Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Europe – History – 1848'
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GARCÍA, DE PASO Ignacio. "'The Storms of 1848' : the global revolutions in Spain." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74332.
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Defence date: 07 March 2022Examining Board: Lucy Riall (European University Institute); Pieter Judson (European University Institute); Florencia Peyrou Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Stephen Jacobson, (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
This thesis explores the effect of the 1848 revolutionary cycle in Spain and its imperial space, focusing on its global connections and on the intersections between revolution, counterrevolution, and empire building. In doing so, it aims to contribute to a global approach to the 1848 revolutions that goes beyond perspectives that are exclusively centred on Europe as space. In this thesis, mid-nineteenth century Spain is understood not as a nation-state within the Iberian Peninsula, but as a fluid global empire with colonies, diasporas, and exile communities in various spaces. Considering the chronological frame of a “long 1848” and using various scales, this thesis stresses the continuities between the political upheavals and international reconfigurations that occurred around the year 1846, and the revolutionary events of 1848-1849. This thesis opposes the traditional image of Spain as an exception to the revolutionary cycle. It argues that the Parisian Revolution did in fact have a significant impact on the Iberian Peninsula, which prompted the Spanish government to develop counterrevolutionary measures on both sides of the Atlantic. Exile communities in Europe and spaces like Paris, Oran or New Orleans profited from the occasion presented by the 1848 revolutions to challenge either the political status quo in the metropole or the colonial order in the Caribbean. This generated a flow of transnational mobilities of revolutionary (and counterrevolutionary) actors, information, propaganda, and material; mobilities that diverse state actors tried to curtail through various means to prevent revolutionary contagion. At the same time, hundreds of political prisoners were sent to overseas possessions as part of a repressive repertoire that combined counterrevolution and colonisation through the relocation of convicts. Finally, this thesis explores the changes to several political cultures in the Spanish empire during the early 1850s as a result of the revolutionary cycle.
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Fuelling, Mathias. "Europa's Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path From Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4724.
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Nationalism has appropriately been a much studied, as well disparaged, phenomenon. However, little work has been done on the specific ways in which nationalists thought about the nature of history and the effect of economics in the formation of nationalist identity. In the case of Central Europe and the lands that now comprise the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Czech and German nationalists had very specific notions of the history of the area and how that history bolstered their claims to be the sole true inhabitants. These claims were created in part due to the effect of economic modernization and job competition. As nationalist notions took hold of the population, ethnic conflict grew between Czechs and Germans in the Habsburg empire. This ethnic conflict helped to fragment the empire and hasten its collapse after World War One. The course of World War Two and the Nazi occupation and breakup of Czechoslovakia was influenced by these nationalist notions. With the progression of World War Two and the Nazi occupation, Czechoslovaks came to believe that they had an affinity with Russia and that the cause of communism was linked with an explicitly “Slavic” identity. After the war approximately three million Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia, a major act of ethnic cleansing and seen by the Czechoslovaks as the culmination of their perceived age long conflict with the Germans. Communism became hugely popular, seen as the victorious ideology proving Slavic superiority over the Germans. Communist sympathy and party participation grew to enormous levels. When Communist politicians used a political disagreement in February 1948 to call for a mobilization of the population to institute communist rule, the population responded enthusiastically and ushered in a communist majority government.
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Szigeti, Thomas Andrew. "Bridge Over Troubled Waters:Hungarian Nationalist Narratives and Public Memory of Francis Joseph." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429889907.
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Minuzzi, João Davi Oliveira. "Uma impressão a cada viagem: percepção da natureza do pampa na visão de viajantes europeus 1818-1858." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2017. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/13011.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESThis text presents the results of my master's research about the analysis of five travel reports. The reports chosen are from travelers Alexander Baguet, Arsène Isabelle, Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, Nicolau Dreys and Robert Avé-Lallemant. The objective of this work is to understand how these travelers perceived the environment of Pampa, an unknown territory to them. These reports may give us a complex understanding of the relationships established between humans and the natural world, especially with regard to the temporal space of research that is the Pampa in the first half of the nineteenth century. This region still lacks studies in the area and it is interesting because it is a biome divided by borders of States that were formed and consolidated in that period, trying to get more influence in this vast region. In this perspective, I use environmental history as a theoretical reference to perform the analysis of the sources.
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da minha pesquisa de mestrado que trata da análise de cinco relatos de viagem. Os relatos escolhidos são dos viajantes Alexander Baguet, Arsène Isabelle, Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, Nicolau Dreys e Robert Avé-Lallemant. O objetivo do trabalho é compreender como estes viajantes percebiam o ambiente do Pampa, um território desconhecido para eles. Estes relatos podem nos propiciar um entendimento mais complexo sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os seres humanos e o mundo natural, especialmente no que se refere ao recorte espaço temporal da pesquisa que é o Pampa na primeira metade do século XIX. Esta região carece ainda de estudos na área e se demonstra interessante por ser um bioma recortado por fronteiras de Estados Nacionais que naquele período se formavam e se consolidavam, disputando influência sobre esta vasta região. Nesta perspectiva, utilizo a história ambiental como referência teórica para realizar a análise das fontes.
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Dengate, Jacob. "Lighting the torch of liberty : the French Revolution and Chartist political culture, 1838-1852." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/eee3b4b8-ba1e-48bd-848e-26391b96af26.
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From 1838 until the end of the European Revolutions in 1852, the French Revolution provided Chartists with a repertoire of symbolism that Chartists would deploy in their activism, histories, and literature to foster a sense of collective consciousness, define a democratic world-view, and encourage internationalist sentiment. Challenging conservative notions of the revolution as a bloody and anarchic affair, Chartists constructed histories of 1789 that posed the era as a romantic struggle for freedom and nationhood analogous to their own, and one that was deeply entwined with British history and national identity. During the 1830s, Chartist opposition to the New Poor Law drew from the gothic repertoire of the Bastille to frame inequality in Britain. The workhouse 'bastile' was not viewed simply as an illegitimate imposition upon Britain, but came to symbolise the character of class rule. Meanwhile, Chartist newspapers also printed fictions based on the French Revolution, inserting Chartist concerns into the narratives, and their histories of 1789 stressed the similarity between France on the eve of revolution and Britain on the eve of the Charter. During the 1840s Chartist internationalism was contextualised by a framework of thinking about international politics constructed around the Revolutions of 1789 and 1830, while the convulsions of Continental Europe during 1848 were interpreted as both a confirmation of Chartist historical discourse and as the opening of a new era of international struggle. In the Democratic Review (1849-1850), the Red Republican (1850), and The Friend of the People (1850-1852), Chartists like George Julian Harney, Helen Macfarlane, William James Linton, and Gerald Massey, along with leading figures of the radical émigrés of 1848, characterised 'democracy' as a spirit of action and a system of belief. For them, the democratic heritage was populated by a diverse array of figures, including the Apostles of Jesus, Martin Luther, the romantic poets, and the Jacobins of 1793. The 'Red Republicanism' that flourished during 1848-1852 was sustained by the historical viewpoints arrived at during the Chartist period generally. Attempts to define a 'science' of socialism was as much about correcting the misadventures of past ages as it was a means to realise the promise announced by the 'Springtime of the Peoples'.
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Hone, C. Brandon. "Smoldering Embers: Czech-German Cultural Competition, 1848-1948." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/666.
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After World War II, state-sponsored deportations amounting to ethnic cleansing occurred and showed that the roots of the Czech-German cultural competition are important. In Bohemia, Czechs and Germans share a long history of contact, both mutually beneficial and antagonistic. Bohemia became one of the most important constituent realms of the Holy Roman Empire, bringing Czechs into close contact with Germans. During the reign of Václav IV, a theologian at the University of Prague named Jan Hus began to cause controversy. Hus began to preach the doctrines outlined by the Englishman John Wycliffe. At the Council of Constance church officials sought to stamp out Wycliffism and as part of that effort summoned Hus, convicted him of heresy and burned him at the stake on July 6, 1415. Bohemia rose in rebellion, in what became the Hussite Wars. Bohemians elected a Hussite king, George of Poděbrady. Shortly after his death, the Thirty Years War began and resulted in the Austrian Habsburgs gaining the throne of Bohemia. The Habsburg dynasty suppressed Protestantism in the Czech lands and ushering in a brutal Counter-Reformation and forced reconversion to Catholicism. By the nineteenth century, a revival of Czech culture and language brought about Czech nationalism. Spurred by the nobility’s desire to regain lost power from the monarchy, a distinct Czech culture began to coalesce. With noble patronage, Czech nationalists established many of the symbols of the Czech nation such as the Bohemian Museum and the National Theater and initiated Czech language instruction at Charles University in Prague and finally a separate Czech university in Prague. The first generation of nationalist Czech leaders, lead by František Palacký, gave way to a newer generation of nationalists, lead eventually by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Masaryk, a professor at the university, successfully lead the efforts during World War I to create an independent Czechoslovakia. Masaryk’s decades-long debate with historian Josef Pekař over the meaning of Czech history illustrates how Czech nationalists distorted historical facts to fit their nationalist ideology. The nationalists succeeded in gaining independence, but faced unsuccessfully forged a new state with a significant, but problematic, German minority.
