Academic literature on the topic 'Europe – Economic integration – 20th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Europe – Economic integration – 20th century"
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Atapin, Evgenii. "Evolution of British Euroscepticism in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.13.
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Introduction. The United Kingdom is the most prominent example of a Eurosceptic country in the EU. For many years the United Kingdom did not feel a part of Europe. Great Britain was geographically separated from continental Europe and psychologically distant from the European integration movement established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The British Eurosceptic tradition rested on these geographic and psychological characteristics. Eurosceptic traditions included political, economic, linguistic, cultural and historical aspects that made it difficult for the United Kingdom to accept European integration. Methods and materials. The research methodology is based on narrative and comparative methods. The materials of the study incorporate statements of certain British politicians about attitudes towards European integration, works devoted to the analysis of Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom and manifestos of some far-right political parties. Analysis. A study of the attitude to European integration of the two main political forces of Great Britain, namely the Conservative and the Labour Parties, in the second half of the 20th century is carried out. Results. The study results in the creation of a periodization of British Euroscepticism in the second half of the 20th century. Three stages of evolution of British Euroscepticism in the period under study are distinguished: 1) the stage preceding the entry of Great Britain into the European Communities, conventionally called “Labour”; 2) the stage of the United Kingdom’s participation in the “common market”, conventionally called “Conservative”; 3) the stage of Britain’s participation in the European Union, conventionally called “Right-wing populist”. Their chronological framework is established and their main characteristics are given.
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Melnychuk, Halyna. "Integration of Republica Moldova to the EU: Real Conditions and Perspectives (the 1990ʼs of the 20th – early of the 21st century)." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 18, 2018): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.287-295.
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This article presents important steps and achievements accomplished by the Republic of Moldova towards integration, by analysing its collaboration with the European Union.
The development of relations with the EU is the priority goal that Moldova strives for, which means not only economic, but also political and cultural integration. The first steps of the Republic of Moldova towards the EU were encouraging. After years of isolation, this process was difficult and required a lot of efforts. This is due to many reasons, the most important of which are Russia's political and economic pressure, theunresolved issue in Transnistria, the ideological and geopolitical schisms of the population, some of which see their future with Russia, and the other part with Europe. Despite the existing problems, cooperation with the EU has yielded tangible results: the EU-Moldova Association Agreement has been signed, the visa regime has been abolished and financial support for the socioeconomic and public sectors is provided.
Moldova, for its part, is making great efforts to form a single political, economic and cultural educational space with the EU, which supports its efforts in the process of European integration. Its speed and success largely depend on the country itself, its economic and political development. A strong statepolicymaking aimed at strengthening reforms and stimulating the transition to a market economy in accordance with the international principles is inherent in the future development of Moldova.
Keywords: Republic of Moldova, European Union,European Integration, foreign policy, Transniestrian conflict
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Adamczyk, Beata. "Cultural cooperation between nations as an important factor of sustainable social development of the region of Central and Eastern Europe in the European Union (for instance Poland and Lithuania)." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 225–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2007.5.1.16.
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Cultural and social cooperation among nations lived in East and Central Europe has been sprung up over many centuries. In the 20th century, the nations of the part of Europe were subjected to an attempt to standardize their national cultures by means of introducing the socialist realistic culture. At present the message of cultural cooperation is social and cultural integration. Relations between Poland and Lithuania can be an example for development of cooperation among the other countries of Central and Eastern Europe on the state and regional levels, as well as example for educational institutions and economic associations, the connected relations may become germs of cooperation and good-neighbourly relationship as well as in the perspective of social development of the region among the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea.
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Hrubinko, Andriy. "Formation of the Foreign Policy Dimension of European Integration in the 40’s – 80’s Years of the 20th Century." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.1.
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The article is devoted to study history of formation mechanisms of foreign policy of the European Communities in the period before creation of the European Union (40s – 80s of the XXth century). The dynamics formation of the foreign and security component of European integration from the first postwar projects of political association of the leading states of Western Europe (France and Great Britain) to creation in the early 1970s of a mechanism of European political cooperation (EPC) and its further activity are traced. The article analyzes political and legal status, evolution of the organizational structure, main activities, international achievements and miscalculations in the work of the EPC. Positions of Member States of the European Communities on development of their foreign policy and security components have been taken into account. The conclusions stated that the processes of European integration in the post-war period began precisely from the political sphere. However, due to differences in the strategic views of the states of Western Europe, their unwillingness to surrender state sovereignty in favor of European political institutions, as well as the position of the United States, it very quickly moved into the formation of a purely economic regional association. At the same time, the scale of economic integration and international policy tendencies have led to the formation of the system of political cooperation, which has become commonplace in the work of the Community institutions and the interaction of the Member States. On the whole, the EPC remained a weak and declarative practice of regular inter-state meetings at various levels, because it was outside the system of institutions and the regulatory framework of the European Communities. National ambitions of the Member States, each of which often favored the established priorities of its own foreign policy over the common interests of the union. Achieved level of political unification positions and actions of the Member States of the European Communities did not significantly increase the influence of integration in the international space until the formation of the European Union.
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Kimourtzis, Panagiotis, Georgios Kokkinos, Ioannis V. Papageorgiou, and Ioannis F. Papageorgiou. "Economic crisis and integration: Deconstructing social borders in Rhodes Island." Social and Education History 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2017.2635.
