Journal articles on the topic 'Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting'
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Erokhina, Lioudmila Dmitrievna, and Hailun Zhang. "The impact of historic zoning of the Chinese and Western European cities upon social differentiation in the conditions of urbanization." Урбанистика, no. 3 (March 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2019.3.30657.
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The object of this article is the cities of China. The rapid growth and impact of Chinese cities upon the economy, politics and social life of the country and South Eastern part of the world sparks persistent interest of the researchers. Urbanization processes in China has a range of specific features that distinguish them from urbanization in the countries of Western Europe. Their identification is the goal of this article. The subject of this research became the differentiation of the modern Chinese cities and intraurban social stratification. Based on the accepted in Chinese sociology methodology of classification of cities, the author determines the differences between the urban structures of Western European and Chinese cities. The acquired results detect that the urban social and spatial structures in Western Europe have established under the influence of general economic processes that destroyed the traditional urban structure; while the Chinese cities, despite their rapid development, retain historical and cultural continuity of the principles of creation of spatial structure as a result of planned economy and political control. Examination of the peculiarities of urban structure and agglomerations allows forecasting the development of China’s social structure in the context of global transformations.
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Oleksandra Kurbet, and Roman Yukhymets. "Price convergence on the national gas markets of the Eastern European region." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 612–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.47.
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Establishing institutional arrangements for regulating gas markets toward price convergence is one of the crucial integrational factors. The strategy of the firm and economic development management depends on it. The paper aims to assess the characteristics of price convergence on the natural gas markets of the Eastern European region. This region is relevant for Ukraine in a number of parameters. The assessment was made based on Eurostat data for different groups of consumers, excluding taxes, using the standard deviation detection method of price convergence for 15 countries in 2007–2020. Despite the revealed generally positive price convergence on the natural gas markets in the considered countries after 2014, obtained results showed three points that highlight the heterogeneous structure of the process. First, an even movement toward a single price is detected in groups of large households (the standard price deviation of the price decreased in 2014–2020 from 2.7 to 1.9 euro per Giga Joule or 1.5 times) and medium industrial enterprises (the standard deviation decreased from 1.0-1.7 to 0.6-1.1 or 1.5-1.8 times). Second, the prices for the largest industrial enterprises in considered countries approached the fastest (the deviation decreased from 2.0 to 0.5). Third, in the segment of small enterprises, the deviation even increased from 2.1 to 2.2 (1.05 times). This result highlights the gap in the institutional mechanisms of European integration and sources of uncertainty for the small firms’ management. AcknowledgmentThe paper was funded as a part of the “Determination of institutional conditions for the development of the exchange segment of the gas market” research project (No. 0122U002205), conducted at the State Institution Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine.
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Gospodinov, Ilian, Valentin Kazandjiev, and Veska Georgieva. "The potential benefit of the use of seasonal forecast during the agricultural economic year 2019-2020 in Bulgaria." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 30 (September 20, 2021): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.30.009.
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Seasonal forecasting gained ground in the last decades by building up knowledge on the processes staying behind the climate variability at the seasonal time scale, constructing ever more sophisticated general circulation models and ensemble prediction systems and thus enhancing forecast skill. The seasonal forecast is a climate forecast and is therefore probabilistic in nature. The predictability of the atmospheric circulation at the seasonal scale is limited in the middle latitudes, where Europe and Bulgaria are situated, by its chaotic nature. The current standard is to give forecast of the potential anomalies of the mean seasonal temperature and the seasonal amount of precipitation. The National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Bulgaria has been issuing operationally seasonal forecast for the country since 2005. The goal of this work is to discuss the seasonal forecast for the last agricultural year 2019-2020. The year was characterized by its drought conditions especially in Eastern Bulgaria. This work would show the extent to which it was successfully predicted and how the seasonal forecast could have been used for decision making. The use of agrometeorological indices for the analysis of the skill of the seasonal forecast has been shown.
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Majchrzak, Dariusz, Krzysztof Michalski, and Jacek Reginia-Zacharski. "Readiness of the Polish Crisis Management System to Respond to Long-Term, Large-Scale Power Shortages and Failures (Blackouts)." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 8286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248286.
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Large-scale failures of electric power systems (blackouts) have been the subject of intensive research in most countries for several years. This research aims primarily at seeking solutions to improve the reliability of the operation of power systems and the development of effective strategies to protect critical infrastructure from the effects of energy shortages and power cuts. In contrast, systematic research on crisis management and civil protection under conditions of prolonged blackout has been undertaken in Europe only recently, and these extremely important aspects of energy security have been delayed by the COVID-19 crisis. The ability of the Polish crisis management system to cope with the consequences of long-term, large-scale shortages and interruptions in the supply of electricity, as well as the consequences of possible failures in this field, has not been systematically examined to date. This issue is of growing strategic importance, not only from the point of view of security and defence policy, but also economic cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe. Poland’s infrastructural security must be considered in a broad regional and supra-regional context. A long-term lack of electricity in a large area of Poland would undermine the stability of the entire national security system, destabilising the region and supranational security systems. Apart from objective reasons, intentional attacks on the links of such a chain cannot be ruled out. Poland is the leader of this region, a frontline country in the NATO-Russia conflict, as well as a liaison state that provides the Baltic states—being EU and NATO members—with a land connection to Western Europe. In view of the growing risk of blackout, the importance of the problem and the existence of a cognitive gap in this field, we evaluated the Polish crisis management system in terms of its ability to respond to the effects of a sudden, long-term, large-scale blackout. Methodologically, we adopted a systems approach to security management. In order to estimate the consequences of a blackout, we used analogue forecasting tools and scenario analysis. By analysing previous crisis situations caused by blackouts and local conditions of vulnerability to such events, we formulated basic preparedness requirements that a modern crisis management system should meet in the face of the growing risk of blackouts. A review of strategic documents and crisis planning processes in public administration allowed us to identify deficits and weaknesses in the Polish crisis management system. On this basis we formulated recommendations whose implementation shall improve the ability of the national security system to face such challenges in the future.
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Honcharenko-Zakrevska, Nataliia, Mykhailo Goncharenko, and Liudmyla Osipova. "PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF MARKET ENVIRONMENT DISTORTIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-42-50.
