Journal articles on the topic 'Europe – Emigration and immigration – Economic aspects'
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1
Georgiana, Noja Gratiela, and Moroc Andrei. "Labour Mobility Within the Eu: Major Effects and Implications for the Main Sending and Receiving Economies." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p87-100.
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The paper aims to analyse the effects induced by labour mobility within the European Union, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects for major sending and host economies in terms of the overall economic activity, empowering the business enterprise sector and labour market, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, asylum seekers) migration. Labour mobility within the European Union is an important coordinate of the economic integration process and one of the freedoms granted to the member states, with significant consequences upon their economies. Nevertheless, the international labour migration mainly resides from wage differentials, working conditions or opportunities between sending and host economies, thus proving to be an important symbol of global economic inequality. Taking into consideration all these aspects, our analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed (LSDV) and random (ECM) effects models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries and ten New EU Member States, respectively a complex set of indicators compiled during 2000-2014 and 2006-2015. The models are processed through OLS and GLS methods of estimation, as well as by using the correlated panels corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, being completed by in-sample and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances both for natives and foreign population (decreases in employment rates and lowering wage levels). Still, one of the most important positive effects of immigration reflected by the results obtained is represented by an increase in the number of innovative enterprises in the host country, thus confirming the theories linking migration to innovation. In terms of labour emigration, there is evidence to attest that it generates positive effects on the main sending economies from Central and Eastern Europe on the GDP per capita, earnings and exports, especially through remittances, but the overall negative impact is predominant.
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Kacperska, Elżbieta. "Międzynarodowe przepływy siły roboczej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 116 (December 30, 2016): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2016.116.43.
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The aim of the study is to present the trends in international flows of labor and to identify their causes and consequences in the years 2000–2014.The research involved the migration of population: globally, by region and by immigration and emigration. The research is based on the scientific literature as well as descriptive and comparative analysis. International flows of labour were booming in recent years. In 2015, about 4% of the world’s population migrated. Among the causes of this growing phenomenon, the economic aspect is the most important one (labour migration). The target areas for immigrants are mainly the countries of Western Europe (Germany, France) and North America (USA).
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Bade, Klaus J. "Immigration and integration in Germany since 1945." European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000405.
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The immigration pattern in Germany has changed from emigration to immigration. The state has yet to recognize this fact and to come to terms with the social requirements that this entails. Public attitudes emphasize the difficulties that emigrants bring but are insufficiently attuned to the positive economic and cultural aspects of emigration.
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Górny, Agata. "Eastwards EU enlargements and migration transition in Central and Eastern Europe." Geografie 122, no. 4 (2017): 476–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2017122040476.
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Most Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are net-emigration countries, in contrast to Western and Southern European countries, which usually represent net-immigration areas. The economic, demographic and legal outcomes of the 2004 and 2007 EU eastwards enlargements reshaped the migratory context in CEE in many ways. The article demonstrates, however, that in the decade (and more) that has passed since these enlargements, the changes in volumes and patterns of immigration to CEE have not been particularly substantial. This can be linked to the still relatively low economic attractiveness of the CEE region within the EU, and also to the importance of ethnic-based and local movements (but frequently from outside the EU after enlargements) in immigration to this region. These create a basis for, first of all, temporary and circular inflow. The article also acknowledges the diversity in developments in immigration within the CEE region.
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Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.
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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
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Coleman, D. A. "International Migration: Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences in the United Kingdom and Europe." International Migration Review 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 155–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900108.
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People of non-European origin from Commonwealth countries have predominated in postwar immigration to the United Kingdom. That migration neutralized the previously dominant pattern of emigration and increased U.K. population by about 3 million people through immigration and higher fertility, with only slight effects upon the age distribution. Overall economic consequences have never been comprehensively evaluated but are probably minor. Social effects have been more important, arising from the geographical concentration of the immigrants in urban areas, their automatic entitlement to vote, and pervasive measures to enforce racial equality and accommodate new cultural diversity.
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Szoke, László. "Hungarian Perspectives on Emigration and Immigration in the New European Architecture." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600207.
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Since the downfall of the dictatorship, Hungary's approach to migration, traditionally a liberal one, is now mainly shaped by the country's intention to be reintegrated into Europe and, to have its migration practice harmonized with that of the Western democracies. Decisionmakers in Budapest show no great concern about emigration, which is expected to remain relatively insignificant. Attention is therefore concentrated on the possibility of a massive influx of immigrants, especially from the neighboring states. This could easily undermine Hungary's political stability and economic development. The question of international migration can be addressed only in an all-European framework. Experts are convinced that migratory pressures originating in Eastern and Central Europe could be considerably limited by measures taken to guarantee the rights of ethnic minorities.
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Penninx, Rinus. "International migration and related policies in europe 1950 - 2015." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 2 (2016): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1602014p.
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Immigration in Europe has been shaped by: a) its particular development in time; b) the geographical patterns of migration within and towards European countries; and c) the shifting types of migration and characteristics of migrants involved. The first part of this contribution outlines changes in these three basic migration-related factors. Migration outcomes are not haphazard nor are these the result of unhindered economic push and pull factors in a free market. Immigration policies of receiving countries do greatly influence the volume and patterns of migration, the place of settlement and the characteristics of migrants. Regulations on conditions of residence and integration do furthermore influence significantly the position of immigrants in their new destination, among others by setting conditions for their stay (residence rights) and access to the labour market. The second part of this chapter outlines the migration and integration regimes that have been developed by states of different parts of Europe and by the European Union. In conclusion, immigration has become a relevant phenomenon in all EU countries. However, as a consequence of different timing of immigration, different socio-economic contexts and varying governmental migration and integration policies, European countries are confronted with different forms migration (immigration, emigration, transit migration) and with different types of migrants. European states have also developed different governmental policies of migration and integration. Historically, a common denominator in the framing of European policies is that countries do not see themselves as immigration countries; they are immigration countries against their will. In recent times, such framing is reinforced by populist and nationalist movements that see immigrants not only as economic competitors, but also as a threat to the national "culture and world views". The more Europe needs immigrants for economic and demographic reasons, the less they are welcomed for cultural and political reasons.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Korcelli, Piotr. "International Migrations in Europe: Polish Perspectives for the 1990s." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600206.
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This article presents estimates of the size of emigration from Poland during the 1980s as well as projections concerning the migration patterns in the 1990s. The author anticipates a contraction of the volume of population outflow by some 50 percent: from about 100,000 to about 50,000 per year, on the average. These projections are based upon the examination of the role of a number of incentives and barriers to migration, including economic, demographic and political factors. In the final section, prospects concerning immigration to Poland are briefly discussed.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Pinar Yazgan. "Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.201.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.
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Poot, Jacques. "Adaptation of Migrants in the New Zealand Labor Market." International Migration Review 27, no. 1 (March 1993): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700106.
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This article addresses economic aspects of New Zealand immigration during the 1980s. General features are overall net emigration coinciding with high levels of immigration from Asia and Pacific Island countries. Earnings by years in New Zealand profiles for immigrants with selected occupations are steeper for Pacific Island-born males than for other immigrant groups. Although there are few data, there is some evidence that profiles differ between cohorts. Since the level of controlled immigration is likely to be increased and the perceived labor market outcomes are an input in the selection criteria, further research is needed.
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Richmond, Anthony H. "Socio-demographic aspects of globalization: Canadian perspectives on migration." Canadian Studies in Population 29, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p65p5b.
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Trends in Canadian immigration and emigration in the last decade are examined, distinguishing ‘temporary’ and ‘permanent’ movements, economic migrants and refugees. Comparisons are made with those of other OECD countries. Global migration patterns have changed as a result of post-industrial technologies. Although money, goods and services may move relatively freely, people do not. Processes of inclusion and exclusion occur within and between countries and regions. A typology of migrant incorporation is presented. Questions of human security and border controls are considered. Recommendations are made concerning the protection of migrant human rights.