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Priest, Annie. "The Haskalah : a cultural response to anti-semitism in Eastern Europe 1840-1920." Thesis, Kingston University, 2000. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20660/.
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This thesis examines the inter-relationship between the Haskalah and anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe in the period 1840-1920, a focus which it will be argued has been ignored or understated in recent literature. This dynamic inter-relationship produced a cultural response which ushered in a new sense of Jewish identity. This cultural response assumed two dimensions, the analysis of which constitutes the core of this thesis. The first dimension will be explored in the political, the linguistic and the literary domains of the Haskalah. Using close textual analysis of selected Haskalah writers and adopting an inter-disciplinary focus consistent with the methodology of the history of ideas, within all three cultural domains a response to anti-Semitism can be detected in firstly the political domain in which the growth of Jewish nationalism developed into Zionism; secondly, in the linguistic domain resulting in the revival and rebirth of Hebrew and Yiddish; and thirdly, in the literary domain in which new forms of literature and poetry helped to transform attitudes towards modem Jewish identity. The second dimension represents the shift from invisibility to visibility, from assimilation to uniqueness which occurred within the Haskalah movement. The Haskalah in Eastern Europe thus went through two stages and both were a direct response to anti-Semitism. The Haskalah and anti-Semitism acted upon each other in a dialectical process to bring about these two stages. The first can be seen as negative, adopting many of the anti-Semitic stereotypes of the time in which the Jews were persuaded to become invisible, to disappear by total assimilation into the surrounding culture. The second stage was positive in that there was a rejection of anti-Semitic perceptions of the Jew, and a firm declaration of the intrinsic value and worth of Jewish experience and culture. Jewish identity then assumed a unique visibility of its own. This thesis will explore both of these stages and the tension between invisibility and visibility, between assimilation and uniqueness. Using the heuristic device of the two dimensional nature of the Haskalah, an analysis and interpretation of the Haskalah and its contribution to the emergence of a modem Jewish identity will be provided.
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Sauvé, Robert. "The July monarchy in France, 1830-1848: Bourgeois or 'notable'? An historiographical perspective: 1830-1988." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5977.
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Jorgensen, Lynne Watkins. "The First London Mormons: 1840-1845: "What Am I and My Brethren Here For?"." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1988. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTGM,19184.
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Wenham, Simon Mark. "Oxford, the Thames and leisure : a history of Salter Bros, 1858-2010." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f57dca7b-3f99-4007-91dc-74e6da10f166.
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This thesis is an examination of the history of Salter Bros Ltd and the firms connected with it. Founded in 1858, it became not only one of the most important businesses associated with the recent history of the Upper Thames, but also a significant employer in Oxford. The study takes a thematic approach, which involves examining the five main areas of the firm’s commercial activities, which were: providing services for the sport of rowing (chapter 1), boat-building (chapter 2), boat-letting (chapter 3), passenger boat operating (chapter 4) and property development (chapter 5). This thesis draws on the firm’s archive, which has previously been unavailable to scholars. The mainly quantitative data from the archive is contextualised by reference to wider qualitative sources, although there is not always much comparative information to draw on. Finally, it focuses on the evolution of the workforce, which shows how the business managed to survive both the impact of the industrialisation of Oxford in the twentieth century and some of the challenges associated with family firms (chapter 6). By examining the areas shown above, the work sheds light on our understanding of (1) the socio-economic context of Oxford and the Thames, (2) the development of different forms of water-based leisure, and (3) how a family firm overcame some of the classic weaknesses of such businesses. Chapter 1 analyses the contribution that the firm made to the sport of rowing. The family moved to a riverside tavern in the mid-1830s and this resulted in heavy involvement with the rowing scene. They made a successful transition from professional oarsmen to successful racing boat-builders, which led to John and Stephen Salter moving to Oxford to start their own business in 1858. By exploiting the strong local rowing scene they built their firm up to be the market leader in the 1860s. Supplying craft for the Oxford and Cambridge (university) boat race was important for helping the business gain worldwide fame and, although Salters’ lost the ascendency in the 1870s, it provided a wide range of services for the sport until the second half of the twentieth century. It then slowly became divorced from the rowing scene and, despite a brief renaissance in the 1970s, the company finally bowed out of racing boat construction at the end of the 1980s. Chapter 2 explores the development of the boat-building side of the business. The firm was a major producer of craft and it was especially busy in the late 1920s and late 1970s, when new products helped to stimulate demand. By examining four areas of expertise (steel manufacturing, motorised boats, corporation craft and fibreglass construction) it becomes clear that the business was relatively slow to embrace new technology. Yet although it was not particularly innovative, Salters’ successfully exploited a number of emerging markets, like supplying craft for council-run boating lakes from the 1920s onwards. After a period of decline in the 1960s, the firm’s boat-building department was briefly revived by the introduction of fibreglass construction in the following decade, although this brought to an end skilled craftsmanship in the industry. Salters’ had to be flexible in order to survive, as is shown by the contract work it took on during the two World Wars, but in the second half of the twentieth century the firm’s focus moved away from boat-building towards providing leisure services. Chapter 3 examines the nature and timing of the rise of pleasure boating on the Thames and Salters’ role in promoting it. The railway destroyed much of the carrying trade on the river, but the waterway gained a new lease of life by the rise of leisure activities on it. Different types of boating were popular at different times and certain waterside locations were busier than others, but it is possible to discern short-term peaks in pleasure boating on the Upper Thames, as a whole, in the early 1890s and either side of the First World War (although the river became busier still after the Second World War). There were many factors contributing to the rise of leisure on the waterway, but Salters’ helped to popularise ‘the Thames trip’ between London and Oxford, which was linked to the growth of camping. The firm’s fortunes were also closely tied to the local market and by the late 1880s it had one of the largest fleets of rental craft in the country. Salters’ had to diversify according to changing fashions in pleasure boating, but after the 1920s there was a slow reduction in the number of craft it operated, until it stopped boat-letting altogether in the early 1990s – although this side of the business was revived a decade later, albeit on a smaller scale. Chapter 4 explores the firm’s involvement with passenger services on the waterway. The long-distance steamboat trips took much longer to become established on the Upper Thames, because of the logistical problems caused by having to pass through locks. Salters’ was the first business to make a success of running between Oxford and Kingston and it did this by forging a close association with the railway, which opened up the river to the day-trip market, and by building up its fleet to establish a monopoly over the long-distance journey. The service had to overcome many challenges, but one of the most serious problems it faced was the growth in pleasure boating after the Second World War. Although passenger numbers on the steamers peaked in the 1970s, general traffic on the river also reached record levels, which caused significant delays and forced the firm to end the through-service between Oxford and Kingston. Furthermore, by catering for the growing demand for shorter round trips Salters’ was drawn into direct competition with other companies that were already focused on this market. By the end of the twentieth century, the firm was no longer dominating the waterway and it was heavily reliant on income from both its home city of Oxford and private parties. Chapter 5 examines the extent and significance of the property the firm came to occupy. Salters’ acquired many new properties in order to expand the business and the firm’s success also enabled it to accumulate residential accommodation, which was part of the employment package offered to its staff, as well as being a source of rental income. The commercial sites were useful for preventing competitors from encroaching on the firm’s territory, whilst they were also subsequently used for further development. Most importantly, the property was a reservoir of capital that Salters’ relied upon in times of financial hardship. Chapter 6 focuses on how the workforce evolved in the twentieth century, which sheds light on how the business survived both the industrialisation of Oxford and some of the challenges associated with family firms. Salters’ went from being an employer with a highly skilled and local workforce to one that had fewer specialised craftsmen and which recruited mainly from outside the city. This was symptomatic of the city’s employment market that had been transformed by the motor industry in the interwar period, as well as the firm’s greater focus on its passenger boats, which was connected with it. Salters’ had to be flexible to accommodate the changes, but it was unable to compete with the high wages offered in the car factories and a shortage of local labour meant that it not only struggled to retain employees, particularly its skilled craftsmen, but standards of discipline also deteriorated. Nevertheless, the impact of wage competition was mitigated by the firm’s paternalism and the considerable appeal of working on the passenger boats. The latter offered an enjoyable lifestyle that was very different from the working environment of other waterway communities. The Salter family also played an important part in the survival of their company.
