) which came into force in 2005. If this situation continues, in which all preferential exports to Europe in the period 2002-2006 were considered invalid by OLAF, the Mexican company (and its customers) would have to assume hypothetically omission of customs contributions (antidumping tariff and quota ) by approximately 2,264,000 Euros, without adding updates and surcharges. At the bottom of this economic situation prevailing in the sector, because silicon carbide is a product in high demand in many industries (aerospace, automotive, medical, etc.). China is the leading producer and exporter in the world, but in Europe, their income was conditional upon payment of antidumping duty since 1984 and the defense to maintain them by the Industry Council European Chemical (European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)) who It is representing European producers. However, the European Union has a serious trade deficit of this product which is covered by 86% by Norway, Russia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ukraine and Switzerland and only 1% comes from Mexico. The effect of OLAF´s investigation was the decline in Mexican exports to European market. Official communications revealed that research on the origin of the goods are not made by the competent authorities and in accordance with the procedure approved in the FTA, in addition, there was a technical analysis of the rule of origin, the correct procedure for the issuance or disability a certificate of origin EUR.1 and management of a PITEX program. This is a complex case for variables and actors involved, and the sensitivity of the case where the distortion of the origin involves a presumed fraud exporting company to its customers, the European Union and the Ministry of Economy of Mexico but and if there is not? There were also government entities of both parties who acted within its scope and for different purposes: exchanging customs information, investigate damage to the budget or collecting fines, but not taken into account the FTA to investigate and punish an issue of rule origin. The result was the "tacit" invalidity of an act of the Mexican authority (issuing a EUR.1 certificate) against international companies but trust subtracting the activities and actions of the authorities of both Parties.

Au sein du marché intérieur, nous assistons à une mobilité croissante des travailleurs, alors que la compétence harmonisatrice de l’Union européenne est de nature minimale et que l’intégration européenne en droit du travail reste encore inachevée. Dans un contexte de diversité des réglementations du travail au sein de cet espace, il revient un rôle important aux règles de conflit de lois pour assurer que les personnes bénéficiaires des libertés de circulation ne voient pas leur mobilité affectée. Plus précisément, le droit international privé a pour fonction de garantir le principe de protection du travailleur inscrit dans les libertés de circulation. Pour parvenir à ce constat, il s’agit de s’interroger sur les influences possibles du droit du marché intérieur sur les règles de conflit de lois. L’évolution décrite est celle du droit international privé européen. Héritées des systèmes de droit international privé des Etats membres, les règles de conflit de lois européennes doivent désormais s’inscrire dans le contexte juridique de l’Union européenne dont elles empruntent les principes. Nous nous concentrons essentiellement sur le principe de protection du travailleur lequel est ancré dans le concept du marché intérieur. En dessinant ses contours, nous nous interrogeons sur les manières dont ce principe peut influencer les règles de conflit de lois. Le point de départ consiste en l’affirmation d’une compétence de l’Union européenne pour adopter des règles de droit international privé. Partant de l’analyse des difficultés d’adaptation des règles de conflit de lois au contexte européen, notre démarche vise à démontrer les faiblesses des règles de conflit de lois dans un contexte de diversité des réglementations des Etats membres en droit du travail. Face aux insuffisances des règles de conflit de lois classiques, des mécanismes unilatéraux du conflit de lois se développent. Sous la forme des lois de police, ces derniers permettent aux Etats membres de véhiculer des impérativités qui expriment une solution territorialiste du conflit de lois. Ils se caractérisent ainsi par la faveur qu'ils accordent à l’application de la loi du for. Dans ce contexte, le traitement conflictuel du détachement des travailleurs sert d’illustration.En accentuant sur la libre circulation des travailleurs, il convient de confronter les solutions du conflit de lois à la mise en place progressive d’un marché européen de l’emploi. Une règle de conflit de lois qui tiendrait compte des intérêts de l’intégration européenne ne livrerait-elle la solution la plus adéquate du conflit de lois ? Nous nous inspirons des références à la protection du travailleur dans le concept du marché intérieur pour en tirer des leçons pour une règle de conflit de lois régulatrice et protectrice dans un contexte d’européanisation
