Relevant bibliographies by topics / Europe – History – 1848

Academic literature on the topic 'Europe – History – 1848'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Europe – History – 1848"

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Nørgaard, Anne Engelst. "Times of Democracy." Contributions to the History of Concepts 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2019.140202.

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Democracy became a popular and highly contested concept in the Danish-speaking parts of the Danish monarchy in 1848. For a brief time, it went from being an occasional guest in political language to a popular concept in the constitutional struggle of 1848–1849. This article argues democracy became attached to an equally popular concept of the time, movement, when introduced into everyday political communication in Denmark. In this context, democracy became a name for the movement observed in Europe and in the Danish monarchy. The article identifies three main interpretations of democracy that occurred in the Danish constitutional struggle of 1848–1849 and argues the battle over the constitution was essentially a battle over how one interpreted the past, the present, and the future. Democracy became a key term in this battle in 1848 Denmark.
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Chadwick, Owen. "Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848–1914, Hugh McLeod." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 2001): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/116.465.254.

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Chadwick, O. "Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914, Hugh McLeod." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 1, 2001): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.465.254.

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Taylor, Miles. "Hugh McLEOD, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914." Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle, no. 24 (June 1, 2002): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rh19.398.

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Petler, D. N. "Ireland and France in 1848." Irish Historical Studies 24, no. 96 (November 1985): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400034489.

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It has long been recognised that the French revolution of 1848 had a profound effect on the rest of Europe. The overthrow of the Orleans monarchy and the establishment of the second republic were seen as heralding the dawn of a new age. Established governments, most of which had recognised that the Continent was approaching a period of crisis, anxiously expected the spread of the revolutionary contagion and the outbreak of a major European war, whilst the discontented elements found encouragement and inspiration from the events in Paris. In Great Britain the reaction to the events across the English Channel reflected this trend. This is the beginning', noted one member of the cabinet, recalling 1792; who will live to see the end?' The Chartists were jubilant, declaring that the time was now ripe to achieve their demands.
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Waling, Geerten, and Niels Ottenheim. "Waarom Nederland in 1848 geen revolutie kende." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 133, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.1.002.wali.

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Abstract Why the Netherlands did not witness a revolution in 1848In 1848, a wave of democratic revolutions struck most of Europe, but not the Netherlands. Historians have provided only partial explanations from a range of perspectives, such as socio-economic, socio-political, and institutional. We argue that none of these are fully tenable or satisfactory by comparing the Dutch situation with countries that did experience revolutions in 1848. Also, we add a cultural perspective by studying the role of the Dutch consensus culture. After tracing its roots, we identify its key characteristics and use these as a prism to interpret several governmental sources, brochures, and newspaper articles. On this basis, we argue that it is likely that the consensus culture strongly contributed to the stability of Dutch society during the European revolutionary months of 1848. Without wanting to present this perspective as the definitive explanation, we claim that (political) culture as such deserves more attention in studies to the Netherlands during 1848.
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Zimmerman, Judith, and Bruno Naarden. "Socialist Europe and Revolutionary Russia: Perception and Prejudice 1848- 1923." American Historical Review 99, no. 5 (December 1994): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168446.

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Smeyers, Kristof, and Leonardo Rossi. "Tyrolean stigmata in England: the cross-cultural voyage of the Catholic supernatural, 1841–1848." British Catholic History 34, no. 04 (October 2019): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2019.22.

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This article considers the transcultural dynamic between English Catholicism and mainland Europe in the early 1840s through the lens of the reception of two famous Tyrolean women bearing the stigmata. After the publication of the account of their supernatural qualities by John Talbot, sixteenth Earl of Shrewsbury, Waterford, and Wexford they became the controversial subject of the heated debates on the nature of English and universal Catholicism, and by extension on the nature of religiosity at large. This article argues that adopting a transnational approach to the study of supernatural phenomena within Catholicism in the 1830s and 1840s allows us to look beyond the history of institutions and key figures in the polemic, and to shed light on more nuanced religious and devotional interactions between the British Isles and the Continent. As such this article also argues for the inclusion of supernatural phenomena in the transnational history of English Catholicism.
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Aliprantis, Christos. "Transnational Policing after the 1848–1849 Revolutions: The Habsburg Empire in the Mediterranean." European History Quarterly 50, no. 3 (July 2020): 412–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420932489.