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Greece has been the focus of the mass media because of the ongoing economic crisis and the mixed migration flows that use the country as entry point to Europe. Although conceptually different, both phenomena converge in a vicious cycle that triggers an othering process. The economic crisis transfers Greece from the geopolitical centre to the periphery making the country dependent on the external economic and political decision making. Nevertheless, apart from being at the border, Greece is also the border of Europe. Peripherality appoints to Greece an instrumental role for the management of migration. Boundaries as “thresholds” produce patters of inclusion and exclusion creating by that perceptions of the Self and the Other. To that extent, the instrumental role of Greece as consequence of its peripherisation amplifies locally an othering process. Based on a different function of borders and peripheries, namely the endorsement of antagonistic narratives, this article discusses potential interventions in that vicious cycle. A local cultural diversity in Rhodes, Greece, the Rhodian Muslim community has been the receiving end of diversity management policies with particular emphasis on education throughout the 20th century. The knowledge accumulated may support new efforts countering the othering process. ResumenGrecia se ha situado en el centro de atención de los medios de comunicación a causa de la actual crisis económica y de los flujos migratorios mixtos que utilizan el país como punto de entrada a Europa. Ambos fenómenos convergen en un círculo vicioso que desencadena un proceso de alterización. La crisis económica mueve a Grecia desde el centro geopolítico a la periferia, haciendola dependiente de la toma de decisiones económicas y políticas externas. Además de estar en la frontera, Grecia es también la frontera de Europa. La perifericidad le atribuye un papel instrumental en la gestión de la migración. Los límites como "umbrales" producen patrones de inclusión y exclusión que se crean por esa percepción de Sí mismo y del Otro. El papel instrumental de Grecia como consecuencia de su periferización amplifica localmente un proceso de alterización. Basado en una función diferente de las fronteras y las periferias, y con el respaldo de narrativas antagónicas, en este artículo se discuten posibles intervenciones en ese círculo vicioso. Una diversidad cultural local en Rodas (Grecia), la comunidad musulmana rodesa, ha sido la receptora de las políticas de gestión de la diversidad con particular énfasis en educación a través del siglo XX. El conocimiento acumulado puede respaldar nuevos esfuerzos para contrarrestar el proceso de alterización.
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Yosypenko, Serhii. "The long twentieth century?" Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 3 (November 3, 2022): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2022.03.083.
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The paper describes the historical and intellectual foundations on which the European political system was built after the Second World War; this system pursued the goal to prevent any war in Europe, but proved unable to prevent the russian-Ukrainian war. The paper shows that this system was built not only because of the trauma of the First and Second World Wars, but also in accord- ance with the liberal attitude to war, which M. Vatter called «war with “war”»; at the same time, such a clear attitude does not refer to real wars, but to an imaginary «war of all against all». Based on the analysis of the principles and results of the research project “War and Society” under the direction of J. Baechler, the author outlines the principles of liberal Realpolitik as the implementation of the mentioned attitude in the realm of wars: it consists in their rationalization both at the level of goals and at the level of means of warfare; such a rationalization finally makes war irrational and unacceptable. From the point of view of such Realpolitik, war is only an extraordinary means of politics, and the russian-Ukrainian war is only an excess of violence, while in the opinion of the author, it is an inevitable consequence of the irrational and violent russian-Ukrainian extrapolitical conflict, whose stakes is the existence self of Ukraine. The author believes that one of the reasons for the inability of the European political system to prevent the russian-Ukrainian war is the belief that with the end of the Cold War, the “century of total war” in Europe also ended, and that the economic and cultural integration of post-communist countries into the European space makes such conflicts impossible. The author refers to the description of the own logic of wars of the 20th century, proposed in R. Aron’s book «The century of total war», and suggests considering the russian-Ukrainian war as a continuation of these wars. In the perspective pro- posed by R. Aron, the mentioned «century of total war» can be considered as a «long 20th century», which continues to this day.
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Жимаева, Екатерина, and Ekaterina Zhimaeva. "Health-impaired children social integration: Russian and Non-Russian historical experience." Servis Plus 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5531.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of health-impaired children social integration. The author identifies six major stages in the development of a society’s attitude towards disability as a problem and disables children
as a distinct social group: from absolute rejection and even destruction of health-impaired persons to public recognition of equal rights irrespective of health conditions. In the article, the author compares Russian and European experience in health-impaired-people-targeted aid-provision and concludes that Russian experience is significantly different from that of Europe, where aid programmes were informed by the goals and aims of the state. By mid-20th century, European society had come to a realization of health-impaired people’s social equality and begun to develop a social model of disability, the underlying premise of which was active social assistance provided for persons with special needs in the course of their socialization. The predominant attitude in Russia was characterized by plaintive compassion and pity, which shaped the support/aid model as initially grounded in private charity and, later, state provision. By the end of the 20th century, due to global socio-economic reforms, a social model of disability came to be created in Russia. However, legal deficiencies, fund and qualified personnel shortages, as well as the negative stereotypes have so far been challenging the development of the model. As a conclusion, the author insists that the
adaptivity model currently in effect be replaced by a self-actualization model. The author provides practical recommendations concerning personnel training and re-training in the field of social follow-up of healthimpaired people.
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Husenicova, Lucia. "Disillusionment with liberal democracy in the Visegrad countries." UNISCI Journal 18, no. 54 (October 2020): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31439/unisci-97.
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The disillusionment with Europe and integration process is spreading through the continent. However, it appears to be stronger in countries of the Central Europe, specifically V4. Countries that have joined the democratic club at the end of 20th century show today higher potential to be governed by populistic and nationalistic parties. The article addresses the issue of perception of democracy in V4 countries through the scope of analysis of scientific publications as well as opinion polls conducted by national or international agencies. It works with several definitions of democracy and liberal democracy as a theoretical background and confronts them with how these are perceived by the people in the selected V4 countries. The opinion polls show, that people in these countries value democracy as a concept, and value the freedom that it brings, however, their everyday life and political decision are often impacted by the social and economic conditions they are living in.
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Iskakov, I. J., E. E. Lanina, V. Y. Kucherenko, G. V. Alekseev, and G. N. Egorova. "Possibilities for economic adjustments educational process in the ЕurАsЕС countries." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-263-271.