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Further changes and improvement of the conditions necessary for the development of economy, market and institutional environment should be based on gradual institutional transformations of the most important spheres of social relations, taking into account all the peculiarities of functioning of enterprises of different types of economic activity and forms of ownership. The regulation of the market environment should be based, first of all, on an institutional approach by creating an adequate support mechanism and stimulating its development. The purpose of the article is to formulate the methodological bases for the study of institutional aspects of market environment disortion on the basis of predictive analysis and institutional engineering. The authors summarize that the institutional environment has certain rules of behavior for the subjects of the socio-economic system, which reduce uncertainty in the functioning of this system, and also contribute to the growth of welfare of members of society. It has been determined that, both formal and informal, they must promote the effective functioning of economic processes and represent social value and productive force in socio-economic development in themselves, forming such a resource of society as social capital, which supplements and regulates the use of physical and human capital. The availability of social capital reduces the amount of transaction costs and, accordingly, the number of services for monitoring and controlling the behavior of participants in the economic process. It is proposed to conduct research based on predictive models of forecasting manner, that is used to predict the income and expenses of the subject and its future status. The overall macro-factor analysis of market distortions has made it possible to determine that the most comprehensive analysis of the elements of the institutional environment is carried out by the World Bank, with the help of several groups of indicators: the first group includes political liberties and political stability, the second one isthe efficiency of governance and the quality of regulatory activity, and the third one is the rule-of-law assessment of the quality of compliance of the human rights, property rights. It is also possible to determine the dynamics of the efficiency of government in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Predictive analysis of the market environment allowed us to consider institutional changes, both through the prism of quantitative analysis of economic agents and qualitative factors of influence (the perfection of rules, time interval for their implementation, etc.). Also, it allowed to analyze the disparities in the market environment from the point of view of trajectories formed by gradual changes and trajectories that have certain "breaks", jumps or "institutional shocks". The authors present the characteristics of the results of a predictive analysis of institutional development. It is generalized that the final assessment of institutional changes and their effectiveness can only be determined after their implementation. Pre-forecasting gives a plausible estimate of the effectiveness and a predictable estimate of chreodity of the development option. It also proposes the introduction of institutional engineering as an activity aimed at developing models of economic institutions that are consciously and purposefully introduced into the market environment and mass economic behavior. The main problem lies in the development of such rules and principles of activity, the adherence of which would contribute to the effective solution of those problems for which they were created.
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Hayo, Bernd. "A note on democratization and economic conditions in Eastern Europe." Journal of Socio-Economics 30, no. 6 (November 2001): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(01)00119-6.
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Angresano, James. "Evolving Socio-economic Conditions in Central and Eastern Europe: A Myrdalian View." Development Policy Review 12, no. 3 (September 1994): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1994.tb00067.x.
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Bożyk, Paweł. "Polish-Russian Economic Relations Under the Conditions of System Transformation." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2011): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10223-011-0003-3.
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The rapid economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, modelled on Western economies and based, in some aspects, on neoliberal principles, Has found the region’s countries to a bigger (Eastern European countries) or lesser (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) degree unprepared. The resulting economic recession, especially in Russia, has had an adverse effect on mutual trade between Poland and Russia. In order to improve economic relations with Russia and increase the trade volume, Poland, remaining within the bounds of EU standards and regulations, needs to adapt the commodity structure of Polish exports to the needs of the Russian market.
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Lobanov, M. M., J. Zvezdanovic Lobanova, and M. Zvezdanovic. "Typologization of industrial systems in the countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe." Journal of the New Economic Association 56, no. 4 (2022): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-56-4-5.
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The differences between the countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in terms of socio-economic and, in particular, industrial development suggests the use of complex approach to their study. At the same time, the formation of industrial potential takes place in similar, but not identical institutional conditions, which allows the development of typologies and classifi cations as a result of qualitative and quantitative data generalization. We analyzed intraregional differences in indicators of industrial production dynamics, its role in the economic development, the supply and cost of labor resources, foreign trade diversifi cation and the level of foreign capital penetration, structural rationalization and the effi ciency of enterprises. In addition, on the example of the countries of the region, the relationship between labor productivity and the share of foreign companies in the production structure was studied. The proposed typology of industrial systems in CEE and SEE countries is based on a comparison of two groups of indicators characterizing 1) the main trend in the industrial development and its contribution to economic growth (reindustrialization, recurrent / repeated deindustrialization, persistent deindustrialization, secondary / market industrialization); 2) the effi ciency of factors of production, the extent of involvement in global economic relations, the focus on the products with high added-value (intensive, extensive and transitional industrial development).
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Drakokhrust, Tetiana, Iryna Prodan, and Uliana Tkach. "MIGRATION CHALLENGES: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UKRAINE AND COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-30-37.
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Transformational processes in the global economy are due to strengthening the integration of national economies, increasing transnationalization, deepening internationalization of production and exchange, are accompanied by the activation of migration challenges. The purpose of the article is to examine and analyse the migration challenges, their development trends and the potential consequences for Ukraine’s and countries of Eastern Europe economic potential. To achieve the goal, the study focuses on the following tasks: to consider and analyse the main factors that have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of the country, such as the activation of international mobility of the Ukrainian people, armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, the introduction of a visa-free regime with the EU; to make a socio-economic analysis of migration processes in the countries of Eastern Europe; to consider and analyse the possible (potential) scenario of the development of the impact of migration challenges on the Ukrainian economy; to offer recommendations on mitigating the negative manifestations of the current migration challenges for Ukraine. Methodology. In the process of writing the article, methods of scientific abstraction, observation, synthesis of generalization were used to distinguish key socio-economic factors influencing migration challenges. The information and analytical base for the study of migratory challenges is the monographic works of foreign and domestic economists devoted to international migration, materials and analytical reports of international organizations dealing with migration (International Organization for Migration, International Labor Organization, United Nations Population and Development Commission, World Bank and others), regulatory and statistical data of the state authorities of Ukraine, results of scientific research of the Institute of Demography and Social Research after M. V. Ptukha NASU, Internet resources. The practical significance of the scientific research is to clarify the migration challenges, their development trends and potential implications for the economic potential of Ukraine on the basis of macroeconomic indicators; the likely economic consequences of the introduction of a visafree regime for the European Union for Ukraine and the projected tendencies of migration challenges as proposed scenarios, indicating developers and prospects for forecasting.
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Hibbing, John R., and Samuel C. Patterson. "Public Trust in the New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe." Political Studies 42, no. 4 (December 1994): 570–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb00299.x.
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After the collapse of the Soviet empire, democratic parliamentary elections were conducted in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and new parliaments convened, in the early 1990s. How much confidence did citizens in these new democracies have in their new parliament? Under what conditions is citizens' trust in parliament meagre or ample? Public opinion surveys conduced in 1990–1 in nine countries – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Ukraine – provide data for analysing citizens', trusting or distrusting orientations. Parliamentary trust is significantly influenced by perceptions of economic conditions, and by confidence in politicians and government generally but, surprisingly, not much affected by political awareness or involvement levels, political efficacy, or social class differentials. These findings indicate that public confidence in these parliaments will grow with economic prosperity and the demonstrated effectiveness of the government to govern.