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This article investigates the policing measures of the Habsburg Empire against the exiled defeated revolutionaries in the Mediterranean after the 1848–1849 revolutions. The examination of this counter-revolutionary policy reveals the pioneering role Austria played in international policing. It shows, in particular, that Vienna invested more heavily in policing in the Mediterranean after 1848 than it did in other regions, such as Western Europe, due to the multitude of ‘Forty-Eighters’ settled there and the alleged inadequacy of the local polities (e.g., the Ottoman Empire, Greece) to satisfactorily deal with the refugee question themselves. The article explains that Austria made use of a wide array of both official and unofficial techniques to contain these allegedly dangerous political dissidents. These methods ranged from official police collaboration with Greece and the Ottoman Empire to more subtle regional information exchanges with Naples and Russia. However, they also included purely unilateral methods exercised by the Austrian consuls, Austrian Lloyd sailors and ship captains, and ad hoc recruited secret agents to monitor the émigrés at large. Overall, the article argues that Austrian policymakers in the aftermath of 1848 invented new policing formulas and reshaped different pre-existing institutions (e.g., consuls, Austrian Lloyd), channelling them against their opponents in exile. Therefore, apart from surveying early modes of international policing, this study also adds to the discussion about Austrian (and European) state-building and, furthermore, to the more specific discussion of how European states dealt with political dissidents abroad in the nineteenth century.
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Kuijken, Sam. "Onbeschaafd en gevaarlijk : Euro-Oriëntalisme in het Belgische Ruslandbeeld tussen 1848 en 1861." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 133, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.1.003.kuij.

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Abstract Uncivilized and dangerous. Euro-Orientalism in the Belgian image of Russia between 1848 and 1861Tracing the history of Euro-Orientalism remains somewhat problematic. Not in the least because Larry Wolff’s Inventing Eastern Europe from 1994, the supposed basic book on the subject, remains widely criticized because of its chronology and interpretations. In addition, research has been dominated by the perspective of the European Great Powers and the eighteenth century. This article attempts to break with this tendency by analyzing the Belgian image of Russia between 1848 and 1861. The main goal is to ascertain how Euro-Orientalism was present in the Belgian Russia-image between 1848 and 1861. Drawing on a vast number of sources including travelogues, newspapers and parliamentary proceedings, it is argued that the Belgian Russia-image did indeed show clear signs of Euro-Orientalism. Russia was portrayed as being temporally, spatially and geopolitically different from the European and Belgian ‘Self’.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Europe – History – 1848"

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GARCÍA, DE PASO Ignacio. "'The Storms of 1848' : the global revolutions in Spain." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74332.

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Defence date: 07 March 2022
Examining Board: Lucy Riall (European University Institute); Pieter Judson (European University Institute); Florencia Peyrou Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Stephen Jacobson, (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
This thesis explores the effect of the 1848 revolutionary cycle in Spain and its imperial space, focusing on its global connections and on the intersections between revolution, counterrevolution, and empire building. In doing so, it aims to contribute to a global approach to the 1848 revolutions that goes beyond perspectives that are exclusively centred on Europe as space. In this thesis, mid-nineteenth century Spain is understood not as a nation-state within the Iberian Peninsula, but as a fluid global empire with colonies, diasporas, and exile communities in various spaces. Considering the chronological frame of a “long 1848” and using various scales, this thesis stresses the continuities between the political upheavals and international reconfigurations that occurred around the year 1846, and the revolutionary events of 1848-1849. This thesis opposes the traditional image of Spain as an exception to the revolutionary cycle. It argues that the Parisian Revolution did in fact have a significant impact on the Iberian Peninsula, which prompted the Spanish government to develop counterrevolutionary measures on both sides of the Atlantic. Exile communities in Europe and spaces like Paris, Oran or New Orleans profited from the occasion presented by the 1848 revolutions to challenge either the political status quo in the metropole or the colonial order in the Caribbean. This generated a flow of transnational mobilities of revolutionary (and counterrevolutionary) actors, information, propaganda, and material; mobilities that diverse state actors tried to curtail through various means to prevent revolutionary contagion. At the same time, hundreds of political prisoners were sent to overseas possessions as part of a repressive repertoire that combined counterrevolution and colonisation through the relocation of convicts. Finally, this thesis explores the changes to several political cultures in the Spanish empire during the early 1850s as a result of the revolutionary cycle.
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Fuelling, Mathias. "Europa's Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path From Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4724.