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The paper attempts to analyze the problems of adjusting the educational process in the EurAsEC countries that have arisen in recent decades in case of unforeseen circumstances. At the end of the 20th century, the ideas of globalization of all areas of the world community's activity led in the field of higher education to a thirst for immediate changes. What prompted the concern of the leading universities in Europe, which train highly qualified for the real sectors of the economy? An analysis of the current situation showed that the realities existing at that time pushed people to action, since analysts of higher education have repeatedly noticed that in the field of many areas of fundamental research, Europe is significantly inferior to the United States. Also noteworthy is the identity of the Nobel laureates. Independent commentators, beyond any emotion, pointed out that the United States has always invested significant amounts of money in the development of science. These problems gave rise to the Bologna process of reforming higher education in Europe. In this regard, the problems are considered and the prospects for the creation and development of a single educational space on the territory of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, considered by the authors as an important component of economic integration in the post-Soviet space, are identified. From the standpoint of taking into account foreign experience, as well as existing elements of educational integration within the framework of such associations. as EurAsEC, SCO, CIS, the main directions of integration interaction in the field of education of the EAEU countries are highlighted. The authors made attempts to formulate ways out of the current situation in the Eurasian educational space, especially in cases of unforeseen environmental conditions, such as a pandemic. Although in the educational space under consideration, the state of affairs with the organization, and in particular with funding, research and science is worse, this should not lead to ignoring the interests of both the students themselves and educational organizations in general. Insufficient funding is aggravated by many other factors, which together lead to the conclusion that EurAsia needs innovations designed to “modernize” the structure of education.
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Raja, Muhammad Yasin Sultan, Muhammad Rehan Zafar, and Sidra Sulman Malik. "Dynamics of Sino Russian Cooperation: History and future Prospects." Global International Relations Review V, no. III (September 30, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-iii).05.
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After the end of the cold war international politics had moved from bi-polar to uni-polar resulting in instability. The United States of America to achieve her geo strategic interests took aggressive action which made other states insecure. We have witnessed a rise in the number of wars happened in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. The Middle East is still facing the aftershocks of Arab Spring and the Europe is still divided the way it was during the cold war. To counter the hegemonic designs of the United States of America and its allies Sino Russian cooperation has tried to balance the dynamics of International power power politics. This Sino Russian cooperation is based on an economic, strategic and political level. The very nature of this Sino Russian cooperation revolves around the integration of interests and inclusiveness of other likeminded states. In the second decade of the 21st Century this cooperation has evolved at the international level as an alternative to the Western political block led by the USA
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Europe – Economic integration – 20th century"
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SUZUKI, Hitoshi. "Digging for European Unity : the role played by the trade unions in the Schuman plan and the European coal and steel community from a German perspective, 1950-1955." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10420.
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Defence date: 13 December 2007Examining Board: Prof. Wilfried Loth (Universität Duisburg-Essen) ; Prof. Bo Stråth (EUI) ; Prof. Pascaline Winand (EUI and Monash University) ; Prof. Gérard Bossuat (Université de Cergy-Pontoise)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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Defraigne, Jean-Christophe P. L. G. "De l'intégration nationale à l'intégration continentale: analyse de la dynamique d'intégration supranationale européenne et de ses liens avec les changements technologiques des processus de production dans une perspective de long terme." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211359.
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Beltrán, Tapia Francisco J. "Common lands and economic development in 19th and early 20th century Spain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4215d6d1-e979-4ac5-b023-b49a4a01d9a0.
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This dissertation contributes to the long-standing debate between those who argue that the enclosure of the commons was as a precondition to foster economic growth and those who defend common property regimes can be efficient and sustainable. Exploiting historical evidence from 19th century and early 20th century Spain, this research shows that the persistence of the commons in some Spanish regions was not detrimental to economic development, at least relative to the institutional arrangements they were replaced with. On the contrary, during the early stages of modern economic growth, the communal regime not only did not limit agricultural productivity growth, but indeed constituted a crucial part of the functioning of the rural economics in a number of ways. On the one hand, these collective resources complemented rural incomes and, subsequently, sustained households' consumption capacity. The reduction in life expectancy and heights in the provinces where privatisation was more intense, as well as the negative effect on literacy levels, strongly supports that the privatisation of the commons deteriorated the living standards of a relatively large part of the population. On the other hand, the communal regime also significantly contributed to financing the municipal budget. Deprived from this important source of revenue, local councils became unable to adequately fund local public goods and ended up increasing local taxes. Lastly, the social networks developed around the use and management of these collective resources facilitated the diffusion of information and the building of mutual knowledge and trust, thus constituting a vital ingredient of the social glue that hold these rural communities together. All things considered, the persistence of the commons in some regions provided peasants with cooperation mechanisms different from the market and made the transition to modern economic growth more socially sustainable.
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Piper, Stamatia A. J. "The emergence of a medical exception from patentability in the 20th century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:85e2c91c-182e-45aa-8580-3908ac343a54.
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Many patent law dilemmas arise from a failure to understand technologies as embedded in broader social, economic and political realities and to contextually analyze these legal phenomena. This narrowness leads to poor legal development, of which the modern medical exception from patentability is one example. Judges have difficulty interpreting it, patentees do not understand its purpose and it does not protect the important medical technologies to which the public would like access. This thesis applies a legal pluralist analysis to examine the emergence of the medical methods exception in order to understand why it was created and legislated. It starts by examining the origins of the exception in the caselaw, and the informal, concurrent norm established by the emerging medical profession in the early 20th century. It then proceeds to examine why the medical profession might have sought and enforced a norm prohibiting its members from patenting, and concludes that this arose from the need of the medical profession to distance itself from the patent law. As a result, professionalizing physicians established an internal normative order that mimicked and in many cases replaced the effect of the formal law. The thesis then proceeds to examine how the form of the informal norm evolved in the period between WWI and WWII, finding that the profession’s norm transformed and broke down concurrently with its efforts to achieve external legitimacy through legislation. That breakdown arose from factors which included growing labour mobility, greater understanding of the benefits of patents, and a growing role of science and industry in medicine that threatened the profession’s access to valuable medical innovation. The thesis concludes with a study of a current case (Myriad Genetics) that applies the thesis’ theoretical framework to a present dispute over the role the law should play in regulating genetic diagnostic tests.