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Vasylieva, Dariia. "CORPORATE BOND MARKETS IN EASTERN EUROPE: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-1-10-18.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyze the process of the corporate bond market formation in Eastern Europe and to determine the prospects for development in Ukraine. Methodology. It is justified that the main variables that affect corporate bond issues are loans granted to financial corporations (excluding banks) and non-financial corporations, share issues and equity. The empirical basis of the study is the reports of the National Securities and Stock Market Commission (on the amount of shares and bonds), the National Bank of Ukraine (on the amount of loans to corporations) and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (on the amount of corporate equity). The study covers 20 years: from 2000 to 2019. Based on these data, a vector autoregressive model (VAR) was constructed. The forecast error variance decomposition (VDC) technique was used to identify the most influential variables in the corporate bond issuance process. Based on the VAR model, the forecast levels of model variables for 2021–2024 were obtained, which should have been achieved under the condition of planned development of the corporate bond market in Ukraine. It has been suggested that the economic shock of the COVID-19 has led to a decrease in the expected level of variables in 2020. Therefore, seven scenarios for the development of the corporate bond market are considered: A – reduction of equity amount; B – decrease in the amount of shares issued; C – decrease in the amount of loans to corporations; A + B; A + C; B + C; A + B + C. The results of the VDC technique have allowed to establish that the issue of corporate bonds in Ukraine largely depends on the amount of bank loans granted to corporations. Based on the VAR model and scenario forecasting, it was determined that the most favorable for the development of the corporate bond market of Ukraine is the scenario, in which corporations’ equity will be reduced by 10% due to increased uncovered loss but such a reduction will not lead to liquidation, and hence the cessation of circulation of their shares. Practical implications. Forecasting the amount of corporate bonds, shares and loans to corporations based on the proposed model allows companies to develop effective strategic plans, and investors – to decide on the allocation of their own financial resources. Value/originality. The proposed model of corporate bond market development in Ukraine includes internal and external sources of financing of enterprises, and allows to quantify the relationship between financial instruments (corporate bonds, loans and shares).
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Bondarchuk, Vitaliy, Alina Raboshuk, and Svitlana Shypina. "EFFECT OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS 2007-2008 ON STRATEGIES OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4618.
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The paper is aimed at the study of the effects of world financial crisis of 2007-2008 on the strategies of the multinational corporations operating in Central and Eastern Europe. The economic downturn has abruptly halted the successful economic growth of the Central and Eastern European countries in the years preceding the crisis. In this connection, the question arises whether these structural changes in the economy will lead to reevaluation of expansion strategy by the foreign multinational corporations in Central and Eastern Europe. t has been established that in the post-crisis period the middle and top managers have a tendency towards paying more attention to the state competitiveness, the quality of the state institutions, and its political leadership. Moreover, movement of production facilities and logistics systems from Western Europe to the Eastern and Central European countries will be continued, due to cheaper resources and loyal conditions of access to them.
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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, Marta Guth, Adam Majchrzak, Andreea Cipriana Muntean, and Silvia Ștefania Maican. "The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158262.
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Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g., the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: (1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and (2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.
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Barwiński, Marek. "Geographical, Historical and Political Conditions of Ongoing and Potential Ethnic Conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe." European Spatial Research and Policy 26, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.1.08.
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For centuries Central and Eastern Europe has been the scene of frequent changes of borders and numerous ethnic conflicts. Contemporary ethnic diversity of this region is much smaller, however, the growing nationalisms of the various societies, mutual mistrust, and the temptation of politicians to use ethnic issues in the regional geopolitical competition pose a real threat to the stability and peace in Central and Eastern Europe. The dynamic political, legal, social and economic changes which have been taking place in this part of Europe for three decades now, which overlay its clear civilization division into the Latin and the Byzantine parts and are intensified by historical animosities, must have had an impact on the situation and the perception of minorities. In contrast to Western Europe, the contemporary ethnic diversity of Central and Eastern Europe is primary the consequence of various, often centuries-old historical processes (settlement actions, voluntary and forced migrations, border changes, the political and economic expansion of particular countries), and in the ethnic structure especially dominate the indigenous groups, migrants, particularly from the outside of the European cultural circle, are of marginal importance. Moreover, national minorities are usually concentrated in the border regions of countries, often in close proximity to their home countries, becoming – often against their will – element of the internal and foreign policies of neighbouring countries.
The main aims of the article are to explain the threats to peace arising from the attempts to use minorities in inter-state relations and regional geopolitics as well as engaging minority groups into ethnic and political conflicts (autonomy of regions, secession attempts) and still the very large role of history (especially negative, tragic events) in the shaping of contemporary interethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe.
However, the varied ethnic structure typical for this region does not have to be a conflict factor, on the contrary – it can become a permanent element of the identity and cultural heritage of each country.
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Somlyody, L. "Quo vadis water quality management in central and eastern Europe?" Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0219.
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Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are going through unique political, economic, institutional, and social changes associated with the heritage of serious pollution problems from the past. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the water quality management strategies CEE countries may take including the rationale of introducing Western policies in the short run. The policy to be selected must be viable under the existing pressing financial conditions and should feasibly be expanded towards a long-term sustainable scenario as economy improves. As a basis the present economic, social, and institutional setting is outlined, and the state of water quality and the role of emissions of various origins are summarized. A special focus is devoted to municipalities with low and unbalanced levels of infrastructure; the development of these infrastructures could be aburden even for stable economies. An overview and evaluation are given for the water supply, sewerage, and wastewater treatment for urban areas with populations greater than 25,000 in five countries of the CEE region together with a discussion of legislation issues. Major elements of cost-effective development strategies are discussed and illustrated by examples. They incorporate improved demand management and the closing of material cycles, the upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities to match the level of sewerage, the application of regionally variable effluent (and/or ambient) water quality standards and their gradual tightening based on a river basin approach, the innovative selection of combined chemical-biological technologies (for both upgrading and new design) depending on local conditions and the multi-stage development of wastewater treatment plants. The policy suggested for the next couple of decades is characterized by a number of non-uniformities which raises considerable implementation challenges.
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Evans, Geoffrey. "Class inequality and the formation of political interests in Eastern Europe." European Journal of Sociology 38, no. 2 (November 1997): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600006949.
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Class inequality provides fertile ground for the development of class divisions in political interests. Post-communist societies display evidence of such inequality and — despite expectations to the contrary — of its correlates: high levels of class identification, perceived relative deprivation between classes, and links between class position and economic expectations. These aspects of class formation are in turn accompanied by the endorsement of divergent political programmes by social classes. Marketisation is thus providing the conditions under which classrelated, ‘left-right’ divisions reminiscent of those in Western democracies, structure politics in Eastern Europe.
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Kunert-Milcarz, Renata. "EU Initiatives for Democratisation in Eastern Europe." Polish Political Science Review 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppsr-2015-0004.
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Abstract Support for democratisation and democracy has become one of the leading topics in a wide-ranging debate over the state of democracy in the contemporary world. The European Union became an important player in global politics, one with an ambitious programme for the spreading and supporting of democracy and the process of democratisation in Eastern Europe. Hence the author’s attempt at addressing the following question: what actions and strategies have and are being undertaken by the EU to facilitate the above-mentioned processes? The aim of the paper is to describe and assess the strategies and actions of the European Union in the field of supporting democratisation and democracy in selected countries of the former USSR (e.g. Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine), additionally well-fitting to the concept of Eastern Partnership, in the last decade of XX and the first decade of XXI Century. The paper also aims to present which procedures and standards (that are supposed to guarantee their usefulness and effectiveness) are being used by the EU. The emphasis has been placed primarily on the processes of democratisation, their mileage, specificity and possible strategies for supporting democratic development, as well as its potential for consolidation, in the countries of the former Soviet Union. In order to conduct the research it is necessary to assess the political, social and economic conditions in the researched countries. It is to be stressed that one should be aware of the complexity and dynamics of the described processes whilst evaluating the EU’s initiatives. The papers topic was chosen due to the importance and currentness of the researched EU actions and their results.