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Jeannet, Anne-Marie. "A threat from within? Perceptions of immigration in an enlarging European Union." Acta Sociologica 63, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699319890652.
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Scholars have taken a considerable interest in how global immigration to Europe generates public concern, but we still know little about the role that migration from within the European region has in fueling apprehensions. To better understand this, I examine how public attitudes towards immigration have responded to migration following the European Union’s most extensive enlargement along its eastern border in 2004. Using recent advances in multilevel modeling, this article analyzes the longitudinal, cross-sectional relationship between east–west internal European migration on public attitudes towards the economic and cultural aspects of immigration in Western Europe using individual-level data from the European Social Survey (2004–2014). The results demonstrate that growing populations of Central and Eastern European foreigners have contributed to Western Europeans’ perception of immigration as an economic threat, even when taking into account simultaneous immigration from outside Europe. Moreover, the relationship between east–west immigration and an individual’s perception of immigration as a threat is conditional upon their socio-economic status. These findings underscore how within-European immigration in Western Europe has become consequential to the public’s attitudes about immigration more generally.
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DANA, Hazer, Tomor ÇELA, Addhe KRASNIQI, and Vloran CENAJ. "Economic and Tourist Effects of External Migration in Kosovo." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.2(50).26.
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Recently, almost all over the world, migratory movements have become a persistent and very intensive process, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Significant differences in terms of economic, social, political, and demographic development between different countries have affected the intensity of migration. Migration is supplemented by various effects, especially in the economic and social aspects. Kosovo is considered as one of the most underdeveloped countries of the Balkan Peninsula and intrinsically faces large population emigration. Being a small country, Kosovo counts about 1.7 million inhabitants, out of which 700,000-800,000 people were born in Kosovo, but living abroad. Accordingly, the focus of this paper relies on the economic and tourism effects that bring the emigration of people to different countries of Europe and beyond. This emigration is followed up by both positive and negative effects. Emigration has affected the improvement of living conditions for many families, investments in birthplaces, the endowment of various national contributions, continuous assistance and support to the family, remittances, etc. Emigration also has an impact on the development of tourism in Kosovo. Although Kosovo is at its initial stages of tourism development, the influx of emigrants in the homeland during the holidays but also in other periods during the year considerably affects the increase of revenues in the tourism sector.
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Och, Jarosław. "Specific aspects of European and Polish migrations at the begging of the 21st century." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.07.
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The text focuses on the migration in the European Union and in Poland at the begging of the 21st century. It aims to prove that even if the reasons and consequences of migration are varied, they have significantly shaped the development of human civilization and have been a part of human socialization. Furthermore, this text points out that the phenomena of globalization and democratization have affected the population movement and caused new patterns of contemporary migration. The European Union is a great example of cooperation between different countries in order to realize the principle of free population movement, which was put to the test over past years. Additionally, this article characterizes the Polish migration, especially the inflow of immigrants to Poland. Poland has become an emigration and an attractive immigration country. This text revels also the consequences of migration in modern Europe.
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Gruszczak, Artur. "Sweden and the Migration Crisis: Political and Security Aspects." Studia Europejskie - studies in European Affairs 24, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.3.2020.3.
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This article aims to make an insight into the conditions of immigration policy and actions undertaken by the Swedish authorities and political parties in the face of the migration crisis in Europe after 2015. A hypothesis presented here assumes that a decisive evolution of the attitudes of the Swedish authorities, political parties, and society towards a restrictive approach to immigration arose from the awareness of the negative consequences of migration management for the Swedish socio-economic model and the political scene. The theoretical framework used in this article is the concept of policy responsiveness, including the ability of political authorities to respond effectively and lawfully to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Process tracing was applied as a research method useful for following the transformation process of Sweden’s immigration policy. Statistical data, documents issued by the government and political parties, as well as the subject literature were the sources utilised in the research. Conclusions drawn from the research point to the tightening of immigration policy as a result of the fear of a prolonged pull effect on foreigners and concern surrounding the appropriate handling of immigration in full accordance with the adopted model of immigration policy.
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Nikitovic, Vladimir. "Migration transition in Serbia: demographic perspective." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302187n.
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From the demographic point of view, the future of Serbia's population is relatively certain at least in the next three to four decades. However, the decreasing and ageing of the population are considered to be very certain processes in the much longer term. Although replacement fertility is an essential condition for long-term survival of any population, it is shown that only an immigration impulse could enable desired effects of the potential fertility recovery in Serbia in the longer perspective. Such a migration transition (from net emigration to net immigration) would inevitably lead to increased socio-cultural diversity and require the development of integration strategies. If successful, policies to stimulate an increase in net migration provide an almost instant result. Apart from old immigration countries from Western Europe, this was the case with new immigration destinations located in Mediteranean and Central Europe, including some former socialist countries. When evaluating the future trend of international migration balance of Serbia, the experiences of the latter countries is used. The population dynamics model created for the purpose of the paper is based upon the probabilistic concept of projecting vital components. The main conclusion is that there is no demographic alternative to the migration transition in Serbia when it comes to sustainability of the social security systems in the coming decades, but the realization of such a scenario is still not clear from today's perspective, given the existing limitations of the socio-economic nature.
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Андрющенко, К. Д. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PECULIARITIES OF THE MIGRATION POLICY OF RUSSIA." Финансовые Исследования, no. 1(74) (June 24, 2022): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54220/finis.1991-0525.2022.74.1.010.
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Цель. Представленная статья направлена на исследование возможности разработки качественно нового подхода к понятию эмиграции как приоритетной области миграционного регулирования Российской Федерации. Структура/методология/подход. Основные положения современной миграционной политики России в большинстве своем затрагивают вопросы регулирования иммиграционных процессов, в то время как усиливающийся из года в год эмиграционный отток российских граждан остается без должного внимания. В связи с этим возникает объективная необходимость в качественно новом подходе к понятию эмиграции, предусматривающем конкретные рекомендации по урегулированию эмиграционных процессов. Исследование основано на оценке и статистическом анализе официальных фактических и прогнозируемых данных Росстата о тенденциях развития эмиграционных процессов России. Методологической основой исследования послужили ключевые положения Концепции национальной миграционной политики на 2019-2025 гг., а также предложения к миграционной стратегии России до 2035 г. Результаты. В исследовании определены и охарактеризованы основные вызовы социально-экономическому и финансовому развитию России от продолжающейся эскалации масштабов эмиграционного оттока граждан за рубеж. Выявлены проблемные аспекты национального миграционного регулирования в области эмиграции, предложены конкретные рекомендации по их возможной нейтрализации, а также принципы, на основе которых может осуществляться практическое внедрение предлагаемых рекомендаций. Практические последствия. Выводы и обобщения исследования могут быть использованы при формулировании отдельных положений миграционной стратегии, а также при разработке конкретных предложений по совершенствованию национальной миграционной политики в области регулирования эмиграционных процессов. Оригинальность/значение. Научная значимость состоит в том, что представленные в работе результаты могут послужить для дальнейших теоретических разработок проблем развития эмиграционных процессов России. Практическая значимость состоит в разработке рекомендаций по совершенствованию национального миграционного законодательства в области регулирования эмиграции. The presented article is aimed at exploring the possibility of developing a qualitatively new approach to the concept of emigration as a priority area of migration regulation in the Russian Federation. The main provisions of the modern Russia’s migration policy, for the most part, affect the regulation of immigration processes, while the emigration outflow of Russian citizens, which is increasing from year to year, actually remains without due attention. In this regard, there is an objective need for a qualitatively new approach to the concept of emigration, which provides for specific measures to regulate emigration processes. The study is based on an assessment and statistical analysis of official actual and forecasted data from Rosstat on the trends in the development of Russia’s emigration processes. The methodological basis of the study was the key provisions of the National Migration Policy Concept for 2019-2025, as well as proposals for the Russian migration strategy until 2035. The study identifies and characterizes the main challenges to the socio-economic and financial development of Russia from the ongoing escalation of the scale of the emigration outflow of citizens abroad. The problematic aspects of national migration regulation in the field of emigration are identified, specific recommendations are proposed for their possible neutralization, as well as the principles on the basis of which the proposed recommendations can be implemented in practice. The conclusions and generalizations of the study can be used in the formulation of certain provisions of the migration strategy, as well as in the development of specific proposals for improving the national migration policy in the field of regulating emigration processes. The scientific significance lies in the fact that the results presented in the work can serve for further theoretical development of the problems of the development of emigration processes in Russia. The practical significance lies in the development of recommendations for improving the national migration legislation in the field of emigration processes regulation.