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Marktanner, Marcus. "A Comparison of Economic Development in Latin America, Middle Eastern Europe and Asia in the 1990s." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2181/.
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The 1990s were characterized by severe turbulence in the global economy. Economic and financial crises occurred in Latin America, Middle and Eastern Europe and Asia. This analysis distinguishes between the two socioeconomic criteria "transitional" and "emerging" region. Transitional countries are former centrally planned socialist economies and emerging countries former agricultural-oriented classical developing economies with mostly a history of military or some other kind of autocratic dictatorship. The resources for the analysis are data sets regarding investment, exchange rate behavior, government finance, international liabilities of monetary authorities and inflation. The study reveals macroeconomic patterns associated with economic development in each socioeconomic region. It is shown that similar patterns are responsible for successful and non-successful performance in each region. A comparison of different regions shows many parallels between emerging economies, but only little similarity between transitional economies.
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Tollardo, Elisabetta. "Italy and the League of Nations : nationalism and internationalism, 1922-1935." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1be4159c-7a45-4e8a-ae05-3d6b296f3429.
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This thesis investigates the relationship between Fascist Italy and the League of Nations (LoN) during the interwar period, with a particular focus on the years from 1922 to 1935. This relationship was contradictory, shifting from moments of active collaboration to moments of open disagreement. The existing historiography on the Italian membership of the League has not reflected this oscillation in policy, focusing disproportionally on the crises Italy caused at the League. However, Fascist Italy remained in the League for more than 15 years, ranking as the third-largest power, and was fully engaged in the institution's work. This dissertation investigates the dynamics that developed between Fascist Italy and the LoN through a systematic study of the Italians involved. In so doing, it contributes to the historiography of the LoN and of the Italian foreign policy in the interwar period. The thesis argues that there was more to the Italian membership of the LoN than the Ethiopian crisis. It reveals the extent of the Italian presence and activity in the institution from the beginning, and demonstrates that the organization was more important to the Italian government than previously recognized. Membership of the League was essential to guarantee Italy international legitimation and recognition. Through an active appropriation of internationalism, the Italian government hoped to obtain practical benefits in the colonial sphere. The thesis uncovers the depth and variety of interactions between nationalism and internationalism in the case of Italy and the League, establishing that they did not oppose each other but rather interacted. This dissertation illustrates the complexity of being an Italian working in the League, as well as the grey areas between nationalism and internationalism evident within individual experiences. Finally, it shows the continuity of actors and expertise in Italy's international cooperation between the interwar and the post-1945 period.
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Oosterlinck, Kim. "Sovereign debts in trouble times." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211300.
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ANDRY, Aurélie. "'Social Europe' in the long 1970s' : the story of a defeat." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49325.
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Defence date: 4 December 2017Examining Board: Prof Federico Romero, European University Institute; Prof Laura Lee Downs, European University Institute; Prof Eric Bussière, Université Paris-Sorbonne; Prof Lorenzo Mechi, Università degli Studi di Padova
‘Social Europe’ is an elusive concept. Although largely forgotten today, it was a vibrant idea and project in the 1970s. Promulgated mostly by West European socialdemocratic forces, it was basically a European governance reform project. Its fundamental objective was to transform the nature of European cooperation and integration, by using the European Community as a vehicle to realise democratic socialism in Europe. ‘Social Europe’ took shape around the ideas of wealth redistribution, social and economic planning, economic democratisation, improved working and living conditions, regulation and control of economic forces, guarantee of the right to work, upward harmonisation of European social regimes, and access to social protection for all. It also included environmental concerns, democratisation of the European Community’s institutions, and claims to rebalance the international system to favour the development of the rising ‘South’. It made ambitious proposals to empower the Community in the social field and to increase social and economic coordination between its member states. It was, in short, a proposal for a radically different future than the one we actually inhabit today. This work investigates the rise and demise of ‘social Europe’ in the ‘long 1970s’. It highlights the socialist efforts to build a common European project, explores the concrete proposals it contained, traces its evolution and assesses the strategies and alliances envisaged between the different forces of the Left for its realisation. It sheds light on the reasons for the defeat of ‘Social Europe’, which had long-lasting, and arguably dramatic repercussions for the nature of European integration and European societies, for the relations of Western Europe with the rest of the world, for the history of capitalism and its shift to the ‘neoliberal’ paradigm, and for the ‘European Left’ itself.
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SCHMITZ, Stéphanie Anne Marie. "L’influence de l’élite monétaire européenne et des réseaux informels sur la coopération des Six en matière d’intégration économique (1958-1969)." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33076.