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Brule, Mathieu. "Reforming arbitration class, gender and the conseil des prud'hommes in Tourcoing, 1848--1894." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28050.
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Created in 1806 by Napoleon, the conseil des prud'hommes were municipal labour arbitration boards established to settle workplace differences between workers and employers in the textile industry amicably and through conciliation. The northern French town of Tourcoing was a comparatively conservative city, where radical politics and confrontational labour relations found little support throughout the nineteenth century. Therefore, the arbitration boards known as the conseil des prud'hommes could be expected to have been a popular method of settling workplace conflicts. Initially, only employers could elect and be board members; reform in 1848 extended these rights to male workers. Other important changes occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century that could potentially affect labour relations: the legalization of strikes in 1864 and the legalization of unions two decades later.
This thesis explores the impact these changes had on the use of Tourcoing's conseil des prud'hommes, as well as the outcome of cases brought to their attention between 1848 and 1894. It argues that, although the boards were underused in this period, the presence of workers on the boards was beneficial to Tourcoing's working class, particularly female and unskilled workers, who found themselves losing less and compromising more in order to settle their workplace disputes. However, the growing emphasis on compromise did not please employers who began to abandon the boards immediately after the 1848 reform. The influence of unions and socialist groups in the late 1880s and early 1890s reinforced this trend not only among employers, but also among female and unskilled workers who found the increasingly confrontational attitudes at the boards an obstacle to settling cases through conciliation. As a result, both of these groups of workers also began to turn their backs on the prud'hommes.
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Dooley, Laura Jones. "The Correspondence of Henry, Lord Brougham, with Henry, Lord Holland,1831-1840: Additional m.s 51564." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625412.
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Aldorde, Nicholas. "German-Czech conflict in Cisleithania : the question of the ethnographic partition of Bohemia, 1848-1919." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3663.
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Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, the former Crownlands of Austria-Hungary which now make up the western half of Czechoslovakia, had for centuries a population mixture of 40% German, 60% Czech. The national reawakening of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries pitted the majority Czechs against their German minority master. This, coupled with the social upheavals caused by the industrial revolution, brought Czechs and Germans in Bohemia to center stage in the nationality conflict in the multinational Empire.
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Downing, Phoebe C. "Fabians and 'Fabianism' : a cultural history, 1884-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:425127c1-94c1-4d20-ba58-fdd457c1f6b8.
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This thesis is a cultural history of the early Fabian Society, focusing on the decades between 1884, the Society’s inaugural year, and 1914. The canonical view is that ‘Fabianism,’ which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the ‘doctrine and principles of the Fabian Society,’ is synonymous with State socialism and bureaucratic ‘efficiency.’ By bringing the methods of cultural history to bear on the Society’s founding members and decades, this thesis reveals that ‘Fabianism’ was in fact used as a dynamic metonymy, not a fixed doctrine, which signified a range of cultural, and even literary, meanings for British commentators in the 1890s and 1900s (Part 1). Further, by expanding the scope of traditional histories of the Fabian Society, which conventionally operate within political and economic sub-fields and focus on the Society’s ‘official’ literature, to include a close examination of the broader discursive context in which ‘Fabianism’ came into being, this thesis sets out to recover the symbolic aspects of the Fabians’ efforts to negotiate what ‘Fabianism’ meant to the English reading public. The Fabians’ conspicuous leadership in the modern education debates and the liberal fight for a ‘free stage,’ and their solidarity with the international political émigrés living in London at the turn of the twentieth century all contribute to this revised perspective on who the founding Fabians were, what they saw themselves as trying to achieve, and where the Fabian Society belonged—and was perceived to belong—in relation to British politics, culture, and society (Part 2). The original contribution of this thesis is the argument that the Fabians explicitly and implicitly evoked Matthew Arnold as a precursor in their efforts to articulate a kind of Fabian—latterly social-democratic—liberalism and a public vocation that balanced English liberties and the duty of the State to provide the ‘best’ for its citizens in education and in culture, as in politics.
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Unangst, Matthew David. "Building the Colonial Border Imaginary: German Colonialism, Race, and Space in East Africa, 1884-1895." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/365905.
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HistoryPh.D.
The dissertation explores the intellectual history of the interconnection of European and African ideas about race and space in 19th-century European imperialism. I examine German colonial geographies of East Africa, meaning not only cartography, but the new discipline of human geography, which studies the relationship between people and their environment. Germans and East Africans together produced a hybrid geography that combined precolonial conceptions of race and space and race from both Europe and Africa, and race explicitly entered German governance for the first time. By analyzing changes in how both Germans and East Africans imagined geographical relationships, I argue, we can better understand the ways in which they developed new conceptions of themselves and the world at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The project traces the history of German racial thinking to a specific, earlier colonial context than other scholars have argued. It also brings a spatial dimension to studies of the colonial state in Africa in order to understand the ways in which spaces have become imbued with racial and ethnic meaning over the last century and a half.
Temple University--Theses
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Smith, Robert J. "John Bull’s proconsuls: military officers who administered the British Empire, 1815-1840." Diss., Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1046.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of History
Michael A. Ramsay
At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain had acquired a vast empire that included territories in Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe that numbered more than a quarter of the earth's population. Britain also possessed the largest army that the state had ever fielded, employing nearly 250,000 troops on station throughout this empire and on fighting fronts in Spain, southern France, the Low Countries, and North America. However, the peace of 1815 and the end of nearly twenty-five years of war with France brought with it significant problems for Britain. Years of war had saddled the state with a massive debt of nearly £745,000; a threefold increase from its total debt in 1793, the year war with the French began. Furthermore, the rapid economic changes brought on by a the state that had transitioned from a wartime economy to one of peacetime caused widespread unemployment and financial dislocation among the British population including the thousands of officers and soldiers who had fought in the Napoleonic Wars and were now demobilized and back into the civilian sector. Lastly, the significant imperial growth had stretched the colonial administrative and bureaucratic infrastructure to the breaking point prompting the Colonial Office and the ruling elites to adopt short-term measures in running its empire. The solution adopted by the Colonial Office in the twenty-five years that followed the Napoleonic Wars was the employment of proconsular despotism. Proconsular despotism is the practice of governing distant territories and provinces by politically safe individuals, most often military men, who identified with and were sympathetic to the aims of the parent state and the ruling elites. The employment of this form of colonial governance helped to alleviate a number of problems that plagued the Crown and Parliament. First, the practice found suitable employment for deserving military officers during a period of army demobilization and sizeable reduction of armed forces. The appointment of military officers to high colonial administrative positions was viewed by Parliament as a reward for distinguished service to the state. Second, the practice enabled Colonial Office to employ officials who had both previous administrative and military experience and who were accustomed to make critical decisions that they believed coincided with British strategic and national interests. Third, the employment of knowledgeable and experienced army officers in colonial posts fulfilled the Parliamentary mandates of curtailing military spending while maintaining security for the colonies. Military officers of all ranks clamored for the opportunities of serving in the colonies. General and field grade officers viewed service in the colonies as a means of maintaining their status and financially supporting their lifestyles. Company grade officers, who primarily came from the emerging middle class, saw colonial service as a means of swift promotion in a peacetime army and of rising socially. Competition for overseas administrative positions was intense and officers frequently employed an intricate and complex pattern of patronage networking. The proconsular system of governing Britain's vast network of colonies flourished in the quarter century following the Battle of Waterloo. In the immediate aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars the British officer corps contributed men who became the principal source for trained colonial administrators enabling Britain to effectively manage its immense empire.
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Traverso, Enzo. "Les Marxistes et la question juive : histoire d'un débat (1843-1943)." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0004.