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Khomutenko, L., and O. Ieremenko. "MULTICULTURALISM AS A DERIVATIVE PHENOMENON OF LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 1 (2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.1-9.
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The article explores the essence of multiculturalism and its place in the politics of the European Union. This article looks at aspects of the impact of migration flows on countries of the world and world politics. It reveals the scope and main directions of international labor migration. The purpose of the article is to investigate the economic indicators of the countries most affected by irregular migration flows and to develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of employment in international relations. Analyzing and summarizing the results of scientific works and research of domestic and foreign scholars, the tendency of characteristic changes of multiculturalism as part of cultural relations was considered. Several consequences of international labor migration from different countries are described. The importance of multiculturalism policy for international economic relations has been proved. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of multicultural policy development in EU countries. Keywords: multiculturalism, migration, labor migration, emigration, immigration, economic migrants.
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Nowotnik, Dariusz. "Migracje zagraniczne w krajach Unii Europejskiej w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 18 (January 1, 2011): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.18.5.
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Migration, or the movement of population, aimed at temporary or permanent change of residence (PWN) and has always accompanied the mankind. There are various reasons for migration, mainly economic and political. Sometimes the population moves to experience other cultures and countries (tourism – migration). The intensity of migration movement and its direction reflects the economic status, stage of development, and social conditions in these areas. Countries which are attractive to tourists and have a good tourist base are characterized by a well-developed economy and low unemployment, as well as an attractive geographical location which makes them the most desirable places for migration. On the other hand, countries which are still passing the structural changes in the national economy, having a non-oriented domestic and foreign policy, faced with demographic problems and unemployment, located in very attractive geographic areas, are the countries attracting the immigrants. Such dependence can be seen between the countries of Western and Central Europe and Eastern European countries. The change of some factors, or destabilization of the overall situation in the world (as it happened in 2007 as a result of the global economic crisis) causes the profound changes in migration flows and hence the need to change the approach to immigration by individual countries. However, migration (depending on its type) can cause gains or losses for the immigration and emigration countries as the changing global economic situation is becoming increasingly important.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Pinar Yazgan. "Türk göç kültürü: Türkiye ile Almanya arasında göç hareketleri, sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve çatışma - Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict." Migration Letters 9, no. 4 (December 6, 2012): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i4.123.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places. [IN TURKISH]Bu makalede Türkiye’nin, son 50 yıl içinde Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç etmiş Türk ve Kürt göçmenlerin çocukları da dahil olmak üzere yeni göçmenler için bir destinasyon haline gelişini irdeliyoruz. Sosyal, ekonomik ve insani bir güvensizlik ortamının varlığı, son 50 yıldaki Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bugün ise Türk toplumundaki, ekonomisindeki ve güvenliğindeki değişimler ülkeye göçmen çekmektedir. Geçmişte, etnik çatışmalar göçü belirleyen faktörlerden biriydi ve bunlar bugün de sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve Kürt göçmenlerin göçü arasındaki ilişkiyi etkilemektedir. Ancak, Türkiye ekonomisinin büyümesi ve sosyal özgürlüklerin artışı Türkiye’ye göçü desteklemektedir. Türkiye’ye göç, Almanya ve diüer ülkelerden geri dönüş göçüyle birlikte ikinci ve üçüncü kuşak Türklerin göçünü de kapsamakatadır.
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Салем, Д. Н. "The Middle East as a reserve for migration to Western countries and the migration center in Asia." Grani 22, no. 4 (June 26, 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171940.
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Migration is the most common social phenomenon in the modern world. First of all it helps people to improve their financial situation and living conditions. Besides, the decision on migration can be taken due to the unstable safety in the country. The paper presents the migration process from and to the Middle East, in particularly the process of emigration to Western Europe (mainly illegal emigration of refugees, emigration of elite and religious minorities). Moreover, it shows the migration process to the countries of the Middle East, especially in the context of economic migration in the Persian Gulf, taking into consideration features, forms, sources and consequences of this phenomenon. The main hypothesis of the presented concept is the assumption that migration directly affects international relations and is often associated with risk. The issue of migration in many Western countries has become an important and urgent issue related to security and terrorism. Therefore, the European Union began to perceive the flow of illegal migrants as a source of risk that could be a threat to European safety. One should realize that analyzed phenomenon affects almost all aspects of the functioning of society. Moreover, we should emphasize the inestimable economic potential brought by immigrants, especially because of the society aging in Western Europe. Consequently, it is necessary to establish agreements between EU countries and countries-exporters of immigrants, not only on a bilateral basis, but also at a multilateral level. In the countries of emigrants there is no elaborated migration policy, besides there are no signs of improvement in the political, economic and social situation in the Middle East – on the contrary the situation is worsening, that will certainly contribute to an increase of emigrants who want to leave the region.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, and Neli Esipova. "Turkish migration in Europe and desire to migrate to and from Turkey." BORDER CROSSING 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v3i1.522.
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Turkey’s accession to the European Union has turned out to be a very long saga. One of the concerns in Europe is that Turkey’s membership would open the way for millions of immigrants from Turkey arriving in Western European member states, as was believed to be the case with Eastern European enlargement in the 2000s. This paper focuses on migration flows and causes of human mobility while drawing upon the Gallup World Poll on migration in Europe with particular reference to the data on desire to migrate permanently from Turkey and to Turkey. The Gallup World Poll is an on-going project surveying residents in more than 150 countries on a variety of topics including international mobility. The full data set includes over 400,000 face-to-face interviews conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Despite exceptions with different sample sizes, in each of the 160 countries 3,000 cases were collected as part of a larger survey. Turkish respondents have lower desire to emigrate compared to the rest of the world while Iranians and Germans are top groups who desire to migrate to Turkey. The data shows that Turkey has been a growing economy and attracting immigration while also producing emigration. Turkey’s overall socio-economic and political record suggests that the desire to migrate from Turkey will continue despite recent economic advances. Nevertheless, the Gallup data shows that the level of desire to migrate in Turkey is remarkably lower than many neighbouring countries and Europe.
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Sulhan, Ahmad. "Islam Kontemporer: Antara Reformasi Dan Revolusi Peradaban." Ulumuna 12, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v12i1.395.
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The 19th and 20th centuries were periods for main transformation in Muslim history: periods of degradation and conquest, independence and revolution, renaissance and reform. Toward the 19th century, world power moved from Muslim world to Europe. It was remarked by emerging power of British, France, Spain, Russia, Netherlands, Italy and Portuguese. They dominated Muslim societies in Asia, Africa, and Middle East in economic, military, politic and ideological aspects. Muslim societies’ responses to Europe domination were diverse from rejection and confrontation to emigration and non-cooperative attitudes of traditional Muslim. They planned reform, reconstructed Islamic thinking and beliefs, reformed theology and Islamic law, and emphasized Muslim’s self-esteem significance, unity and solidarity in facing cultural threats and Europe colonialism. However, not few secular Muslims and reformers, were proud and greatly imitated Europe civilization and cultures. They did secularization that ended khalifah system in order to reconstruct Muslim societies.
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Sheryazdanova, Kamilla. "Illegal Immigration and Fight against Illegal Migration in Member States of the European Union." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2015-0015.
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Abstract In the modern world, processes of migration are expected to contribute to economic development, the interchange of progressive technologies and knowledge as well as the blending of cultures. Solving the problems linked to migration processes is an important task to be accomplished by various state policies of European Union member countries. Both internal and external reasons explain why such policies are treated with much consideration nowadays. The present paper describes the development of European Union regulations on immigration and asylum, while tackling certain - primarily legal - aspects of immigration policies, too. Its conclusion based on the discussion of processes and legal provisions relates to the possible future of Europe.