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Defence date: 8 October 2014Examining Board: Professeur Kiran Patel, Maastricht University; Professeur Federico Romero, European University Institute; Professeur René Leboutte, Université du Luxembourg; Professeur Eric Bussière, Université Paris–Sorbonne
Ce projet cherche à démontrer l’apparition d’une élite monétaire issue d’une coopération transnationale organisée en réseaux et à en déterminer l’influence sur le processus de prise de décision en matière d’intégration économique et monétaire. La volonté d’élaborer cette étude part du constat, formulé notamment par David D. Cameron, qu’en relation avec les origines de l’Union économique et monétaire, l’aspect transnational de la politique mise en oeuvre fut jusqu’à présent négligée par les études sur l’Union européenne. La rareté de la littérature concernant l'intégration économique et monétaire pendant les années soixante, découle de la perception que cette période fut une époque d’échecs, pendant laquelle aucun accomplissement concret en matière d'intégration économique et monétaire ne fut acquis au niveau communautaire. En effet, la chronologie des grandes dates de la mise en place de l’Union économique et monétaire fait apparaître qu'au niveau institutionnel européen, l'essentiel des débats initiaux sur l'identité monétaire, provoqués par le déclin du système de Bretton Woods, se déroula pendant les crises monétaires de 1969 à 1973 et en relation avec l'entrée de la Grande-Bretagne au sein de la CEE. Cependant, ne s'arrêter que sur l'analyse des accomplissements effectués à l'échelle des instances de la Communauté européenne à partir du Sommet de La Haye en 1969, consisterait à occulter la présence, parallèle à l’action des instances officielles, d’un débat et d’une promotion permanente d’idées, ayant trait à l’approfondissement de l’intégration économique et monétaire, idées qui certes ne furent dans leur majorité pas appliquées, mais qui constituèrent néanmoins la base des premières réalisations concrètes. Cette étude portera ainsi en premier lieu sur l’analyse des enceintes communautaires et informelles au sein desquels les débats sur l’intégration économique et monétaire étaient une priorité, ainsi que sur leurs compositions respectives, ce qui permettra l’identification d’une élite monétaire. Ensuite il s’agira non seulement d’étudier les idées formulées au sein de ces instances mais également d’évaluer les liens entre ces enceintes et l’évolution des idées, acquise par le débat permanent, afin de pouvoir en estimer l’influence sur les décisions finales de la Communauté européenne.
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ASBEEK, BRUSSE Wendy. "West European tariff plans, 1947-1957 : from study group to Common Market." Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5708.
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Defence date: 23 May 1991Examining board: Prof. R.T. Griffiths (supervisor) ; Prof. J. Pelkmans (second supervisor) ; Prof. G. Gerbet ; Prof. P. Hertner ; Prof. A.S. Milward
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Books on the topic "Europe – Economic integration – 20th century"
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Regensburg, Universität, and Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai", eds. Kooperation in Europa: Modelle aus dem 20. Jahrhundert = Cooperation in Europe : models from the 20th century. Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 2014.
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Judt, Tony. A grand illusion: An essay on Europe. [Harmondsworth]: Penguin, 1997.
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Judt, Tony. A grand illusion?: An essay on Europe. New York, USA: New York University Press, 2011.
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Judt, Tony. A grand illusion?: An essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996.
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Europe since 1980. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Jytte, Klausen, and Tilly Louise, eds. European integration in social and historical perspective: 1850 to the present. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997.
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Europas Einigung und das Problem Deutschland: Vorgeschichte und Anfänge. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1999.
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W, Schot J., ed. Making Europe: Experts, cartels, and international organizations. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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Mark, Baimbridge, ed. The 1975 referendum on Europe. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, 2007.
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Philip, Whyman, and Mullen Andrew, eds. The 1975 referendum on Europe. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Europe – Economic integration – 20th century"
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Sequeira, Joana, and Flávio Miranda. "‘A Port of Two Seas.’ Lisbon and European Maritime Networks in the Fifteenth Century." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 339–53. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.18.
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With the development of research in economic history, historians are now testing the hypothesis that maritime networks and port cities contributed to the phenomenon of European integration. This essay applies a holistic approach to discuss how the city of Lisbon, located outside the privileged setting of multi-cultural interactions that was the Mediterranean Sea, became appealing to merchants from far and wide in late-medieval Europe. To do so, it examines a whole array of commercial, normative, fiscal, royal and judicial sources from European archives to discuss if it is possible to observe this phenomenon of European integration in fifteenth-century Lisbon.
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Roy, Anja, Hans-Heinrich Krüger, and Maria Schmalz. "Management in wesentlichen Konfliktfeldern um den Fischotter – Übersicht zum aktuellen Wissensstand." In Evidenzbasiertes Wildtiermanagement, 127–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65745-4_6.
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ZusammenfassungNach dem drohenden Aussterben des Fischotters in Mitteleuropa erholen sich seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts die Bestände dieser Tierart. Aus der Rückbesiedlung in ehemalige Verbreitungsgebiete, in denen sich mittlerweile Wirtschaftsformen und Praktiken des Fischmanagements ohne die Präsenz des Topprädators Fischotter entwickelt haben, resultieren vor allem in der Fischerei Konflikte verschiedener Interessensgruppen. Der Wissensstand im aktuellen Management dieser Konflikte wird umrissen, angewandte Methoden und Einzelmaßnahmen in ihrer Wirksamkeit beschrieben und diskutiert sowie Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Umfrage in Deutschland hinzugezogen. Es bestehen deutschlandweit wesentliche Wissenslücken zu grundlegenden Populationsdaten zum Fischotter, zu sozioökonomischen Hintergründen bestehender Konflikte und zur Kausalität auftretender Rückgänge von Fischbeständen und wirtschaftlichen Verlusten in fischereilichen Betrieben. Besonders schwierig zu lösen sind Konflikte in Teichwirtschaftsgebieten. Auftretende wirtschaftliche Verluste sind hier nicht alleine dem Fischotter als Verursacher zuzuschreiben, sondern müssen in der Gesamtheit aller fischfressenden Prädatoren betrachtet werden. In Teichwirtschaften sind nur begrenzt direkte Abwehrmaßnahmen gegen den Fischotter durch Zäunungen möglich. Die Entwicklung regional angepasster Managementpakete wird durch fehlende Daten erschwert. Einzelne Lösungsansätze vor allem aus Sachsen zeigen aber, dass auch hier Konfliktbeilegungen möglich sind. Weitere Konfliktfelder in der Gewässerbewirtschaftung, der Fallenjagd und bei Freizeitaktivitäten werden angesprochen.AbstractAfter the otter was threatened with extinction in Central Europe, its populations have recovered since the middle of the 20th century. The recolonization of former habitats, where economic systems and fish management systems have developed in the meantime without the presence of this apex predator, has led to conflicts with various stakeholders, especially fisheries. This paper outlines the state of knowledge in the current management of these conflicts. Applied methods and individual measures are described, discussed and evaluated, with reference to the results of a recent survey conducted in Germany. Nationwide, there are major knowledge gaps regarding basic data on the otter population, the socio-economic background of existing conflicts, and the causal chain between fish population declines and economic losses in the fishing industry. Conflicts are particularly difficult to resolve in pond-based fisheries, where not only otters but all piscivorous predators must be considered in their entirety. In pond farms, fencing is only a limited means of directly deterring otters. The development of regionally adapted management packages is hampered by a lack of data. However, individual approaches, especially from Saxony, show that conflict resolution is possible even in such cases. Further areas of conflict in water management, trapping and recreational activities are addressed.