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Pavlo, Zhuk. "Ukraine: Facing Default Under Conditions of Global Uncertainty." Creative and Knowledge Society 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cks-2015-0010.
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AbstractUkraine faces a threat of full-fledged default and deep financial and political crisis. The current deep recession is the country's second major economic crisis in ten years. Ukraine was severely affected by the global financial crisis in 2008, with its economy shrinking by 15% in 2009. The economy remained weak in the aftermath, as former government caused the business climate worsening. The lack of reforms limited growth of GDP to just 0.3% in 2012 and remained static in 2013. By the end of 2013, Ukraine was already on the brink of collapse. The conflict in the eastern part of the country has further exacerbated the recession. Today the sources of economic growth in Ukraine have been exhausted, and the country is strongly increasing its debts trying to attract foreign investment. The government’s reform efforts have so far failed to significantly improve the country’s business climate. Ukraine is ranked 83rd out of 189 countries in the latest World Bank's ‘Doing Business’ 2016 index. This score is the second worst in Europe. Ukraine is still considered the most corrupt country in Europe as well (rated at number 142 out of 175 by Transparency International in 2014). The persistent state of war has disrupted industrial production, which is mainly located in the eastern part. The article elucidates recent events in Ukraine as well as gives a brief historical overview. The influence of misleading governance of economic situation is revealed. The positive scenario, in which Ukraine overcomes default, is unlikely to happen unless the firm measures are to be taken.
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Baer, Josette A. "HISTORIC ROOTS OF EASTERN EUROPEAN BACKWARDNESS." East Central Europe 29, no. 1-2 (2002): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633002x00569.
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AbstractSelbst als Historiker erschrickt man ob der Einsicht, dass gewisse Voraussetzungen für das Auseinanderdriften der politischen Kulturen innerhalb Europas bis in die Spätantike zurückreichen und dass sich das sozialokonomische West-Ost-Gefalle von heute bereits im spaten Mittelalter abzeichnet (Goehrke, p. 741). <?CTRLerr type="1" mess="PBlanc posé à Verifier !" ?> (Even historians are surprised by the insight that certain conditions responsible for the gap between the political cultures of Europe reach back to the late Antique and that the contours of today's socio-economic declivity of East and West emerge in the late Middle Ages.)
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Tarasevych, Olena, Yevhen Akhromkin, Anastasiia Volkova, Daria Zablodska, and Andriy Akhromkin. "Resilient Openness of Eastern European Cities in the Conditions of Sustainable Development." Problemy Ekorozwoju 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2023.1.11.
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This article is devoted to the research of the resilience category, which is now one of the best safety catalysts of each state and its cities. The authors consider the resilience of cities and European countries in terms of preserving the vector of their sustainable development and successful confrontation with external and internal challenges, political and intellectual elite’s efforts to anticipate and neutralize these challenges. This material is disclosed in scientific and practical approaches to openness of countries (cities), as well as through analysis of results of resilience estimation on large cities of Eastern Europe in sustainable development conditions. The article emphasized importance of ratings and methods that reflect the results of the transparency assessment of the city councils’ activities in order to ensure their social, economic and environmental development. For the purposes of the article the authors presented main assessment results of pollution and comfort of residence in cities of Eastern Europe, which allowed to carry out comparative assessment analysis of openness and transparency of the Ukrainian cities in the context of their resolution under sustainable development conditions.
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Jafarova, V. "The role of the cluster in the economy of Eastern Europe." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 1(21) (2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2022-1-02.
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In modern conditions of global competition, the cluster approach is more efficient in the organization of international production. The cluster approach is a new technology that allows to increase the competitiveness of the sector, region and country’s economy as a whole. Structural and technological changes in the world economy lead to the structuring of the economy, increasing competitiveness and the transition to a cluster system. If the cluster policy of developed Western European countries is used as an experiment, then in Eastern European countries clusters are the basis of the economy. States that set up their own economies based on clusters are distinguished by the production of competitive products that have provided a high level of development. The integration of state, research institutes and specialists creates conditions for efficient use of the potential of the economies of the countries. Some states support the development of clusters by stimulating economic policy tools and investments, shaping the business environment. In Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania and Georgia, clusters are emerging in the fields of higher education, healthcare, as well as ICT, microbiology, virology, chemistry and pharmaceuticals.
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Prokopová, Marcela, Ondřej Cudlín, Renata Včeláková, Szabolcs Lengyel, Luca Salvati, and Pavel Cudlín. "Latent Drivers of Landscape Transformation in Eastern Europe: Past, Present and Future." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 2918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082918.
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Land-use changes in Europe have been influenced by social forces including economic, demographic, political, technological and cultural factors. Contributing to a refined conceptualization of multifaceted processes of landscape transformation in the European continent, the present study proposes an extensive review of land-use trends in Eastern Europe, focusing on past, present and future conditions that may characterize latent drivers of change. Three time periods with a specific institutional, political and socioeconomic context reflecting distinct processes of land-use change were identified including: (i) the rapid transition to a centralized political system since the early 1950s (up to the late 1980s); (ii) a progressive transition from communist regimes to parliamentary democracy in 1989–1990 (up to the early 2000s); and (iii) the subsequent accession of individual countries to the European Union (2004–2007) up to nowadays. The most recent land-use trends are increasingly influenced by European directives on the environment, while national policies continue to shape economic development in member states.
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Antić, Aleksandar, Aleksandra Vujko, and Nemanja Tomić. "Examining and Forecasting Tourist Arrivals and Speleotourism Development in Resava Cave (Eastern Serbia)." European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2020-0012.
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AbstractCaves, gorges, canyons, waterfalls and other karst geoheritage sites have been the focus of many tourists who visit Serbia. Caves have been visited and explored by numerous school excursions and scientific expeditions. Thus speleotourism in Serbia possesses great potential for local and regional economic empowerment. Moreover, analyzing the influence of complementary tourist activities for speleotourism can generate more knowledge for future development strategies. This paper aims to forecast tourist arrivals in Resava Cave and thus determine the current and future conditions of speleotourism development. According to the current speleotourist traffic, Resava Cave is the most developed speleotourism destination in Serbia. Therefore, estimating the growth of tourist traffic is crucial for understanding its true potential.
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Reid, Julian. "Pedagogies of the Poor: Resisting Resilience in Eastern Europe and Beyond." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 89 (December 31, 2019): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.89.08.