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Grenčiková, Adriana, Ilona Skačkauskienė, and Jana Španková. "THE FEATURES OF LABOR EMIGRATION FROM THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." Business: Theory and Practice 19 (November 20, 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2018.27.
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Migration is historically a social phenomenon that not only has a significant effect on politics, economics, and social aspects but also presents challenges to the security of states and alters population composition in countries. Labor migration and its investigation are becoming a society-wide phenomenon because of the labor force shortage as well as the aging population. The Slovak Republic is a country that faces the outflow of qualified workers abroad, and the country’s index of aging is one of the most dynamic in Europe. The current study aims at examining the relations and the reasons for emigration to work from the Slovak Republic. To identify the causes of labor emigration in the Slovak Republic, a survey was conducted to explore the decisions of people to emigrate for work, the duration of the stay abroad and the possibility of returning to Slovakia. This study also analyses the relationship between GDP growth and improvement of the economic situation in Slovakia, the number of labor emigrants, as well as the relationship between the minimum wage and the number of labor migrants.
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Majchrzak, Magdalena, Jan Nikołajew, Michał Urbas, and Elżbieta Wulbach. "Socio-economic and cultural aspects of migration in the light of contemporary problems." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2017.020.
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Migration as a social phenomenon is a subject of interest to many disciplines. The fundamental question is: in which categories do we perceive the current wave of immigration in Europe. Perhaps it is a permanent migration crisis, as well in the social as in the the economic dimension or perhaps it is only a conjunctural issue. Part of European countries calculates that along with immigrants new jobs will appear, it will result in economic revival. It means that immigrants can stimulate economic but also cultural development. Therefore, you should "take a look" at the process of the migration in the micro and the macro scale. Taking into account this point of view, you should also analyze the phenomenon of contemporary migration in the multicultural context and through the adaptation processes. In their new social environment they will have to function without triggering hostility and aggression. The process of socio-professional adaptation is long and therefore it will force curren monitoring of the social and economic sciences.
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Richards, Eric. "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?" Journal of British Studies 32, no. 3 (July 1993): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386032.
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One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.
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Костєнніков, Дмитро. "Theoretical-conceptual basis of the mechanism of public regulation of qualified labor immigration." Public administration aspects 8, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152007.
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The modern progress of the process of integration of Ukraine into the European space explains the objectivity of supporting this process with the phenomenon of immigration. This state of affairs increases the attention of scientists to the study of the impact of immigration on the economic, socio-political, legal state of the state and raises issues of national security and national interests. Ukraine needs to develop a long-term state immigration policy, which will result in the country's real readiness for the immigration process and the resolution of any problematic issues related to that process. As international experience shows, the migration of skilled labor has both positive and negative aspects. Without proper management mechanism and the basis, the state's unwillingness to immigration, both legal and illegal, the state suffers losses and is exposed to negative criminogenic phenomena. Instead, if it is prepared, the state can receive financial contributions to its own budget from the labor of immigrants, without incurring losses and costs for their maintenance. Theoretical and conceptual understanding of the problem of immigration of skilled labor in Ukraine is necessary for solving theoretical and practical problems for making administrative decisions, in particular on the issues of employment of immigrants, creation of appropriate national and regional immigration policy and prevention of illegal migration, economic security of the state, its economic and social interests. Today, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive study of the issue of public regulation of skilled labor immigration, taking into account both European legislation and other regions of the world. The integration of Ukraine into European and international institutions requires bringing its current immigration legislation into line with European and international standards. The countries of Europe have already gone through the appropriate stages of the influx of labor and have emerged from the crisis states that this leads to, so as never before, it is important to gain a positive experience in solving this problem in Ukraine.
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Bulatov, A., A. Gabarta, and E. Sergeev. "Global Financial Centers as Channels for International Labor Migrant Inflow into Cities of Europe." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 10 (2021): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-122-132.
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Europe is the leading region of international immigration (after Asia). Most of immigrants to Europe are directed to its cities, particularly to global ones. One of the typical characteristics of global cities is the availability of global financial centers. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the role of global financial centers as channels of international labor migration to the cities of Western and Eastern Europe. The research is pursued on the basis of global cities’ concept, with special attention to the pulling effects of global financial centers. London, Dublin, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Warsaw are taken as cities for research. The investigation is focused on such aspects of global financial centers as their impact on composition and dynamics of labor migration to the above mentioned cities, influence of this workforce on business and social life of the cities, adaptation problems of migrants in the cities of their accommodation. The authors come to a conclusion that Brexit will not radically diminish the pulling effect of London global financial center for qualified immigrants, though some international companies will continue moving from London to continental financial centers and partially to Dublin. Another conclusion is that cosmopolitan environment is important for qualified migrants to global financial centers including the extent of English, high level of living and culture conditions, freedom of movement. Some comparisons of those global financial centers with Moscow are made in the final part of the paper. On the authors’ opinion, the position of Moscow global financial center is dual from the point of international labor migration. On the one hand, economic and political aspects (low growth rates, Western sanctions, high volatility of ruble) as well as cultural aspects (insufficient extent of English) hamper its development. On the other hand, in the last years, Moscow has been lifting in the ranking of global financial centers without high immigration of foreign qualified labor, like Warsaw and Dublin. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project no. 19-18-00251.
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Vasyltsiv, Taras, Ruslan Lupak, and Olha Levytska. "Trends and Characteristics of the Migration From Ukraine to Poland: The Aspect of Rural Areas and Conclusion for State Migration Policy." Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 1 (186) (January 20, 2020): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir012020/03.
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The authors describe modern global migration trends in Europe and in particular in Poland. The problems and risks for the functioning and development of rural areas of Poland during the strengthening of emigration attitudes and internal mobility of the population are identified. The aspects of the Ukrainian migration as a resource for levelling labour-deficit trends in the Polish labour market are substantiated. The official data of the Office for Foreigners in Poland, the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, the Department of Statistics of the National Bank of Poland, individual organisations for the study of migration between the Ukraine and Poland are presented and the growing volumes and the scale of external labour migration of Ukrainians to Poland are stated (it is shown that today there are about 1.3 million Ukrainians in Poland, which at about 3.5% of the population is a significant value); key changes in the qualitative and structural characteristics of migration are shown. The main parameters of permanent and labour migration of Ukrainians to rural areas in Poland are characterised. An important conclusion is that, despite still low volumes, there are positive trends and the structural characteristics of Ukrainian emigration to rural areas of Poland are improving. The results of the analysis of the quantitative characteristics of Ukrainian labour migration are presented in the context of their employment in types of Poland’s economic activity such as agriculture,forestry, fishery and hunting. The authors determine features and problematic aspects of this migration. The recommendations regarding the development of joint Ukrainian-Polish practices and regulatory and guidance provisions, as well as the priority tools of migration policy, focused on meeting the socio-economic interests of both countries, are justified.
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Sulaberidze, Avtandil. "MIGRATION OF GEORGIAN POPULATION AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE THIRD DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.011.