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Nationalism has appropriately been a much studied, as well disparaged, phenomenon. However, little work has been done on the specific ways in which nationalists thought about the nature of history and the effect of economics in the formation of nationalist identity. In the case of Central Europe and the lands that now comprise the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Czech and German nationalists had very specific notions of the history of the area and how that history bolstered their claims to be the sole true inhabitants. These claims were created in part due to the effect of economic modernization and job competition. As nationalist notions took hold of the population, ethnic conflict grew between Czechs and Germans in the Habsburg empire. This ethnic conflict helped to fragment the empire and hasten its collapse after World War One. The course of World War Two and the Nazi occupation and breakup of Czechoslovakia was influenced by these nationalist notions. With the progression of World War Two and the Nazi occupation, Czechoslovaks came to believe that they had an affinity with Russia and that the cause of communism was linked with an explicitly “Slavic” identity. After the war approximately three million Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia, a major act of ethnic cleansing and seen by the Czechoslovaks as the culmination of their perceived age long conflict with the Germans. Communism became hugely popular, seen as the victorious ideology proving Slavic superiority over the Germans. Communist sympathy and party participation grew to enormous levels. When Communist politicians used a political disagreement in February 1948 to call for a mobilization of the population to institute communist rule, the population responded enthusiastically and ushered in a communist majority government.
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Szigeti, Thomas Andrew. "Bridge Over Troubled Waters:Hungarian Nationalist Narratives and Public Memory of Francis Joseph." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429889907.

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Minuzzi, João Davi Oliveira. "Uma impressão a cada viagem: percepção da natureza do pampa na visão de viajantes europeus 1818-1858." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2017. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/13011.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This text presents the results of my master's research about the analysis of five travel reports. The reports chosen are from travelers Alexander Baguet, Arsène Isabelle, Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, Nicolau Dreys and Robert Avé-Lallemant. The objective of this work is to understand how these travelers perceived the environment of Pampa, an unknown territory to them. These reports may give us a complex understanding of the relationships established between humans and the natural world, especially with regard to the temporal space of research that is the Pampa in the first half of the nineteenth century. This region still lacks studies in the area and it is interesting because it is a biome divided by borders of States that were formed and consolidated in that period, trying to get more influence in this vast region. In this perspective, I use environmental history as a theoretical reference to perform the analysis of the sources.
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da minha pesquisa de mestrado que trata da análise de cinco relatos de viagem. Os relatos escolhidos são dos viajantes Alexander Baguet, Arsène Isabelle, Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, Nicolau Dreys e Robert Avé-Lallemant. O objetivo do trabalho é compreender como estes viajantes percebiam o ambiente do Pampa, um território desconhecido para eles. Estes relatos podem nos propiciar um entendimento mais complexo sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os seres humanos e o mundo natural, especialmente no que se refere ao recorte espaço temporal da pesquisa que é o Pampa na primeira metade do século XIX. Esta região carece ainda de estudos na área e se demonstra interessante por ser um bioma recortado por fronteiras de Estados Nacionais que naquele período se formavam e se consolidavam, disputando influência sobre esta vasta região. Nesta perspectiva, utilizo a história ambiental como referência teórica para realizar a análise das fontes.
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Dengate, Jacob. "Lighting the torch of liberty : the French Revolution and Chartist political culture, 1838-1852." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/eee3b4b8-ba1e-48bd-848e-26391b96af26.

