Academic literature on the topic 'Europe – Intégration économique'

Cet article analyse l’évolution des conceptions en matière de coordination des politiques économiques dans le cadre de la mise en place de l’Union économique et monétaire européenne, en portant le regard sur le modèle que Jacques Delors a cherché à promouvoir. On s’attache à analyser le rôle que joue l’action sur les structures dans ce modèle à travers la manière dont Jacques Delors l’a intégré dans sa réflexion depuis les années 1960. On constate que le modèle promu par Delors au moment de Maastricht est le résultat d’une construction qui aboutit au passage d’une dynamique d’intégration pour l’essentiel économique et fonctionnelle à une dynamique de politisation impliquant un saut institutionnel.

The worldwide processes of economic globalization and integration are irreversible. This, on the one hand, provides significant opportunities for small countries and contains some threats on the other hand. There are the following integration groups in Europe: the European Union, European Free Trade Association and CIS (Eurasian Union). Despite the current hard challenges it is facing, the European Union is the most developed integration group, as well as one of the largest markets in the world. It should be noted that in recent years Georgia has achieved significant progress on the path of economic inte-gration with the EU; in particular, we mean the Association Agreement signed between the European Union and Geor-gia, Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area is the part of this Agreement. The Association Agreement between EU and Georgia has fully entered into force. The Agreement suggests Georgia to adjust trade-related legislation and regulations to the EU standards. As indicated in the paper, although Georgia is not a member of the CIS, the country has quite close trade relations with the CIS member states, which have been characterized by increasing trend recently. Of course, we are not against trade relations between countries; however, future risks and challenges should be studied and analyzed. CIS member states accounted for almost 35% of Georgia’s export, while the average corresponding indicator for CIS member states was 16-17%. For example, CIS accounts for 23% of Armenia’s export, 7% of Azerbaijan’s export, 21% of Moldova’s export, 17% the Ukraine’s export, etc. The processes globalization and European integration are irreversible and Georgia has to use the current processes for the development of its economy. The country has chosen the appropriate foreign political and economic priorities and therefore it should continue its way towards the EU towards establishing closer ties with the EU. It would be desirable for Georgia to use the experience of leading European countries, as well as new EU member countries while implementing economic reforms.

S’il est vrai que le plurilinguisme est une chance d’enrichissement non seulement culturel, mais également économique, il y a lieu de se demander dans quelle mesure les zones qui ont connu ou connaissent la disparition d’une langue d’ancienne implantation souffrent en termes de développement local. Le cas de Villa Badessa (dans les Abruzzes), l’îlot linguistique historique arbëresh le plus récent et septentrional d’Italie, montre bien les enjeux posés par un parcours d’intégration linguistique et sociale qui, à partir de la récupération de la mémoire de la migration d’autrefois et par la réappropriation de l’identité culturelle partiellement ensevelie, peut aboutir à la mise en œuvre de projets de développement local et de coopération entre deux régions, à savoir les Abruzzes et la région de Himarë (Albanie).

This paper discusses the potential of the Gülen movement to serve as a mechanism for, in the medium term, the integration of the Turkish community in Europe and, in the long term, the Muslim community as a whole, taking into consideration the obstacles to this process, given the composition of different communities. Although many of Gülen’s ideas are far from conventional theologically, the real novelty of his work is that it motivates people who are at least sympathetic to his ideas to put them into practice: the ideas do not remain theory and aspiration but become a charter or action-plan implemented by members of the movement. The movement’s influence on Muslim commu- nity is examined from both a theoretical perspective (i.e. the position of Gülen’s ideas within Islamic understanding of dar al-Islam and dar al-harb) and a practical perspective (i.e. the activities of the movement in western Europe that have actual and potential effectiveness in bringing about integration). In order to assess the movement’s capabilities, the current situation of Muslims in Europe and their problems in general and the Turkish experience in particular is presented. The move- ment’s potential for enabling integration is then analysed from four complementary perspec- tives: (1) does the movement propose an alternative view to stimulate the integration process of the Muslim community; (2) has the movement actually operated as a mechanism for inte- gration in western Europe so that its capability is demonstrable; (3) is the European context suitable for the movement to operate effectively; and (4) what does the Gülen movement offer to European member-states by way of a means to sustain a healthy integration process – Turkish community in the medium-run, and the whole Muslim community in the long-run.