Academic literature on the topic 'Euro – Economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Euro – Economic aspects"
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Licari, Joseph. "The Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership: Economic and Financial Aspects." Mediterranean Politics 3, no. 3 (December 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629399808414662.
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Krásnická, Martina. "Legal and economic aspects of deeper EU integration in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072351.
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The deeper economic integration in form of fiscal union, bank union, or increased macroeconomic surveillance is for the Czech Republic not only the question of whether and when to enter the euro zone, but also whether and when to join the other institutes. The aim of this paper is to analyse the legal background of these instruments and estimate their possible economic impact. These hypotheses would be a subject of author’s further search. The future impact on enterprises in the Czech Republic is evident in some areas of the EU enhanced cooperation. Adoption of the euro is an example. Other aspects of deeper economic integration as for example the bank union do not impact the microsphere so obviously; however can significantly change the business environment in the country.
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ZEMÁNEK, Ladislav. "The Czech Republic and the Ukrainian crisis: Economic and foreign policy aspects." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 2 (2022): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2022-2-62-82.
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The article deals with two areas: first, the consequences of the 2022 Ukrainian crisis for the Russian business in the Czech Republic and the Czech business in Russia; second, the accelerating dynamics of the Czech-US relations, which are increasingly intensive, primarily in the field of the (geo)political and military cooperation. The analysis shows that the liberal elites are deepening the country's Euro-Atlantic orientation, which manifests itself both at the conceptual, ideological and practical levels. Not surprising in this context are the attempts to revive the plans to establish a US military base in the Czech Republic and Prague's active military support for Kiev to the detriment of the national interest. The study reveals a strong tendency among the Czech political elites towards militarism and revision of policy fundamentals in line with radical Euro-Atlanticism and liberal authoritarianism.
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Humeniuk, Tetjana. "Key dimensions of crises in the EU: contemporary aspects." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 12(24) (December 9, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2021.12.24.22-28.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to describe the main factors of crisis phenomena in the development of the European integration process. Methodology. The methodology involves a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical material on this subject, as well as formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific cognition were used in the research process: dialectical, terminological, formal and logical, comparative and legal, system and functional methods. Results. Transformation processes in the EU serve as a manifestation of global economic and information development. The crisis in the euro area was largely due to the peculiarities of its economic and institutional organization, in particular, the conditions for the free movement of capital and the lack of policy coordination in other sectors of the economy. Until now, measures in the field of economic governance in the EU have been largely ineffective due to their recommendatory nature and the lack of a legal obligation for EU Member States to comply with them. The crisis in the euro area and the EU in general has created favorable political conditions for deep institutional changes in the field of European integration. In particular, the dependence of EU countries on financial assistance from the ESM leads them to comply with the terms of the Fiscal Compact. At present, most EU political leaders consider deepening integration to be the key to securing the EU’s future economic growth and preventing future crises. In this context, the launch of a common fiscal policy is a significant step towards economic integration in the EU. Scientific novelty. The study found that most EU leaders are fully aware of the need for structural convergence, namely overcoming structural and cyclical differences among the economies of euro-area countries, as well as the main and secondary risks of divergence as a destructive phenomenon that can disrupt the established social, political, legal and economic order within the EU. Practical significance. Research materials can be used for comparative law studies.
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Decyk, Kamil, and Andrzej Rzeszutek. "Economic Aspects of the Quality of Life." Olsztyn Economic Journal 16, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.7269.
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The aim of the research was to identify and assess the economic aspects of the quality of life in the EU. The research covered all Member States in terms of the selected quality-of-life indicators, which include GDP per capita expressed in purchasing power standards (PPS), average income in euro and severe material deprivation (SMD) expressed as a percentage. Three research methods were used to conduct the research: analysis and criticism of the literature on the national and international scale, analysis of secondary data obtained from the Eurostat database, as well as a statistical method using descriptive statistics, including the use of the dynamics index to estimate the level and direction of changes in the analyzed quality of life measures. As a result of the conducted research and with the use of the method of aggregating countries in terms of economic indicators describing the quality of life, it was found that rich countries characterized by high socio-economic development featured the highest level of quality of life. They include mainly Luxembourg, and due to the high level of average income and, at the same time, low SMD, Ireland, Austria, and Denmark. The lowest quality of life, but with the highest dynamics of average income, was characteristic of countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and Hungary, where GDP was at a low or very low level. It should be added that in these countries, at the same time, some of the lower rates of deprivation dynamics were identified, which was a positive phenomenon. Poland had the lowest SMD dynamics.
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Huerta De Soto, J. "In Defense of the Euro: Austrian School Approach (Critics of ECB Errors and Brussel’s Interventionism)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2012): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-11-78-100.