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From 1838 until the end of the European Revolutions in 1852, the French Revolution provided Chartists with a repertoire of symbolism that Chartists would deploy in their activism, histories, and literature to foster a sense of collective consciousness, define a democratic world-view, and encourage internationalist sentiment. Challenging conservative notions of the revolution as a bloody and anarchic affair, Chartists constructed histories of 1789 that posed the era as a romantic struggle for freedom and nationhood analogous to their own, and one that was deeply entwined with British history and national identity. During the 1830s, Chartist opposition to the New Poor Law drew from the gothic repertoire of the Bastille to frame inequality in Britain. The workhouse 'bastile' was not viewed simply as an illegitimate imposition upon Britain, but came to symbolise the character of class rule. Meanwhile, Chartist newspapers also printed fictions based on the French Revolution, inserting Chartist concerns into the narratives, and their histories of 1789 stressed the similarity between France on the eve of revolution and Britain on the eve of the Charter. During the 1840s Chartist internationalism was contextualised by a framework of thinking about international politics constructed around the Revolutions of 1789 and 1830, while the convulsions of Continental Europe during 1848 were interpreted as both a confirmation of Chartist historical discourse and as the opening of a new era of international struggle. In the Democratic Review (1849-1850), the Red Republican (1850), and The Friend of the People (1850-1852), Chartists like George Julian Harney, Helen Macfarlane, William James Linton, and Gerald Massey, along with leading figures of the radical émigrés of 1848, characterised 'democracy' as a spirit of action and a system of belief. For them, the democratic heritage was populated by a diverse array of figures, including the Apostles of Jesus, Martin Luther, the romantic poets, and the Jacobins of 1793. The 'Red Republicanism' that flourished during 1848-1852 was sustained by the historical viewpoints arrived at during the Chartist period generally. Attempts to define a 'science' of socialism was as much about correcting the misadventures of past ages as it was a means to realise the promise announced by the 'Springtime of the Peoples'.
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Hone, C. Brandon. "Smoldering Embers: Czech-German Cultural Competition, 1848-1948." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/666.

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After World War II, state-sponsored deportations amounting to ethnic cleansing occurred and showed that the roots of the Czech-German cultural competition are important. In Bohemia, Czechs and Germans share a long history of contact, both mutually beneficial and antagonistic. Bohemia became one of the most important constituent realms of the Holy Roman Empire, bringing Czechs into close contact with Germans. During the reign of Václav IV, a theologian at the University of Prague named Jan Hus began to cause controversy. Hus began to preach the doctrines outlined by the Englishman John Wycliffe. At the Council of Constance church officials sought to stamp out Wycliffism and as part of that effort summoned Hus, convicted him of heresy and burned him at the stake on July 6, 1415. Bohemia rose in rebellion, in what became the Hussite Wars. Bohemians elected a Hussite king, George of Poděbrady. Shortly after his death, the Thirty Years War began and resulted in the Austrian Habsburgs gaining the throne of Bohemia. The Habsburg dynasty suppressed Protestantism in the Czech lands and ushering in a brutal Counter-Reformation and forced reconversion to Catholicism. By the nineteenth century, a revival of Czech culture and language brought about Czech nationalism. Spurred by the nobility’s desire to regain lost power from the monarchy, a distinct Czech culture began to coalesce. With noble patronage, Czech nationalists established many of the symbols of the Czech nation such as the Bohemian Museum and the National Theater and initiated Czech language instruction at Charles University in Prague and finally a separate Czech university in Prague. The first generation of nationalist Czech leaders, lead by František Palacký, gave way to a newer generation of nationalists, lead eventually by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Masaryk, a professor at the university, successfully lead the efforts during World War I to create an independent Czechoslovakia. Masaryk’s decades-long debate with historian Josef Pekař over the meaning of Czech history illustrates how Czech nationalists distorted historical facts to fit their nationalist ideology. The nationalists succeeded in gaining independence, but faced unsuccessfully forged a new state with a significant, but problematic, German minority.
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Priest, Annie. "The Haskalah : a cultural response to anti-semitism in Eastern Europe 1840-1920." Thesis, Kingston University, 2000. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20660/.