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This article illustrates the different ways in which the poor are being put to work, in defence of a global neoliberal order by global economic institutions concerned with constructing them as resilient subjects, as well as by opponents of neoliberalism concerned with galvanizing the revolutionary potentials of poor people. In spite of the apparent gulf between neoliberalism and its revolutionary opponents, the poor find themselves subject to remarkably similar strategies of construction by both proponents and opponents of neoliberalism today. This predicament of the poor is particularly vexed in Eastern Europe where strategies of resilience are fast developing, and critical legal theory has so far offered little resistance to this trend. Turning against this tide, this article considers how we might reimagine poverty and conceive its politics beyond and against clichéd images of the poor as resilient subjects. Through an analysis of the work of the Hungarian filmmaker Bela Tarr, it argues for the necessity of images capable of conveying the intolerability of the conditions in which the poor continue to live, as well as the contingency of those conditions; images that serve as interventions on narratives which would reduce the poor to a life of mere resilience.
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Arinaminpathy, Nimalan, and Christopher Dye. "Health in financial crises: economic recession and tuberculosis in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 52 (April 28, 2010): 1559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0072.
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The ongoing global financial crisis, which began in 2007, has drawn attention to the effect of declining economic conditions on public health. A quantitative analysis of previous events can offer insights into the potential health effects of economic decline. In the early 1990s, widespread recession across Central and Eastern Europe accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time, despite previously falling tuberculosis (TB) incidence in most countries, there was an upsurge of TB cases and deaths throughout the region. Here, we study the quantitative relationship between the lost economic productivity and excess TB cases and mortality. We use the data of the World Health Organization for TB notifications and deaths from 1980 to 2006, and World Bank data for gross domestic product. Comparing 15 countries for which sufficient data exist, we find strong linear associations between the lost economic productivity over the period of recession for each country and excess numbers of TB cases ( r 2 = 0.94, p < 0.001) and deaths ( r 2 = 0.94, p < 0.001) over the same period. If TB epidemiology and control are linked to economies in 2009 as they were in 1991 then the Baltic states, particularly Latvia, are now vulnerable to another upturn in TB cases and deaths. These projections are in accordance with emerging data on drug consumption, which indicate that these countries have undergone the greatest reductions since the beginning of 2008. We recommend close surveillance and monitoring during the current recession, especially in the Baltic states.
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Rose, Richard, and William T. E. Mishler. "Mass Reaction to Regime Change in Eastern Europe: Polarization or Leaders and Laggards?" British Journal of Political Science 24, no. 2 (April 1994): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400009777.
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Regime changes occur at two levels, the macro and the micro. In Eastern Europe there has been holistic change at the regime level, but at the micro level individuals can differ in their reactions, some favouring the new and some preferring the old regime, thus creating aggregates of supporters and opponents of the new regime. Combining reactions to the old and new regimes results in a typology of democrats, reactionaries, sceptics and the compliant. Nationwide surveys in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania show that democrats overall are a bare majority of the respondents. If current divisions persist, then East Europeans will be politically polarized. Statistical tests of the influence of social structure and economic attitudes upon individual responses to regime change emphasize the importance of sociotropic economic assessments. But the data also show that most who do not currently support the pluralist regime expect to do so in the foreseeable future; they are laggards rather than anti-democrats. Moreover, the level of future support is so high that it is likely to be proof against fluctuations in the economic conditions of the new regimes.
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Zgłobicki, Wojciech, Kamil Karczmarczuk, and Bogusława Baran-Zgłobicka. "Intensity and Driving Forces of Land Abandonment in Eastern Poland." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 3500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103500.
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Agricultural land is an important natural resource and forms the basis for food production. Global and local socio-economic and environmental changes are often the driving forces of changes in land cover and land use. Land abandonment in rural areas is one of the processes observed in Europe today and usually leads to increased afforestation. The intensity of this process in Central Europe is linked to the political and economic changes that took place at the end of the 20th century. The study objective was to identify the natural and socio-economic factors of this process in Lublin Province—a major region of agricultural production in Poland. From 1990 to 2018, over 130,000 ha were excluded from agricultural use, which represents 7% of the arable land in 1990. Land abandonment showed considerable spatial differences when comparing different counties: its magnitude ranged from 4% to 13% of the county area. At the same time, due to the specific type of land use in the province (small farm holdings divided into several fields), the intensity of land abandonment was underestimated when based on overview data (CORINE). It was observed that the intensity of this process was correlated with the natural conditions (topography, soils) for agricultural production and the socio-economic characteristics (area of arable land, forest cover changes, farm size) of the counties as well as the absorption of Common Agricultural Policy funds.
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Peshkin, Vitalii Mikhailovich. "Prerequisites for the creation of Visegrád Group in the context of international political and economic situation in Europe." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.4.36045.
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The subject of this research is the historical conditions for the creation of Visegrád Group – subregional organization of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. The collapse of the system of pro-communist regimes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe allowed the local dissident circles to create the “ideological” framework for subregional organization, which is based on the idea of the Central European identity. In the late 1980s, the idea of subregional cooperation in the socialist camp won support of a number of Western European countries. However, the initiative on the development regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe was taken over by the United States. The United States prompted the decision of the G7 member-states on the transfer of the European Commission a coordinating role in assisting Poland and Hungary as the flagships for conducting political and economic liberalization in Central and Eastern Europe. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of attempts of subregional cooperation outside the framework of the European Economic Community in the late 1980s. Attention is also given to the previously unstudied criticism of the process of accession of the countries of Visegrád Group to the European Economic Community. Critical assessments substantiated by ineffectiveness of the programs of assisting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by posing threats to the stability of the European Economic Community member-states due to inclusion of the former socialist countries into the united Europe. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the collapse of the socialist camp at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s actualized the pursuit of identity in the new world by the Central and Eastern European countries. The oath of European integration was selected as a universal method for solution of this problem. However, regional cooperation remained a relevant question, since rapprochement with the Western Europe alone could not eliminate all the contradictions between the countries. The cooperation between Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia became the most successful example of such cooperation and served as the prototype for creation of other subregional structures.
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FARROW, SCOTT. "The duality of taxes and tradable permits: A survey with applications in Central and Eastern Europe." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1999): 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000315.
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Economic instruments such as taxes and tradable permits have been promoted as efficiency improving policies in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere. The little noticed potential for a symmetric equity impact from the two instruments in a world without distortions is first discussed. A specific policy option is suggested in which existing environmental taxes in Central and Eastern Europe can be increased without imposing additional financial burdens in industry if appropriate tax credits are provided. Second, conditions in Central and Eastern Europe are identified that reduce the change of efficiency losses in a general equilibrium setting when distortions exist. The trade-off between efficiency and equity in such a setting is found to depend on country-specific parameters and to be reduced if: (1) a cost-effective policy is implemented, (2) environmental assets can be distributed prior to privatization, and (3) government expenditures can decline.
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Nicolae, Balteş, and Jimon Ştefania Amalia. "Study Regarding the Effects of Demographic Transition on Labor Market and Public Pension System in Central and Eastern Europe." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0013.