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Le debat marxiste sur la question juive qui fait l'objet de cette recherche s'amorce avec karl marx au milieu du xix siecle et s'acheve avec abraham leon pendant la deuxieme guerre mondiale. Il peut etre synthetise en deux interpretations principales : d'une part une theorie qui voit les juifs comme une "caste" ou un "peuple classe" condamnes a l'assimilation par le developpement du capitalisme, d'autre part une approche, elaboree par les socialistes de langue yiddish d'europe orientale, essayant de prendre en compte la dimension nationale du probleme juif. Ce debat a ete tranche de maniere tragique, entre 1943 et 1945, par le genocide naziThe marxist debate on the jewish question which is the object of this research begins with karl marx in the middle of the wixth century and ends with abraham leon during the second world war. It can be synthetize in two main interpretations : on the one hand a theory which analyze the jews as a "caste". Or a "people-class" doomed to assimilation by the developement of capitalism, and on the other hand an approach, elaborated by the yiddish speaking jewish socialists of the eastern europe, which tryed to grasp the national dimension of the jewish problem. This debate was concluded tragically, between 1943 and 1945, by the nazi genocide
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Shafer, Kenneth Allen. "The Congress of Berlin of 1878 : its origins and consequences." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3927.
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Historians have expressed a variety of opinions concerning the true significance of the Congress of Berlin. While the 1878 meeting did not have to deal with questions as comprehensive as those discussed in Vienna in 1814-1815 or at Paris in 1856, the Congress of Berlin had great impact in its own right. While the Berlin meeting made decisions in order to reorganize the Balkans after years of instability and war, it also created a split in relations between the German Empire and Imperial Russia which would eventually drive the two powers towards conflict in "The Great War" in 1914.
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Kreider, Jodie Alysa. "'The height of its womanhood': Women and genderin Welsh nationalism, 1847-1945." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280621.
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This dissertation places gender at the center of multiple articulations of power that constituted the imperial relationship between Wales and England, as well as the self-fashioning development of Welsh nationalism between 1847 and 1945. Research in both Welsh and English language sources and the materials of Plaid Cymru: the Nationalist Party of Wales reveals that Welsh women, as both ideological symbols and actors, played crucial roles in the formation of Welsh nationalism. This dissertation challenges the notion of a homogenous 'British' identity during the nineteenth century, placing Welsh nationalism firmly within a larger comparative framework of imperial and post-colonial movements, particularly using gender to constituting power relationships between various groups of men. Yet Welsh nationalism differed from other movements in that no major articulation of feminist agendas occurred within the nationalist movement between 1880--1945, particularly within Plaid Cymru. The conservative gender roles disseminated by nationalist groups based itself instead on hegemonic Victorian English gender roles of the early nineteenth century as outlined in the periodical Y Gymraes, syncretically combined with an emphasis on Welsh women as primary communicators and representatives of Welsh culture via their weaving and wearing of flannel and the pointed Welsh hat. Both practices sprang from nationalist fervor of Lady Llanover, often dismissed as a dilettante. These themes dominated nationalist publications and party doctrine until 1945, despite women's contributions of labor and financial support that kept Plaid Cymru viable during its formative decades.
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Grözinger, Elvira. "Ein Dreiecksverhältnis in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Polen, Deutsche, Juden." Universität Potsdam, 1991. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1845/.
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Aus dem Inhalt:
Ende der siebziger Jahre kam aus Krakau eine sensationelle Nachricht: Der lange verlorengeglaubte Nachlaß von August Varnhagen von Ense, in dem sich auch die Briefe seiner Frau Rahel, geborene Levin, befinden, wurde in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek wiedergefunden. Dadurch ergab sich für alle Interessierten - Germanisten, Judaisten, Historiker - erneut die Möglichkeit, in authentische Zeugnisse der deutsch-jüdischen Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts Einblick zu nehmen. Sowohl die Varnhagen-Forschung als auch das damit zusammenhängende Interesse an den jüdischen Frauen der deutschen Romantik hat dadurch neue Impulse erhalten. Dies ist ein erfreuliches Beispiel fruchtbarer kultureller Wechselbeziehungen im Dreieck zwischen Deutschen, Polen und Juden.
Aber es gibt auch anderes: Wenn man heute durch Polen fährt, kann man auf den Mauern die in deutscher Sprache (!) gepinselten Parolen »Juden
raus!« lesen. Damit wären wir in medias res, denn die Geschichte der drei so eng miteinander verbundenen Völker ist gekennzeichnet durch wechselvolle, meist konfliktreiche Koexistenz, die aber trotzdem für alle Beteiligten kulturell sehr bereichernd sein kann.
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Grözinger, Elvira. "Die Jüdischen Salons in Berlin." Universität Potsdam, 1995. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1847/.
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Die Jahre 1780-1806 gelten als die Epoche der ersten, nunmehr weltbekannten jüdischen Salons von Berlin. Während die amerikanische Forscherin Deborah Hertz insgesamt neun jüdische Salons aufzählt, werden üblicherweise als die drei wichtigsten die folgenden genannt: die der Henriette Herz, Rahel Varnhagen und Dorothea Schlegel.
Diese drei Frauen haben - als Frauen und Jüdinnen - die doppelte Leistung des Ausbruchs aus ihrer gesellschaftlichen Stellung vollbracht, der später Emanzipation genannt wurde, zugleich haben sie durch Taufe die Emanzipation überschritten und dadurch die - zumindest äußere - Assimilation vollzogen. Unter Historikern gab es über sie geteilte Meinungen:
Den jüdischen waren sie zu wenig, den nicht-jüdischen zu sehr jüdisch gewesen. Wer sich aber mit der deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte der Aufklärung und der Romantik befaßt, kann an ihren kurzen Schöpfungen, den kulturprägenden Salons, kaum vorbei.
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Hodne, Kjell Ole Haldor. "Danske embetsmenn og indiske eliter i kolonien Trankebar : interaksjoner, 1777-1808 /." Oslo : Historisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 2007. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/IAKH/2007/56528/HOVEDOPPGAVE.pdf.
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Diamond, Jeffrey Mark. "Developing indigenous and European knowledge : the vernacular education movement and neo-orientalism in the Punjab, 1849-1870." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269764.
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Keljik, Jonathan. "Erin's inheritance| Irish-American children, ethnic identity, and the meaning of being irish, 1845-1890." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3613991.
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This dissertation explores the concerns and discussions about lessons of Irish identity for the children of Irish immigrants in mid to late nineteenth-century New York and New England. The author argues that there were recurrent efforts to maintain Irish identity by ensuring the young would understand their Irish and Catholic heritage and that adults often based this identity on the themes of Irish nationalism. Yet Irish-Americans understood that they had to demonstrate Irish loyalty to the United States, so they attempted to blend Irish and American identities in their progeny, articulating an early vision of cultural pluralism for American society. This research contributes to understandings of the invention of ethnicity and ethnic endurance in the United States and how immigrants use conceptions of the meaning of "American" with their national backgrounds as they create identities for their descendants. This dissertation also illuminates the importance of children and ideas about childhood to the development of ethnicity in the United States. But it also has broader meanings for the ways in which religion, ethnicity, and nationality affect the transition of immigrant progeny from the world of their parents to that of the United States and how the children of immigrants eventually become American ethnic groups.
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Román, Ciero Fernanda. "Reactions and Responses to Daisy Miller’s Behavior in the Sophisticated Europe." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/109918.
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Schwarze, Karen. "What in a Good Cause Men May Both Dare and Venture." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4742.
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“What in a Good Cause Men May Both Dare and Venture” is a historical short story that features schoolteachers in Munich, Bavaria, during the revolutionary period of 1848. The principle character, Franz Schuler, must decide whether or not to join an illegal teachers union. Simultaneously, he must choose whether or not to stand up against his emotionally abusive father. King Ludwig I, Lola Montez, Karl von Abel, and the revolutionary fervor that bubbled up in several European regions, all function as part of the backdrop of this story. Paired with current struggles educators face in the United States and around the world, “Cause” demonstrates that some social justice issues continually resurface. Every generation, whatever the location, must decide how it will respond to institutionalized injustice—whether in 19th-century Germany or modern America.
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Smith, Crystal E. "“Ye Sons of Mars”: British Representations of the Sudan Campaign in Print Culture, 1884-1899." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1823.