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Huff, Toby E. "Europe as a Civilisation and the Hidden Structure of Modernity." In European Integration, 14–33. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0002.
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The economic crisis of the EU in 2007-9 needs to be seen against the backdrop of Europe as a civilisational entity. It has withstood the challenges of hundreds of years, including religious conflicts, revolutions, fascist takeovers, depression-level economic downturns and transnational wars. During the same time it created unique sociocultural, political, economic and legal innovations that have put Europe in a position of high standing that can hardly be imagined outside Europe prior to the 20th century. Foremost among those innovations is the legal revolution of the European Middle Ages that laid the institutional foundations for new structures such as universities, cities and towns, charitable organizations, private and professional corporations, constitutionalism and parliamentary democracy. These same institutional structures paved the way for the rise of a public sphere, a free press, the scientific revolution, and later the economic revolution of modern capitalism.
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Lazarević, Žarko. "Integration Concepts and Praxis in Slovenia." In The Development of European and Regional Integration Theories in Central European Countries, 137–55. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.mgih.doleritincec_7.
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The chapter deals with the political, economic, and social integration strategies and practices of the modern period that were developed to integrate the Slovene ethnic territory. The concepts discussed represent the different political realities in the periods of the Habsburg monarchy, Yugoslavia, and the independent state. The concept of ‘United Slovenia’ formed the basis of national ideology in the first period. Toward the end of the 19th century, the idea of ‘United Slovenia’ was combined with the idea of Yugoslavism. The goal was to increase the relative importance of Slovenes and improve the chances of realizing the maximalist goal of the national ideology. The 20th century was marked by the idea of Yugoslavism as a space for preserving and strengthening Slovenian identity. Later, in the period of the communist authorities during the second part of the 20th century, a new concept of integration was developed, that of the ‘Unified Slovenian cultural space.’ The aim of this concept was to unite the ethnic area on a cultural level, regardless of state borders. In the late 1980s, during a profound political, economic, and social crisis, a new integration concept emerged that aimed at full statehood for Slovenia and integration of the ethnic territory through incorporation into the European Union.
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Michałek, Jan Jakub. "Ewolucja metod analizy skutków integracji handlowej." In Modele w ekonomii. Księga jubileuszowa Profesora Wojciecha Maciejewskiego. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323546375.pp.62-81.
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The theory of economic integration dates back to the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, initial empirical studies on the effects of economic integration appeared during the first stage of the functioning of the customs union in the European Economic Community. Researchers mostly highlighted the customs union’s static effects: trade creation, trade expansion, and trade diversion. The gravity model of trade became the basic econometric model for the ex-post analysis of the effects of economic integration, usually implying the positive impact of the integration on the trade flow. However, the expansion of integration and the trade negotiations created a need for the ex-ante analysis of the effects of such activities. To this end, the simulation models were developed, in particular computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. Such models allow for the analysis of how the economy might react to the changes; however, their complexity limits their usability in public discourse.
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Sichkar, Alla, and Yana Matiushynets. "IDEAS OF THE SUBJECT-DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN IN THE UKRAINIAN PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE LATE 19TH – 20TH YEARS OF THE ХХ CENTURY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional as. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-1-8.
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The article highlights the features of the development of ideas about a subject-developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age in the pedagogical thought of Ukraine and their transformation under the influence of socio-economic, political, ideological, pedagogical factors (late 19th - 20s of the 20th century) To achieve the goal, to solve the tasks set, a set of research methods was used, namely: historical and retrospective - in order to analyze the priority ideas of domestic teachers on the creation and functioning of a developing environment for children and their implementation into practice; constructive-genetic – for the analysis of goals, objectives, content-methodological support of the dynamics of ideas of a developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age; chronological – to establish the time boundaries of phenomena and processes; hermeneutic – for a new reading and commenting on historical and pedagogical texts; specific historical – for the purpose of analyzing documents on the development of preschool education and primary education in Ukraine in a certain chronological framework. On the basis of the historical and pedagogical analysis of archival documents, narrative sources, theoretical provisions have been determined that relate to the development of ideas about a subject-developing environment in educational institutions of Ukraine: key ideas, periodization and factors influencing their development have been identified; highlights the features of their interpretation by Ukrainian teachers in a certain chronological framework. The historical genesis of ideas about a subject-developing environment is associated with the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of preschool education and primary school under the influence of progressive European systems of education (F. Frebel, M. Montessori) and scientific achievements in the field of child anatomy, physiology, and psychology. It was found that the ideas of self-activity and creative self-realization, self-development of a child in a subject-developing environment, control of the process of self-development of a child by introducing him to various types of activities in an environment prepared by the educator remained relevant in a certain chronological framework of the study, but the means of their implementation changed under the influence of social economic, ideological, political factors. During the three socio-political milestones identified by us, namely: ideas about the developmental influence of environments for children (1871-1917); filling developing environments with national content in the years of the UPR (1917-1919); adaptation of the ideas of previous periods to class education (1920-1930), different, of the above factors were dominant and exercised a decisive influence on the formation of pedagogical theory and practice on the organization of a subject-developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age in educational institutions and in the conditions of family education of children in the Ukrainian territory.