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AbstractPopulation and the quality of labor force are the “strengths” features’ that ensure socio-economic development of a country. The last decades can be characterized as a transitional period, in which countries of European Union and especially the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are facing a demographic decline. Reduced birth rate, ageing and migration are factors’ which create a lot of pressure, both on labor market and public pension systems, items correlated with the population structure. In this paper we have presented the demographic situation and the size of migration in five countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The direct linkage between population structure, labor market and public pension systems represents, in transitional context, a threat to budget sustainability, especially in Romania. We consider that the reformation has to be adjusted with the new socio-economic conditions, finding new solutions for increasing birth rate, decreasing the “exodus” of young population and stimulating economic activities.
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Shastitko, A., and M. Ovchinnikov. "Budgeting in Socio-economic Development Strategies (Raising a Problem)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2008): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-3-134-151.
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The article proposes an approach to the analysis of social change and contributes to the clarification of concepts of economic policy. It deals in particular with the notion of "change of system". The author considers positive and normative aspects of the analysis of capitalist and socialist systems. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to be changed are introduced, their fulfillment is discussed drawing upon the historical and statistical data. The article describes both economic and political peculiarities of the transitional period in different countries, especially in Eastern Europe.
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Nevenic, Marija. "History of relations between Belgrade and the countries of South Eastern Europe." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 89, no. 2 (2009): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0902073n.
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In this paper is presented the development of relations and links between Belgrade and countries in a closer and wider regional surrounding. Noted is that the main directions of communication in the Balkans are shaped in the ancient time and that now, in a somewhat modified conditions, they remained the same, on the basis of which Belgrade during its long history has an important strategic, defensive, economic, trading, military and other development significance in the region. Also is highlighted a role of the current domestic and European initiatives and plans in the relations of Belgrade with the countries in the region after the Second World War, with emphasis on the present state and development perspectives.
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Fialová, Kamila. "Part-time Employment and Business Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe." Review of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2017-0009.
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Abstract This article explores the development of part-time employment in Central and Eastern Europe and compares it to Western Europe. On the macro level it examines the role of the business cycle and its effect on part-time employment in the two groups of countries since 2001. The key result reveals that contrary to the West, the business cycle development exerts a significant negative effect on the part-time employment rate in Eastern Europe. When the economy operates below its potential, part-time employment tends to grow more than full-time employment. This finding is consistent with the labour demand effect and reflects the pursuit of flexibility by firms as well as the adjustment in composition of employment to changing economic conditions. The countercyclical effect is even stronger for involuntary part-time employment. Separate analyses of individual demographic groups of workers reveal a significant negative effect of the business cycle on part-time employment of older workers and male prime-age workers in Eastern Europe. In contrast, the effect is insignificant for young workers and unclear for prime-age women.
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Petrovic, Milenko. "The role of geography and history in determining the slower progress of post-communist transition in the Balkans." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 2 (April 22, 2008): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.03.008.
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Central European and Baltic nations have progressed markedly faster than the other former communist states of Eastern Europe in post-communist transition. While five East Central European and three Baltic states have managed to successfully achieve the most important goals of political and economic transition and fulfil the criteria for EU membership, their counterparts from the Balkans continue to experience serious difficulties in implementing transitional reforms and merely hope for such an outcome. Scholarly analyses of the reasons for this division of post-communist Eastern Europe have often tended to emphasise the decisive importance of the initial geo-political, economic and socio-cultural conditions dating back to the deep pre-communist histories of the countries in question. Not denying the relevance and structural impacts of some historical and geo-political facts concerning the establishment of these differences, this paper argues that there is a limited explanatory value to structural arguments of the role of initial conditions in assessing the reasons for the slower progress of the Balkan states in post-communist reform.
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Ginevičius, Romualdas, and Valentinas Podvezko. "COMPLEX EVALUATION OF THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE." Journal of Business Economics and Management 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2004.9636082.
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"New economy” is a specific economic phenomenon emerging when two processes including globalization and technological revolution are taking place simultaneously. A question arises what economic and institutional conditions in the states under transition would allow them to take the best advantage of the potential of “new economy”. These conditions determine if a particular state is capable of accelerating its pace of long‐term economic development and approaching the level achieved by highly‐developed countries. In this context, the problem of evaluating the readiness of the states under transition to take advantage of “new economy” acquires great theoretical and practical value. To measure the above parameter, a so‐called indicator of new economy (NEI) based on ten variables characterizing the development and effective use of “new economy” has been recently offered. The INE indicator is a weighted sum of all ten variables for each state. It may also be calculated as a non‐weighted sum of all the related criteria. It may be assumed (based on the expertise) that the impact of any particular variable (criterion) on the general indicator of “new economy” varies to some extent, therefore, multiple criteria decision‐making methods should be used for complex evaluation of NEI
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Shostak, Svetlana Nikolaevna. "PUBLIC REGULATION OF COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS: EXPERIENCE OF THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 11 (January 24, 2018): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i11.37.
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The article analyzes the effectiveness of the activities of internatio- nal financial organizations in the context of their cooperation with the countries of Eastern Europe. The article clarifies that financing by international financial organizations of the private sector of Eastern Europe creates preconditions for raising their economic and social efficiency and for creating not only collective but also social goods. The main goals of the Eastern European countries, financed by international financial organizations, are considered in detail.It is proved that the financing of the private sector of the Eastern European countries of the EBRD creates the preconditions for raising their economic and so- cial efficiency and for creating not only collective but also public goods. However, the implementation of these prerequisites depends on a sound economic policy of the country, the timely formation of a new institutional structure for the function- ing of the public sector, etc. It is noted that for the effective provision of this area of cooperation with the EBRD to the countries of Eastern Europe it is necessary:• facilitate the transition from the capital and labor-intensive export of indus- trial products to high-tech and innovative;• to provide state aid for the formation of foreign capital by creating special zones of export production with a favorable tax regime;• implement a planned approach to regulating the development of the national economy on the basis of optimization of the state procurement process, the forma- tion of subsidies and other forms of state regulation of investment activity, etc.It is noted that in general, the experience of cooperation of the countries of Eastern Europe with international financial organizations and for Ukraine is im- portant. After all, in Ukraine there are a number of political factors that hinder the development of foreign investments due to the non-adaptation of domes- tic enterprises to the world market conditions of cooperation. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to reorganize the structure of state management of industrial objects and to establish mechanisms for legislative regulation of this process.
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Shostak, Svetlana Nikolaevna. "PUBLIC REGULATION OF COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS: EXPERIENCE OF THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.72.
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The article analyzes the effectiveness of the activities of international financial organizations in the context of their cooperation with the countries of Eastern Europe. The article clarifies that financing by international financial organizations of the private sector of Eastern Europe creates preconditions for raising their economic and social efficiency and for creating not only collective but also social goods. The main goals of the Eastern European countries, financed by international financial organizations, are considered in detail.