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This thesis examines the inter-relationship between the Haskalah and anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe in the period 1840-1920, a focus which it will be argued has been ignored or understated in recent literature. This dynamic inter-relationship produced a cultural response which ushered in a new sense of Jewish identity. This cultural response assumed two dimensions, the analysis of which constitutes the core of this thesis. The first dimension will be explored in the political, the linguistic and the literary domains of the Haskalah. Using close textual analysis of selected Haskalah writers and adopting an inter-disciplinary focus consistent with the methodology of the history of ideas, within all three cultural domains a response to anti-Semitism can be detected in firstly the political domain in which the growth of Jewish nationalism developed into Zionism; secondly, in the linguistic domain resulting in the revival and rebirth of Hebrew and Yiddish; and thirdly, in the literary domain in which new forms of literature and poetry helped to transform attitudes towards modem Jewish identity. The second dimension represents the shift from invisibility to visibility, from assimilation to uniqueness which occurred within the Haskalah movement. The Haskalah in Eastern Europe thus went through two stages and both were a direct response to anti-Semitism. The Haskalah and anti-Semitism acted upon each other in a dialectical process to bring about these two stages. The first can be seen as negative, adopting many of the anti-Semitic stereotypes of the time in which the Jews were persuaded to become invisible, to disappear by total assimilation into the surrounding culture. The second stage was positive in that there was a rejection of anti-Semitic perceptions of the Jew, and a firm declaration of the intrinsic value and worth of Jewish experience and culture. Jewish identity then assumed a unique visibility of its own. This thesis will explore both of these stages and the tension between invisibility and visibility, between assimilation and uniqueness. Using the heuristic device of the two dimensional nature of the Haskalah, an analysis and interpretation of the Haskalah and its contribution to the emergence of a modem Jewish identity will be provided.
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Sauvé, Robert. "The July monarchy in France, 1830-1848: Bourgeois or 'notable'? An historiographical perspective: 1830-1988." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5977.

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Jorgensen, Lynne Watkins. "The First London Mormons: 1840-1845: "What Am I and My Brethren Here For?"." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1988. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTGM,19184.

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Wenham, Simon Mark. "Oxford, the Thames and leisure : a history of Salter Bros, 1858-2010." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f57dca7b-3f99-4007-91dc-74e6da10f166.