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From 1884 to 1885 the British were first engaged with the Mahdist forces of Sudan in an effort to first rescue the inhabitants of Khartuom, and later to rescue the rescuer Charles “Chinese” Gordon. The affair played out both in Parliament and the newspapers as journalists became the cheerleaders for Empire. My thesis focuses on Britain’s 1884-1890 Sudan Campaign through print culture using political debates, journalism, literature, memoirs, and art. I show how the activism of the press and the romanticism of the larger media reinforced ideas about imperialism and the British role within the Empire at large.
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Dennis, David Brandon. "Mariners and Masculinities: Gendering Work, Leisure, and Nation in the German-Atlantic Trade, 1884-1914." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306856204.
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Bartone, Christopher M. "Royal Pains: Wilhelm II, Edward VII, and Anglo-German Relations, 1888-1910." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1341938971.
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McCallister, Stephanie. "Remaking the state: education and religious reform in Bavaria under Maximilian IV Joseph, 1796-1808." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18236.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of History
Brent Maner
During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Bavaria embarked on an ambitious program of reform that fundamentally altered the Bavarian state and society. The men responsible for such dramatic changes were Maximilian IV Joseph, the last Elector and first King of Bavaria, and Maximilian Joseph Graf von Montgelas, his closest advisor. Both Max Joseph and Montgelas sought to modernize their government through the removal of feudal remnants and increased participation of the kingdom’s subjects. Reforms in education and religion were central to this endeavor. Education reforms developed the skills necessary for improving society, increasing the state’s prosperity, and instilling a sense of loyalty to the Bavarian king. Religious reforms helped to eliminate prejudice and better integrate the Protestant and Catholic subjects into Bavarian society, particularly in the areas Bavaria gained during the Napoleonic wars. By maintaining a balance between preserving loyalty to the king and increasing participation in the state’s modernization, the Bavarian monarch hoped to reap the benefits of enlightened reform and prevent revolution. Previous histories of reform during the Napoleonic Era have focused on Austria and Prussia but Bavaria deserves attention as well. There is a pendulum-like quality to Bavarian history that swings between reform and reaction. In 1799 when Max IV Joseph and Montgelas came to Munich, reform and self-preservation in the face of the French Revolution and Napoleon, as well as the changing face of the Holy Roman Empire, served as the impetus for reform. Reform in the early nineteenth century allowed the Bavarian bureaucrats to strengthen the power of the king and increase the wealth of the state. Through a careful analysis of the reform edicts, personal papers of Montgelas, and statements from outside commentators, a clearer picture of reform in Bavaria can be pieced together and the true impact of reform during the Napoleonic Period can be seen; reform that made the Bavaria of Max Joseph almost unrecognizable from the Bavaria of his predecessor.
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De, Sapio Joseph Jeffrey. ""This Mecca for the Pilgrims of Pleasure" : tourism, modernity, and Victorian London, 1840-1900." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5fb6f62c-0147-4447-8ba2-bf9c0a142a43.
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This dissertation argues that during the nineteenth century, the journey to London revealed a world undergoing systemic change as industrialisation steadily eroded the traditional rhythms of the countryside in favour of urban modernity; indeed, London is regarded as a synecdoche for the forces shaping the wider world. This work uses tourist narratives to London as investigative tools to examine the ways in which individuals comprehend the modern changes occurring around them, as represented by the British capital, and does so in a comparative fashion, investigating the British Empire, the United States, Britain itself, and continental Europe. In so doing, it addresses two questions: first, whether one’s acceptance or rejection of modernity was predicated upon specific social and national preconditions; and second, whether the idea of nineteenth-century modernity was itself a non-universal construction dependent upon a variety of socio-cultural outlooks. The evidence for this study is drawn from the published and unpublished narratives of tourists from the four different contexts mentioned above, and divided into four chapters to focus upon each group. This study is grounded in a theoretical context which establishes a correlation between the methods used to interpret the city’s spaces, and the methods used to interpret modernity more generally. I conclude that the changes occurring from the interaction between global modernity and local culture were regarded with ambivalence and uncertainty, judgments influenced by London’s impact on the visitors mentioned above. The city gives a physical dimension to the travellers’ imagined fears, benefits, or concerns over future progress. Victorian London is thus one focus for a transformation affecting large segments of the nineteenth-century world, illustrating that modern industrial changes were ultimately perceived as being ambiguous and ambivalent forces.
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Demay, Aline. "Tourisme et colonisation en Indochine (1898-1939)." Thèse, Paris 1, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10096.
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Comment le tourisme s’est-il développé dans un territoire en pleine expansion coloniale ? Comment tourisme et colonisation se sont-ils conjugués ? Quel lien peut-on établir entre ces deux dynamiques ? C’est ce à quoi cette thèse tente de répondre en démontrant l’instrumentalisation du tourisme par les politiques coloniales. Elle se divise en sept chapitres abordant successivement le transfert des pratiques touristiques de l’Europe à l’Indochine, leurs implantations, leurs intégrations aux politiques de mise en valeur des années 1920, les conséquences spatiales de leurs implantations (construction de voies de communication et d’hébergements hôteliers) et la communication instaurée par l’Etat pour promouvoir l’Indochine comme une destination touristique auprès des Indochinois comme des touristes étrangers.How did tourism develop in a rapidly expanding colonial territory? How were tourism and colonization combined? What links were established between these two processes? These are the questions that this thesis addresses by demonstrating the exploitation of tourism by colonial policies. This thesis is divided into seven chapters dealing successively with the transfer of European tourism practices to Indochina, their location, their integration into the politics of territorial development in the 1920s, the spatial consequences of their implementation (construction of roads and hotel accommodation), and the attempts of the State to promote Indochina as a touristic destination for both Indochinese and foreign tourists alike.
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Balduff, Rebecca Marie. "The Economist and the Continuity of British Imperial Expansion: 1843-1860." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1122559740.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2005.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], ii, 75 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-75).
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Richard, Picchi Anne-Isabelle Gijsbregtje Claire Frederieke Sophie Valérie. "Colonialism and the European movement in France and the Netherlands, 1925-1936." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609320.
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Kotlyar, Ilya Andreevich. "Influence of the European Ius Commune on the Scots law of Succession to Moveables, 1560-1700." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23580.
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The purpose of this thesis is to identify the influence of the doctrines of the Medieval European Ius Commune on the Scots law of moveable succession in the crucial period of its development: from the Reformation to approximately 1700. To this purpose, this research is dealing with the Scottish writings, case law and archival materials, comparing them with the relevant Civilian and Canonistic texts and treatises of Medieval and Early Modern Continental authors. This research specially concentrates on particular fields within the Scots law of succession. In some fields, such as the constitution and form of testamentary deeds and the destinations (tailzies), the Ius Commune influence was quite weak, but even there it is discernible in specific issues. The same can be said of the Scottish attitude to the agreements on future succession (pacta successoria); in this respect, as my thesis shows, Scots law used to have more in common with the Civil law than it has now. On the other hand, the influence of the Continental doctrines was much more noticeable in the fields of the evidential force of last wills and the donations mortis causa. However, beginning from the 1660s, Scottish practice in these fields diverged from the Continental models. This was due to various practical reasons. The regulation of the office of executor in Scotland in the 1500-1700, in many respects, seems to be heavily inspired by the Ius Commune regulation and by English practice of that time. In some respects, Scots practice on the office of executor followed the Ius Commune rules more closely than English practice. In summary, the influence of the Ius Commune on the Scots law of succession in this period was real, due both to the retaining of tradition of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and to the knowledge of doctrine by the judges and litigants. However, this influence was often fragmentary and not properly expressed in the litigation and writings.
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Schuman, Samuel A. "Representation, Narrative, and “Truth”: Literary and Historical Epistemology in 19th-Century France." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1621948796558803.
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Webb, Joel C. "Drawing Defeat: Caricaturing War, Race, and Gender in Fin de Siglo Spain." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/283/.
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Nuk, Myriam-Isabelle. "Émile Zola et la Russie, Histoire d'une conquête littéraire." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030079.