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An important role of migration in the world as well as in local predictable changes, with regard to certain countries’ population, indicates to the challenge of migratory processes. In order to explain the causes of migration, with the aim of its optimization and regulation, there were formulated various theories and concepts regarding the migration. From among these concepts, we have employed the neoclassical theory of migration and the theory of migratory transition, as well as the concept of the third demographic transition. In the process of the formation of Georgian population, migration played, and still does, a significant part in influencing the growth rate of the Georgian population’s size. If natural increase was the main component in terms of the size formation of the Georgian population during 1960-1991, from 1992 up until today, external migration assumed the same role. Since 1992, the low natural increase can no longer compensate for the negative net migration as a consequence of which the Georgian population has decreased by 3723.5 thousand persons by 2019. On the one hand, since 1992, Georgia has belonged to the list of the countries that are demographically developed and on the verge of depopulation. On the other hand, because of the high intensity of emigration, it is among the donor countries which supply the developed countries with emigrants. Socio-economic analysis of the migratory processes that are associated with Georgian population has showed us that Georgia’s economy is characterized by a high share of labor in comparison to capital and by low market income, whereas the highly-developed countries of Europe are distinguished by the opposite tendency – the low share of labor compared to the capital and higher market income. This is directly linked to the neoclassical theory of migration, and the mentioned distinction forces Georgian population to emigrate toward the highly-developed foreign countries. Furthermore, decrease of work-force together with its human capital did not cause a significant growth of their income. In spite of the fact that the salary of the Georgian emigrants (especially illegal ones) is small in the highly- developed countries, in comparison to Georgia, European countries offer substantially higher salaries even on the low-qualification jobs than the actual salaries of a worker employed on the high-qualification jobs in Georgia will ever be. This difference is the main reason as to why the emigrants refrain from returning to their homeland. A sociological survey has confirmed that emigration from Georgia, besides economic factors, is associated with such social-demographic factors of migration as are: receiving education, exile, and the desire to live in better conditions, etc. These factors substantially determine the positive of migration in the receiving highly-developed countries and negative – in Georgia. Therefore, the more distinction there is between the positive and negative factors of migration, the higher the expected emigration to the other countries and the possibility of staying there. According to the current statistical information with regard to the materials of the 2014 population census, the article demonstrates the dynamics and tendency of the migration of the Georgian population since the country gained its independence up until today. It analyzes migrants’ sex-age structure. It has been revealed that the emigration is especially intensive amid the population that is in their reproductive age and is able- bodied. Moreover, it is related to social-economic factors. The sociological research conducted on students showed us that 42% of them intend to emigrate abroad after they graduate during 2018-2020. Additionally, working is the primary motive for boys as studying is for girls. After receiving education abroad, the half of them intend to return to homeland provided they can find a job with a decent salary in Georgia. Net migration has decreased at the expense of the immigration of foreign citizens and not at the cost of illegal Georgian citizens. In the aftermath of a short-term visa- liberalization within the territory of the EU, emigration from Georgia has increased, which is confirmed by the growth of the negative net migration from 2212 to 10763 inhabitants in 2017-2018. This, in turn, will reduce the population reproduction potential in Georgia and through “brain drain” the country will lose its human capital that possesses higher education. Therefore, it is still early to draw conclusions with regard to improving the perspectives of emigration and immigration of Georgian population.
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Czymara, Christian S. "Propagated Preferences? Political Elite Discourses and Europeans’ Openness toward Muslim Immigrants." International Migration Review 54, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 1212–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319890270.
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Immigration is among the most vividly discussed topics in Europe’s national parliaments in recent years, often with a particular emphasis on the inflow of Muslims. This article examines the link between articulations of national political parties (political elite discourses) and natives’ attitudes toward immigrants in Europe. It provides a nuanced view of this relationship by (i) distinguishing more (inclusionary) from less (exclusionary) immigration-friendly political elites and (ii) isolating natives’ openness toward two specific groups: Muslim immigrants and ethnically similar immigrants. Combining the European Social Survey with party manifesto data and other sources, the analysis reveals that political elite discourses perform better in explaining natives’ attitudes compared to national demographic or economic aspects. Native Europeans’ attitudes toward Muslim immigrants are more hostile in countries where political elites are more exclusionary and more welcoming where political elites are more inclusionary. In contrast, Europeans’ views on ethnically similar immigrants seem largely unaffected by exclusionary political elites. These findings suggest that political elites can play an important role in fostering or impeding immigrant integration by shaping public opinion, particularly toward more marginalized immigrant groups.
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Diner, Hasia. "The Encounter between Jews and America in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781411000442.
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The period after 1870 through the middle of the 1920s, the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, coincided with the mass migration of Jews to the United States. Nearly three million Jews, primarily from eastern Europe, overwhelmed the numerically small Jewish community already resident in America. Of the Jews who left Europe in those years, approximately 85 percent opted for the United States, a society that took some of its basic characteristics from the particular developments of this transitional historical period. This essay focuses on five aspects of Gilded Age and Progressive Era America and their impact on the Jews. These features of American society both stimulated the mass migration and made possible a relatively harmonious, although complicated, integration. Those forces included the broader contours of immigration, the nation's obsession with race, its vast industrial and economic expansion, its valorization of religion, and its two-party system in which neither the Democrats or the Republicans had any stake in demonizing the growing number of Jewish voters.
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KURYLIAK, Vitalina, and Maksym KURYLIAK. "«NEW ECONOMY» IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, INFORMATION AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT." Vol 18, No 4 (2019) 18, Vol 18, No 4 (2019) (December 2019): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2019.04.397.
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The article deals with the innovative mechanism of the new economy in the aspects of regional and national peculiarities of its functioning in the global and EU space. The general tendency of strengthening the orientation of national economies towards international trade in services, internationalization of research networks and expansion of creative human resources have been determined. Contrarily, evaluating the results of the Lisbon Strategy has demonstrated the need to prioritize employment, productivity and social cohesion to achieve global leadership. The concentration of scientific and technical potential of the leading countries of the international market on breakthroughs for economic development is an important tendency in the conditions of globalization. It has been shown that the implementation of new economy ideas sharpens competition for the skilled labour as a major component in research, innovation and entrepreneurship. At the same time, there are processes of transition from being an emigration country to being an immigration one. A comparison of EU and Chinese investment policy has been made, demonstrating the potential of using national sources, community mutual funds and fiscal federalization. It has been argued that the development of innovative products through the integration of science and production is an important factor in the development of new economy.
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Siedlanowski, Paweł. "Emigration to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as a Perceived Opportunity by Young People." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2021-0015.
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Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The article is devoted to factors influencing the migration decisions of young Poles to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and to showing the differences in their perception of the country of emigration and the country of immigration. The elements of youth policy in Poland and the Netherlands were also presented. The hypothesis adopted in the paper was that the decisions of young people in the labor market are mainly influenced by short-term financial aspects. Materials and methods: The observations and assessments used in the article were formulated based on the research literature on the subject, the statistical data collected by the institutions of Poland, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the European Union, a questionnaire survey and own experiences gained from mobility. Results: The article outlines the course of migration trends of Poles and presents the causes of changes in the choice of the destination country for migration. It presents factors encouraging young people to take up employment in the country and those encouraging them to search a job abroad, specifically in the Netherlands. The barriers and facilities that may be encountered by young people seeking employment in the labor market in both countries were indicated. The reasons for the emigration of young people from Poland were discussed based on the results of the current study, that is a 400-person research sample obtained from an online survey. The aim of the study was to identify three important factors influencing the decision to emigrate and to evaluate this decision. Conclusions: The conducted analysis shows the complexity of the problems of migration of young people. Economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors have a significant influence on the decisions made. From the point of view of young people, the unattractive domestic labor market in terms of finance and development, and all the resulting consequences are the biggest problems.
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Pikul, Hanna. "Conceptual field and essential characteristics of immigration in the context of modernity." Public administration aspects 8, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1520108.
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The author of the article, based on the study of the works of domestic and foreign scientists, generalized the study of the conceptual field of immigration. Indeed, over the past decades, Ukraine has become one of the largest suppliers of emigrants to Europe and the United States. At the same time, now the state policy of Ukraine is aimed at the development of immigration processes, which motivated the study of this phenomenon in the domestic science "Public Administration and Administration".The author also investigated the theoretical determination of the concept of "immigration", its characteristics according to various features: dynamics, scale and structure of immigration processes (the number of immigrants, their gender and age composition), factors of stimulating immigration, the characteristic features of the formation of the modern labor market and the directions of development of modern immigration processes.The author argues that many scientific works are devoted to the study of a wide range of issues of theoretical and applied aspects of labor migration. Recently, the issues of a comprehensive analysis of the current migration situation in Ukraine, assessment of the impact of migration on demographic and socio-economic development, forecasting migration of the population, ethnic composition of the population and factors of its dynamics have been studied. In connection with the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the military events in the East of Ukraine, which were caused by the aggressor country Russia (since 2014), the topic of not only internal migration of the Ukrainian population, but also the return of Donetsk residents from the CIS countries to Ukraine, has become relevant.The massive incidence of infectious coronavirus disease in humanity in 2020 posed new challenges to the government of Ukraine related to the immigration of our compatriots from foreign countries, which are introducing a strict quarantine regime amid the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the author, the study of the conceptual field and essential characteristics in the context of modernity is relevant, which determined the choice of the topic of the article.