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This thesis is an examination of the history of Salter Bros Ltd and the firms connected with it. Founded in 1858, it became not only one of the most important businesses associated with the recent history of the Upper Thames, but also a significant employer in Oxford. The study takes a thematic approach, which involves examining the five main areas of the firm’s commercial activities, which were: providing services for the sport of rowing (chapter 1), boat-building (chapter 2), boat-letting (chapter 3), passenger boat operating (chapter 4) and property development (chapter 5). This thesis draws on the firm’s archive, which has previously been unavailable to scholars. The mainly quantitative data from the archive is contextualised by reference to wider qualitative sources, although there is not always much comparative information to draw on. Finally, it focuses on the evolution of the workforce, which shows how the business managed to survive both the impact of the industrialisation of Oxford in the twentieth century and some of the challenges associated with family firms (chapter 6). By examining the areas shown above, the work sheds light on our understanding of (1) the socio-economic context of Oxford and the Thames, (2) the development of different forms of water-based leisure, and (3) how a family firm overcame some of the classic weaknesses of such businesses. Chapter 1 analyses the contribution that the firm made to the sport of rowing. The family moved to a riverside tavern in the mid-1830s and this resulted in heavy involvement with the rowing scene. They made a successful transition from professional oarsmen to successful racing boat-builders, which led to John and Stephen Salter moving to Oxford to start their own business in 1858. By exploiting the strong local rowing scene they built their firm up to be the market leader in the 1860s. Supplying craft for the Oxford and Cambridge (university) boat race was important for helping the business gain worldwide fame and, although Salters’ lost the ascendency in the 1870s, it provided a wide range of services for the sport until the second half of the twentieth century. It then slowly became divorced from the rowing scene and, despite a brief renaissance in the 1970s, the company finally bowed out of racing boat construction at the end of the 1980s. Chapter 2 explores the development of the boat-building side of the business. The firm was a major producer of craft and it was especially busy in the late 1920s and late 1970s, when new products helped to stimulate demand. By examining four areas of expertise (steel manufacturing, motorised boats, corporation craft and fibreglass construction) it becomes clear that the business was relatively slow to embrace new technology. Yet although it was not particularly innovative, Salters’ successfully exploited a number of emerging markets, like supplying craft for council-run boating lakes from the 1920s onwards. After a period of decline in the 1960s, the firm’s boat-building department was briefly revived by the introduction of fibreglass construction in the following decade, although this brought to an end skilled craftsmanship in the industry. Salters’ had to be flexible in order to survive, as is shown by the contract work it took on during the two World Wars, but in the second half of the twentieth century the firm’s focus moved away from boat-building towards providing leisure services. Chapter 3 examines the nature and timing of the rise of pleasure boating on the Thames and Salters’ role in promoting it. The railway destroyed much of the carrying trade on the river, but the waterway gained a new lease of life by the rise of leisure activities on it. Different types of boating were popular at different times and certain waterside locations were busier than others, but it is possible to discern short-term peaks in pleasure boating on the Upper Thames, as a whole, in the early 1890s and either side of the First World War (although the river became busier still after the Second World War). There were many factors contributing to the rise of leisure on the waterway, but Salters’ helped to popularise ‘the Thames trip’ between London and Oxford, which was linked to the growth of camping. The firm’s fortunes were also closely tied to the local market and by the late 1880s it had one of the largest fleets of rental craft in the country. Salters’ had to diversify according to changing fashions in pleasure boating, but after the 1920s there was a slow reduction in the number of craft it operated, until it stopped boat-letting altogether in the early 1990s – although this side of the business was revived a decade later, albeit on a smaller scale. Chapter 4 explores the firm’s involvement with passenger services on the waterway. The long-distance steamboat trips took much longer to become established on the Upper Thames, because of the logistical problems caused by having to pass through locks. Salters’ was the first business to make a success of running between Oxford and Kingston and it did this by forging a close association with the railway, which opened up the river to the day-trip market, and by building up its fleet to establish a monopoly over the long-distance journey. The service had to overcome many challenges, but one of the most serious problems it faced was the growth in pleasure boating after the Second World War. Although passenger numbers on the steamers peaked in the 1970s, general traffic on the river also reached record levels, which caused significant delays and forced the firm to end the through-service between Oxford and Kingston. Furthermore, by catering for the growing demand for shorter round trips Salters’ was drawn into direct competition with other companies that were already focused on this market. By the end of the twentieth century, the firm was no longer dominating the waterway and it was heavily reliant on income from both its home city of Oxford and private parties. Chapter 5 examines the extent and significance of the property the firm came to occupy. Salters’ acquired many new properties in order to expand the business and the firm’s success also enabled it to accumulate residential accommodation, which was part of the employment package offered to its staff, as well as being a source of rental income. The commercial sites were useful for preventing competitors from encroaching on the firm’s territory, whilst they were also subsequently used for further development. Most importantly, the property was a reservoir of capital that Salters’ relied upon in times of financial hardship. Chapter 6 focuses on how the workforce evolved in the twentieth century, which sheds light on how the business survived both the industrialisation of Oxford and some of the challenges associated with family firms. Salters’ went from being an employer with a highly skilled and local workforce to one that had fewer specialised craftsmen and which recruited mainly from outside the city. This was symptomatic of the city’s employment market that had been transformed by the motor industry in the interwar period, as well as the firm’s greater focus on its passenger boats, which was connected with it. Salters’ had to be flexible to accommodate the changes, but it was unable to compete with the high wages offered in the car factories and a shortage of local labour meant that it not only struggled to retain employees, particularly its skilled craftsmen, but standards of discipline also deteriorated. Nevertheless, the impact of wage competition was mitigated by the firm’s paternalism and the considerable appeal of working on the passenger boats. The latter offered an enjoyable lifestyle that was very different from the working environment of other waterway communities. The Salter family also played an important part in the survival of their company.
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Books on the topic "Europe – History – 1848"