Mobility of workers within the internal market of the European Union is growing constantly, whereas European integration in social matters remains incomplete. The absence of an exhaustively harmonised European Social Law is not only related to the minimum character of harmonisation but also to the lack of an overall competence in social matters. Due to diversity between labour legislations of the Member States, conflict of laws needs to be mobilized in order to guarantee effective freedom of movement. More precisely, Private International Law has the function of promoting the worker protection principle enshrined in free movement law. Our purpose is to analyse possible impacts of the law of the internal market on Conflict of Laws. The subject of the present study is on European Conflict of Laws. Inspired by national conflict of law mechanisms, European conflict of law rules should nowadays fit into the context of European Union Law and therefore adopt its principles. Among those, the worker protection principle – as part of the concept of the internal market – is of high interest. While discovering the content of this principle, we underline different manners in which it can influence conflict of law rules. Our starting point consists in admitting the competence of the European Union for Private International Law matters. While demonstrating failures of the actual European conflict of law rules regarding their adaptability to legislative diversity, we discover that Member States tend to make increasingly use of unilateral mechanisms: Imperativeness is intended to assure Member States’ regulatory interests by designating the law of the forum state. For the purpose of this demonstration, we suggest to analyse the example of posted workers, among others. Territoriality has been observed in Conflict of Laws. This is problematic from the perspective of integration of the internal market, i.e. in our context, the European labour market. Therefore, we suggest that conflict of law rules should be adapted to the requirements of European regulatory interests. Lessons can be drawn from the concept of the internal market which leads us to examine a protective conflict of law rule aiming at integrating the worker into the labour market

La sécurité est un enjeu majeur dans le cycle de développement des systèmes critiques, notamment dans le secteur du transport ferroviaire. Cette thèse vise la modélisation, la vérification et la validation des règles d'exploitation ferroviaires au regard des exigences de sécurité. Ces règles ont pour but de définir les autorisations de déplacement des trains sur des lignes ferroviaires nationales équipées du système européen de gestion du trafic ferroviaire (ERTMS). De manière analogue, on trouve les concepts liés aux autorisations dans la description des politiques de contrôle d'accès des systèmes d'information. Par conséquent, nos contributions portent sur l'adaptation d'une approche UML/B pour le contrôle d'accès des systèmes d'information afin de modéliser et de valider les règles d'exploitation ferroviaires. Dans un premier temps, nous avons adapté le modèle Role Based Access Control (RBAC) sur une étude de cas ferroviaire extraite des règles d'exploitation appliquées sur la ligne à grande vitesse LGV Est-Européenne en France. La plate-forme B4MSecure nous a permis de modéliser ces règles à l'aide d'un profil UML de RBAC inspiré de SecureUML. Ensuite, ces modèles sont transformés en des spécifications B qui ont été enrichies par des propriétés de sécurité ferroviaire et soumises à des activités de vérification et de validation formelles. Aux concepts du modèle RBAC, le modèle Organization Based Access Control (Or-Bac) introduit la notion d'organisation, au centre de ce modèle, et la notion de contexte. Nous avons donc proposé d’utiliser ce modèle en tant qu’extension du modèle RBAC dans l’optique d’une interopérabilité ferroviaire en ERTMS
The safety is a major issue in the development cycle of the critical systems, in particular in the rail transportation sector. This thesis aims at the modeling, the verification and at the validation of the railway operating rules with regard to the safety requirements. These rules intend to define the authorizations of trains movement on national railway lines equipped with the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). In a similar way, we find the concepts of authorizations in the description of access control policies of information systems. Consequently, our contributions concern the adaptation of an UML/B approach for the access control of information systems to model and validate the railway operating rules. At first, we adapted the Role Based Access Control (RBAC) model on a railway case study extracted from the operating rules applied on the LGV-Est-Européenne line in France. The B4MSecure platform enables the modeling of these rules by means of a UML profile of RBAC inspired by SecureUML. Then, these models are transformed into B specifications. which are enhanced by railway safety properties and formally verified and validated. In addition to the concepts of the RBAC model, the Organization Based Access Control (Or-Bac) model introduces the notion of organization, in the center of this model, and the notion of context. We have therefore proposed to use this model as extension of the RBAC model in the context of railway interoperability in ERTMS

La présente thèse traitant de la libre circulation des avocats tant du point de vue de la réglementation de l'Union que de sa mise en œuvre en Slovaquie comporte deux parties, la première traitant de la reconnaissance des diplômes et des qualifications professionnelles et des modalités d'exercice de la profession d'avocat et la deuxième relative à la prestation de services et à l'établissement des avocats. Grâce aux initiatives du législateur, mais aussi du juge de l'Union, la migration des avocats dans le marché intérieur européen a été largement facilitée, tout en préservant les sauvegardes de qualité des services juridiques prêtés par les avocats migrants dans l'Union européenne. S'agissant de la réglementation slovaque de la profession d'avocat, celle-ci est largement conforme au cadre juridique de l'Union. Néanmoins, certaines dispositions du droit slovaque transposant l'acquis de l'Union ne semblent pas être précisément transposées et conformes à la réglementation de l'Union correspondante.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Economia apresentada à Faculdade de Economia