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Dans les années 1870, Émile Zola bénéficia d’une popularité exceptionnelle en Russie, comptant parmi les auteurs étrangers les plus lus. Nous nous proposons d’écrire précisément dans notre thèse l’histoire de cette extraordinaire rencontre franco-russe en nous appuyant sur des documents majoritairement inédits en français.Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous voyons que Zola se trouvait encore à l’heure difficile des débuts lorsqu’il fit la connaissance, en 1872, d’Ivan Turgenev. L’écrivain russe promit de lui trouver un engagement en Russie. Il négocia avec Mihail Stasulevič, le directeur de l’une des principales revues libérales de Saint-Pétersbourg. En 1875, au vu des premières critiques russes très favorables au romancier français, Stasulevič se laissa convaincre de recruter Zola au Messager de l’Europe comme correspondant parisien. Anna Engelhardt, la traductrice attitrée de Zola au Messager de l’Europe, joua un rôle clé dans son triomphe en Russie.Dans la seconde partie, nous analysons la correspondance échangée entre Zola, Turgenev et Stasulevič pendant près de dix ans, que nous avons intégralement reconstituée et traduite en français, pour établir précisément l’histoire de la collaboration d’Émile Zola au Messager de l’Europe. Les soixante-quatre textes que Zola composa à destination du lectorat russe – les Lettres parisiennes – sont présentés chronologiquement, rythmant notre lecture de la correspondance à trois voix. Régulièrement, les critiques russes émises en réaction aux écrits zoliens viennent enrichir notre réflexion.Cette approche nous permet d’évaluer objectivement quelle fut en son temps la réception de l’oeuvre d’Émile Zola en RussieIn the 1870’s, Émile Zola enjoyed exceptional popularity in Russia, counting among the most read foreign authors. In the context of this thesis, we propose to write the precise story of this extraordinary Franco-Russian encounter, relying on mostly unpublished documents in French.In the first part of this study, we see that Zola was in an awkward situation when he made Ivan Turgenev’s acquaintance in 1872. The Russian writer offered his aid, promising to find a commitment for him in Russia. He negotiated to this end with the director of one of the leading liberal reviews of Saint-Petersburg, Mihail Stasulevič. In 1875, in view of the first Russian critical appreciations which were very favourable to the French writer, Stasulevič was persuaded to recruit Zola in "Вестник Европы" [The Herald of Europe], as Parisian correspondent. Anna Engelhardt, who was one of the first Russian critics to focus on Zola, played a key role in his triumph by becoming his official translator at the Herald of Europe.In the second part, we analyze the correspondence exchanged between Zola, Turgenev and Stasulevič for nearly ten years, which we have entirely reconstituted and translated into French, to establish the detailed story of Emile Zola’s collaboration to the Herald of Europe. The sixty four texts which Zola composed for the Russian readership, the Parisian Letters, are presented chronologically, punctuating our reading of the tripartite correspondence. Regularly, the Russian critical appreciations ventured in response to Zola’s publications come to enrich our reflection.This approach allows us to estimate objectively which was the reception of Emile Zola's work in Russia at this time
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Southon, Nicolas. "L'émergence de la figure du chef d'orchestre et ses composantes socio-artistiques : françois-Antoine Habeneck (1781-1849). La naissance du professionnalisme musical." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR2024.
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Personnage musical parfaitement identifié aujourd'hui, le chef d'orchestre apparaît au début du XIXe siècle dans le contexte d'un bouleversement du paysage symphonique (accroissement des effectifs de l'orchestre, virtuosité nouvelle des instrumentistes, œuvres à l'orchestration plus élaborée et exigeante). Issu des formes de direction multiples du XVIIIe siècle, le chef prend peu à peu son autonomie par rapport à la collectivité orchestrale, à l'instrumentiste et au compositeur. Doté d'une formation très complète, de dons particuliers, d'une autorité et d'un magnétisme hors du commun, il s'impose comme une figure centale de la musique, tandis que son métier, aux procédures de plus en plus précises, se trouve progressivement formalisé dans une littérature théorique spécifique (Fétis, Kastner, Berlioz, Deldevez). A l'instar du violoniste jouant son violon, le chef « joue de l’orchestre » (selon l'expression de Berlioz), et en cela fonde cet orchestre comme une entité réifiée. Seul entre tous après le créateur à accéder au détail et à la totalité de l'œuvre, il la façonne et la résume dans sa pantomime expressive, point de mire du regard des musiciens mais également du public, incarnation gestuelle et spatiale du sens de la musique - surtout lorsqu'elle est purement instrumentale. De ces phénomènes découle son affirmation comme figure d'un héros en musique : le chef d'orchestre, par qui l'œuvre est révélée au monde, est devenu le porte-parole voire même l'alter ego du compositeur, à la fois responsable de l'exécution dans ce qu'elle a de plus concret et dialoguant avec le sublime, dont il se fait le médiateur. Paris est l'un des creusets de ces évolutions, en particulier à travers la personnalité de François-Antoine Habeneck (1781-1849). Mieux que quiconque en France, et peut-être en Europe, Habeneck incarne le premier « chef d'orchestre » au sens moderne, exclusivement dévolu à sa tâche d'exécutant ; il forge ainsi sa propre personnalité musicale en même temps que la stature d'un nouveau type de musicien. Dans les cinq décennies qui suivent ses débuts en 1803 à la tête de l'orchestre d'élèves du Conservatoire, Habeneck devient l'un des acteurs centraux de la vie symphonique française. Il dirige l'orchestre de l'Opéra d'une main de fer, créant les partitions des maîtres du grand opéra (Auber, Rossini, Meyerbeer, Halévy), officie dans maints « concerts-monstres » (ces événements rituels qui consacrent la grandeur et la puissance du chef), et fonde en 1828 l'orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire. Avec cette phalange, glorieuse s'il en fut, Habeneck révèle l'œuvre de Beethoven à la France. Dans la fameuse salle de la rue Bergère, lieu d'une écoute et d'une conception changées de la musique, de nouveaux liens s'instaurent entre le chef, son orchestre, les œuvres et leur public - avec les symphonies du Maître de Bonn pour évangile et Habeneck comme grand-prêtreAlthough an identified musical figure today, the orchestral conductor appeared at the dawn of the 19th c. in the context of major upheavals in the symphonic world. A product of the 18th c.'s conducting modes, the conductor gradually acquired autonomy in relation to the orchestra, the instrumentalists and the composer. He emerged as a central figure in music-making, whilst the rules of his profession were documented in a theoretical literature. Like the violonist playing his violin, the conductor "plays the orchestra", and as such creates the orchestra as an entity. The sole person other than the composer to confront the detail and the totality of a work, he resumes it through his expressive pantomime, the focal point of musicians' and audience's gaze alike, the gestural incarnation of the music's meaning. The conductor has become the spokesman and the very "alter ego" of the composer, both responsible for the work's performance, in concrete terms, and dialoguing with the sublime. Paris is a crucible of these transformations, in particular through F.-A. Habeneck. The first in Europe, Habeneck embodies the modern "orchestral conductor", devoted exclusively to his role as performer. Following his debut at the head of the students of the Conservatoire, he directed the Opera orchestra with supreme control, officiating at any number of "concert-monstres" and foundig the "Societé des Concerts du Conservatoire". In the rue Bergère's auditorium, where the very way music was listened to and apprehended was to change, new links were established between the conductor, his orchestra, works and their audiences - with the symphonies of Beethoven for gospel and Habeneck for high priest
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Hepburn, Jasmin Kira Rennie. "Nicolas Bohier (1469-1539) and the ius commune : a study in sixteenth-century French legal practice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22048.