It is proved that the financing of the private sector of the Eastern European countries of the EBRD creates the preconditions for raising their economic and social efficiency and for creating not only collective but also public goods. However, the implementation of these prerequisites depends on a sound economic policy of the country, the timely formation of a new institutional structure for the functioning of the public sector, etc. It is noted that for the effective provision of this area of cooperation with the EBRD to the countries of Eastern Europe it is necessary:
• facilitate the transition from the capital and labor-intensive export of industrial products to high-tech and innovative; • to provide state aid for the formation of foreign capital by creating special zones of export production with a favorable tax regime; • implement a planned approach to regulating the development of the national economy on the basis of optimization of the state procurement process, the formation of subsidies and other forms of state regulation of investment activity, etc.
It is noted that in general, the experience of cooperation of the countries of Eastern Europe with international financial organizations and for Ukraine is important. After all, in Ukraine there are a number of political factors that hinder the development of foreign investments due to the non-adaptation of domestic enterprises to the world market conditions of cooperation. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to reorganize the structure of state management of industrial objects and to establish mechanisms for legislative regulation of this process.
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Strimbu, Bogdan M., Gordon M. Hickey, and Vladimir G. Strimbu. "Forest conditions and management under rapid legislation change in Romania." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81350-3.
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This paper evaluates the effects of post-communist economic transition on forest resources in Romania. Using data from 1993 and 2003, our research describes a sample of forested landscape units based on seven environmental attributes. These attributes were then compared to four technical attributes associated with forest management planning. The comparative analysis revealed that many forest stand attributes were significantly affected between 1993 and 2003, potentially by the forest ownership change, while most of the forest management attributes were not. Our results suggest that a dramatic change in forestry legislation does not necessarily result in a dramatic change in the descriptive characteristics of forest resources in that jurisdiction but, rather, in the structure of the forest. Key words: economic transition, Eastern Europe, forestry, policy, non-parametric statistics
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Tarín-Carrasco, Patricia, María Morales-Suárez-Varela, Ulas Im, Jørgen Brandt, Laura Palacios-Peña, and Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero. "Isolating the climate change impacts on air-pollution-related-pathologies over central and southern Europe – a modelling approach on cases and costs." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 9385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9385-2019.
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Abstract. Air pollution has important implications for human health and associated external costs to society and is closely related to climate change. This contribution tries to assess the impacts of present (1996–2015) and future (2071–2100 under RCP8.5) air pollution on several cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies and estimate the difference in the costs associated with these health impacts on the European population. For this, air quality data from the regional chemistry–climate modelling system of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) are used, together with some epidemiological information from the European Commission. The methodology considered relies on the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA) exposure–response functions and economic valuations (Brandt et al., 2013a, b). Several hypotheses have been established, in order to strictly isolate the effects of climate change on air pollution and health: constant present-day emission levels and population density in the whole of Europe. In general, the number of cases for the pathologies considered will increase in the future (chronic bronchitis, heart failure, lung cancer, premature deaths), increasing the overall cost associated from EUR 173 billion per year to over EUR 204 billion per year at the end of the present century. Premature deaths are the most important problem in the target area in terms of costs (EUR 158 billion per year, increasing by 17 % in the future RCP8.5 2071–2100 projection) and cases (418 700 cases per year, increasing by 94 900 cases per year in the future). The most affected areas are European megacities, the Ruhr Valley and several cities in eastern Europe (e.g. Chişinău, Bucharest). For the RCP8.5 scenario, cases and costs will increase over southern and eastern Europe, while central and northern Europe could benefit from climate change variations (decreasing both cases and costs for the studied pathologies).
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Louka, P., D. Boucouvala, F. Gofa, M. Balami, and D. Ziakopoulos. "Operational forecasting of a snowfall event over the Greater Athens Area." Advances in Geosciences 23 (March 8, 2010): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-25-2010.
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Abstract. A case of an intense snowfall in the Greater Athens Area (GAA) between 16 and 18 February 2008 is investigated. The physical processes that forced the snowfall event are identified and analysed. The main factor causing the event at its start was the entrainment of arctic air masses from North-Eastern Europe. At a second stage, the Aegean Sea acted as the Great Lakes of Canada and North-East USA and in association with the existing extremely cold air masses aloft and the enrichment of the air with humidity and heat led to the enhancement of the snowfall in the GAA. In the final stage of the event, the local meteorological conditions associated with the topography of the area resulted in the occurrence of very intense snowfall event on the leeward side of the GAA. The available operational observations and forecast tools were used for accurately predicting the intensity, duration and evolution of the event.
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Averchev, Oleksander, and Hanna Fesenko. "ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BUCKWHEAT, PANICUM AND RICE GROWING AND PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND UKRAINE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-213-221.
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The purpose of the article is to study the analysis of economic aspects of buckwheat, Panicum and rice growing and production in Central and Eastern Europe and Ukraine (2016, 2017, 2018). The subject of the study is the market of large crops in Central and Eastern Europe and Ukraine. The study is based on the analysis of statistics of production of buckwheat, rice and Panicum for 2016-2018. It was established that in the current and the previous grain seasons buckwheat was in the list of objects of state regulation that set minimum and maximum intervention prices, which gave grounds to the Agrarian Fund of Ukraine to carry out financial or commodity interventions in case of unfavorable price situation on the market. It is proved that Ukraine has everything that is needed for developing its own rice industry. The favorable natural and climatic conditions of southern Ukraine, the availability of engineered rice irrigation systems, the close cooperation and friendship of the Rice Institute with commodity producer, varieties of domestic breeding, environmentally safe cultivation technology make it possible to obtain high yields. So meteorological and hydrological conditions therefore play an important role in levels of crop production but they also have a knock-on effect on prices through the causal effect of supply and demand. This is true for the EU, as it is across the globe. Of course, with the European Union covering such a large area and including such diverse climates, adverse weather conditions in one region are often offset by optimum conditions in another. However, where the production of certain crops is concentrated in a few regions, the EU production levels will be particularly susceptible to weather conditions as well as to pest attacks. Where known adverse weather conditions have impacted on crop levels this is mentioned. Cereal harvest in the EU higher in 2017 despite drought conditions in many areas of Central and Southern Europe and reduction in cultivated area. Monsoon countries, which due to weather conditions harvest twice a year, do not have much higher and sometimes even lower rice yields than Ukraine does. It is set that despite the difficult weather conditions, the grain industry provides sustainable production, which guarantees the food and economic security of the country. Cereal crops are the basis for the formation and maintenance of the state's strategic food, feed and export balance.
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Latham, Judith. "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia*." Nationalities Papers 27, no. 2 (June 1999): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009059999109037.
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Throughout Central and Eastern Europe, the collapse of communism has led to an unleashing of ethnic strife and a worsening of the economic conditions of the Roma, who by any measurement occupy the lowest rung of the social ladder. In the former Yugoslavia, the situation has been aggravated enormously by war, rampant nationalism, forced emigration, ethnic cleansing, and economic sanctions. The nearly four-year war in the region took a heavy toll on all the successor states except Slovenia.
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Bielik, P., E. Horská, and N. Turčeková. "Some aspects of land market in Central and Eastern European countries: focus on Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 8 (February 20, 2012): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5116-agricecon.
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The presented research was done in two different regions in Slovakia, characterized by different soil and natural conditions and also production and economic results. The micro-economic analysis was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities using land for production of agricultural products. The first monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. The second group consisted of 150 businesses, having 1 866 ha of agricultural land in average. The paper also shows different problems of restructuring land markets in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
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Rogozinska-Mitrut, Joanna, Kostiantyn Sapun, Janusz Soboń, and Ruslana V. Seleznova. "Study of the Way to Overcome the Crisis by Development of International Tourism Business in Ukraine in Cooperation with Poland." Business, Economics, Sustainability, Leadership and Innovation 4 (July 15, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37659/2663-5070-2020-4-33-39.
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Crisis trends in the economies of eastern Europe from time to time make themselves felt, touching many sectors of the economy at once. In the conditions of the Ukrainian crisis, as well as a number of economic shocks affecting Poland, the development of the tourism business seems very promising. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the success of the economy of Eastern Europe indicate the need to give a tangible and non-standard impetus to the development of the economy. The article traces the importance of developing the international tour- ism business as a link capable of ensuring an influx of investments and economic growth in Ukraine and Poland, as well as improving their international image and investment attractiveness, becoming a prologue to the further development of their economic situation. The most urgent necessary steps for the development of tourism industries in the considered countries, as well as ways to enhance tourist flows in the region, are noted. The Polish and Ukrainian experience in the field of international tourism business is compared and recommendations for organizing public-private partnerships and international cooperation are formulated.
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Kotýnková, Magdalena. "Economic Migration of Eastern Europeans in the UK after the UK Referendum Held in 2016." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405011.
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The economic status of Eastern European migrants has become a major issue in the UK, as it was one of the main arguments for leaving the European Union in the 2016 Referendum. The negative view on migrants from Eastern Europe in the UK relies on the fact that these migrants are a major burden for the British social and healthcare system. At the same time, however, the issue of modern slavery is discussed, based on the fact that Eastern Europeans in the UK are willing to work under undignified working conditions. The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate the economic status of Eastern Europeans on the UK labour market. The paper is based on the theoretical concept of the dual labour market, which is used in the analysis of real data. The dataset used was prepared by the UK Office for National Statistics (GB): As the conclusion, the expected changes in migration of the Eastern Europeans after the UK’s leaving the European Union, currently scheduled for 31 November 2020, are given.
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Kryshtanovych, Myroslav, Petro Petrovskyi, Iryna Khomyshyn, Ivan Bezena, and Iryna Serdechna. "PECULIARITIES OF IMPLEMENTING GOVERNANCE IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL SECURITY." Business, Management and Education 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2020.12177.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – the primary purpose of the study is to identify the main threats to the process of ensuring social security and finding ways to establish a connection between economic and social security. Research methodology – the methodological basis is a system of complementary philosophical, general scientific and unique methods of cognition of socio-political phenomena, in particular systemic-structural, comparatively retrospective, institutional and structural-functional, diagnostics and forecasting, general methods of analysis and synthesis, etc. Findings – our results made it possible to establish which particular threats most affect the social security of the countries of Eastern Europe and the calculation results will help establish the country needs a connection between economic and social security. Research limitations – we did not take into account a significant number of indicators characterising the state of social security of the state. The threats we have highlighted are compassionate. In the future, it is necessary to pay considerable attention to the process of assessing the level of social security of the state in order to determine whether it is necessary to state which government measures or not. Practical implications – сertain threats and models can be used by countries of Eastern Europe to form the necessary measures to counter them; Originality/Value – the study covers one of the least explored areas, namely social security, which has not been explored for a long time in the context of identifying threats. Social Security Model IDEF0 Formed.
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Dabrowski, Marek. "Transition to a market economy: A retrospective comparison of China with countries of the former Soviet block." Acta Oeconomica 70, S (October 16, 2020): 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2020.00024.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the 1990s and early 2000s, comparison of transition strategies of China versus those in Central and Eastern Europe raised controversies in the economic and political science literature. However, differences between China and the countries of the former Soviet bloc in their transition strategies resulted not necessarily from a deliberate political choice but from different initial conditions. Low-income and largely rural China, after its first radical step (de-collectivisation of agriculture in 1978), could move more gradually due to its under-industrialisation and retaining administrative control over the economy. The over-industrialised Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and former Soviet Union (FSU) countries where the previous command system of economic management spontaneously collapsed at the end of 1980s, did not have such an option. They had to conduct market-oriented reforms as quickly as they could, with all the associated economic and social pain. Regardless of speed and strategy of transition, almost all previously centrally-planned economies, including China, completed building basic foundations of a market system by the early 2000s although the quality of economic and political institutions and policies differ between the sub-regional groups and individual countries.
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Giroux, M. E., G. Bourgeois, Y. Dion, S. Rioux, D. Pageau, S. Zoghlami, C. Parent, E. Vachon, and A. Vanasse. "Evaluation of Forecasting Models for Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat Under Growing Conditions of Quebec, Canada." Plant Disease 100, no. 6 (June 2016): 1192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-15-0404-re.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) causing frequent economic losses to farmers under growing conditions of Eastern Canada. To assess risks associated with this disease and guide fungicide use decisions, many researchers from numerous countries have developed weather-based forecasting models. This work aims at evaluating which model produces the most accurate predictions of disease infection or deoxynivalenol (DON) content under climatic conditions occurring in Quebec. Spring wheat was grown during two seasons and winter wheat during one season at four experimental sites located in Quebec. Nine selected models for evaluation produced predictions of DON content (Canada and Italy), disease incidence (Argentina and Italy), and probability of epidemics (United States). Data from plots without fungicide (52 samples) were used to test the models listed above. Reliability of the selected forecasting models was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. DON content (≥1 ppm) was the best crop damage indicator to differentiate epidemic (cases) and nonepidemic (controls) situations. Two American and the Argentinean forecasting models were more reliable than the others when the thresholds recommended in the literature were adjusted using the results for the ROC curve analyses. Those models are a good starting point for the implementation of an FHB forecasting system adapted to wheat production in Quebec.
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Nikishyn, Yevhen. "CONDITIONS OF PROVISION THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF A STATE IN TRANSITION PERIOD IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Economic Analysis, no. 27(4) (2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.04.059.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological aspects of the structural adjustment of the Ukrainian economy for successful integration and effective cooperation with the structures and countries of the EU in order to achieve in the period of assimilation of the level of economic and food security not lower than in developed countries. The article outlines the main problems of economic security of a state in transition with a change in the course of economic integration. The main laws and factors that need to be taken into account to determine the problems of Ukraine's economic security when changing the course of integration are analysed. The factors that determine the country's tasks of integration into the European Economic Union are determined. The basic principles of the country's successful integration into the European Economic Union are formulated. The main results of the integration of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are analysed. The reasons for the asymmetry of partnership and the preservation of the backwardness of some EU member states are revealed. The tasks of ensuring the economic and food security of Ukraine are formulated. They must be resolved during the assimilation into the European Economic Union.