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Europe reshaped, 1848-1878. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.

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Europe reshaped, 1848-1878. London: Fontana Press, 1986.

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Appelgryn, M. S., Mathys Christoffel Van Zyl, and Theo Van Wijk. Europe, 1555-1848. 2nd ed. Pretoria: Academica, 1986.

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Roberts, Martin. Britain and Europe 1848-1980. Harlow: Longman, 1986.

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Roberts, Martin. Britain and Europe, 1848-1980. Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman, 1986.

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The 1848 Revolutions. 2nd ed. London: Longman, 1991.

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Charlotte, Tacke, and European University Institute, eds. 1848: Memory and oblivion in Europe. Brussels: P.I.E.-P. Lang, 2000.

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Weston, Evans Robert John, and Pogge von Strandmann H, eds. The revolutions in Europe, 1848-1849: From reform to reaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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Loebert, Sönke. Die Entstehung der Verfassungen der dänischen Monarchie (1848-1849). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2012.

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Hobsbawm, E. J. The age of revolution: Europe 1789-1848. London: Abacus, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Europe – History – 1848"

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Boulet, Michel. "13. 1848, 1960, Two Laws for Agricultural Education in France. Essay on Comparisons between the State’s Method of Intervention." In Rural History in Europe, 247–58. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00059.

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Dukes, Paul. "From Reaction towards Liberalism, 1815–1848." In A History of Europe 1648–1948: The Arrival, The Rise, The Fall, 213–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18027-1_8.

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Dukes, Paul. "Nationalism and the Approach of Socialism, 1848–1882." In A History of Europe 1648–1948: The Arrival, The Rise, The Fall, 249–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18027-1_9.

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Van Ginderachter, Maarten. "An Urban Civilization: The Case of Municipal Autonomy in Belgian History 1830–1914." In Nationalism and the Reshaping of Urban Communities in Europe, 1848–1914, 110–30. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230306516_5.

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Porciani, Ilaria, and Lutz Raphael. "Teaching History in 1848." In Atlas of European Historiography, 8–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15744-7_4.

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Neubauer, John. "1848." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 263–91. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xix.30neu.

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Miller, Stuart. "Italy 1796–1848." In Mastering Modern European History, 73–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13789-3_6.

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Miller, Stuart T. "Italy 1796–1848." In Mastering Modern European History, 82–94. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19580-0_6.

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Miller, Stuart. "The revolutions of 1848." In Mastering Modern European History, 105–22. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13789-3_9.

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Miller, Stuart T. "The Revolutions of 1848." In Mastering Modern European History, 123–45. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19580-0_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Europe – History – 1848"

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Cailliez, Matthieu. "Europäische Rezeption der Berliner Hofoper und Hofkapelle von 1842 bis 1849." In Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2019. Paderborn und Detmold. Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar der Universität Paderborn und der Hochschule für Musik Detmold, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25366/2020.50.