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European legal history, as a field of scientific enquiry, is a relatively young discipline that can trace its roots back to the German jurist Savigny, whose work on the jurists of the medieval ius commune is commonly seen as the first of its kind. As one of the foremost German scholars of the nineteenth century and a fierce opponent of German codification, Savigny laid the foundation for generations of subsequent historians, not only in terms of the scope, but also in terms of the method of enquiry. Thus, in the generations after Savigny, European legal history tended to be approached in terms of general narratives charting the development of the European legal order through successive historical epochs. Within these narratives, jurists played a prominent role. Thus, the creation of the legal order of Europe was based upon a translatio studii from the Roman jurists via the medieval ius commune to civil codes of the nineteenth century. By grouping jurists into “schools” or “movements”, modern commentators, so it was argued, were able to assess the impact of these on the narrative of European legal history. Although, since the end of the Second World War, this narrative has become more nuanced, the jurists remain central to it. This has had a number of consequences. The main consequence of this focus on jurists (mostly academic figures teaching at universities) has been the marginalisation of legal practice and legal practitioners in the narrative of European legal history. And yet, as recent research on the rise of central courts in Europe has shown, legal practice clearly had an impact on the development of the European legal order. In light of these insights, this thesis seeks to contribute to the narrative of European legal history by focusing not on the works of academic jurists, but on the activities of legal practitioners. This statement requires delimitation. Rather than focusing on a number of legal practitioners over a long period of time, this thesis will focus on a single legal practitioner who flourished during a specific period in European history using the principles of a microhistory. The individual in question is the French lawyer Nicolas Bohier (1469-1539). The reasons for this specific focus are twofold. First, a focus on a specific individual and his works allows for greater scrutiny in depth, thus providing a counterbalance to (and also a means of testing and verifying) the broad sweep accounts found in most works on European legal history. In second place, Nicolas Bohier and his oeuvre cry out for a critical analysis and, until now, remain largely unstudied. As a practising lawyer and eventually president of the regional court of Bordeaux, Bohier was at the coalface of French legal practice in the sixteenth century. As a prolific writer and editor, Bohier left a rich corpus of work consisting of records of decisions of the court in Bordeaux, legal opinions as well as customs of the region. Furthermore, sixteenth-century France is a particularly exciting topic of investigation. This period not only saw the rise and solidification of Royal authority, but also saw the beginning of the homologation of customary law in France. On an intellectual level, the sixteenth century saw the rise of “legal humanism”, a particularly controversial intellectual movement in the context of European legal history as shown by recent research. This then brings us to the central point of this thesis. If, during the sixteenth century, the medieval ius commune was being replaced by “national” legal orders across Europe, as the general surveys of European legal history state, the works of a legal practitioner would show it much more clearly than the works of academic jurists. This thesis will therefore examine Bohier’s use of the term ius commune across his works to assess not only his understanding of the term, but also to assess how this concept operated in relation to other “sources of law”, for example statute and custom. Although the results of a microhistory study should not be generalised too far, it will permit us to interrogate the general narratives of European legal history of the early modern period.
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Gentry, Jonathan C. "Memory and hypnotism in Wagner's musical discourse." PDXScholar, 2007. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3660.
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A rich relationship unites the composer Richard Wagner (1813-1883) and the history of psychology, especially if one considers his attempt to make music speak with the clarity of verbal language. Wagner's musical discourse participated in the development of psychology in the nineteenth century in three distinct areas. First, Wagner shared in the non-reductive materialist discourse on mind that characterized many of the thinkers who made psychology into an autonomous intellectual pursuit. Second, Wagner's theories and theatrical productions directly influenced two important psychologists - Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) and Christian von Ehrenfels (1859-1932). Finally, the experiences of music achieved by Wagner at his Bayreuth festivals created greater sensitivity toward psychology, especially among the more sympathetic participants.
In tracing a narrative from Wagner's first conception of a festival in 1849 to the premiere of Parsifal in 1882, one can also see several arcs in the evolution of Wagner's musical discourse. These include the shift from mnemonic to hypnotic techniques for giving music a voice, as well as the transition from a socially critical festival to one of personal affirmation. Connected to both of these augmentations of musical discourse was the volatile relationship between music and text in Wagner's compositions. Important in facilitating these transformations was not only Wagner's discovery of Schopenhauer's philosophy, but also the larger contingencies of instituting a festival in the Griinderzeit. In looking at the reception side of theatrical productions, in addition to their staging, this thesis has been able to identify psychologically-related links important to the history of music, science, and culture.
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Lanxon, Robert Emmett. "The politics of disestablishment : Gladstone and the Fenians." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3717.
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In early 1868 William E. Gladstone presented several bills in Parliament to disestablish the Church of Ireland. Prior to 1868 Gladstone had stated his opposition to the official connection between the Church of Ireland and the State. Gladstone, however, had also claimed that he was not in favor of immediate action and instead advocated restraint in attacking the Church of Ireland. The 1860's also saw the rise of the Fenian organization. The Fenians were dedicated to the overthrow of English rule in Ireland and the establishment of an Irish republic. The role that the Fenians played in convincing Gladstone to disestablish the Irish church has received varying interpretations from historians; yet no attempt has been made to look closely at the issue.
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Choplin, Cédric. "La représentation des peuples exotiques et des missions dans Feiz ha Breiz (1865-1884)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370510.
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Feiz ha Breiz était un hebdomadaire catholique et monarchiste entièrement rédigé en breton et publié sous le patronage de l'évêque de Quimper. Cet organe de presse s'inscrit dans le mouvement des Semaines Religieuses mais s'en différencie partiellement par la multitude des sujets qui y sont traités. Ainsi, pendant 19 ans (1865-1884), ce journal nous offre sa vision d'un monde en pleine mutation avec le développement de la société industrielle, scientifique et démocratique mais aussi le formidable essor des missions catholiques et la reprise de l'expansion coloniale française qui amènent ce journal à présenter des populations jusque-là inconnues à ses lecteurs. Héritiers de la tradition chrétienne, les rédacteurs de Feiz ha Breiz doivent se positionner face aux théories scientifiques évolutionnistes et racialistes développées par des savants majoritairement républicains et athées. Combattue en Europe, l'Eglise se développe outre-mer durant cette période et les missionnaires sont les instruments héroïques de l'annonce de l'Évangile et par conséquent du salut de millions d'âmes. En montrant la barbarie des peuples infidèles, Feiz ha Breiz entend démontrer la véracité de l'axiome « hors de l'Eglise, point de salut » et mettre en évidence les périls qui guettent l'Europe chrétienne si elle se détourne de l'Eglise. La période de Feiz ha Breiz étant aussi celle où la France du Second Empire et de la IIIe République commence à se tailler un empire colonial, ce journal ne manque donc pas de nous éclairer sur « l'alliance du sabre et du goupillon », pour reprendre une formule célèbre.
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Bukaty, Ryan Michael. "Commercial Diplomacy: The Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Its Peaceful Effects on Pre-World War I Anglo-German Relations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849612/.
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Slated as an economic outlet for Germany, the Baghdad Railway was designed to funnel political influence into the strategically viable regions of the Near East. The Railway was also designed to enrich Germany's coffers with natural resources with natural resources and trade with the Ottomans, their subjects, and their port cities... Over time, the Railway became the only significant route for Germany to reach its "place in the sun," and what began as an international enterprise escalated into a bid for diplomatic influence in the waning Ottoman Empire.
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Omes, Marco Emanuele. "La festa di Napoleone : sovranità, legittimità e sacralità nell'Europa francese (repubblica/impero francese, Repubblica/Regno d'Italia, Regno di Spagna, 1799-1814)." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86067.
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By combining research methods from the cultural history of the politic with a comparative perspective, my dissertation covers the celebrations of the Napoleonic era that took place between 1799 and 1814 in the Republic (later, Empire) of France, in the Republic (later, Kingdom) of Italy, and in the Kingdom of Spain. My comparative perspective aims to show the existence of a model of Napoleonic celebration that was fairly uniform across the three geographical contexts I studied, especially in its basic principles, fundamental concepts and values conveyed. My study centres on the concepts of sovereignty, legitimacy and sacrality, and aims to shed light on their interplay and their significance in the context of Napoleonic-era civic festivities, especially in terms of the forms of symbolic, visual and discursive representation that were used. My analysis of these forms of representation will allow the reader to better understand not only the manifestations of Napoleonic power, but also its ideological underpinnings, characteristics, and evolution over time.
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Previde, Mauri Cruz [UNESP]. "À sua imagem e semelhança: um estudo de criadores e criaturas em A Eva futura de Villiers de l'Isle Adam e em Frankenstein de Mary Shelley no contexto do romance europeu do século XIX." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154657.
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000901718.pdf: 1096974 bytes, checksum: 8120160a281138e459b3d4326f76f817 (MD5)Esta tese tem por objetivo o estudo de duas obras literárias que têm como personagens cientistas criadores e suas criaturas artificiais. Trata-se das obras de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838-1889) e de Mary Shelley (1797-1851), representadas pelos romances L'Ève future e Frankenstein, respectivamente. Para tanto, e em primeiro lugar, traçamos um histórico do desejo humano de criar uma criatura artificial perfeita desde a Antiguidade até os dias atuais. Em seguida, passamos à análise das referidas obras, caracterizando e comparando os criadores e suas respectivas criaturas, concluindo, ao final, o que ambas representam em termos metafóricos
This dissertation aims to study two literary works whose characters are creators scientists and their artificial creatures. The following novels are studied: L'Ève future by Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838-1889) and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1797-1851). Firstly, it was made a survey of the human desire to create a perfect artificial creature from Antiquity to nowadays. Secondly, we started to analyze such literary works, characterizing and comparing the creators and their creatures, and finally, getting the conclusion what both represent metaphorically
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Chateau, Jérémy. "Représentations de l'homme immobile : inaction et réclusion dans la littérature occidentale des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30025.