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The mechanism of euro functioning is analyzed in the article from the standpoint of limiting the autonomy of monetary authorities of the European monetary union members, which precludes them from manipulating national currency for the short sighted political interests and postponing painful structural reforms under crises aimed at liberalizing the economy. In some aspects euro excels the classical gold standard, which fell under monetary nationalism attack in the 1930s. Motives and arguments of critics and adversaries are analyzed and the reasons for euro defense are exposed. Real economic and social problems of Europe and ECB errors are described.
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Studinski, Volodymyr, and Kateryna Romanchuk. "Problematic aspects of euro integration process of Ukraine's agro-industrial complex." University Economic Bulletin, no. 39 (December 21, 2018): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2018-39-113-121.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the main advantages and risks for domestic agricultural producers in the process of integration into European space and to assess their impact on the development of the domestic agricultural sector. The proposed article analyzes the prospects and risks of integration of domestic agricultural enterprises into world economy. Special attention is focused on the export and import of agricultural products and the achievement of Ukraine in the field of agro-industrial complex. An estimation of foreign economic activity of agrarian enterprises of Ukraine is conducted. The implications of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU for various sectors of the economy of Ukraine, and most especially for the agrarian sector, are assessed and analyzed. The potential benefits of signing the Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement for the development of the agrarian sector have been explored. Perspectives are considered and risks of European integration for agrarian enterprises and development of rural territories are analyzed. It is established that European integration for Ukraine is a way to modernize the domestic agricultural production, attract foreign investments and new technologies, increase the competitiveness of products, obtain financial resources for the development of the economy. Conclusions. Thus, the Ukrainian agro-industrial complex has a serious economic potential which allows it to be in a positive dynamics and has good prospects of integration into the European space. At the same time, this process should fit into the overall context of reforms and sectoral changes in Ukraine's economy. Alongside with it, the state plays an important role in the regulatory processes of managing the economy in general and the agrarian sector in particular.
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van Riet, Ad. "Twenty Years of European Central Bank Monetary Policy: A Keynesian and Austrian Perspective." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 239, no. 5-6 (September 25, 2019): 797–840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0078.
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Abstract This article reviews how the European Central Bank (ECB) implemented its monetary policy for the euro area from 1999 to 2018 from two perspectives. Taking a Keynesian point of view, the euro area economy was beset for a long time by secular stagnation and required the ECB to ensure a protracted period of relatively low interest rates to provide continuous support to aggregate demand at the level of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). By contrast, the Austrian School of Economics argues that the low-interest rate bias of the ECB caused financial excesses and prevented a more rapid reallocation of unviable resources necessary for a sustainable expansion of aggregate supply. Both the Keynesian and the Austrian paradigm appear relevant when examining the monetary and financial aspects of the euro area business cycle and the secular decline of interest rates over the past 20 years. For most of the time, ECB monetary policy was the ‘only game in town’ and the EMU architecture was unable to deliver the balanced macroeconomic and financial policy mix required for a sustainable path of the euro area economy.
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Ristevska, G., D. Rajchanovska, T. Jovanovska, and B. Dejanova. "Low Income Deteriorates Quality of Life in Early Breast Cancer Survivors." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S670—S671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1147.
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BackgroundPatients who have survived cancer and have lower socio-economic status, are more likely to leave the workforce. Financial problems are widespread among many of the breast cancer survivors, but their effect on the quality of life are not sufficiently explored. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of low income onto quality of life in early breast cancer survivors.MethodsIn this study, 214 consecutive early female breast cancer patients, with mean age of 60 years (range 30–90), were interviewed for psycho-social aspects, depression (MINI) and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-Core 30 and BR-23). All patients were cancer free at the moment of interview and all initial oncological treatments were completed. Monthly net family income distribution was: ≤150 euro 58 patients (27.1%); income between 150–500 euro 116 patients (54.2%); ≥500 euro 40 patients (18.7%).ResultsPatients with income ≤150 euro, compared to patients with income ≥500 euro, had statistically significant worse global health status (60.2 ± 27.9 vs. 80.2 ± 19.2; P = 0.0007); worse physical functioning (80.3 vs. 69.1; P < 0.001); worse role functioning (92.9 vs. 78.7; P = 0.009); worse sexual functioning (P = 0.019); more severe fatigue (38 vs. 23; P = 0.01), nausea/vomitus (P = 0.041), appetite loss (18.4 ± 7.5). Major depression was diagnosed in 35 patients. Depressed patients have less income than not depressed patients (23.3% vs. 14.41%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsLower income negatively affects many aspects of quality of life. Specific interventions are needed for cancer survivors with lower socio-economic status to preserve and improve the quality of life.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Bocharova, Nadiia, Victor Popov, and Evheniia Tupytska. "Economic and legal aspects of transportation of cargo in Ukraine in the conditions of Euro integration." SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196703001.
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The article is devoted to the study of legal and economic relations that arise in the field of cargo transportation, in particular, their transshipment and legal grounds for its implementation. The article analyzes the legal nature of cargo handling in both the technological process and civil law services. It is determined that transshipment is a separate technological operation in the course of transportation and has its own basis for implementation, which serves as an agreement and therefore confirms and ensures the existence of a legal relationship between individual actors in economic turnover. The authors list the criteria for the economic efficiency of cargo handling, including delivery of cargo to the area where there are no certain types of transport; economic expediency of certain types of transport; and speeding up the delivery process. The European experience in using the cargo handling operation, the basis of the activity of logistic cents and the purpose of their functioning are analyzed. The statistical indicators of economic efficiency in the EU member countries are determined. The authors draw conclusions on the impact of European integration processes on the Ukrainian economy, in particular on the development of the logistics sector.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Euro – Economic aspects"
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Darriet, Elisa. "Science économique et sens commun : études des représentations sociales de la crise économique et de l'euro." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020034.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la relation entre l'économie et sa représentation sociale, entre la science et son sens commun. Dans un premier chapitre, théorique, nous démontrons que les représentations sociales des individus profanes jouent un rôle dans la modélisation économique et dans la mise en oeuvre des politiques économiques. Dans un second chapitre, empirique, nous décrivons d'abord la représentation sociale de la crise économique de 2008 en France et montrons que les différences de représentation peuvent être dues à la perception des menaces financières personnelles. Ces dernières conduisent à différents types d'actions pour faire face (ou non) à la crise économique. Dans un troisième chapitre, empirique, nous étudions la possibilité d'un ajustement cognitif entre les représentations profanes des théories économiques qui expliquent les crises économiques et ces théories économiques. Nous étudions également l'influence des différences sociodémographiques et psychologiques (telles que les opinions politiques et la croyance en un monde juste) sur ces théories économiques. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre empirique, nous examinons les représentations sociales de l'euro et abordons la notion d'illusion monétaire ainsi que la perception des politiques monétaires européennes en FranceIn this thesis we focus on the relationship between economics and social representations, between science and common sense. First in a theoretical chapter, we discuss how social representations of lay individuals can potentially play a role in economic modeling and in the implementation of economic policies. Secondly, in an empirical chapter, we firstly describe the social representation of the 2008 economic crisis in France and link it to the perception of personal financial threats. We then proceed to demonstrate that this difference can lead to different types of actions in order to cope (or not) with the economic crisis. The third chapter investigates empirically the possibility of a cognitive fit between lay representations of economic theories that explain economic crises and economic theories themselves. The influence of sociodemographic and psychological differences (such as political opinions, and Belief in a Just World) over these economic theories is also studied. The final chapter examines the social representations of the euro and approaches the notion of monetary illusion as well as the perception of European monetary policies among the French population
Books on the topic "Euro – Economic aspects"
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Eichengreen, Barry J. The breakup of the Euro area. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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Entretiens de la Caisse des dépôts sur le développement local (1st 1998 Paris, France). Euro--chances et défis pour les territoires. La Tour d'Aigues: Editions de l'Aube, 1998.
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Conference, ECSA-World. The European Union and the euro: Economic, institutional, and international aspects : a selection of conference papers. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000.
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Heisterhagen, Tilman. Lehrmeister Währungskrise?!: Drei Familien-Generationen zwischen Gold, Mark und Euro. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003.
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Ruhashyankiko, Jean-François. The euro and the production structure and export performance of Middle East and North African countries. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 1999.
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Kaufmann, Sylvia-Yvonne. Die Euro-Falle: Plädoyer für ein soziales Europa. Berlin: K. Dietz Verlag, 1999.
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L' euro, ma non l'Europa: Integrazione monetaria e integrazione politica. Bologna: Il mulino, 2007.
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Quirico, Roberto Di. L' euro, ma non l'Europa: Integrazione monetaria e integrazione politica. Bologna: Il mulino, 2007.
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Galati, Gabriele. Macroeconomic news and the euro/dollar exchange rate. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept., 2001.
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Rettet unser Geld!: Deutschland wird ausverkauft : wie der Euro-Betrug unseren Wohlstand gefährdet. 3rd ed. München: Heyne, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Euro – Economic aspects"
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Fenz, Gerhard. "The euro as an international currency and its depreciation against the US-dollar." In Institutional, Legal and Economic Aspects of the EMU, 213–39. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6038-1_8.
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Bithas, Kostas, Antonios Kolimenakis, and Angelos Mimis. "Novel Aspects for Accounting and Monitoring Carbon Sequestration of Tree Crops in the Mediterranean; Environmental and Economic Benefits." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), 1009–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_157.
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Delgado-Guzmán, José Alfredo, Bertha Molina-Quintana, and María Berta Quintana-León. "Theoretical Aspects of Creating Customer Value." In Economy, Business and Uncertainty: New Ideas for a Euro-Mediterranean Industrial Policy, 327–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00677-8_26.
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Nakagawa, Masayuki. "The Efficiency of the Titling System: Perspectives of Economics." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 21–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_3.
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AbstractThe problem of land with unknown ownership is becoming increasingly evident with Japan’s declining population, low birth rate and aging population. This paper examines the need for the titling system using perspectives from economics and considers what sorts of titling system works for which types of society and looks at ways to deal with the problem of land with unknown ownership. A series of previous researches such as Miceli et al. (Eur J Law Econ 6:305–323, 1998; J Urban Econ 47:370–389, 2000) categorize the titling systems used in many advanced countries as either registration systems or recording systems. In terms of broad categorization Japan’s titling system is categorized as a recording system. However, since the details of registered information are confirmed through various registration procedures, the system also has aspects that resemble a registration system. This can be interpreted as having selected the titling system’s strength that considerably lowers the level of litigation risk. In that case, transaction costs become very high. This could be the cause of the excessively small current level of Japanese real estate transactions. Furthermore, the result of selecting the recording system in Japan, which is a system with a very high strength, could explain why nobody takes insurance to cover the risk of title litigation. In Japan, it is highly likely that the full-fledged population decline, low birth rate and aging population will lower the profitability of land. In that case, a titling system with low strength is likely to be the best for society as indicated in the analysis above.
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Freitag, Robert. "Euro As Legal Tender (and Banknotes)." In The EU Law of Economic and Monetary Union. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793748.003.0026.
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The provisions governing the euro as ‘European Single Currency’ are at the core of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union’s (TFEU) rules on the Economic Monetary Union (EMU). Since the euro has replaced the former national currencies of the participating Member States and is to substitute the national currencies of any future members of the euro area, it was mandatory to ascribe to the euro the status of exclusive ‘legal tender’ as per Article 128(1) TFEU. This status of the euro seems to be so evident as to be self-explanatory–but only at first glance since the concept of ‘legal tender’ and its implications in European Union (EU) and national private and public law are less clear. A satisfactory concept of legal tender is hard to define and hardly ever given on the EU level–resulting in a striking lack of legal certainty in a great variety of aspects of public and private law.
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Smith, John Howard. "“The Glorious Day is Coming On”." In A Dream of the Judgment Day, 47–78. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197533741.003.0003.
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Anxious that God was preparing them for Christ’s second coming, Euro-Americans experienced an unprecedented revival known as the First Great Awakening—an intercolonial phenomenon that infused Protestantism in America with extraordinary heights of millenarianism and apocalypticism. The Awakening was a watershed event in the formation of a distinctive Anglo-American identity. While this identity was not always deeply pious, as economic and political concerns occasionally eclipsed religious matters, there is no doubt that the “vital piety” that had defined radical Protestantism in Europe found new and vibrant expression in America, particularly in its eschatological aspects. These came into sharpest focus when the Seven Years’ War broke out between Britain and France in 1754. Usually considered only in military and geopolitical terms, this war was also a war of religion in which the Anglo-Americans cast themselves in the heroic role of God’s chosen people striving against the forces of the Catholic Antichrist.
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Mitchell, Peter. "New Worlds for the Donkey." In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0013.
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One of the signature historical phenomena of the past 500 years has been the global expansion of European societies and their trans-Atlantic offshoots. The mercantile networks, commercial systems, and empires of conquest and colonization that formed the political and economic framework of that expansion involved the discovery and extraction of new mineral and agricultural resources, the establishment of new infrastructures of transport and communication, and the forcible relocation of millions of people. Another key component was the Columbian Exchange, the multiple transfers of people, animals, plants, and microbes that began even before Columbus, gathered pace after 1492, and were further fuelled as European settlement advanced into Africa, Australasia, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Donkeys evolved in the Old World and were confined there until the Columbian Exchange was underway. This chapter explores the introduction of the donkey and the mule to the Americas and, more briefly, to southern Africa and Australia. In keeping with my emphasis on seeking archaeological evidence with which to illuminate the donkey’s story, I omit other aspects of its expansion, such as the trade in animals to French plantations on the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius or, on a much greater scale, India to meet the demands of the British Raj. These examples nevertheless reinforce the argument that mules and donkeys were instrumental in creating and maintaining the structures of economic and political power that Europeans and Euro- Americans wielded in many parts of the globe. From Brazil to the United States, Mexico to Bolivia, Australia to South Africa, they helped directly in processing precious metals and were pivotal in moving gold and silver from mines to centres of consumption. At the same time, they aided the colonization of vast new interiors devoid of navigable rivers, maintained communications over terrain too rugged for wheeled vehicles to pose serious competition, and powered new forms of farming. Their contributions to agriculture and transport were well received by many of the societies that Europeans conquered and their mestizo descendants. However, they also provided opportunities for other Native communities to maintain a degree of independence and identity at and beyond the margins of the European-dominated world.
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Marise, Cremona, and Leino-Sandberg Päivi. "International Agreements of The Eu in The Field of EMU." In The EU Law of Economic and Monetary Union. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793748.003.0009.
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This chapter is concerned with international agreements of the European Union (EU) in the field of Economic Monetary Union (EMU) (which for simplicity will be referred to as ‘external EMU agreements’). What treaty-making competence does the EU have in this field, how are such external agreements negotiated and concluded, and what types of agreement does the EU conclude? The focus of this chapter is thus a specific aspect of the external relations of the EU as regards EMU. And whereas the external policy-making within (formal and informal) international financial institutions, which was discussed in the previous chapter, ranges across a multiplicity of EU policy fields and competences, EMU-related treaty-making practice relates more specifically to the use of the euro as a common currency. And whereas economic policy is still primarily a Member State competence subject to EU-level coordination, monetary policy, with which these agreements are concerned, is an exclusive EU competence by virtue of Article 3(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
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Koshova, Svitlana. "LEGAL REGULATION OF STATES’ INVESTMENT IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY WITHIN NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGIES." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-19.
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This article analyzes the data on investments of certain countries in the space industry in the period from 2011 to 2021. It is proved that the Space Industry is one of the industries without which it is impossible to imagine the modern world, as it is one of the primary factors of National Security. After all, with the launch of the first satellites, the Space Program has taken major steps into a new era of technology, significantly expanding the boundaries of the world in which we live. At present, countries around the world are financing the activities of state space corporations, so that they, in turn, work on the development of leading and promising rocket technologies. As investors realize and understand ‘space’ products and new technological opportunities allow them to create and operate an ever-expanding range of space technology. Investments in the industry are currently growing worldwide.Thus, in the period from 2014 to 2020, the European Union invested in excess of 16 billion euros in space activity and technology which indicates that the space industry is an important component of the European economy. The current investment wave can only be the basis for a future «wave» of investment that can radically transform the space market in the next decade and have a significant impact on the global economy. The article also examines a problem relevant to the national security of the state – the possibility of using economic and mathematical models to predict the prospects for the development of the space industry. In modern conditions, the space industry is seen as the basis for innovative development and economic security of the state, which is the driving force of economic development. After all, in order to sustainably develop the economy and achieve the indicators planned by the government, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the mechanisms of functioning of the system as a whole and its individual parts. That is why competent forecasting of the main indicators of the development of the space industry with the identification of key factors influencing it is especially relevant at the present stage. Forecasting of indicators is based on the construction of economic and mathematical models of industry development. It is determined that the construction of this model begins with the development of the model specification, which includes a verbal description of the study, followed by a presentation of the process of its functioning in the form of mathematical formulas. The methodology is that the study used methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction and induction. The subject is social relations that are formed in the space industry. Results. It is proved that it is important to clearly formulate and define the problem, as well as to identify all the factors and patterns that characterize the functioning of the system. Economic and mathematical models can increase the efficiency of the planning system of the industry and increase the accuracy of the process of forecasting its development. The successful development of the space industry is today becoming a necessary condition for preserving national sovereignty, both in the military-political aspect and in the field of information security. Practical implations. The article identifies the main trends inherent in the development of the global space industry, namely: privatization of space, commercialization of space activities and internationalization processes. It is proved that with the development of the space industry, states ensure strategic stability and security at all levels.
Conference papers on the topic "Euro – Economic aspects"
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Jerković, Emina. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE EURO AS THE OFFICIAL CURRENCY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22414.
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The 1992 Maastricht Treaty defined the conditions for the introduction of the euro as a common currency in the European Union. These are macroeconomic indicators that measure the level of nominal convergence achieved and thus the state’s readiness to participate in monetary union. These conditions (convergence criteria) relate to price stability, stability and sustainability of public finances, which includes budget deficits and public debt, exchange rate stability and convergence of long-term interest rates. In addition to nominal convergence, the degree of legal convergence is also assessed - the provisions of national legislation relating to the independence of the central bank, the ban on monetary financing and preferential access to state financing, and integration into the European System of Central Banks are assessed. Among the member states that have not yet adopted the euro, only the Republic of Croatia is fully harmonized in this regard. On July 10, 2020, the Croatian kuna was included in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). Accessing the ERM II mechanism is often referred to as the euro waiting room. Despite the fact that the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus has not abated, the Republic of Croatia has not stopped its efforts to become a full member of the euro area. The paper will present the benefits of the introduction of the euro, but also the inevitable costs incurred during the conversion process. As the pandemic has not slowed down the conversion process and the moment of conversion is approaching, on the other hand, there are conflicting views on the introduction of the euro as the official currency, which are trying to be implemented through a referendum. The paper will discuss the legal aspects of Croatia’s accession to the euro area and what measures are envisaged when exchanging the Croatian kuna for the euro, especially from the aspect of consumer protection, given the fact that Croatia has one of the highest euroization rates of all non-euro area EU member states.
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Tengiz, Yusuf Ziya, and Emine Şule Aydeniz. "The Analysis of the Effects of Financial Risks in Turkey and Russia on Basic Economical Data between 2000-2014." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01353.
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Financial risks affect the basic economic indicators in a negative way and cause structural deformation of the countries’ economy. In this study, the most effected economic indicators due to financial risks in Turkey and Russia and to activate their economical future plans are determined. Thereby Turkey and Russia can execute economical collaboration due to their powerful economies. The basic reason for choosing Russia among the Eurasian countries is that Russia economic aspect is the most patronized among these countries. Linear regression analyze method is applied. Financial risks like exchange rates, interest rates and inflation are determined as independence variants and each economic indicator as dependent variant.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is mostly affected by annual deposit interest rate (ADIR) and annual loan rate (ALR) in Turkey and by annual loan rate and inflation in Russia. GDP growth rate is not affected by financial risks in Turkey and Russia. Public gross import stock is affected by ADIR and ALR in Turkey and ALR in Russia. Public gross export stock is affected by US-dollar rate of exchange (RoE) in Turkey and Euro (RoE) in Russia. Import is affected by ADIR and ALR in Turkey and by ALR and Euro – Rouble rate (ERR) in Russia. Both countries export are affected by the same parameters. Current account balance is affected by ADIR and ALR in Turkey and ADIR and ERR in Russia. Composite index is not affected by financial risks in both countries. Same result is valid in foreign direct investment and GDP growth rate.
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Stojkov, Stefan, Emilija Beker Pucar, Olgica Glavaški, and Marina Beljić. "Exchange Rate Pass-Through Asymmetry: The Case of the Euro-Zone." In 27th International Scientific Conference Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Economics in Subotica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46541/978-86-7233-406-7_218.
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An essential aspect of deepening the level of economic integration between European economies is the reduction of mutual economic disparities, which is especially emphasized by the formation of the supranational monetary authority of the Euro-zone member states. However, fixing the currency for the euro and losing monetary sovereignty in the circumstances of a structurally heterogeneous system meant that the same monetary policy provoked different repercussions for member states. This research aims to point out the differences in the exchange rate transmission mechanism between the representatives of two groups of Euro-zone member states: the core of the EZ (Germany, Finland, Belgium, and France) and the periphery of the EZ (Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland), in the 1999M1-2021M1 time horizon. Empirical findings are based on estimates of the VAR model, i.e. derived impulse response functions in the circumstances of shock transmission (nominal effective exchange rate) to inflation (consumer price index). The results of the research indicate the asymmetry of the exchange rate transmission mechanism in terms of a more pronounced and longer degree of exposure of peripheral economies to shocks of the nominal exchange rate compared to the representatives of the core of the Euro-zone. Empirical findings confirm the asymmetry of the exchange rate transmission mechanism as one of the indicators of the weakness of the Euro-zone, given the inflationary diversity and the consequent anomalies of the monetary union with heterogeneous membership.
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Cipollone, Roberto, Davide Di Battista, and Angelo Gualtieri. "Energy Recovery From the Turbocharging System of Internal Combustion Engines." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82302.
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On the road transportation sector, considering its deep involvement with many social expectations, assumed such proportions to become one of the major source of air pollution, mainly in urban highly congested areas. The use of reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) dominates the sector and the environmental dimension of the problem is under a strong attention of Governments. European Community, for instance, through sequences of regulations (EURO) reduced the emission allowed of primary pollutants; more recently, the Community added limits to climate-altering gases which directly refer to fuel consumption reduction. These limits today appear the new driver of the future engine and vehicle technological evolution. Similar efforts are under commitment by other developed countries (USA, Japan, etc,…) as well as also by the other Countries whose economic importance will dominate the markets in a very near future (BRICS Countries). The need to fulfill these issues and to keep the traditional engine expectations (torque, speed, fun to drive, etc..) triggered, especially in recent decades, a virtuous cycle whose result will be a new engine and vehicle era. The evolution till had today has been driven by the EURO limits and it demonstrated surprisingly that emission reduction and engine performances can be matched without compromises in both sides. Today, adding severe limits on equivalent CO2, emissions, it appears very difficult to predict how future engines (and vehicles) will be improved; new technologies are entering to further improve the traditional thermal powertrain but the way to a massive and more convinced electrification seems to be definitely opened. The two aspects will match in the sector of energy recovery which appears one of the most powerful tools for fuel consumption saving and CO2 reduction. When the recovery is done on exhaust gases it has an additional interest, having a moderate cost per unit of CO2 saved. The potentiality of this recovery is huge: 30%–35% of the chemical energy provided by the fuel is lost with the flue gases. For different reasons engines for passengers cars or goods transportation (light and heavy unit engines) as well those used for electricity generation (gen-set) are interested to this recovery: the first sector for the CO2 reduction, the second for the increasing value of electrical energy on the market. This wide interest is increasing the probability to have in a near future a reliable technology, being different actors pushing in this direction. In recent years the literature focused the attention to this recovery through a working fluid (organic type) on which the thermal energy is recovered by increasing its enthalpy. Thanks to a sequence of thermodynamic transformations (Rankine or Hirn cycle), mechanical work is produced. Both concept (Organic working fluid used and Rankine Cycle) are addressed as ORC technology. This overall technology has an evident complexity and doesn’t match with the need to keep reduced costs: it needs an energy recovery system at the gas side, an expander, a condenser and a pump. The space required by these components represents a limiting aspect. The variation of the flow rate and temperature of the gas (typical in ICE), as well as that at the condenser, represents additional critical aspect and call for suitable control strategies not yet exploited. In this paper the Authors studied an energy recovery method integrated with the turbocharging system, which does not require a working fluid making the recovery directly on the gas leaving the cylinders. Considering that the enthalpy drop across the turbine is usually higher than that requested by the compressor to boost the intake air, the concept was to consider an additional turbine which operates in parallel to the existing one. Room for recovery is guaranteed if one considers that a correct matching between turbine and compressor is actually done bypassing part of the exhaust gas from the turbine (waste gate) or using a variable geometry turbine (VGT) which, in any case, represents an energy loss. An additional positive feature is that this recovery does not impact on engine performances and the main components which realizes the recovery (valves & turbine) are technologically proven. In order to evaluate the potentiality of such recovery, the Authors developed a theoretical activity which represents the matching between turbocharger and engine. Thanks to an experimental characterization done on an IVECO F1C 16v JTD engine, an overall virtual platform was set up. The result produced a very satisfactory representation of the cited engine in terms of mechanical engine performances, relevant engine flow rates, pressures and temperatures. The ECU functions were represented too, such as boost pressure, EGR rates, rack control of VGT, etc… Two new direct recovery configurations have been conceived and implemented in the engine virtual platform.
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Elazab, Sherif Abdelaziz, Franklin Useche, Pierre Van Laer, Muhammad Zeeshan Baig, Trevor Brooks, Abdulla Al Hashmi, Hassan Al Marzooqi, Amena Alharthi, Marco Coscia, and Pierre Olivier Goiran. "Fracture Conductivity Enhancement; A Key to Unlocking Potential of Unconventional Tight Oil Resources in the UAE." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211081-ms.
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Abstract Economical hydrocarbons production from unconventional resources is intrinsically related to stimulation effectiveness and capacity of the created hydraulic fractures to drain the target resource in an efficient manner, this is certainly without overlooking the significance of other resource geological, petrophysical, geomechanical, and other rock quality aspects. Considering the unique characteristics of each unconventional resource and the varying rock qualities and geological features, each resource should be considered separately when attempting to define the most optimum stimulation design approach that yields the best well productivity results and best EUR's, this means that a stimulation design approach that was successful in a specific play might not yield the same success if applied in a different play. In general, the overall stimulation effectiveness in unconventional horizontal multi-stage completions requires a good understanding of the geological, petrophysical, and geomechanical characteristics of the asset in hand as well as an understanding of the natural fracture's distribution, rock heterogeneity, and other aspects, eventually integrating those understandings to design an effective stimulation approach that similarly considers cost and operational efficiency parameters. Efficiency of the stimulation treatments requires an optimal placement of perforation clusters, with reasonable spacing that allows for creating the target fracture geometry/complex fracture network while considering fracture interferences, and other geometry controlling aspects. One of the most important considerations when designing a fracture treatment is fracture conductivity which is the ability of fractures to convey produced fluids into the wellbore (fracture permeability multiplied by fracture width (md-ft). In general, fracture conductivity along the created fracture network as well as in the near-wellbore area defines how effective is the fracture in delivering hydrocarbons into the wellbore, the target fracture conductivity values however vary with respect to formation rock permeability ranges and nature of produced fluids. This paper presents a comparative study of fracturing design and operational execution approaches for two exploration wells drilled in the oil-bearing Shilaif unconventional formation in the UAE, both wells are drilled targeting the same rock sequence and both possess very similar rock qualities. The paper covers aspects studied to analyze the suboptimal performance of the first well and the adjustments made to the fracturing design and fracture conductivity improvement of the second well, and how it entirely changed the productivity profiles and significantly improved the EUR for the target resource, which in turn had made this asset much more attractive for future full development plans.
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Rylance, Martin. "Overflush and Fracturing: Playing Poker with your Completion." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212342-ms.
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Abstract Since the inception of hydraulic fracturing, the industry has wrestled with the concept of over/under- flushing, and has always pitched this as a binary philosophy, attempting to determine/define that this is either a fundamentally good or a bad approach. This schism simply grew with the extensive development of unconventionals; the use of overflush being an inherent and fundamental requirement for an effective and economic unconventional completion sequence. This paper will demonstrate that the true answer, as any engineer would expect, is that a detailed assessment is what is required and on a case-by-case basis. The paper will describe and reference several fracturing case histories, in both the Conventional and Unconventional environments, where the application of an overflush, an underflush or an engineered approach have been assessed or applied. Rather than taking an easy headline grabbing route to perpetuate the myth that the process is a major paradigm, or simply either a good or a bad thing. This paper will discuss some of the key aspects that impact the suitability of one approach over another; and how engineering the implementation can lead to a broader range of applicability/suitability for the most economically effective outcome. This includes an appreciation of the production/economic profile and exposure to risk, which is hugely different in say an ultra-deep-water five well offshore development vs. a field development with some 100s – 1,000s of wells in a lower-cost onshore environment. The paper will describe and demonstrate some of the fundamental variables that need to be considered; attempting to elaborate on a few of the key parameters which can influence the effective outcome. The paper will also indicate that there are several different scenarios whereby any form of overflush can result in a detrimental impact on the production rate and EUR, and that these must be fully appreciated. Subtleties, related to reservoir characteristics and fracture geometry; should be examined and appreciated. Additional aspects such as how the production, drawdown and pore-pressure will be managed can also have an impact. All these considerations, and more, will be discussed, described, and referenced. While there is no doubt that the overflush debate will continue unabated, the intent of this paper is to reduce the damage (or uncertainty), one way or the other, that will result. It is an attempt, at a minimum, to ensure that the debate becomes solely a technical one related to the approaches to be taken rather than a black and white one of right or wrong. Ultimately, the paper will advise, and inform, that the approach should be fully considered, engineered in detail and tailored to each and every application and that as a result is no longer simply considered a binary question.
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Körfer, Thomas, Hartwig Busch, Andreas Kolbeck, Christopher Severin, Thorsten Schnorbus, and Sharareh Honardar. "Advanced Thermal Management for Modern Diesel Engines: Optimized Synergy Between Engine Hardware and Software Intelligence." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81003.
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Both, the continuous tightening of the exhaust emission standards and the global efforts for a significant lowering of CO2 output in public traffic display significant developments for future diesel engines. These engines will utilize not only the mandatory Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and particulate trap (DPF), but also a DeNOx aftertreatment system as well — at least for heavier vehicles. The DOC as well as actually available sophisticated DeNOx aftertreatment technologies, i.e. LNT and SCR, depends on proper exhaust gas temperatures to achieve a high conversion rates. This aspect becomes continuously critical due to intensified measures for CO2 reduction, which will conclude in a drop of exhaust gas temperatures. Furthermore, this trend has to be taken into account regarding future electrification and hybridization scenarios. In order to ensure the high NOx conversion rates in the EAS intelligent temperature management strategies will be required, not only based on conventional calibration measures, but also a further upgrade of the engine hardware. Advanced split-cooling and similar thermal management technologies offer the merit to lower CO2 emissions on one hand and increase exhaust gas temperature at cold start and warm-up simultaneously on the other hand. Besides this, also variable valve train functionalities deliver a substantial potential of active thermal management. In the context of this paper various concepts for exhaust gas temperature management are investigated and compared. The final judgment will focus on the effectiveness concerning real exhaust temperature increase vs. corresponding fuel economy penalty. Further factors, like operational robustness, consequences on operational strategies and related software algorithms as well as cost are assessed. The utilized reference engine in this advanced program is represented by a refined I-4 research engine to achieve best combustion efficiency at minimal engine-out emissions. The detailed studies were performed with an injection strategy, featuring one pilot injection and one main injection event, and an active, advanced closed-loop combustion control. The engine used in this study allows fulfillment of Euro 6 and Tier 2 Bin 5 emissions standards, while offering high power densities above 80 kW/ltr. As a résumé, it can be stated, that with all accomplished variations a significant increase in temperature downstream low pressure turbine can be achieved. The PI and PoI quantities define dominant parameters for emission formation under cold and warm conditions. By using an exhaust cam-phaser CO-, HC- and NOx emissions can be significantly lowered, separating VVT functions from the other investigated strategies.