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The subject of this contribution is the European reception of the Berlin Royal Opera House and Orchestra from 1842 to 1849 based on German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, Belgian and Dutch music journals. The institution of regular symphony concerts, a tradition continuing to the present, was initiated in 1842. Giacomo Meyerbeer and Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy were hired as general music directors respectively conductors for the symphony concerts in the same year. The death of the conductor Otto Nicolai on 11th May 1849, two months after the premiere of his opera Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor, coincides with the end of the analysed period, especially since the revolutions of 1848 in Europe represent a turning point in the history of the continent. The lively music activities of these three conductors and composers are carefully studied, as well as the guest performances of foreign virtuosos and singers, and the differences between the Berliner Hofoper and the Königstädtisches Theater.
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Batshev, Maxim, and Svetlana Trifonova. "Elena Sergeevna Telepneva and her Daily Notes of a Russian Traveler in 1827 and 1828." In Woman in the heart of Europe: non-obvious aspects of gender in the history and culture of Central Europe and adjacent regions. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0475-6.04.

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Kochukov, Sergey, and Olga Kochukova. "Feminine Ethno-national Personifications in the Austrian Political Caricature of the Period of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)." In Woman in the heart of Europe: non-obvious aspects of gender in the history and culture of Central Europe and adjacent regions. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0475-6.13.

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Öngül, Zehra. "Venetian Walls of Nicosia: Between Kyrenia Gate - Barbaro Bastion." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11417.

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Nicosia today has the characteristics of being the only divided city in Europe. By examining the inside of the walls, one observes that the structure of the city is determined by the circular plan of the walls that were constructed during the Venetian period. There are 11 bastions on the walls and three Venetian gates, namely Kyrenia Gate, Famagusta Gate and Paphos Gate, were originally designed to allow entrance to the city that is encircled by the walls. Nicosia continued to be the islands capital which has fallen under Ottoman rule in between 1571-1878. In the period of British occupation 1878-1960, as a result of the increasing population, the city of Nicosia overflew the walls and developed by spreading beyond the city walls and 8 new passages were opened. The organic fabric of the walled city, with the establishment of buffer zones after the peace operation of 1974, resulted in the division of the island that divided the capital city into two. In 1931, because of the increased vehicle needs through the north side, the walls around the Kyrenia Gate (Porta del Proveditore) were trimmed and designed as a single monumental building. Between Kyrenia Gate and Barbaro bastion wall height is lower than the existing. Public lavatory and 9 small shops were inserted. Sitting steps were designed on the walls and two stairs were constructed to reach these area. To give an access from the moat to the inner city there is a passage. In this context, identifying changes of the Kyrenia Gate-Barbaro bastion site, during this historic period, is the main goal of this study. Decisions with regard to these walls and observations to be made on right places to determine the changes are main focuses of the study.
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Ceastina, Ala. "The outstanding architect Alexander Iosifovich Bernardazzi (1831–1907)." In Patrimoniul cultural: cercetare, valorificare, promovare. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975351379.20.

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This year marks the 190th birthday of the famous Swiss architect of Italian origin A.I. Bernardazzi, who is also known for creating various historic buildings in Ukraine, Bessarabia and Poland. Archival documents were an evidence of the beginning of architectural career of Bernardazzi, when the Bessarabian Road and Construction Commission appointed him as the technician for urban planning of Akkerman and Bendery in 1853 and also for building some bridges and causeways in those districts. He took part in the organization of the third market in the Forest Square in Kishinev in September of 1855. This was the first mission of his creativity in Kishinev. Alexander Bernardazzi executed his duty as municipal architect from 1856 to 1878 having taken the place of another architect Luca Zaushkevich. All his subsequent monumental buildings became the best examples of European architecture by their style, shape, and quality. . In Bessarabia, he participated in the design and construction of many buildings such as the temporal theatre, the Lutheran school, the railway station, the Greek Church, the Manuk-Bei’s palace, etc. As for Kishinev, the architect Bernardazzi performed the beautification of paving many streets, the construction of urban water supply and the cast-iron railing in the city park. Also, he participated in many architects’ meetings where he submitted interesting reports referring to the theater, some windows, fire safety of buildings and so on. After his arrival to Odessa in 1878, Alexander Bernardazzi continued to participate in designing social and civil buildings in Bessarabia. For his enormous creative contribution to urban development, he was appreciated with the title of honorable citizen of Kishinev and appointed member of the Bessarabian department of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.
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