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Entre le XVIIIe et le XIXe siècle, la littérature européenne redéfinit fondamentalement son rapport au récit de voyage : les notions d’apprentissage et de formation, telles qu’elles apparaissent au temps des Lumières et du Bildungsroman, s’érodent et laissent peu à peu la place à des variations excentriques ou parodiques. En 1795, le Voyage autour de ma chambre de Xavier de Maistre exalte ainsi les vertus didactiques d’une réclusion contemplative. La mode du récit de voyage voit ainsi lui succéder, d’une part, des excursions sans profit pédagogique, et, d’autre part, des retraites riches en enseignement, malgré l’abolition de toute trajectoire physique. À la suite de Xavier de Maistre, plusieurs dizaines d’imitateurs composent à leur tour un répertoire peu exploré de la littérature française : le voyage de chambre. Après les révolutions qui frappent l’Europe et l’Amérique à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, un nouveau modèle de personnage, l’homme immobile, émerge ainsi dans la littérature. Caractérisé par sa présence problématique dans une société en pleine mutation, il occupe l’espace narratif en spectre, refusant de s’engager dans l’action tandis qu’il explore les nouvelles possibilités de vie dans un espace privé. Des textes essentiels de la littérature du XIXe siècle abordent ainsi, sur un mode euphorique ou dysphorique, ces nouvelles modalités narratives : la fiction américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre relate la pénible transition d’un âge spirituel vers un âge politique, caractérisée par un climat léthargique qu’observent avec stupeur, tour à tour, Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne ou Hermann Melville. Dans les marges de cette littérature inquiète, le mouvement transcendantaliste propose un retour heureux à la solitude. En France, À rebours de Joris-Karl Huysmans, à travers l’opiniâtreté dont témoigne l’auteur dans sa quête éperdue de l’unité, demeure sans doute l’œuvre quintessentielle parmi l’ensemble des récits de réclusionBetween the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European literature fundamentally redefines its relation to travel writing: notions of apprenticeship and formation, as they appear during the age of Enlightenment and the Bildungsroman era, become eroded and are gradually replaced by eccentric or parodist accounts of the travel experience. In 1795, Xavier de Maistre’s Journey Around My Room enhances the educational virtues of a contemplative seclusion. From then, the tradition of travel writing is supplanted by stories of excursions that provide very little educational value, on the one hand; and stories of valuable teachings inherited by captivity, despite a lack of physical mobility, on the other hand. Inspired by Xavier de Maistre’s book, dozens of imitators follow his path throughout the XIXth century and write their own accounts of room travel, a little studied phenomenon in French literature. After the revolutions that hit Europe and America in the late eighteenth century, a new model of character, the immobile man, appears in literature. Characterized by his problematic presence in a fast-changing society, which is undergoing some very profound changes, he occupies the narrative space like a ghost, refusing to engage in social action, as he would much rather investigate the new opportunities of living in his own private space. Essential 19th-century texts—be they euphoric of dysphoric—hint at these new narrative modalities: American fiction from New England, for example, tells the painful transition from a spiritual age to a political age, characterized by a lethargic climate alternately depicted by Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne or Hermann Melville. On the margins of this troubled literature, the transcendentalist movement advocates a more favorable return to solitude. In France, Joris-Karl Huysmans’s A rebours, through its author’s determination in the search for unity, certainly marks an important milestone among all the narratives of reclusion
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Avenel, Jean. "Les interventions européennes en Amérique latine au XIXème siècle (1825-1870)." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040215.
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Après avoir décrit les causes des interventions, nous décrivons l'aspect militaire des opérations : problèmes logistiques, organisation des forces armées, vie des militaires en Amérique latine pendant les périodes. Il s'agit donc ici d'une étude thématique et non pas évènementielle. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'analyse des conséquences de ces opérations militaires, tant pour les pays européens que latino-américains, ce qui permet, en particulier, de mettre en évidence le développement de l'emprise nord-américaine sur la régionThe book first describes the causes of the military interventions. We then study the military aspects of the operations : logistical problems, organization of the armies, officiers and soldiers daily life in Latin America. The last part of the work is devoted to the analysis of the consequences of these military operations for European and Latin American countries. We analyse there their influence on the implementation of the United States domination in this part of the world
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Moioli, Aurélie. "Le récit de soi : poétique et politique de la dissemblance : Jean Paul, Ugo Foscolo, Stendhal, Gérard de Nerval." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100151.
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Il s’agit de reprendre la question autobiographique à l’époque où le genre se constitue en Europe, au premier XIXe siècle, en déplaçant le regard vers les marges du genre. Les œuvres de Jean Paul, d’Ugo Foscolo, de Stendhal et de Gérard de Nerval sont d’abord étudiées sous l’angle de la poétique des genres dont elles déstabilisent les catégories. La thèse déplace la question générique en soulevant les enjeux éthiques et politiques du récit de soi qui sont liés à l’expérience du sujet et du temps. À côté de ce qui deviendra le canon en matière d’autobiographie se dessine une autre ligne autobiographique qui, en souvenir de Laurence Sterne, se place sous le signe de l’imagination et de l’arabesque. Les œuvres du corpus mettent en évidence la ligne de poésie de la vie et du sujet. Ces poétiques autobiographiques excentriques manifestent une dissemblance de soi, du temps et de l’histoire. Elles mettent en crise l’identité pensée comme « mêmeté » et l’idée d’un temps homogène. Le soi n’est pas un ; l’autobiographe n’est seul ni dans sa peau, ni dans sa langue, ni dans sa plume ; il se déplace entre les lieux et entre les langues, ne trouvant pas d’assise. La figure de l’auteur est plurielle et collective, en rupture avec le mythe du génie. Aux transfigurations de soi s’ajoutent les transfigurations de la mémoire qui ressaisit le passé au présent et pour l’avenir. Expérience mélancolique de revenance, le récit de soi multiplie les fantômes qui sont le signe d’un deuil personnel et des disjonctions de l’histoire. Témoignant des révolutions du siècle, l’autobiographe ouvre aussi l’histoire individuelle et collective : le récit de soi est prospectif. C’est une mémoire au futurThe thesis takes up the question of autobiography by focusing on works at the margins of the genre during the early 19th century, the period in which autobiographical writing in Europe came into its own. The works of Jean Paul, Ugo Foscolo, Stendhal and Gérard de Nerval destabilize established generic and canonic categories. They do so by pointing to the ethical and political issues at stake in the narration of the self, which are in turn linked to the experience of the subject and of time. The thesis thereby identifies and explores another autobiographical “line” emerging alongside canonical forms of the genre, a “line” which recalls Laurence Sterne through the use of arabesques and the reliance upon imagination in life narratives. These works emphasize the “line of poetry” which constitutes life and the subject. The poetics of these eccentric autobiographical works explores dissemblance in writing the self, time, and history. They question reductive understandings of identity as ‘sameness’ and conceptions of time as homogenous. The self is not ‘one’; the autobiographer is alone neither in his body, nor in his language, nor in the act of writing. Rather, he is in constant movement between places and languages, unable to establish a stable grounding for his narrative. The author’s persona is multiple and collective, inverting the myth of the romantic genius. Such transfigurations of the self are tied to transfigurations of memory, which allow for the past to be reenacted in the present and for the future. This melancholic experience is also one of haunting, for narratives of the self draw on the figure of the phantom as a sign of mourning for both personal and historical disjunctions. As witnesses of recent or contemporary revolutions, the autobiographers stress the incomplete nature of both individual and collective history, that is, the potential that such history contains. Narrating the self is therefore prospective; it is memory addressing the future
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Dhaussy, Martinez Pascale. "Le Musée Grévin : 1881-1918 : une entreprise de divertissement parisien sur le boulevard Montmartre." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010552.
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Le musée Grévin a été créé en 1881 par le patron de la presse, Arthur Meyer qui associe l'entreprise au nom du caricaturiste Alfred Grévin. « Journal plastique » puis musée d'histoire sous l'impulsion de Gabriel Thomas, ce musée « genre Tussaud » devient un observatoire unique de la culture de masse fin-de-siècleThe musée Grévin has been set up in 1881 by a journalist, Arthur Meyer, associated with the caricaturist Alfred Grévin. The wax museum defined as « rather like Tussaud's museum » becomes the model of an entertainment enterprise