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Rebhun, Uzi. "Jewish Reproduction and Children in the Modern Era." In No Small Matter, 6–19. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577301.003.0002.
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This chapter depicts some major aspects of Jewish reproduction and children in modern times. Integrating data from different sources, I discuss changes in the numbers and share of children out the total Jewish population from 1700 through today. I provide statistics on Jewish birth rate and proportion of children out of the total number of Jews from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century for selected Jewish communities in Europe, the Americas, and North Africa and Palestine. Spatial variations in levels of fertility have resulted in the concentration of a majority of Jewish children in Israel. Still, within Israel, fertility patterns for Jews have evolved in different trajectories according to ethnic extraction and religiosity. Fertility and number of children in the population have many social and economic implications, which I touch upon in my concluding remarks.
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Hadžimuhamedović, Amra. "Peace-building through Heritage Rebuilding: Inclusive Heritage Discourse and Post-war Recovery in Bosnia." In Heritage Reconstruction and People: Integrated Recovery After Trauma, 173–202. Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56500/c-r193.
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The mass destruction of Bosnian cultural heritage was used as a tool of ethnic cleansing and genocide during the final decade of the 20th century. This paper examines it and the post-war response to that destruction and process of coming to terms with the resultant social trauma in terms of their potential for (re)defining the complex relations between heritage reconstruction and building human resilience. A quarter century after the end of armed conflict in Bosnia and the signing of the Dayton peace agreement, the processes of post-war social and economic recovery are still underway, with cultural heritage playing a non-negligible role in them. The integration of heritage in implementing the peace agreement is reflected in all the post-war phases of Bosnian life at two parallel levels. The first is the official level, overdetermined by the balance of political consensus and tensions, expressed through the legislative framework and the activities of public institutions. At that level, heritage discourse, including the determination of what heritage is reconstructible, has served the politics of the day, which have over the past 25 years oscillated between impulses towards ever deeper social division, on the one hand, and a search for connective values for the establishment of social trust, on the other. This paper presents an analysis of how authorized heritage discourse (AHD), as expressed through the activities of the Commission to protect National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the international organizations –UNESCO, the Council of Europe, and the European Commission – have reflected and supported this post-war politics and the economic reality. There is also a contrasting analysis of the inclusive discourse on heritage, established through attempts by individuals and communities to use the reconstruction of damaged cultural landscapes to realise a non-discriminatory approach to the right to heritage and its evaluation, given the need to process social trauma. The example of Bosnia throws light on how confronting the violent reformulation of cultural memory as a means of ethnic cleansing, genocide, and post-war exclusionism can revive inclusive discourse on heritage as a spontaneous method of building social and societal resilience and ultimately a tool for peacebuilding.
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Cvijanović, Drago, and Branko Mihailović. "Effects of Globalization on Economies in Transition." In Global Perspectives on Trade Integration and Economies in Transition, 26–44. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0451-1.ch002.
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The chapter covers ranges and effects of globalization on economies in transition, as well as possibilities and limits in raising their competitiveness. International business has increased its size in the 20th century, mostly owing to trade liberalization and investments and partly owing to a fact that doing the international businesses has generally become easier and simpler. With regard to liberalization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has led to trade liberalization, and it was continued with establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995. At the same time, capital mobility was liberalized by most of the countries, especially with development of electronic money transfer. Besides, by introduction of a new European monetary unit – euro, in January 2002 has been exerted influence to international business. With regard to international business, two main forces are important: technological progress, which made global communications and transport relatively fast and comfortable, and economies in transition, which brought about opening new markets.
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Van-Lemesle, Lucette Le. "Fran√ßois Divisia (1889-1964): A Pioneer Responsible for the Integration of Mathematical Method into French Economics." In European Economists of the Early 20th Century, Volume 1, 81–93. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781035303205.00011.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Europe – Economic integration – 20th century"
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Ceravolo, R. "Condition Assessment, Monitoring and Preservation of Some Iconic Concrete Structures of the 20th Century." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0054.
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<p>Great architects and structural engineers such as Berg (1870-1947), Maillart (1872-1940), Freyssinet (1879- 1962), Torroja (1899 -1961), Nervi (1891-1979), Candela (1910-1997), Isler (1926-2009) and many others have designed recognized works of art in their discipline. They conceived extraordinary concrete spatial structures, that are located mostly in Europe and represent a unique legacy. It is important to raise awareness of this heritage, define the criteria for preserving it and begin the process of its renovation and rehabilitation.</p> <p>While concrete has become a 20th century emblem, much of the world’s heritage from this period is unrecognized or undervalued, and therefore it is at risk and in need of analysis and protection. Innovative technologies and solutions are needed that contribute to the successful reuse of modern concrete built heritage. Indeed, such structures are plagued by significant deterioration and most of them are in urgent need of retrofitting and/or radical refurbishment. In other words, there is a need to bring some of these buildings back to life, while respecting the spirit of their original characters, through new technologies for long-term conservation that can maintain an adequate level of structural performance. Achieving this goal would produce substantial economic impacts through activities such as restoration, maintenance, and cultural industry.</p> <p>The keynote lecture, more specifically, focuses on the condition assessment, monitoring and preservation of 20th century architectural heritage characterized by a complex spatial structural design. The service life of civil and cultural heritage concrete spatial structures is typically thought to range from 10 to 200 years, but in practice the service environment plays a pivotal role in sustained durability. Indeed, the collapse of Polcevera Viaduct in Genoa has raised strong concerns on the durability of concrete structures conceived at that time. The scientific community has once again underlined the important role played by maintenance and continuous structural health monitoring in avoiding these disastrous events. In order to demonstrate a correct approach to condition monitoring of concrete spatial buildings and bridges, some important experiences are described that were recently obtained at the Polytechnic of Turin on the structural analysis, seismic vulnerability and condition assessment for iconic 20th century heritage buildings.</p>
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Athavale, Shounak, Matt Davies, Miro Suga, James Williams, Kesh Narayan, and Paul Sheng. "2001 Manufacturing Odyssey: Impact of Globalization on Technology Requirements." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/med-23351.