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a política de reservas obrigatórias implementada por dois bancos centrais, o Banco Central da Rússia (BCR) e o Banco Central Europeu (BCE). Analisa-se o enquadramento legal da atividade do BCR e do BCE e estuda-se comparativamente as principais regras e características da política de reservas na Rússia e na Europa. Sendo assim, um primeiro objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa é caracterizar as regras e características particulares dos requisitos de reserva implementados pelo BCR e pelo BCE e detalhar os procedimentos de implementação de reservas obrigatórias dos dois bancos centrais. A análise comparativa realizada permite destacar as semelhanças e diferenças no comportamento do CBR e do BCE. Por outro lado, um segundo objetivo consiste na análise do modo como o comportamento de procura de reservas das instituições de crédito se altera ao longo do tempo,como os bancos mantêm as suas reservas mínimas e também constituem reservas excedentáriasem períodos económicos diferentes. Para realizar esta análise divide-se o período estudado em 3 partes: antes, durante e depois da crise financeira internacional. Também nesta análise se destacam as semelhanças e diferenças no comportamento do CBR e do BCE. A informação utilizada neste estudo é a informação acerca das reservas constituídas pelas instituições de crédito que é disponibilizada pelo BCR e pelo BCE nos seus sitesEste trabalho está organizado da seguinte forma: a seção 2 apresenta a revisão da literatura e a seção 3 apresenta uma descrição dos sistemas de constituição de reservas mínimasna Zona Euro e na Rússia.Aseção 4 apresenta uma comparação de como as instituições de créditoeuropeiase russas mantêm as suas reservas no período2006-2018, com destaque para a constituição de reservas excedentárias.Finalmente, a seção 5 apresenta as conclusões do trabalho.
In this research, we study the reserve requirement policies implemented by the Central Bank of Russia and European Central Bank. First, we analyse the legal framework of central banking activity in Russia and Europe and we investigate the main rules and features of reserve requirements policies both in Russia and Europe. We also investigated how the behaviour of credit institutions in the demand for reserves may change along the time. We divide our period in 3 parts: before, during and after the financial crisis period. According to the available information we conduct a comparison between Russian and European Central bank policies and also compare the behaviour of banks in the maintenance of reserves.The main objectives of this research project are:1) To characterize the rules and particular features of reserve requirements implemented by the Bank of Russia and European Central Bank;2) To study the procedures of the implementation of mandatory reserves on the basis of legislative and instructive material of the Bank of Russia and European Central Bank;3) To investigate how banks maintain their required and excess reserves before, during and after the worldwide financial crisis;4) To highlight similarities and differences in the behaviour of the CBR and the ECB.The data necessary for this project is provided by European Central Bank and Central Bank of Russia in open access on the official web-sites of such authorities.The paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents literature review, section 3 presents a description of Reserve requirements system in Euro Zone and Russia, section 4 presents a comparison of how European and Russian Central Banks hold their reserves in 2006-2018 and finally, section 5 presents the conclusions of the paper.

In this dissertation, I investigate the impact of the extended religious and political elements in the ancient Near East of the Late Bronze period that influenced the reigns of Hattušili III, his consort, Queen Puduhepa, circa 1267 to 1237 BCE and their son Tudhaliya IV circa 1237 to 1228 BCE. As rulers of the Hittites, they were not the greatest and most influential royals, like the great Suppiluliuma I circa 1322 to 1344 BCE, but their ability to adopt an eclectic approach similar to that of their great predecessors regarding religion, politics, international diplomacy and signing treaties made this royal triad a force to be reckoned with in the ancient Near East. Therefore, central to this investigation will be the impact of Hattušili III’s usurpation of the throne and Puduhepa’s role in the Hurrianisation of the state cult and pantheon. Also included is a brief investigation into the continuation of the reorganisation and restructuring of the Hittite state cult and local cult inventories by Tudhaliya IV and his mother Puduhepa after the death of Hattušilli III. By researching this royal triad, their deities, their Hurro-Hittite culture and the textual evidence of their rule, it becomes possible to assemble some of the elements that impacted on their rule. I have used available transliterated translated texts and pictures to support and illustrate the investigation of this complex final period in the history of the Hittite Empire.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
MA (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Przedmiotem pracy jest polski telewizyjny nadawca publiczny, Telewizja Polska S.A., zaś celem - identyfikacja pełnionych przezeń funkcji i refleksja nad wpływem przyjętych rozwiązań organizacyjnych na jego ofertę programową. Głównym zastosowanym ograniczeniem przedmiotowym była cezura czasowa – badano aktualny status prawny i organizacyjny. Podstawę teoretyczną rozprawy stanowi funkcjonalizm, umożliwiający systematyzację wiedzy empirycznej o działaniu mediów. Pomocnymi teoriami okazały się instytucjonalizm i behawioralizm. Wykorzystano ilościowe i jakościowe metody badawcze, w tym: analizę danych (desk research), analizę instytucjonalno-prawną, analizę zawartości, krytyczną analizę literatury i metodę porównawczą. Dysertacja oparta została głównie na materiałach źródłowych, w tym aktach normatywnych. Z uwagi na internalizowanie standardów analizowanymi aktami normatywnymi, obok polskich, były także regulacje przyjęte w UE, uchwały i zalecenia RE dotyczące mediów publicznych a także, w celu porównawczym, rozwiązania prawne obowiązujące w państwach członkowskich UE. Istotnym rodzajem materiałów źródłowych były dane urzędowe, szczególnie: sprawozdania polskich i zagranicznych organów kontroli nadawców audiowizualnych lub organizacji je zrzeszających, jak na przykład Europejskiej Platformy Organów Regulacyjnych (European Platform of Regulatory Authorities, EPRA) i Europejskiej Unii Nadawców (European Broadcasting Union, EBU) oraz roczne raporty samych telewizyjnych nadawców publicznych, głównie Zarządu TVP. Poddanymi analizie źródłami zastanymi były także publikacje teoretyków normatywnych teorii demokracji i doktryn medialnych. W wykazie wykorzystanych źródeł nie można pominąć bogatej polskiej i obcojęzycznej politologicznej, socjologicznej i medioznawczej literatury przedmiotu, podejmującej szeroko rozumiany problem funkcji mediów, w tym mediów publicznych, w procesie politycznym czy analizującej konkretne zagadnienia dotyczące form organizacji i funkcjonowania nadawców publicznych. Dysertacja składa się z trzech rozdziałów merytorycznych, wstępu i zakończenia. Uzupełnienie stanowią dwa załączniki, wykazy tabel i skrótów. Taki podział motywowany był założonym celem badawczym - koniecznością teoretycznego odniesienia się do pojęcia funkcji mediów publicznych i potrzebą ustalenia wpływu przyjętych form prawnej i organizacyjnej na ofertę programową i funkcje pełnione przez TVP. Ponieważ każdy rozdział i większość podrozdziałów opatrzona została podsumowaniem podejmowanych zagadnień i ekspozycją ich istoty w zakończeniu skoncentrowano się na ocenie stopnia realizacji celów badawczych. Pierwszy rozdział ma charakter teoretyczny. Dwa pozostałe rozdziały analityczne prezentują wyniki badań własnych.
The subject of this dissertation is the Polish public service broadcaster, The Polish Television, and the purpose –identification of the functions it performs as well as a reflection on how it’s programming is influenced by the operational solutions applied. . The main subject restriction was the time turning point- the valid legal and organizational status was the subject of this study. The theoretical basis of this dissertation constitutes functionalism, systematizing empirical knowledge on media action. Both institutionalism and behaviorism both appeared to be helpful. There are quantitative and qualitative methods used including: data analysis (desk research), institutional and legal content analysis, critical analysis of literature and comparative method. The dissertation was made mainly on source materials including normative acts. Taking into account standards internalizing, next to Polish normative acts to the analyzed regulations were included also UE regulations, Recommendations and resolutions on public media of The council of Europe as well as for comparative purposes legal solutions in effect in the member states of European Union. The crucial type of source materials was official data, especially Polish and foreign reports of inspection bodies for broadcasting or organizations uniting them, for example European Platform of Regulatory Authorities, EPRA and European Broadcasting Union, EBU as well as annual reports of the public tv broadcasters, mainly the Management of Polish Television. The second sources analyzed were also publications of normative theories of democracy and media doctrines theorists. In the register of used sources, a rich Polish and foreign, political science, sociological and media science literature which touches broadly defined media functioning issue including public media in the political process or analyzing particular subjects on organizing and functioning of public broadcasters mustn’t be omitted. The dissertation consists of three substantive chapters, introduction and conclusion. Thea addendum cosmists of two appendices, a list of tables and abbreviations. Such a division was motivated by setting a research goal – necessity of theoretical relation to public media role idea and the need of constituting the influence of legal and organizational forms on the the range of programs and functions performed by TVP. Since each chapter and most of subsections are provided with a summary of these sues it brings up and its essence, the conclusion focuses on the assessment of the research goal achievement degree. The first chapter has theoretical character. The two remaining are analytical and present own research results.