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Dén-Nagy, Ildikó. "Trust and social capital research in Hungarian economic sociology, 1995-2012. A literature review." Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2013.01.06.
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The concepts of social networks, social capital and trust and their impact on the economic arrangements and performance of nascent capitalist economies have raised many research questions in the post-socialist countries of Europe. The following paper is designed to summarize the directions and conclusions of the empirical research which has been carried out in connection with trust and social capital in Hungary between 1995 and 2012. To maintain a clear and narrow focus, this literature review pays attention only to those papers that undertake analysis in the field of economy. This includes such research that is designed to investigate the trust and social capital-related aspects of economic transactions, economic behaviors and attitudes. Correspondingly, papers that discuss issues like trust in democratic institutions (e.g. Boda, Medve-Bálint 2012), the effects of social capital on social inequality (e.g. Lengyel, Bartha, 2000; Bartus, 2001), on efficiency in education (e.g. Fényes, 2008), on wage income (e.g. Sik, 2004; Hermann, Kopasz, 2011) or trust and social capital from the perspective of immigration (e.g. Gödri, 2010; Göncz, Lengyel, Tóth, 2012) are omitted intentionally. I also leave out of consideration the wide range of literature which focuses on corruption (e.g. a recent social capital-related paper by Szántó, Tóth, Varga, 2012). Although the phenomenon of corruption is closely related to the question of trust, relationship networks and social capital and has been intensively researched in post-socialist countries, including Hungary, research about corruption is a distinct literature within economic sociology which is too broad to be discussed substantively in the frame of this paper.
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Chernov, Gennadiy. "European Populism: A Communicative Aspect." Studies in Media and Communication 7, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v7i1.4346.
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This paper deals with the growing populism movement in Europe. This movement is critical of the European Union and its certain economic and immigration policies. The studies dominant in the field look at different communicative aspects of these phenomena. They point at styles and rhetoric related to populism and failures of the pro-EU forces to communicate effectively why these policies are right and populist citizens are wrong.This paper argues that the problem is not in successes or failures of communication per se, but in shutting out many European citizens from the debate in the public sphere. Not finding reflections of the concerns in the media and policies, and having fewer options to relay their messages to elites perceived to be in power in the EU, these citizens become ‘populist citizens’, and they start voting for populist parties in growing numbers.The article concludes that studies of a communicative aspect of populism need not only discuss mediation, but the policies related to this mediation. Policies may be successful only when people accept them after a free debate. That is what was in the heart of the communicative acts in European history.
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Lela Tetradze, Lela Tetradze. "Employment and Unemployment Markers in the Current Situation." Economics 104, no. 6-9 (October 15, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/6-9/20216919.
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One of the major challenges for the economic development of Georgia is how to increase the rate of employment and decrease the rate of unemployment. At the current stage of economic and social development of Georgia, it is very important to raise an employment rate and to decrease an unemployment rate. This complex problem is subject to constant changes over time. Therefore, the continuous research in this field is and will stay very important. It is a priority for the economic development of the country to make relevant political steps to decrease unempoyment and increase employment. In order to develop efficient economic policy to decrease unemployment and increase employment, it is important to conduct a thorough market analysis and implement necessary steps to get better results. This article analyzes the current situation in terms of employment and unemployment, provides relevant latest data and describes the existing circumstances based on the analysis of these data. In this article, the focus is made on an important issue affecting unemployment, such as migration processes. Both external and internal migration makes an important impact on the current unemployment rate in the country. Internal migration may lead to positive as well as negative consequences. The article indicates that the consequences are considered to be positive, if the population migration is directed from the regions with the surplus of workforce to the regions with the shortage of workforce, which certainly leads to the lower unemployment rate in the country; on the other hand, the consequences are negative when an excessive number of people are migrating from certain regions, making it impossible to develop these regions in the future; also such migration increases the population in the big cities, which leads to worsened leaving conditions and poor municipal services in these cities. Besides, the article focuses on external migration processes: emigration and immigration as important aspects affecting the unemployment. Both of them have positive and negative consequences. In case of emigration, a positive consequence can be if the surplus of the workforce is leaving the country. This decreases the rate of unemployment; while the negative consequences will entail, if the workforce of employment age, mainly young people, are leaving the country. This creates a problem in the country with a low birth rate and puts even the population replacement under danger. It is well known that migration of the population influences the demographic structure of the population. The migration mostly involves the population of working age, mainly young people. The population increases in regions which are receiving migrants. Namely, the ratio of young population is increasing. In the regions from which people are emigrating, the absolute number of population is decreasing and withing the age structure, the ratio of elderly population is increasing. Besides, the article reviews a negative impact inflicted by COVID-19, declared as the world pandemic by the World Health Orgrnization, on different social and economic aspects of the country. The article also discusses the main challenges of the labor market – the high rate of unemployment, the employment structure and a low productivity of self-employed. For the past few years, there have been drastic demographic changes, which results in a decreased workforce. These demographic changes are caused by people leaving the country as well as by the unstable birth rates. Besides, “brain drain” during the short period of time leads to the loss of intellectual asset of the country. However, if these people come back, it may have a very positive impact on the labor market: it will increase the number of qualified people in the country and it will have a positive influence on the economy of the country and its growth. Keywords: labor market; employment; unemployment; economically active population; workforce; employed; self-employed; modern challenges; impact of the pandemic.
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ZVONAR, V. P., O. I. DYAKONENKO, and O. Yu SOVA. "Regulations of Social Capital Formation in Ukraine: Theoretical Framework and International Context." Demography and social economy 3 (November 1, 2022): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2022.03.102.
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In the paper, the regularities of the formation of social capital as a component of the problem of capitalization of social interaction have been studied. The methodological approach of the research includes two aspects: theoretical, the purpose of which is to substantiate the theoretical structure of the regularities of the formation of social capital; analytical, according to which the manifestation of the revealed regularities in Ukraine and other countries has been assessed. Four main regularities have been considered (empathy, risk reflectivity, migration impact, norm correspondence), which determine the functioning of the essential elements of social capital, as well as the features of transformation and conversion of its forms. The selection of proper economic indicators that reflect trends in the manifestation of social capital formation has been performed. The results of analytical assessment of the actualization of the specified regularities in Ukraine compared to other countries have been presented. The research revealed that empathy, as a relationship between rationality and sociality of human interaction, constitutes a solid foundation for the development of social capital and has the most vivid and positive manifestations in Ukrainian society when economic agents readily and carefully respond to the needs of their counterparts in social relations. The paper demonstrates the features of the differentiation of forms of social capital according to the direction of internal connections within social networks and the homogeneity (density) of social networks. The determinism of the variability of the forms of social capital is substantiated by the different perceptions of risks by the agents of social interaction. The low tolerance of Ukrainian economic agents to risk has been registered. This determines their preferences regarding participation in vertical and closed social networks. The relationship between migration (mobility) and social trust is revealed. It is argued that the relationship manifests itself in the generally ambiguous impact of immigration to Ukraine and emigration from Ukraine on the functioning of trust networks. This testifies to the possibilities and reserves of managing such an impact to increase social capital in the country. The objective relationship between trust in social norms (the degree of their social recognition and acceptance) and the productivity of social capital is specified. It has been observed that in Ukraine, a critically low level of trust in social norms and norm-setting institutions contributes to the development of corruption and destructive social networks.