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Abstract A report of the ASME Global Technologies Committee in 1999 stressed the need to inform government agencies about the importance of the activities of mechanical engineers. In particular, while government agencies and the public in general seem to understand the romantic idea of concept generation (inventors and scientists), they do not comprehend the efforts that go into realization of an idea into a usable product (engineering and manufacturing) and the benefits of this activity to the global society. In fact the product realization process makes the cutting edge products affordable and available to every strata of the society. In spite of current success, engineering and manufacturing functions are continuously challenged by the changing demands and business environment. Specifically, opening of world markets and industrial globalization require that manufacturing functions are not only flawless and efficient, but also be compatible with the global business environment. The goal of this panel is to showcase past contributions to the field of manufacturing and build a case for continued support of future manufacturing research and education. The panelist will begin the discussion by addressing five topics/questions. Comments and question from the audience are encouraged. The five topics/questions of focus for this panel discussion are 1. Innovative products of last century like cars, planes, computers, etc. remain accessible to masses only due to the revolutionary manufacturing technology at the time. Which of the past manufacturing technologies will you attribute this tremendous success to? Are any of these technologies obsolete or are on the verge of extinction? 2. During past few years most of the world has opened up to international trade and business. Global marketplace is not just a dream; it is a reality and is here to stay. Besides, the business drivers and associated economic advantages, supporting engineering and manufacturing technologies have played a vital role in keeping the global business afloat. In your opinion what key technology drivers (including any manufacturing technologies) are behind this success? Do any of the technical issues need immediate attention? 3. During the 20th century we have witnessed tremendous growth in manufacturing technology. Traditional research and development focused on getting the product out i.e. development of manufacturing and assembly processes and their optimization. The next big thing was to get the product out in an efficient and cost-effective manner. It fueled research in material flow and inventory management, resulting in techniques like JIT, Kanban, supply-chain management, etc. More recently eManufacturing initiatives (B2B, B2C, B2E, etc.) have made a tremendous impact in seamless integration of business operations (suppliers-purchasing-engineering-manufacturing-marketing-service), resulting in productivity gains. What’s next? 4. As resources are geographically distributed and scarce; consolidation, collaboration and leveraging often become key issues in a global industry. Research and Development may not be any different. In your opinion, are the days for “lone researchers/developers” over? If yes, how do you envision future R&D activities to function? If no, how to incorporate individual R&D efforts? 5. Commercial success of technical breakthroughs depends on the workforce that can implement the new technology and consumers who can utilize it. Often the term “technology overload” is used when either of these groups fails to comprehend the new technology. To avoid this trap, it is necessary for future manufacturing leaders and innovators to have a unique skill set. What kind of educational training and experience will be required of future manufacturing engineers/researchers?
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Stankova, Mariya, and Svetoslav Kaleychev. "BALKANS – SAFE AND SECURE DESTINATION FOR TOURISM. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION." In Tourism and hospitality industry. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thi.26.16.
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Purpose – The conceptualization of the future is connected, as a rule, with a critical reflection on the present. Such consideration is particularly relevant to the Balkan region as a consequence of its inherent geographical realities and historical circumstances, which predetermined what was happening in this region of Europe. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the countries located on the peninsula underwent changes and joined different alliances and unions, under the complicated regional and international relations. Such peculiarities provoked this study with a focus on the manifestation of global problems and their regional dimensions in the Balkans, trough the security and safety issues explored in the context of tourism. Obviously, in the future, their importance will be even greater, having a significant socio-economic impact, including the tourism industry, where no tourist destination can be fully protected from various situations of threat (well seen during the Covid pandemic). Respecting the new realities, the study explores the preparedness of the tourism industry in the Balkans countries for events of natural and social nature. Design – The study of the Balkan countries as tourist destinations is analytical in nature and with a design that ensures that the studied data have the necessary reliability and allow a comprehensive coverage of the research problem. Methodology – Methodologically, the research is based on a literature review on the topic and on a survey of overview information from international databases. The performed situational and comparative analysis uses for source information from the INFORM Index from the Joint Research Center of the EU Commission in fact outlines the trends in the development of tourist destinations on country level on the Balkans, influenced by natural and social threats. Approach – The conceptual framework is still at an early stage of development and the current study could be useful for reevaluating the threats that are being observed and for supporting future research on the topic. The chosen approach to the study area - the Balkan Peninsula is consistent with its specifics and territorial features and reveals the picture of growing pressure under the stress of natural and social threats - war, disease, terrorism, natural phenomena, accompanied by f inancial and geopolitical tensions. high level of security. Findings – The obtained results have their significance for outlining the trends for the tourist destinations in the Balkans. Above all, its scientific usefulness is revealed in the analysis of the exposure of the Balkan countries as tourist destinations of natural and social threats, accompanied by trends for each of them, drawn as main conclusions. Originality of the research – The scientific and theoretical novelty of the research consists in the practical guidelines, which are outlined in order to improve the preparedness of the tourism industry in the Balkans countries for events of natural and social nature.
Reports on the topic "Europe – Economic integration – 20th century"
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.
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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat