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Boveroux, François, Séverine Cassiers, Philippe De Meyer, Pascal Buekenhoudt, Benjamin Bergmans, François Idczak, Hervé Jeanmart, Sebastian Verhelst, and Francesco Contino. "Impact of Mileage on Particle Number Emission Factors for EURO5 and EURO6 Diesel Passenger Cars." Atmospheric Environment 244 (January 2021): 117975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117975.
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Yoon, Dal-Hwan. "Performance Evaluation Monitoring System of EURO5 Type Valve for Overflow." Journal of IKEEE 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7471/ikeee.2013.17.1.057.
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Millo, Federico, Davide Simone Vezza, and Theodoros Vlachos. "Performance and emissions of a Euro5 small diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 12, no. 3 (2012): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijatm.2012.050358.
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Senin, Petr V., Dmitriy A. Galin, and Leonid O. Krush. "Using Diagnostics to Research the Operational Reliability of Electronic Engine Control Systems of Skoda Car." Engineering Technologies and Systems 32, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.235-248.
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Introduction. Some physical processes active in the electronic engine control systems lead to wear and tear of the system elements. Experience in operating and diagnosing vehicles at the service station has shown that there is the operation of vehicles with failures, many of which subsequently lead to malfunctions of different complexities. The purpose of the study is to apply diagnostics for determining the operational reliability and assessing the technical condition of electronic engine control systems. Materials and Methods. A batch of cars was selected to assess the operational reliability of modern electronic engine control system. There were carried out experimental tests of Skoda Octavia cars with 1.8 TSI CDAB 152 hp Euro5 engine and CDAA 160 hp Euro5 engine. The sample consisted of 60 vehicles. Every vehicle was registered for diagnostics, pre-maintenance and computer diagnostics. After a short test, the vehicle was taken back to the service station and subjected to a detailed diagnosis of the electronic engine control system. Results. The results of analyzing reliability of the main elements of the electronic engine control system have been obtained. It can be concluded that most of the failures of the structural elements of the electronic engine control system occur within the actuators of the system, which have moving elements, sensors measuring the parameters of the system wear out to a lesser extent. The analysis of dependence of failure rates of the fuel pump pressure regulator on operating time intervals has been carried out. Discussion and Conclusion. It was determined that the spark plugs have the least mileage lifetime. At the same time, the failure within the fuel pressure regulator of the car fuel system occurs most frequently (19.8% of total). The resource of this element of the electronic engine control system averages 125,000 km. It is proved that diagnostics using modern technological equipment is effective.
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Guido, Chiara, Carlo Beatrice, Silvana Di Iorio, Valentina Fraioli, Gabriele Di Blasio, Alberto Vassallo, and Claudio Ciaravino. "Alternative Diesel Fuels Effects on Combustion and Emissions of an Euro5 Automotive Diesel Engine." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0472.
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Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Chiara Guido, Carlo Beatrice, and Claudio Ciaravino. "Analysis of Nozzle Coking Impact on Emissions and Performance of a Euro5 Automotive Diesel Engine." SAE International Journal of Engines 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2013): 1801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-24-0127.
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Anwar Syahmi, Mas Fawzi, Shahrul Azmir Osman, and Harrison Lau. "Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Effect of Increasing Euro5 Diesel Fuel Blended with 7% to 30% Palm Biodiesel." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 28, no. 2 (October 17, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.2.3440.
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Biodiesel blend fuels have gained popularity over the year due to their ability to be used in conventional diesel engines without any modifications and have proven to be a cleaner fuel. The Malaysian National Automotive Policy (NAP) 2020 projects the usage of biodiesel blend B30 (30%) to be implemented by the year 2025 or earlier. Most manufacturers approve its usage but do not suggest using a higher blend than 20%. This paper focuses on the difference in engine performance and exhaust emissions between 7 % and 30% Euro 5 diesel-biodiesel blend. The fuels used are Euro 5 diesel fuel blend with 7% (B7) and 30% (B30) palm biodiesel. The fuel is tested on a Toyota Hilux model KUN 25 with a 2KD-FTV engine. Chassis dynamometer tests were conducted on a steady-state condition for speeds 30, 60, 90, and 110 km/h with accelerator pedal positions (APP) of 45% and 90% measuring its brake power, BSFC, and exhaust emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx. It was found that B30 produced slightly lower brake power than B7 and slightly higher BSFC than B7. Both CO2 and CO emissions for B30 are lower than B7, with a more significant difference at speed 30 km/h at all APP conditions. NOx emission for B30 is higher at speed 30 km/h but slightly lower at speed 60, 90, and 110 km/h than B7. Therefore, increasing Euro 5 biodiesel blend from 7% to 30% slightly lowers brake power, increases BSFC, lowers CO2 and CO emissions, and increases NOx emissions.
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R’Mili, Badr, Antoinette Boréave, Aurelie Meme, Philippe Vernoux, Mickael Leblanc, Ludovic Noël, Stephane Raux, and Barbara D’Anna. "Physico-Chemical Characterization of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emitted during Diesel Particulate Filter Active Regeneration of Euro5 Diesel Vehicles." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 5 (January 22, 2018): 3312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06644.
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Guido, Chiara, Carlo Beatrice, and Pierpaolo Napolitano. "Application of bioethanol/RME/diesel blend in a Euro5 automotive diesel engine: Potentiality of closed loop combustion control technology." Applied Energy 102 (February 2013): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.051.
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Querol, X., A. Alastuey, M. Viana, T. Moreno, C. Reche, M. C. Minguillón, A. Ripoll, et al. "Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain: implications for air quality policy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2013): 6971–7019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-6971-2013.
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Abstract. We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based on a 12-yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain especially compiled for this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceous aerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences in average concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around 1 μg m−3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organic carbon (OC), with very little elemental carbon (EC) 0.1 μg m−3; OC/EC = 12–15), to the highly polluted major cities (8–10 μg m−3 of nmC; 3–4 μg m−3 of EC; 4–5 μg m−3 of OC; OC/EC = 1–2). Thus, urban (and very specific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels of carbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning. Correlations between yearly averaged OC/EC and EC concentrations adjust very well to a potential equation (OC/EC = 3.37 EC−0.67 R2 = 0.94). A similar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtained at other European sites (y = 3.61x−0.5, R2 = 0.78). A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urban sites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourly equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depict road traffic contributions, varying with distance to road, traffic volume and density, mixing layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBC peaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from road traffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and rural sites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observed between 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting the impact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions. This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend of NO2/OC+EC ratios, because these standards have been much less effective for the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger diesel cars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC+EC are very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover both emission impact and health related issues.
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Querol, X., A. Alastuey, M. Viana, T. Moreno, C. Reche, M. C. Minguillón, A. Ripoll, et al. "Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain: implications for air quality policy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2013): 6185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6185-2013.
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Abstract. We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based on a 12 yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain specially compiled for this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceous aerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences in average concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around 1 μg m−3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organic carbon (OC) with very little elemental carbon (EC), around 0.1 μg m−3; OC / EC = 12–15), to the highly polluted major cities (8–10 μg m−3 of nmC; 3–4 μg m−3 of EC; 4–5 μg m−3 of OC; OC / EC = 1–2). Thus, urban (and very specific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels of carbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning and of biogenic emissions. Correlations between yearly averaged OC / EC and EC concentrations adjust very well to a potential equation (OC = 3.37 EC0.326, R2 = 0.8). A similar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtained at other European sites (OC = 3.60EC0.491, R2 = 0.7). A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urban sites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourly equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depict road traffic contributions, varying with distance from road, traffic volume and density, mixing-layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBC peaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from road traffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and rural sites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observed between 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting the impact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions. This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend for NO2 / (OC + EC) ratios as these standards have been much less effective for the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger diesel cars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC + EC are very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover both emission impact and health-related issues.
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Montoro, Xabier Arrizabalo. "El euro, caballo de Troya del FMI en Europa." Argumentum 5, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18315/argumentum.v5i2.6166.
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Trescientos cuarenta y cuatro euros mensuales, 344. Ésta es la pérdida salarial que, en promedio, sufrió cada trabajador español sólo en 2006. Es el resultado de la caída de participación de los salarios en el PIB, desde el 63,3% de 1993 hasta el 54,9% de 2006; pérdida que totalizó 82.927 millones de euros y, por tanto, 4.130 euros anuales por trabajador o los 344 mensuales mencionados. El período 1993-2006 abarca desde la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Maastricht, que inicia oficialmente el camino hacia el euro, hasta justo antes del estallido de la crisis. Se trata, por consiguiente, del período del euro, en cuyo marco se decía “España va bien” . Y esta pérdida salarial sintetiza con claridad el significado del euro, la intencionalidad con la que fue impuesto. De hecho, supone una caída de participación, en promedio simple anual, del 0,65%, mientras en el período 1978-93 fue del 0,28% y en el período 2006-2013, ya en la crisis actual, del 0,49%.
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Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Chiara Guido, Carlo Beatrice, and Gabriele Di Blasio. "Study of the Effect of the Engine Parameters Calibration to Optimize the Use of Bio-Ethanol/RME/Diesel Blend in a Euro5 Light Duty Diesel Engine." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 6, no. 1 (April 8, 2013): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1695.
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Leggett, Keith E. A., Amoi Stubbs-Oliver, Matthew L. Brun, and Terence J. Dawson. "Carnivory in euros, inland wallaroos (Macropus robustus erubescens)." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 3 (2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19055.
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This paper reports on an observation of carnivorous scavenging by euros (inland wallaroos) (Macropus robustus erubescens) at Fowlers Gap in western New South Wales. We believe this to be the first sighting of a euro feeding on another macropod.
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Smeets, Heinz-Dieter. "Euro-Rettungspaket(e) — Ein Beitrag zur Rettung des Euros?" List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik 36, no. 3 (September 2010): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03373335.
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Hoogendoorn, Martine, Carel R. van Wetering, Annemie M. Schols, and Maureen P. M. H. Rutten-van Mölken. "Self-report versus care provider registration of healthcare utilization: Impact on cost and cost-utility." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, no. 4 (October 2009): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309990432.
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Objectives: This study aims to compare the impact of two different sources of resource use, self-report versus care provider registrations, on cost and cost utility.Methods: Data were gathered for a cost-effectiveness study performed alongside a 2-year randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an INTERdisciplinary COMmunity-based management program (INTERCOM) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The program was offered by physiotherapists, dieticians and respiratory nurses. During the 2-year period, patients reported all resource use in a cost booklet. In addition, data on hospital admissions and outpatient visits, visits to the physiotherapist, dietician or respiratory nurse, diet nutrition, and outpatient medication were obtained from administrative records. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was calculated in two ways, using data from the cost booklet or registrations.Results: In total, 175 patients were included in the study. Agreement between self-report and registrations was almost perfect for hospitalizations (rho = 0.93) and physiotherapist visits (rho = 0.86), but above 0.55, moderate, for all other types of care. The total cost difference between the registrations and the cost booklet was 464 euros with the highest difference for hospitalizations 386 euro. Based on the cost booklet the cost difference between the treatment group and usual care was 2,444 euros (95 percent confidence interval [CI], −819 to 5,950), which resulted in a cost-utility of 29,100 euro/QALY. For the registrations, the results were 2,498 euros (95 percent CI, −88 to 6,084) and 29,390 euro/QALY, respectively.Conclusions: This study showed that the use of self-reported data or data from registrations effected within-group costs, but not between-group costs or the cost utility.
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Arnold, GW, DE Steven, and JR Weeldenberg. "Comparative ecology of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fulginosus) and euros (M. robustus erubescens) in Durokoppin Nature Reserve, isolated in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 21, no. 3 (1994): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940307.
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The populations of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and euros (M. robustus erubescens) in a 1196-ha area of native vegetation in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia were studied over six years (1985-91). The area was isolated from other remnants of native vegetation by at least 1.4 km. Captures were made periodically throughout each year and the animals weighed and measured. In all, 152 animals were captured (83 euros and 69 western grey kangaroos). The data for each sex and species were assigned to 'seasons' (February-July or August-January) and assessments made of body condition. The weights and tail circumstances, adjusted for individual size by regression on leg length, were higher for western grey kangaroos but not for euros in August-January. Euro males varied significantly in weight from year to year; euro females and grey males and females did not. Too few grey females were captured to analyse seasonality of reproduction. The estimated birth dates of 68 euro pouch young were distributed equally throughout the study period. There were approximately equal numbers of each species in an estimate made in 1988 from a helicopter survey, with a total (� s.e.) of 191�29 kangaroos. The mean faecal pellet counts on 42 Tied transects of 100 m2 did not differ significantly over the period 1985-88. These counts showed that the overall use of the different vegetation types varied by a factor of two. Heaths had the highest pellet counts and open mallee or woodland the least, with Allocasuarina-dominated shrublands being intermediate. Spotlight surveys around the reserve boundary showed a highly significant difference in distribution of the two species. This was confirmed by analysis of the home ranges of 13 radio-collared individuals. Euros showed a strong preference for areas of York gum-wandoo-jam woodland with a herbaceous ground layer and areas with tall Allocasuarina or dense heath. In contrast, the western grey kangaroos preferred the heathlands and open woodlands without a herbaceous ground cover. The sex ratios of the whole populations seen in spotlight searches was 0.72 : 1.00 (males: females) for western grey kangaroos and 0.81 : 1.00 for euros. Both differ significantly from parity. There was a higher proportion of female euros amongst the animals seen in the western part of the reserve than in the eastern part. These populations relied mainly on the resources of the reserve. The average number of kangaroos seen on adjacent farmland on any one night varied from 3.6 in 1986 to 13.5 in 1991. A significantly higher proportion of males of both species were seen on farmland.
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Mickiewicz, Bartosz, and Irina Pilvere. "ROLE AND MEANING OF AFFORESTATION POLICY IN PROCESS OF RURAL AREAS CREATION." sj-economics scientific journal 17, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v17i2.404.
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The study characterized the new action of afforestation of agricultural land in RDP 2014-2020, which are depicted in the background of previous programming periods. It is a long-term activity because afforestation of agricultural land was implemented in the RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013. The RDP 2004-2006 afforestation action was foreseen to cover 47.0 thousand. ha, in fact, it was made on 39.7 thousand. ha (84.5%), which represented 0.22% of agricultural land. On the afforestation of agricultural land there was provided financial support of € 91.7 million, including an EU contribution at 73.3 million euro (80%). In fact financial assistance was made in the amount of 384.5 million zł (96 million euro), realizing the proposals submitted by 28.5 thousand. beneficiaries. On average, per application it accounted for 13.5 thous. zł. In the next financial perspective 2007-2013 RDP for action related to afforestation there was planned to spend more than 2.0 billion zł (513.5 million euros), while payment execution was at the level of 553.6 million zł (26.9%). In the RDP 2014-2020 the rate of payments related to afforestation has been set at 300.9 million euros, including 191.4 million (63.63%) from the EAFRD and 108.7 million euros (36.37%) from the state budget. Comparing to the total amount of support that is provided on the RDP for 2014-2020 of EUR 13 513.3 million, financial instruments for afforestation and the creation of green areas represent 2.2%.
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Botrup, Heinz-J. "Finanzmarktkrise und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des deutschen Bankensektors." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.87.3.27.
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Zusammenfassung: Der deutsche Bankensektor hat die weltweite Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, sieht man von den hoch spekulativen Großbanken und den geschäftsmodelllosen Landesbanken einmal ab, relativ gut überstanden. Auch das der Krise folgende Niedrigzinsniveau hat zwar im Zinsergebnis negative Spuren hinterlassen, dennoch konnte der gesamte deutsche Bankensektor von 2000 bis 2017 einen Jahresüberschuss vor Ertragsteuern in Höhe von fast 326 Milliarden Euro (jahresdurchschnittlich 18,1 Milliarden Euro) erzielen. Davon haben sich die öffentlichen Sparkassen mit gut 120 Milliarden Euro den größten Teil des Gewinns einverleibt, gefolgt von den Volksbanken mit fast 84 Milliarden Euro. Zusammen kamen Sparkassen und Volksbanken auf einen Gewinnanteil von 62,7 Prozent des gesamten Bankensektors. Die Großbanken realisierten dagegen von 2000 bis 2017 „nur“ fast 31 Milliarden Euro beziehungsweise kamen auf einen Gewinnanteil von 9,5 Prozent. Das mit Abstand größte deutsche Kreditinstitut, die Deutsche Bank, konnte von 2000 bis 2017 insgesamt 56 Milliarden Euro an Gewinn vor Steuern einstreichen, was bedeutet, dass die anderen Großbanken im selben Zeitraum zusammen einen Verlust in Höhe von 25 Milliarden Euro verkraften mussten. Die trotz Wirtschaftskrise hohen Gewinne im Bankensektor haben im Grundsatz mit einer marktwirtschaftlich gewollten Wettbewerbssituation nur wenig zu tun. Allerdings relativieren sich die Gewinne bezogen auf das niedrig eingesetzte Eigenkapital. Die Eigenkapitalrentabilitäten vor Steuern schwanken hier von 2000 bis 2017 im gesamten deutschen Bankensektor zwischen –7,4 Prozent (2008) und 12,9 Prozent (2005). Auffallend hoch sind hier die Profitraten der Sparkassen mit Werten von 27,4 Prozent (2011) und 16,4 Prozent (ebenfalls 2011) bei den Volksbanken. Im Vergleich zur deutschen Wirtschaft fallen die Renditewerte im Bankensektor natürlich weit geringer aus, weil sich die Gewinne der Finanzsphäre nur aus der produzierenden Wirtschaft ergeben können. Nach der Krise ist vor der Krise. Zwar wurde der Bankensektor einer größeren staatlichen Kontrolle unterworfen, die aber nur die Symptome bekämpft und nicht die Krisenursache, die in einer neoliberal gewollten Umverteilung von den Arbeits- zu den Kapitaleinkünften liegt. So konnte auch ein stetig wachsender gefährlicher Schattenbankensektor entstehen, der ohne jegliche staatlichen Kontrollen die nach wie vor sich zu den Kapitaleinkünften umverteilenden Wertschöpfungen in spekulativer Manier aufsaugt. Wird die Umverteilung in der produzierenden Wirtschaft nicht endlich durch einen signifikanten Anstieg der Lohnquote und durch eine entsprechende staatliche Besteuerung des völlig ungleich verteilten Vermögens geändert, also die Krisenursache beseitigt, so ist die nächste schwere Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise nicht mehr weit. Summary: The German banking sector has weathered the global financial and economic crisis relatively well, apart from the highly speculative big banks and the non-banked state banks. Even though the low interest rate following the crisis has had a negative impact on net interest, the entire German banking sector was able to generate net income before taxes of nearly 326 billion euros (annual average 18.1 billion euros) from 2000 to 2017. Of these, the public savings banks have incorporated 120 billion euros, this is most of the profits, followed by the Volksbanks with almost 84 billion euros. Together, savings banks and Volksbanks earned a 62.7 percent share of the total banking sector. By contrast, the big banks are realizing „only“ almost 31 billion euros between 2000 and 2017, or a profit share of 9.5 percent. By far the largest German bank, Deutsche Bank, was able to recoup a total of 56 billion euros in profit before tax from 2000 to 2017, which means that the other major banks together had to cope with a loss of 25 billion euros during the same period. The high profits in the banking sector despite the economic crisis have, in principle, little to do with a market-driven competitive situation. However, the profits are relative to the low capital employed. The pre-tax return on equity between 2000 and 2017 in the German banking sector as a whole fluctuates between –7.4 percent (2008) and 12.9 percent (2005). Noticeably high here are the profit rates of the savings banks with values of 27.4 percent (2011) and 16.4 percent (also 2011) at the Volksbanks. Compared to the German economy as a whole, the return values in the banking sector are, of course, much lower because the profits of the financial sphere are. After the crisis is before the crisis. It is true that the banking sector has been subject to greater state control, which, however, only combats the symptoms of the crisis and not the cause of the crisis, which is a neoliberal change from labor to capital. As a result, a steadily growing dangerous shadow banking sector could emerge which, without any state controls, absorbs in a speculative manner the added value of reallocated capital gains. If the decisive redistribution in the producing economy is not finally reversed in a significant increase in the wage share and by a corresponding state taxation of completely unevenly distributed assets, thus eliminating the cause of the crisis, the next serious financial and economic crisis is not far away.
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Ross García, Fernando. "Estudio de impacto socioeconómico de las Bibliotecas de Navarra." Las bibliotecas de Navarra: acceso a la información y el conocimiento / Nafarroako liburutegiak: informazioa eta ezagutza eskuratzeko bidea, no. 275 (May 29, 2020): 1399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/pv.275.19.
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RESUMEN Por cada euro invertido, las bibliotecas de Navarra devuelven a la sociedad servicios valorados entre 3,49 y 4,66 euros. El roi o retorno de la inversión es el indicador que muestra el valor económico de los servicios que ofrece una biblioteca en relación con sus gastos. En 2016 las bibliotecas de Navarra presentaron su estudio socioeconómico, estudio que demuestra que las bibliotecas, además de necesarias, son eficientes en términos de rentabilidad económica. El estudio mide también el valor social, el beneficio que la biblioteca aporta a la ciudadanía como elemento indispensable de cohesión social, difusión de la cultura y lugar de encuentro y socialización en la comunidad a la que sirve. LABURPENA Inbertitutako euro bakoitzeko, Nafarroako liburutegiek 3,49 eta 4,66 euro arteko balioa duten zerbitzuak itzultzen dizkiote gizarteari. Inbertsioaren itzulera (ROI) da liburutegi batek bere gastuei dagokienez eskaintzen dituen zerbitzuen balio ekonomikoa erakusten duen adierazlea. 2016an, Nafarroako liburutegiek beren azterketa sozioekonomikoa aurkeztu zuten. Azterlan horrek erakusten du liburutegiak, beharrezkoak izateaz gain, eraginkorrak direla errentagarritasun ekonomikoari dagokionez. Azterlanak balio soziala ere neurtzen du, liburutegiak herritarrei ematen dien onura, gizarte-kohesiorako, kulturaren hedapenerako eta zerbitzatzen duen komunitatean elkartzeko eta sozializatzeko ezinbesteko elementu gisa. ABSTRACT In return for each euro invested, the libraries of Navarre provide society with services valued between 3.49 to 4.66 euros. The roi or Return on Investment is the indicator that shows the financial value of the services offered by a library in relation to its expenditure. In 2016, the libraries in Navarre presented a socio-economic study demonstrating that, as well as being necessary, libraries are efficient in terms of economic profitability. The study also measured the social value, the benefits that a library offers citizens as an essential element of social cohesion, the dissemination of culture and their role as a place to meet up and socialise in the community it serves.
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Fiorenza, Elisa, and Elisabetta Bonvino. "L’intercomprensione dall’italiano o verso l’italiano: un percorso fra le lingue romanze." Revista de Italianística, no. 21-22 (December 30, 2011): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-8281.v0i21-22p161-179.
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Nosso artigo comenta algumas etapas e características de umpercurso de intercompreensão entre cinco línguas românicas, utilizando a metodologia EuRom. Em particular, consideramos que, por meio do desenvolvimento da habilidade de leitura em português, espanhol, catalão, italiano e francês, também os aprendizes de italiano como língua dois e os falantes nativos de italiano no mundo inteiro dispõem de uma preciosa palavra-chave para explorar as línguas alvo. Além disso, os estudantes que fizeram a experiência demonstraram sua capacidade de reflexão sobre a sua língua materna, desenvolvendo, simultaneamente, suas estratégias cognitivas e metacognitivas. O trabalho dedica uma atenção especial aos instrumentos didáticos de EuRom5 e leva em conta, também, os dados empíricos levantados ao longo de mais de 15 anos de experimentação da metodologia EuRom em diversos países europeus e extraeuropeus
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Timerman, Dumitru, and Mihai Deju. "METHODOLOGIC ELEMENTS NECESSARY IN MAKING FORECASTS FOR REGIONAL." STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES. ECONOMICS EDITION, no. 13 (December 17, 2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i13.31.
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Regional picture appear two Romanians: a richer, which includes the Bucharest-Ilfov, West and Center and a poor, other regions. Among the most competitive districts are Ilfov (8. 553 euro per capita), Timiş (7. 931 euro per capita), Braşov (7. 108 euro per capita), Arad (6. 675 euro per capita), Cluj (6. 561 euro per capita), Constanta (6. 368 euro per capita), and among the poorest - Botosani (2. 745 euro per capita) and Vaslui (2. 930 euro per capita). According to a report by the National Prognosis Commission (CNP), while Bucharest-Ilfov region will have a GDP per capita of 11. 694 euros next year, the Northeast will remain poverty pole, 3. 826 euro per capita. Economists argue that, if not reduce disparities, mainly through public investment, we could assist in disruption of important social and economic environment. Lowering differences would include the maintenance of close growth rates of GDP / capita, and these important gaps. Economic analysts draw attention to the dangers which may arise due to different levels of development. Develop forecasts in territorial - at regional or county-is a necessary and useful approach in the perspective of Romania in the European Union. From this point of the assessment of regional economic disparities and the potential development of each area provides an important support kinesiology orientation and use with maximum efficiency of the structural funds and cohesion funds that Romania will benefit by integrating. Regional forecasts provide information on possible future development, with employment in the global data of the national economy as a whole.
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Toth, Jozsef. "The Bankıng Resolutıon Funds In The European Unıon." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 4 (February 28, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n4p32.
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The new directive of the European Parliament and the European Council issued in 2014 define unified expectations regarding banking resolution mechanism to be applied in territory of each EU member state. The non-euro zone member states must create national resolution funds while the euro zone member states have to upload the so called Single Resolution Fund. These funds are implemented in order to finance the banking resolution processes. This article introduces the main rules of the unified resolution system as well as deals with its financial background. The European Commission declared in its statement that the target level of the Single Resolution Fund is 55 billion euros. However, this paper provides evidence that this target level is underestimated.
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Bojovic, Bosko. "Le sud-est européen et l'Europe: Origines et perspectives d'une altérité mal assumée en marge de l'élargissement européen." Balcanica, no. 35 (2004): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0535239b.
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(francuski) Depuis l'Antiquit? l'histoire de la P?ninsule balkanique est jalonn?e d'alternances entre clivages culturels ou politiques et synth?ses de civilisation: Gr?ce, Rome, Byzance, Empire ottoman. Ce qui a cr?? une superposition de nuances et de diff?renciations ethniques et nationales selon les lignes de partage confessionnelles et culturelles, id?ologiques et politiques. La r?manence de ces lignes de partage, issues en partie du Moyen Age, et qui ne cessent de se d?multiplier depuis le XIXe si?cle, fait que les Balkans oscillent de nos jours entre adh?sion aux processus d'int?gration euro-atlantiques et processus de d?sint?grations successives sur la base des singularisassions communautaires et de pulsions identitaires. Menace majeure de la stabilit? europ?enne au XIXe si?cle connue ? l'?poque sous la d?nomination de "Question d'Orient", la crise balkanique est depuis la fin du XXe si?cle une zone d'ombre sur la toile d'int?gration europ?enne. Les redoutables difficult?s ? g?rer cette crise d?sormais redevenue chronique, font que les Balkans, ind?pendamment ou non de toutes autres contradictions euro-atlantiques, apparaissent comme un espace crucial au sein duquel la future Grande Europe joue tout ou partie de son avenir.
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Bonadio, Barthélémy, Andreas M. Fischer, and Philip Sauré. "The Speed of Exchange Rate Pass-Through." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 506–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz007.
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Abstract On January 15, 2015, the Swiss National Bank discontinued its minimum exchange rate policy of 1 euro against 1.2 Swiss francs. This policy change resulted in a sharp, unanticipated, and permanent appreciation of the Swiss franc by more than 11% against the euro. We analyze the pass-through of this unusually clean exchange rate shock into import unit values at the daily frequency using Swiss transaction-level trade data. Our key findings are twofold. First, for goods invoiced in euros, the pass-through is immediate and complete. Second, for goods invoiced in Swiss francs, the pass-through is partial and exceptionally fast: beginning on the second working day after the exchange rate shock, the medium-run pass-through is reached after 12 working days.
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Ravasio, Roberto. "Analisi di costo di pemetrexed vs docetaxel nel trattamento di seconda linea del carcinoma polmonare non a piccole cellule." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2005): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v6i2.827.
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OBJECTIVES: to compare costs of pemetrexed versus docetaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy paying special attention to the adverse events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a cost analysis was carried out performing comparison between pemetrexed and docetaxel. Clinical data (overall survival) and resource consumption (chemotherapy drugs, G-CSF, and hospitalizations due to adverse events) were obtained from a randomized phase III trial. The economic evaluation was based on direct costs using local Italian unit costs (euro 2005). The perspective was the National Health Service’s. RESULTS: the study results showed that mean survival of pemetrexed (8,3 months; 0,69 years) was higher than mean survival of docetaxel (7,9 months; 0,66 years). The mean cost of treatment with pemetrexed was 8.684,26 euros and with docetaxel was 6.182,87 euros. This difference was nearly offset by the difference in the costs of adverse events: the mean cost of adverse events due to chemotherapy treatment with pemetrexed (493,93 euros) turned out to be lower than with docetaxel (2.394,34 euros). CONCLUSION: the present cost-analysis could be a stable ground for a further cost-utility analysis, aimed at reaching a more cost-effectiveness management of the chemotherapy-related adverse effects in patients with NSCLC.
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Dimitrios, Dapontas. "Can Euro Zone Survive and Long Prosper?" Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 4, no. 2 (February 15, 2012): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v4i2.309.
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The current problems on the aftermath of the global credit crunch left the weakest Euro countries in the turbulence of a debt crisis, which has been spread in five countries (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Spain respectively) and raised the question of a Euro zone future survival. The surviving barriers have to do with limitations and restrictions on the single market, the lack of political union and different monetary policy targets. Incentives to secede are also present. However, a possible withdraw of a country would have high cost for all the participants and it could lead to monetary union’s demolition. The costs related with a possible withdraw are high, thus it is difficult for a country to leave a union. In the recent debt crisis, the countries accepted bailouts from their counterparts and international organizations in order to prevent the Euro zone collapse spreading the crisis further. Three possible Euro zone future scenarios are analyzed. The volunteer or not breakup of the union and reintroducing of national currencies, the breakup of the Euro zone to two currencies consisting Optimal Currency Areas (OCAs)is analyzed by using thirteen equally weighted optimum area criteria and the imposition of an interest equalization tax(IET) in order to make the Euro zone a single OCA. The results show that the asymmetries lead to the crisis persists in a possible two Euros area and this scenario cost is higher than union dissolution’s. An IET can help Euro zone in the short time to develop sustainable characteristics.
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Cosculluela-Martínez, Carolina. "Sustainable Knowledge Investment Increases Employment and GDP in the Spanish Agricultural Sector More Than Other Investments." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083127.
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Investment in every type of asset increases GDP and net employment differently. This paper compares the effect produced by a permanent unitary shock in Sustainable Knowledge for the Primary Sector (SKPS) on the Spanish employment and GDP growth with the effect produced by the other fourteen capital stock types. The methodology used is a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), where the complementary capital can affect SKPS instantaneously. The results suggest that SKPS produces the second-highest, short and long-term effects on both labor and production, per Euro invested; moreover, the investment of 4.3 thousand euros is retrieved in the first year and increases net employment in one person after four years. Accordingly, the 5 million Euro Budget to invest in sustainable machinery and processing techniques increases net employment by 827 employees.
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Barrell, Ray. "The UK and EMU: Choosing the Regime." National Institute Economic Review 180 (April 2002): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010218000108.
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The UK has to make a decision on membership of EMU in the next two years. The monetary and fiscal regimes in the Euro Area and in the UK do not differ greatly. However, we argue that membership of EMU will increase the stability of the economy and the credibility of the policy framework, and hence will enhance the prospects for growth and higher incomes and employment. There appear to be no major problems associated with joining EMU at around 1.50 euros to the pound, although there are risks to the UK if the euro appreciates against the dollar after we have entered. However, the costs associated with this risk have to be offset against the probability of the significant output gains that could come from EMU membership in the medium term.
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Yazdanpanah, Yazdan, Sue J. Goldie, Elena Losina, Milton C. Weinstein, Thérèse Lebrun, A. David Paltiel, George R. Seage, et al. "Lifetime Cost of HIV Care in France during the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy." Antiviral Therapy 7, no. 4 (May 1, 2001): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350200700405.
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Objective To estimate the treatment and health care costs of HIV infection or AIDS in France during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design We used a clinical database of HIV-infected patients to calculate the resource use and cost of care for different stages of HIV infection. Costs were incorporated into a computer-based, probabilistic simulation model of the natural history and treatment of HIV infection to estimate the lifetime cost of treating patients with HIV disease. Setting A northern France HIV clinical cohort. Participants 1232 HIV-infected patients followed from January 1994 through July 1998. Results In the absence of an AIDS-defining event, the average total cost of care ranged from 670 euros (1 euro=US $1.19) per person-month in the highest CD4 stratum (>500/μl) to 1060 euros per person-month in the lowest CD4 stratum (≤50/μl). The mean cost of care was estimated at 3370 euros per person-month during the initial months around the occurrence of an AIDS-defining event; at 1750 euros per person-month during the period spanning from 2 months after the diagnosis of specific AIDS-defining event to 1 month prior to death; and at 13 010 euros per person-month in the final month prior to death. If clinical management of HIV infection began at a CD4 cell count of 378/μl, as in this cohort, the discounted lifetime cost of treating an HIV-infected French patient was estimated at 214 000 euros. The undiscounted costs were 309 000 euros over a projected life expectancy of 16.4 years. Conclusion The cost of HIV disease varies widely depending upon the stage of illness. These estimates of stage-specific and lifetime costs of HIV care will assist health policy planners in assessing the burden of disease in the era of HAART and projecting future resource requirements.
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Niemi, Jarkko K., Tapani Lyytikäinen, Leena Sahlström, Heikki Lehtonen, Jonna Kyyrö, and Alina Sinisalo. "Afrikkalaisen sikaruton taudinpurkauksen simuloidut taloudelliset vaikutukset Suomessa." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 33 (January 31, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75212.
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Afrikkalainen sikarutto on helposti leviävä virustauti, jota ei ole tavattu Suomessa. Tauti voi aiheuttaa mittavia kustannuksia kotieläinalalle ja veronmaksajille, sekä häiritä sioista saatavien tuotteiden kansainvälistä kauppaa. Afrikkalainen sikarutto on levinnyt viimeisten kahden vuoden aikana Venäjältä Puolaan ja Baltian maihin. Esimerkiksi marraskuuhun 2015 mennessä Virossa oli raportoitu 18 kotisikatapausta ja lähes 500 villisikatapausta. Suomen ja Baltian välillä on vilkas matkailijaliikenne, ja maatilojen välillä on yhteistyötä, joten riski taudin leviämiseksi Suomeen on jatkuvasti olemassa. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, millaisia taloudellisia tappioita afrikkalainen sikarutto voisi aiheuttaa Suomeen levitessään. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin stokastista Monte Carlo-simulaatiomallia, joka jäljittelee taudin leviämistä Suomessa sen jälkeen kun tauti on levinnyt yhdelle Suomen sikatiloista, sekä osittaisen tasapainon mallia, joka jäljittelee sikamarkkinoiden tilannetta Suomessa. Simulaatiot tehtiin sekä vuoden 2009 tilarakenteella että vuoteen 2033 sijoittuvina projektioina. Afrikkalaisen sikaruton simuloitiin aiheuttavan tyypillisesti 10,5 miljoonan euron (95 % välillä 4,6-22,7 miljoonaa euroa, keskimäärin noin 7400 € per sikatila) menetykset suomalaiselle sika-alalle. Verovaroista korvattavien välittömien kustannusten arvioitiin jäävän tyypillisesti alle puoleen miljoonaan ja useimmissa tapauksissa alle miljoonaan euroon. Tulos johtui sitä, että simulaatioiden perusteella taudin arvioitiin leviävän useimmiten vain 1-2 sikatilalle. Tartunnan saaneen tilan koko, tyyppi ja sijainti vaikuttivat tappioihin. Verovaroista korvattavat kustannukset ovat kuitenkin vain osa kokonaiskustannuksista. Suurimmat taloudelliset tappiot arvioitiin aiheutuvan kotieläinyrityksille (sikatilat, lihateollisuus), joiden menetysten arvioitiin olevan 7,4–38,1 miljoonaa euroa. Taudin esiintyminen Suomessa keskeyttänee sikatuotteiden viennin EU:n ulkopuolisiin maihin, ja jossain määrin myös EU:n alueelle. Siten kotimaan markkinoille syntyy ylitarjontaa, joka laskee sianlihan hintaa Suomessa. Kuluttajien (kuluttajat, kauppa) simuloitiin hyötyvän hetkellisestä ylitarjonnasta 3,1-15,8 milj. euroa. Lisäksi tappioiden suuruuteen vaikuttaa se, miten voimakkaasti ja miten pitkäksi ajaksi sianlihan vienti heikkenee. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että jokainen lisäkuukausi aiheuttaisi kansantaloudelle 2-3 miljoonan euron lisätappiot. On mahdollista, että rajoitukset kestävät joidenkin vientikohteiden osalta useita kuukausia, jopa vuosia, ja ne voivat koskea koko Suomen sianlihantuotantoa riippumatta siitä, miten laajalle tauti pääsee leviämään. Afrikkalaisen sikaruton taloudelliset tappiot olivat samaa suuruusluokkaa vuoden 2009 tilanteessa ja vuoteen 2033 sijoittuvissa projektioissa, joskin verovaroista korvattaviin kustannuksiin liittyvä riski nousi nykytilanteeseen verrattuna
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Boysen-Hogrefe, Jens. "Die Zinslast des Bundes in der Schuldenkrise: Wie lukrativ ist der „sichere Hafen“?" Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 13, Supplement (May 2012): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2012.00393.x.
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Abstract In the aftermath of the Great Recession and during the debt crisis in the euro area yields on German federal bonds have been exceptionally low. This analysis tries to calculate the profits that the federal government makes due to these low yields. The interest payments that are due to emissions of bonds and bills made between 2009 and 2012 are approximated and compared to several benchmark scenarios. Compared to the mean yields of the years 1999-2008 profits of the federal government are quite high (68 billion euros). Application of yield curve models show that most of these profits are due to the macroeconomic conditions in the euro area and to low central bank rates. To a much smaller extend these profits are due to flight into safety, which, however, has become more relevant recently.
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Ivashina, Victoria, David S. Scharfstein, and Jeremy C. Stein. "Dollar Funding and the Lending Behavior of Global Banks*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 3 (April 2, 2015): 1241–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv017.
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Abstract A large share of dollar-denominated lending is done by non-U.S. banks, particularly European banks. We present a model in which such banks cut dollar lending more than euro lending in response to a shock to their credit quality. Because these banks rely on wholesale dollar funding, while raising more of their euro funding through insured retail deposits, the shock leads to a greater withdrawal of dollar funding. Banks can borrow in euros and swap into dollars to make up for the dollar shortfall, but this may lead to violations of covered interest parity when there is limited capital to take the other side of the swap trade. In this case, synthetic dollar borrowing also becomes expensive, which causes cuts in dollar lending. We test the model in the context of the Eurozone sovereign crisis, which escalated in the second half of 2011 and resulted in U.S. money market funds sharply reducing their exposure to European banks in the year that followed. During this period dollar lending by Eurozone banks fell relative to their euro lending, and firms who were more reliant on Eurozone banks before the Eurozone crisis had a more difficult time borrowing.
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Herman, Robert Tang. "Strategic Flexibility: Navigator Industri dalam Mencapai Competitive Advantages." Winners 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/tw.v9i1.732.
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Article to describe how to develop a strategic flexibility as company responses and strategy in facing the government regulation of Standard Euro 2. Article also discussed the new product development concept based on market perspective. Research analysis was a descriptive statistic with a simple random sampling from a number of populations. The result describes that the government regulation of Standard Euro2 is supported and positively responses by industry and market. In spite of this, strategic flexibility is an approach to reach industry competitive advantage in term of product development strategy.
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Ranyard, Rob, David A. Routh, Carole B. Burgoyne, and Gabriela Saldanha. "A Qualitative Study of Adaptation to the Euro in the Republic of Ireland." European Psychologist 12, no. 2 (January 2007): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.2.139.
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Abstract. This is the second of two reports using semistructured interviews to explore the current and recollected experiences of Irish people for the period before, during, and after the introduction of Euro notes and coins (1 January 2002). A total of 24 adults were interviewed between October 2002 and February 2003. Most people felt they were adapting well although their knowledge of new prices tended to be fairly sparse. Some reported still experiencing confusion with notes and coins or making errors associated with habitual behavior based on the value of the former currency, the punt. Initially respondents had routinely attempted to make mental or electronic comparisons of Euro and punt prices, although this had become more selective. One year after the transition, some respondents claimed to be thinking in Euros, while others were still thinking in punts. People's reported experience appeared to reveal an adaptation strategy comprising at least two stages, initially involving currency conversion, but later focusing on the relearning of reference prices for certain exemplars.
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Gabor, Daniela, and Jakob Vestergaard. "Chasing unicorns: The European single safe asset project." Competition & Change 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418759638.
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For the past 20 years, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) institutions have sought to engineer a single safe asset that would provide a credible store of value for capital market participants. Before 2008, the European Central Bank used shadow banking to create a single safe asset that we term shadow money, and in doing so also erased borders between Euro area government bond markets. Lacking appropriate ECB support, shadow euros could not withstand the pressures of the global financial crisis and brought down several periphery euro government bonds with them. Two new plans, the Capital Markets Union and the Sovereign Bond-Backed Securities, again turn to shadow banking, this time by using securitization to generate an entirely private safe asset or a public–private safe asset. Such plans cannot solve the enduring predicament of EMU’s bond markets architecture: that Member States have competed for investors (liquidity) since the introduction of the euro, betraying a deep hostility towards collective political solutions to the single safe asset problem. Technocratic-led, market-based initiatives need to persuade EMU states that there is little threat to their ability to issue debt in liquid markets. Without ECB interventions, market-based engineering of single safe assets runs the danger of repeatedly destabilizing national bond markets.
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Dominguinhos, Pedro, Sandra Nunes, Sandrina Moreira, and Raquel Pereira. "Impacto Económico do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal na Região." RPER, no. 58 (November 30, 2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.59072/rper.vi58.151.
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Este artigo analisa o impacto económico do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal na região. Utilizando uma abordagem pelo lado da procura, mediu-se o impacto dos gastos dos estudantes, docentes e não docentes, bem como das aquisições de bens e serviços da própria instituição na economia, medindo o impacto no PIB, no emprego, bem como nos gastos totais para a economia. Foi utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa, através da aplicação de questionário a uma amostra aleatória representativa da população alvo. Os resultados revelam um forte impacto económico na região, estimado em 58 milhões de euros (1,77% do PIB dos concelhos de Setúbal e Barreiro) e a sua relevância enquanto empregador (o 2º maior em Setúbal e o 3º no Barreiro). Acresce a forte capacidade de fixar jovens na região para obterem a sua formação superior, com 60% dos estudantes locais a indicarem não ter mudado de residência, mas que iriam estudar para outro local caso o IPS não existisse e de reprodutividade do orçamento de Estado, transformando 1 euro recebido em mais de 3 euros na economia local.
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Meineche-Schmidt, Villy. "Cost–benefit of a 13-week multidiciplinary rehabilitation course for chronic non-malignant pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.05.019.
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Abstract Background Economy is an important part of chronic pain. Aim To describe the economy in chronic non-malignant pain patients attending a 13-week Rehabilitation Program (RP). Methods All patients participating in the RP 2006–2008 were evaluated at baseline (BL) and at follow-up (FU) after an observation period of mean … month in relation to: (1) work-income (WI) or (2) transfer income (TI), comprised by: (a) sick-leave (SL), (b) sick pension (SP), (c) social benefit (SB) and (d) rehabilitation benefit (RB). The economic impact on state and county and the time to age pension was calculated. Results 117 patients attended the RP. At BL 23 patients had WI and 19 maintained this at FU (3 were on SP and 1 on RB). 90 patients were on TI at BL: 58 on SL at BL changed to 20 on SP + 23 on WI + 6 on SB + 1 on RB + 6 maintained SL, 12 on SB at BL changed to 6 on WI+ 1 on SP + 5 still on SB. 7 on RB at BL changed to 6 on WI + 1 on RB. The economic situation was concluded for 97 patients (83%). State expenses were increased by 540,000 Euro and county savings was 698,000 Euro. The societal savings were 158,000 Euro. The total costs for the RP was 421,000 Euro. Costs balanced savings after 2.7 years. The average time to age pension for the participating patients was 25 years. The potential accumulated savings thus amounted to 3.5 million Euros. Conclusions The 13-week Rehabilitation Program was highly cost effective: expenses for the program balanced savings after 3 years and the time to age pension for the participating patients was 25 years. The potential accumulated saving per patient was 30,000 Euro.
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Lombardo, Giovanni, Andrea Mazzocchetti, Irene Rapallo, Nader Tayser, and Silvano Cincotti. "Assessment of the Economic and Social Impact Using SROI: An Application to Sport Companies." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 1, 2019): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133612.
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This paper evaluates the social impact of a football club and its philanthropic organization on the local community and its stakeholders, namely supporters, sponsors, players, and shopkeepers. The methodology used is the Social Return on Investment (SROI). SROI methodology includes all the beneficiaries that are beyond the scope of the company’s accounting and its fiscal and financial statements. The aim is to assess both the benefits and the negative impacts of a company’s activities on stakeholders. This type of analysis combines the use of qualitative, quantitative and financial information gathered and analyzes them in order to estimate the amount of “value”, including mental health and well-being, created or destroyed by a business activity, by a project or by the overall operation of an organization. The sport club under review in the present analysis is called Virtus Entella, an Italian football club playing in the second division. An SROI indicator was applied in reference to the business activity that took place during the championship season 2017/2018. Results show that the social impact created during the championship amounts to approximately 44 million Euro against a financial investment of 15 million Euro, producing an SROI ratio of 2.98:1. This outcome suggests that for every euro invested by the football club, about 3 Euros of social value is created.
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Moro, Marta, Chiara Salvato, Gianni Terrazzani, Donatella Serraglia, Cristina Saramin, Pietro Giusti, and Alessandro Chinellato. "Costi e bisogni sanitari degli anziani non autosufficienti presso le strutture residenziali: strategie e interventi per una popolazione che invecchia." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2005): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v6i2.828.
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CONTEXT: The number of elderly is constantly increasing in the western world and many of this people spend the last years of their life in a nursing home with physical and/or mental disabilities. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the Health Service resource and direct costs for Community Residential Care (CRC) disabled elderly people. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2002 and December 2002 among all CRC (23 CRC and 1665 disabled residential elderly population REP) of the Local Health Authority n° 9 of Treviso. For each CRC data regarding patients, hospitalisation, clinical analysis, general practitioner and hospital medical doctor assistance, drug utilisation were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Males were 27% and female 73% with an average age 78 and 86 years old respectively. Frequency of hospitalisation, clinical analysis and drug utilisation vary widely between the CRC and an inverse correlation is observed between cost of hospitalisation and drug plus clinical analysis. The first causes of hospitalisation are pneumonia 7.2% and cardiovascular disease 4.9% both considered preventable cause of hospitalisation. Regarding the drug consumption analysis enalapril, furosemide, omeprazole are the most used molecules with a consumption of 308, 185, 166 DDD/1000 REP/die; systemic antibiotics are the more expensive drugs with a cost of 0.3 euro/REP/die. Unexpected laxatives consumption is lower than data from literature with a 17% of the total REP exposed. Finally average annually cost for a REP in CRC is 16,445 euros and beside the direct sponsor of local health authority to the CRC hospitalisations cost are the most important (899 euros) while drugs, medical assistance and sanitary material cost are similar with an annual cost of 530 euros, 492 euros, 450 euros respectively. Hypnotic and anxiolytic consumption appear to be correct with literature data with about 30% population exposed. CONCLUSION: Females are disabled about 10 years after males, many hospitalisation could be avoided with correct sanitary programs and finally and inverse correlation of drug consumption and hospitalisation is observed.
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Abdurahmanov K.R. "Expected effects of euro 2020 games for the economy and society in Azerbaijan." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v2i1.209.
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Countries such as France, the USA, Great Britain or Greece are common names of host nations for some of the biggest global sport events, such as the Olympic Summer and Winter Games, the FIFA World Cup or UEFA European Championships (EUROs).During recent years, there is a trend that some of these mega events moved to comparably less developed or developing countries such as South Africa, Brazil, Russia or Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan started to host mega sport events in 2015 with hosting the 1st European Games. Since then, the country continued to host sport events such as regular Formula 1 races or the 4th Islamic Solidarity Games. In 2019, Baku hosted for the first time the final of the UEFA Europa League, a prestigious European club football competition. That game could be seen as a kind of dress rehearsal for the upcoming games of the EURO 2020. For the first time in history, the EURO will be staged in 12 different cities from all over Europe. Three group stage games as well as a quarter final will be played at Baku Olympic Stadium. This will be the biggest event so far that Azerbaijan took responsibility to host. Since the beginning of such types of sport mega events, policy makers and managers speculated about the potential beneficial effects of hosting such events for both the society in general and the (local) economy in particular.This study will contribute to the literature by investigating the potential effects of hosting EURO 2020 games in a developing country, i.e. Azerbaijan. The research question is: What are the expected effects of EURO 2020 games for the economy and society in Azerbaijan?
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Mavromati, J., Z. Gjeta, E. Mavromati, V. Kolaneci, and A. Molla. "Production systems and economics of sheep husbandry in southern Albania." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103167m.
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Small ruminants in Albania seem to have a great importance within the livestock sector. The small ruminants' populations count almost 2.7 million heads, out of which 1.8 million are sheep. The estimated value of the commercialized small livestock population is about 35 million Euros. The total value of the small ruminant population is estimated at 140 million Euros. More than 1.5 million heads of small ruminants are consumed each year in the local market. Import of small ruminant?s meat was at a level of 599 ton/year (2010 data). This study aimed the assessment of the production systems and economics of sheep husbandry in the southern regions of Albania. The different husbandry systems employed (transhumant, non transhumant, semi-intensive) showed only slight differences in terms of outputs, but not the expected differences regarding inputs (feeds) and corresponding costs (semi-intensive system). The economic assessment demonstrates very useful and interesting results. Overall Gross Margin per ewe and lambs at weaning was in the area of 6,369.00 ALL (1 Euro=136 Albanian Lek, ALL), the range of GM was enormous between different farms (3,042.6 ALL - 11,322.4 ALL), mainly caused by the large differences in feeding and labor costs per ewe.
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Hohmeyer, Katrin, and Joachim Wolff. "A fistful of euros: Is the German one-euro job workfare scheme effective for participants?" International Journal of Social Welfare 21, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00830.x.
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Niemi, Jarkko K., Tapani Lyytikäinen, Leena Sahlström, Terhi Virtanen, and Heikki Lehtonen. "Kuka hyötyisi sikatilojen tautiriskiluokittelusta?" Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 26 (January 31, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75786.
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Herkästi tarttuvat eläintaudit, kuten suu- ja sorkkatauti, voivat Suomeen levitessään aiheuttaa mittavaa taloudellista vahinkoa. Menetyksiä aiheuttavat mm. taudin hävittämiseen liittyvien toimenpiteiden kustannukset ja kansainväliseen kauppaan liittyvien rajoitusten riski. On tärkeää kohdistaa riskinhallintatoimenpiteet siten, että ne estävät tarpeettomat taloudelliset menetykset. Tässä voi auttaa kotieläintilojen riskiluokittelu niiden taudinlevittämiskyvyn mukaan. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, miten sikatilan riski levittää suu- ja sorkkatautia vaikuttaa tautipurkauksen sikasektorille aiheuttamiin taloudellisiin menetyksiin. Tässä keskitytään sikatiloihin rajoittuvaan tautipurkaukseen, koska sikatalous on pitkälle eriytynyt ja vain harvalla sikatilalla on muita eläimiä. Siat eivät ole taipuvaisia saamaan tartuntaa ilmavälitteisesti. Suu- ja sorkkataudin leviämistä sikatilojen välillä arvioitiin Monte Carlo-simulaatiomallilla ja tautipurkauksen mahdollisia taloudellisia vaikutuksia sikamarkkinoihin arvioitiin osittaisen tasapainon mallilla. Taudin leviäminen oletettiin mahdolliseksi naapurileviämisenä alle 3 km säteelle tartuntatilasta sekä tartuntatilalta lähtevän eläinkuljetuksen, eläinkuljetusajoneuvon tai eläinsuojassa tai tilalla käyvän ihmisen välityksellä. Taloudelliset vaikutukset simuloitiin kuluttajille, tuottajille (ml. teurastamot) ja veronmaksajille. Tilat luokiteltiin klusterianalyysilla neljään ryhmään (pieni, keskisuuri, suuri tai erittäin suuri riski) sen mukaan, miten vakavia tiloilta alkaneet tautipurkaukset olivat. Erittäin suuren riskiluokan tiloilla oli yleensä enemmän eläinkontakteja ja ne sijaitsivat eläintiheämmällä alueella kuin pienen riskiluokan tilat. Muun muassa nämä tekijät lisäävät tilan riskiä levittää tautia. Tilan todennäköisyys levittää tauti toiselle sikatilalle vaikutti tilojen välisiin eroihin menetyksissä. Vaihtelu menetyksissä oli suurta. Pienen tautiriskin tilalta alkava tautipurkaus aiheutti yhteiskunnalle keskimäärin 18 miljoonan euron menetykset. Erittäin suuren riskiluokan tiloilta alkaneiden tautipurkausten aiheuttama menetys oli keskimäärin 26 miljoonaa euroa. Tuottajien menetykset olivat pienen riskin tiloilta alkaneissa tautipurkauksissa keskimäärin 23 miljoonaa euroa ja suuren riskin tilalta alkaneissa tautipurkauksissa 28 miljoonaa euroa. Suhteellisesti voimakkaimmin kasvoivat verovaroista maksettavat kustannukset. Erittäin suuren riskiluokan tiloilla ne olivat 4 miljoonaa euroa, mikä oli 18 kertaa enemmän kuin pienen riskiluokan tiloilla. Kuluttajien hyöty tilapäisesti alemmista hinnoista väheni kun riskiluokka kasvoi. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että etenkin pienen riskin tilat ja veronmaksajat hyötyisivät, mikäli tiukimmat taudin leviämistä ennaltaehkäisevät riskinhallintatoimenpiteet kohdennettaisiin ensi sijassa suuren riskin tiloille. Pitkällä aikavälillä myös kuluttajat voisivat hyötyä. Riskiluokittelutietoa voidaan hyödyntää kohdennettaessa riskinhallintatoimenpiteitä ja mahdollisesti määriteltäessä tilojen riskiperusteista vastuuta tautivahingoista.
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Kennelly, Brendan. "The Economic Cost of Suicide in Ireland." Crisis 28, no. 2 (March 2007): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.2.89.
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Abstract. Objective: To calculate the costs of suicide in Ireland. Method: The paper identifies all episodes of suicide in Ireland in 2001 and 2002, and projects the economic costs arising from these episodes over subsequent years. All prices have been converted to 2001 euros. Both direct and indirect costs were calculated. Indirect costs included both the cost of lost output and human costs. Results: The total cost of suicide is estimated at over Euro 906 million in 2001, and over Euro 835 million in 2002 (in 2001 prices). This is equivalent to a little under 1% of the gross national product in Ireland for those years. Conclusions: The results show that investment in health education and health promotion can be justified on the basis of the costs associated with suicide in Ireland. These costs fall on individuals, families, and society. The huge human cost of suffering associated with suicide can also be prevented through appropriate intervention to prevent death occurring. It is important that any suicide prevention strategy should include an evaluative framework to ensure that investment occurs in the areas most likely to generate the highest returns in term of suicides prevented and lives saved.
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Freudenberger, DO, and ID Hume. "Ingestive and Digestive Responses to Dietary Fiber and Nitrogen by 2 Macropodid Marsupials (Macropus-Robustus-Erubescens and M-R-Robustus) and a Ruminant (Capra-Hircus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 2 (1992): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920181.
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It has been hypothesised that large macropodids can maintain greater intakes of increasingly fibrous diets than ruminants of similar body size because of the tubular nature of the macropodid forestomach compared with the sac-like rumen. Responses to changes in levels of dietary fibre (plant cell walls) and nitrogen were examined in captive euros (Macropus robustus erubescens), wallaroos (M. r. robustus) and goats (Capra hircus). When all animals were fed pelleted isonitrogenous diets of 40, 60 and 80% barley straw, the macropodids compensated for decreasing dry matter (DM) digestibility by increasing DM intakes of the 60% and 80% straw diets. In contrast, the goats were unable to fully compensate for falling DM digestibility. Consequently, in the goat, digestible DM intakes tended (P<0.12) to decline from 43 g DM per kg0.75 per day on the 40% straw diet to 35 g DM per kg0.75 per day on the 80% straw diet. In comparison, digestible DM intakes only declined from 28 to 25 g DM per kg0.75 per day in the macropodids. When euros and goats were offered pelleted or chopped 80% straw diets, with and without dietary nitrogen (N) supplementation, pelleting improved DM intakes in both species. N supplementation had no effect on intakes of the chopped diets, but improved intakes of the pelleted diets. When euros, wallaroos and goats were fed chopped 50 and 80% straw diets, with and without N supplementation, DM and digestible DM intakes fell equally among the species on the 80% straw diet compared with the 50% straw diets. N supplementation had no effect on intakes of the 80% straw diet, but improved digestible DM intakes on the 50% straw diet. It was-concluded that the macropodids can maintain relatively greater intakes of increasingly fibrous diets if the constraint of mastication is removed by grinding and/or pelleting the feed on offer. Intakes were equally depressed among the species by increasingly fibrous chopped diets. On the 50% chopped-straw diet, maintenance dietary N requirements were 273, 364 and 413 mg N per kg0.75 per day, and truly digestible N requirements were 160, 251, 250 mg N per kg0.75 per day, in the euro, wallaroo and goat, respectively. These N requirements support the conclusion that the euro has a particularly low requirement for N, and that macropodid N requirements are often lower than those of eutherian grazers.
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Niemi, Jyrki. "Yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan soveltamisen hyvinvointivaikutukset Suomessa." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 21 (January 31, 2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.76055.
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Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten EU:n yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan (YMP) soveltaminen on vaikuttanut Suomessa maataloustuotteiden tuottajien ja kuluttajien sekä veronmaksajien hyvinvointiin. YMP:n aiheuttamien hyvinvointivaikutusten määrittämiseksi vuosien 1995-2003 toteutunutta kehitystä on verrattu hypoteettiseen tilanteeseen, jossa Suomi olisi vuosina 1995-2003 ollut EU:n ulkopuolella ja jatkanut kansallisen maatalouspolitiikkansa harjoittamista. Hinta- ja tukipolitiikan muutosten vaikutuksia maataloustuotteiden tuotantoon ja kulutukseen on arvioitu staattisen kysyntätarjontamallin avulla. Hyvinvointivaikutukset on mitattu metodologisesti kuluttajan ja tuottajan hyvinvointifunktioista. Hyvinvoinnin mittarina on käytetty hyvinvointitalousteorian ylijäämäkäsitteitä: tuottajan ja kuluttajan ylijäämää. Taloudellisilla ylijäämäkäsitteillä on arvioitu euromääräisesti, kuinka paljon kukin ryhmä on politiikan muutoksen seurauksena hävinnyt tai voittanut. Vaikka taloudellisia ylijäämäkäsitteitä on arvosteltu niiden puutteiden takia, ne ovat edelleen käyttökelpoinen tapa määrittää eri politiikkavaihtoehtojen vaikutukset yhteiskunnan eri ryhmien kannalta. Tuottajan ylijäämä ilmaisee viljelijän tuotantotoiminnastaan saaman voiton ja kiinteitä kustannuksia kattamaan jäävän osuuden kokonaistulosta. Kuluttajan ylijäämä kuvaa puolestaan hyödykkeen markkinahinnan ja kuluttajan maksuhalukkuuden välistä eroa. Vaikeutena hyvinvointianalyysin tekemisessä on tarvittavien kysyntä- ja tarjontafunktioiden estimointi. Tämä on yleensä rajoittava tekijä, koska hintasäätely sekä erilaiset ohjaus- ja tukijärjestelmät vääristävät maataloustuotteiden tarjonta- ja kysyntäreaktioita. Tässä tutkimuksessa maatalousmarkkinoita on tarkasteltu kahdeksan eri maataloustuotteen osalta: maito, naudanliha, sianliha, siipikarjanliha, kananmunat, vehnä, ohra ja kaura. Näiden tuotteiden osuus Suomen maatalouden markkinahintaisesta tuotosta oli vuonna 2003 yli 90%. EU-jäsenyyden vaikutusten saamiseksi esille on tarjonnan ja kysynnän joustojen avulla konstruoitu ensin hypoteettiset estimaatit kulutuksen ja tuotannon määrille, jotka olisivat toteutuneet ilman EU-jäsenyyttä. Saatujen estimointitulosten pohjalta on sen jälkeen määritelty tuottajien, kuluttajien ja veronmaksajien hyvinvointimuutokset integraalilaskennan avulla. Tutkimuksen mukaan tuottajat ovat kärsineet noin 570-600 miljoonan euron hyvinvointitappion EU- jäsenyyden seurauksena. Kuluttajat ovat sitä vastoin saaneet yhteensä 815-875 miljoonaa euroa hyvinvointivoittoa maataloustuotteiden hintojen laskun myötä. Valtion varoista maksettujen tukien lasku on puolestaan tuottanut veronmaksajille noin 470-580 miljoonaa euroa hyvinvointivoittoa. Veronmaksajien hyvinvointivoitto on seurausta muun muassa vientikustannusmaksujen siirtymisestä EU:n budjetin kautta rahoitettaviksi. Koko yhteiskunnalle on koitunut EU-jäsenyyden seurauksena noin 500-700 miljoonaa euroa hyvinvointivoittoa.
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Kyriakopoulos, K., and B. Siciliano. "EURON Report - EURON Robotics." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 12, no. 3 (September 2005): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2005.1511874.
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Degli Esposti, Luca, Alessandro Capone, Mirko Di Martino, Stefania Saragoni, Samuele Berlini, Pierluigi Russo, and Ezio Degli Esposti. "Farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia della terapia anti-ipertensiva: uno studio osservazionale della popolazione della Asl di Ravenna." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 4, no. 1S (May 15, 2003): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v4i1s.1034.
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The aim of the paper was to perform a pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacoeconomic analysis of antihypertensive drug treatment. An administrative database kept by the Local Health Unit of Ravenna listing patient baseline characteristics, drug prescriptions and hospital admissions was used to perform a population-based cohort study. The study included all new users of antihypertensive drugs, 20 years of age or over receiving a first prescription for diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel-blockers, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II antagonists (AIIAs) between January 1st, 2000 and December 31st, 2000. All prescriptions for anti-hypertensive drugs filled during the 12-months follow-up period were considered. Patients were classified as continuers, switchers and discontinuers on the basis of their prescription dynamics. A total of 14.062 patients were included in the study of whom only 39,7% resulted persistent at 12 months. Patients initially prescribed for AIIAs were more likely to continue antihypertensive treatment than those started on other drug classes as well as those with older age, concurrent drug therapies and previous hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases. The overall cost of the study cohort for antihypertensive drugs amounted to 1.238.752,37 euros of which 80,6% was used for persistent patients. The annual average cost for antihypertensive drugs was 171,73 euro for continuers, 205,10 euros for switchers and 28,29 euros for discontinuers. Factors associated to drug cost were age, pattern of persistence, number of prescribed drug classes, and class prescribed at enrolment. Nonpersistence with antihypertensive pharmacotherapy induced a high cost for the consumption of antihypertensive drug since discontinuers are responsible for a significant percentage of drug resources allocated on subjects exposed to therapy. A correlation between drug therapy cost and persistence with treatment is needed to evaluate the appropriateness of drug utilization and to perform cost-effectiveness analyses between alternative pharmacological agents.
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Kubascikova, Jana, Jeff Evans, and Hafiz T. A. Khan. "Development of intuition in a new currency, the Euro: The Slovak experience." Literacy and Numeracy Studies 26, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/lns.v26i1.6301.
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Adaptation to an unfamiliar currency is required regularly of international travellers – and also of citizens of countries changing their currency, such as the 19 (to date) Eurozone members. We report on the currency adaptation process in the Slovak Republic during 2008-2011. We analyse its effects on citizens’ development of price intuition in the euro. Our study draws on Hofmann et al.’s (2007) work, which proposed four different strategies for coping, ranging from direct numerical conversion to developing intuition. We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys using structured questionnaires in realistic Slovak settings. We describe European and Slovak institutions’ supports for the public, such as dual display of prices, and readily available conversion tables. We found that, whereas the numerical conversion strategy was used most frequently by respondents in the first year, within two years they were already developing intuition in the new currency, especially for frequently bought products. We also investigated the ‘Euro Illusion’, the extent to which Slovak citizens, in their evaluation of prices, may have been influenced to make decisions based on nominal values, whereby prices in euros seemed smaller than those in Slovak crowns. We summarise suggestions for promoting learning in situations of currency change, and briefly discuss the features of the Slovak process as a ‘numerate environment’.
KeywordsPrice intuition; numeracy; learning; intuition strategy; marker value strategy; anchor strategy; numerical conversion strategy.