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Voronkova, Anastasia I. "Meta description of female business engagement scenarios." VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 31, no. 4 (2019): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2019.31.4.618.
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This article contains a meta-analysis of representations of the main models of recruiting women into the field of professional business in European, English language and Russian periodical press. The aim of this study is to systemize the theoretical-conceptual and practical aspects of reproducing certain means of recruitment into the economic elite, as well as the restrictions which women face when choosing a professional development trajectory. A meta-description of the career paths of those women who established themselves in the entrepreneurial field allows for reconstructing women’s scenarios of choosing and forwarding their career in business, as well as for constructing a typology of narrative strategies which affect women’s choices in professional development trajectories in the context of different countries. The empirical basis for this study consists of full-text articles from periodical and serial publications in leading foreign and domestic academic journals. Using critical discourse analysis of articles and open data allows for reconstructing the significance of gender aspects when it comes to choosing a career in business, as well as for tracing the influence of the context of developing female entrepreneurship on recruitment mechanisms in various countries. The results of the empirical study show that the representation of mechanisms for recruiting women into the professional environment is differentiated in different ways in English language and Russian periodic press. Peculiarities inherent to different countries are one of the factors which affect the development of business trajectories specific to certain regions. In Europe a discourse-system education prevails as the most adequate means for establishing oneself in the economic field. Eastern Asian countries mostly focus on the immigration process. In Russia we see gender labeled strategies in leadership positions. The manner in which recruitment mechanisms are pitched also varies: European articles mostly focus on positive trends and representing the discourse of successful business cases, while Russian periodical press concentrates on the obstacles and restrictions women have to deal with when choosing a career path. The narratives used for reconstructing the mechanisms for recruiting women into the realm of business, together with the terminology chosen by the authors of this article, confirm a positive representation of female entrepreneurship in Europe, an ambiguous nature of the business environment in countries of the Far East, and a certain degree of underdevelopment in Russia’s segment.
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Živić, Dražen. "Franjo Tuđman and Demographic Revitalization/Sustainability of Croatia." Review of Croatian history 17, no. 1 (2021): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v17i1.13382.
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According to a number of relevant demographic and statistical indicators, Croatia is in a deep demographic crisis in all aspects of demographic dynamics and structural-demographic development. Total depopulation, natural decline, negative migration balance, demographic aging, and spatial polarization of the population – are fundamental long-term and current demographic trends and processes that, thanks to available data from census, vital and migration statistics can be monitored almost continuously from the middle of last century until today. The current demographic picture of Croatia is marked by natural and mechanical population losses, which means more deaths from birth and more emigration than immigration, with significantly disturbed relations between large (functional) age groups that threaten further collapse of bio reproductive potential and economic activity of the population. Croatian demographers warned of this circumstance during socialist Yugoslavia, especially after reaching independence in 1991. In their research, they were especially committed to the design and implementation of active and stimulating population policies, which had a certain impact in the formation of some decisions and documents of Croatian state policy during the 1990s. In this sense, it is scientifically relevant to valorize Dr. Tuđman’s attitude towards Croatian demographic issues, because demographic challenges have been and still are in significant discrepancy with socially desirable demographic pro-cesses and trends as key factors in the development and progress of the Croatian state and society, especially from 1991 and onwards. Therefore, in the context of Tuđman’s work as a politician (president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 1989 to 1999) and statesman (president of the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1999), but also as a scientist and public figure (director of the Institute for the History of the Labor Movement from 1961 to 1967) it is useful to investigate whether and to what extent there is a consistent attitude towards the demographic situation and problems of Croatia and, accordingly, whether we find the issue of Croatian demography at the center or on the margins of interest in his public work.
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Morawska, Ewa. "Labor Migrations of Poles in the Atlantic World Economy, 1880–1914." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 237–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015814.
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The recent influx to the United States of a new large wave of immigrants from Hispanic America and Asia has reinvigorated immigration and ethnic studies, including those devoted to the analysis of the origins and process of international migrations. The accumulation of research in this field in the last fifteen years has brought about a shift in the theoretical paradigm designed to interpret these movements. The classical approach explains the mass flow into North America of immigrants (from Southern and Eastern Europe, in the period 1880 to 1914), as an international migration interpreted in terms of push and pull forces. Demographic and economic conditions prompted individuals to move from places with a surplus of population, little capital, and underemployment, to areas where labor was scarce and wages were higher (Jerome, 1926; Thomas, 1973; Piore, 1979; Gould, 1979). This interpretation views individual decisions and actions as the outcome of a rational economic calculation of the costs and benefits of migration. Recent studies of international population movements have reconceptualized this problem, recasting the unit(s) of analysis from separate nation-states, linked by one-way transfer of migrants between two unequally developed economies, to a comprehensive economic system composed of a dominant core and a dependent periphery— a world system that forms a complex network of supranational exchanges of technology, capital, and labor (Castells, 1975; Cardoso and Faletto, 1979; Kritz, 1983; Sassen-Koob, 1980; Portes, 1978; Portes and Walton, 1981; Wood, 1982). In this conceptualization, the development of the core and the underdevelopment of the peripheral societies are seen not as two distinct phenomena, but as two aspects of the same process—the expanding capitalist world system, explained in terms of each other. Generated by the economic imbalances and social dislocations resulting from the incorporation of the peripheries into the orbit of the core, international labor migrations between the developing and industrialized regions are viewed as part of a global circulation of resources within a single system of world economy. This interpretation shifts the central emphasis from the individual (and his/her decisions) to the broad structural determinants of human migrations within a global economic system.
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Dunaevskiy, Evgeniy. "ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES OF THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN DIASPORA." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 78 (October 29, 2021): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.78.173-191.
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As the title implies the paper deals with the architectural and design features of the Orthodox Churches of the Western Ukrainian Diaspora, the principles of their placement in the development of cities and towns. The purpose of the publication is to study the Orthodox architecture of the Ukrainian diaspora, to determine the main stages of formation, development of Orthodox Church building outside Ukraine.
The article spotlights a number of political, economic and social circumstances that have forced many Ukrainians to travel to other countries. The four largest waves of immigration have been identified. The importance of religion in the formation of the Ukrainian diaspora, which united immigrants, helped to organize their cultural and artistic aspects of life; revive traditions; to study the native Ukrainian language and be in the circle of like-minded people. Thus, Ukrainian Orthodox church architecture developed and became outside the ethnic Ukrainian lands.
At the moment, there is a lack of sufficient scientific base that covers the sacred development of the Ukrainian diaspora, especially Orthodox church architecture. The article presents scholars who have studied the architecture, art, culture and Orthodox shrines of the Ukrainian diaspora.
The article examines countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia and Western Europe. The author identifies architectural and design features and urban planning principles based on four architectural and spatial types.
Such stylistic trends as: eclectic were common; "Citation" of a certain style of architecture or "stylization"; creative reworking of historical styles of Ukrainian architecture "stylization"; modernist-abstract, which is characterized by geometrization and continuous simplification of form. To illustrate these statements, the author of the article developed diagrams and tables.
In conclusion, the purpose and objectives of the publication based on the studied temples were revealed. About 180 Orthodox churches in Canada, 60 churches in the United States, 12 Orthodox churches in Australia and sacred buildings in Western Europe of the Ukrainian diaspora were analyzed.
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Gražulevičiūtė-Vileniškė, Indrė, and Vilma Karvelytė-Balbierienė. "INFLUENCE OF IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 31, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2007.10697122.
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Rural areas cover the largest part of the territory of Lithuania as well as that of the whole Europe. Rural settlements are also the most abundant category in the settlement system of the country. Therefore, their social, economic, and cultural viability- as well as ecologic sustainability playan important role striving towards the goals of sustainable development. During the last years projects promoting various aspects of sustainability are implemented not only in large cities and towns, but also in smaller municipalities, nevertheless many rural settlements still are not influenced by these trends. The tendency of decrease of the population of the country, emigration, migration of young and qualified persons to larger cities and towns, poverty and unemployment cause the threat to the most fragile elements of the rural settlement system, such as steadings, manor residencies and ethnographic village settlements. In order to stop these processes it is necessary to search for means to sustain the social and economic viability of rural settlements. During the last decade significant role of cultural heritage in implementing strategies of sustainable development was universally recognized. It is acknowledged that sustainable preservation, maintenance, and use of cultural heritage, especially immovable, positively influence the social, economic, cultural and even environmental dimensions of sustainable development. Sustainable development opportunities provided by immovable cultural heritage are essential for small rural settlements which are not distinguished by important natural resources or favorable location. In this instance social and cultural viability is as much essential for preservation of immovable cultural heritage of these settlements, as immovable cultural heritage is essential for sustention of their social and economic viability. Nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo įtaka darniam kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių vystymuisi Santrauka Didžiąją Lietuvos, kaip ir visos Europos, teritorijos dalį sudaro kaimo vietovės, o didžiąją dalį gyvenamųjų vietovių – kaimo gyvenamosios vietovės, taigi jų socialinis, eko nominis ir kultūrinis gyvybingumas bei eko loginis tvarumas atlieka lemiamą vaidmenį siekiant šalies darnaus vystymosi tikslų. Pastaraisiais metais darnų vystymąsi skatinantys projektai jau įgyvendinami ne tik didžiuosiuose Lietuvos miestuose, bet ir mažesnėse savivaldybėse, tačiau daugelio kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių šis procesas kol kas nepaliečia. Bendro šalies gyventojų skaičiaus mažėjimo tendencija, emigracija, jaunų ir kvalifikuo tų žmonių migracija į didžiuosius šalies miestus, skurdas ir nedarbo grėsmė kelia sunykimo grėsmę patiems jautriausiems ir kultūriniu požiūriu vertingiausiems šalies kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių sistemos elementams, tokiems kaip vienkieminės sodybos, buvusių dvarų ir palivarkų sodybos ar etnografinės kaimų gyvenvietės. Siekiant sustabdyti šiuos neigiamus socialinius, eko nominius bei kultūriniu procesus, būtina ieškoti būdų, kaip užtikrinti kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių socialinį bei eko nominį gyvybingumą. Pastaraisiais metais pasaulyje vis aiškiau suvokiamas kultūros paveldo vaidmuo darnaus vystymosi kontekste. Visuotinai pripažįstama, jog kultūros paveldo, ypač nekilnojamojo, apsauga, priežiūra bei naudojimas turi teigiamos įtakos darniam vystymuisi socialinėje, eko nominėje, kultūrinėje ir kt. dimensijose. Nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo teikiamos darnaus vystymosi galimybės itin reikšmingos nedidelėms, išskirtinių gamtinių išteklių neturinčioms bei patogia geografine padėtimi nepasižyminčioms kaimo gyvenamosioms vietovėms. Jų socialinis ir eko nominis gyvybingumas kultūros paveldui išsaugoti yra toks pats svarbus, kaip ir kultūros paveldas socialinio ir eko nominio šių gyvenamųjų vietovių gyvybingumo palaikymu.
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Zastavetska, Lesia, and Taras Zastavetskyi. "SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSION OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN UKRAINE IN THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE (FROM 1991 TO 2022)." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 52, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.9.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the formation of the demographic situation in Ukraine during its independence, namely - from 1991 to 2022. The authors analyzed the main demographic indicators - birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, average life expectancy in the country over the past thirty years.
In the first years of our country's acquisition of statehood, in addition to positive natural population growth, the increase in its number was also facilitated by a positive balance of migration due to a significant influx of immigrants. However, the deepening socio-economic crisis in 1992-1995 led to a sharp decline in birth rates, a deepening of natural population decline due to negative natural growth, and mass migration abroad in search of work. For the first time since this period, a negative balance of migration was recorded in Ukraine, and from that time until 2022, the volume of emigration exceeds immigration. Indicators of natural population movement have significant differences in the regions of Ukraine, urban and rural settlements. The highest values are traditionally preserved in Volyn, Rivne and Zakarpattia oblasts, and the lowest ones are in Chernihiv and Sumy oblasts.
The study allowed us to draw conclusions about the negative demographic phenomena - a rapid decline in population due to a significant decrease in birth rates, high mortality rates, the spread of the phenomenon of "aging" of the population. All this leads to the inevitable depopulation in the country, which confirms the demographic loss of about 10 million people during the study period (due to natural population decline and high migration in the mid-1990s and early XXI century). The demographic situation in rural areas remains particularly catastrophic. Negative demographic trends are exacerbated by the mass exodus of young people to study and work in the cities.
Among the main factors that influenced the formation of the current demographic situation in Ukraine are: socio-economic (high unemployment, migration abroad, low level and quality of life compared to other countries in the European region), environmental (high level of industrial pollution) certain regions, uncontrolled application of mineral fertilizers to agricultural land, radiation emissions associated with the Chernobyl disaster), natural (Covid-19 epidemic), military (active phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022).
The demographic catastrophe in Ukraine, connected with the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, deserves special attention. The huge direct and indirect losses suffered by the country are due to the direct deaths during the hostilities, as well as the mass migration of people abroad since the beginning of the war. The losses will be assessed by demographers and statistical services after the war, but it is already worth considering the directions of a comprehensive demographic policy in Ukraine in the postwar period, which will restore the country's demographic potential. This work requires the coordinated work of demographers, geographers, economists and government and local government representatives. The authors outlined only the most important vectors of the formation of a new demographic policy in postwar Ukraine. They plan to pay more attention to these aspects by continuing further research.
Keywords: population reproduction, birth rate, mortality, natural movement, life expectancy
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Kocijan, Bojana, and Marko Kukec. "Immigration attitudes among western and eastern European MPs: social identity, economic aspects and political ideology." Comparative European Politics, September 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41295-021-00254-5.
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AbstractThis article calls for greater attention to immigration attitudes of members of national parliaments (MPs) who absent harmonized immigration policy at the EU level remain the chief decision-makers and are thus responsible for swift government reaction to large influx of immigrants as witnessed in summer 2015 and spring 2020. Against this background, attitudes of MPs toward non-EU immigrants can be highly informative for understanding the foundation and direction of future immigration policy reforms. Although knowledge of MPs immigration attitudes is seemingly important, studies interested in this topic remain scarce. To test the relative importance of identity and economic aspects of MPs' immigration attitudes, this study adopts few well-established theoretical approaches from citizen-level research. Our data come from an MP survey that was administered in 11 Western and Eastern European countries in late 2014 as part of the European National Elites and the Crisis project. Our results suggest that social identity (religiosity) along with political ideology rather than economic concerns drive MPs' immigration attitudes. In addition, we find that in Eastern Europe immigration is only a light force behind political competition unlike in Western Europe, while economic left in Eastern Europe is more anti-immigrant than in Western Europe.
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Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier, and Laura Ehrlich. "The Impact of Migration on Foreign Trade in Bolivia." Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico, April 1, 2006, 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35319/lajed.20066246.
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While the causal relationship between migration and trade has not been studied thoroughly, estimation results of empirical studies suggest that important aspects determining trade volumes can be missed if additional factors, including migration, are not considered. The current paper aims at testing the impact of migration on foreign trade in a small economy like Bolivia. We test the impact of both, immigration and emigration on exports and imports and also on intra-industry trade. We use gravity model approach to this end. We control for the economic size and geographical location of trade partners, and for changes in terms of trade. Our results show relatively similar impact of both immigration and emigration on foreign trade, confirming positive significant effect of immigration on exports and imports also in Bolivia, even when the migration flows in Bolivia are not as high as in the case of most countries analyzed previously. The imports elasticities are slightly higher, both elasticities are closer to the lower margin of the range based on previous studies. We can conclude positive effect of migration flows also on intra-industry trade, somewhat surprisingly the impact of emigration being much higher than that of immigration. Our estimation results on Bolivia show that migration has effect on foreign trade, even if the share of migrants in the population is low.