Journal articles on the topic 'Eugenist'
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Marcinowski, Filip, and Tadeusz Nasierowski. "Rafał Becker: psychiatrist, eugenist, Zionist." Psychiatria Polska 50, no. 1 (2016): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/38918.
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Stefano, Waldir, and Aguiar Azambuja Pereira. "A Abordagem da ‘Educação Sexual’ no Boletim de Eugenia (1929-1933)." REVISTA PLURI 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/rpv122019p65-72.
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Analisou-se a presença de conteúdo sobre educação sexual nas edições do periódico chamado Boletim de Eugenia no período de 1929 a 1933. Esse periódico é considerado o principal veículo de divulgação do movimento eugenista brasileiro. Por meio dele, foi possível verificar a importância da educação sexual no contexto eugênico. Comparou-se, também, as diferentes abordagens dos autores do boletim quanto à metodologia que defendiam para o ensino da educação sexual de maneira formal e informal. Apesar de haver divergências em relação à forma como se deveria apresentar a educação sexual aos brasileiros, principalmente, em relação aos estudantes, todos os autores mostravam-se unânimes quando afirmavam que o assunto era uma importante medida eugênica preventiva.Palavras-chaves: Eugenia. Educação. Educação sexual. Boletim de eugenia. Eugenia preventiva.AbstractWe analyzed the presence of content about sex education in the editions of the periodical Boletim de Eugenia of 1929 - 1933, the main vehicle of dissemination of the Brazilian eugenic movement verifying the importance of the theme in the eugenic context. We compared the authors' different approaches to the methodology they advocated for formal and informal teaching of sex education. Even though they are approached in different ways about how sexual education should be presented to Brazilians, especially students, all authors are unanimous in stating that the subject was very important as a preventive eugenic measure.Keywords: Eugenics. Education. Sex education. Boletim de eugenia. Preventive eugenics.
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Hibberd, John. "The eugenist as tyrant and fool: Wedekind's Karl Hetmann." Neophilologus 74, no. 2 (April 1990): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00310537.
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Cerro, Giovanni. "Una umanità più squisita e migliore”. Gli eugenisti italiani e il First International Eugenics Congress (Londra, 1912)." Asclepio 74, no. 2 (December 2, 2022): p613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2022.26.
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[it] L’articolo indaga la partecipazione degli studiosi italiani al First International Eugenics Congress, tenutosi a Londra, sotto la presidenza di Leonard Darwin (24-30 luglio 1912). L’analisi delle relazioni presentate dagli eugenisti italiani rivela le caratteristiche principali del movimento eugenico nazionale: un’impostazione interdisciplinare, che coinvolge antropologia, psichiatria, sociologia, demografia, economia e politica; il ruolo preminente riconosciuto alle condizioni sociali e ambientali; l’enfasi posta sulle riforme educative e igieniche. Allo stesso tempo, tuttavia, l’articolo mostra come alcuni importanti eugenisti italiani fossero in linea di principio favorevoli all’adozione di misure repressive, tra cui la sterilizzazione degli inadatti; la rifiutavano unicamente per ragioni pratiche, dal momento che era difficile sterilizzare interi gruppi umani e vincere la resistenza della popolazione e della Chiesa cattolica. Questo aspetto consente di sottolineare i limiti del concetto di eugenica latina applicato al caso italiano. Inoltre, l’articolo sostiene che il congresso ha costituito una svolta nella storia dell’eugenica italiana, fornendo una cornice istituzionale al movimento, incoraggiando la discussione di questioni relative al miglioramento umano nel dibattito scientifico e politico e segnando il passaggio da un’eugenica qualitativa a un’eugenica quantitativa.
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Stucchi-Portocarrero, Santiago. "Eugenics, medicine and psychiatry in Peru." History of Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x17741232.
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Eugenics was defined by Galton as ‘the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race’. In Peru, eugenics was related to social medicine and mental hygiene, in accordance with the neo-Lamarckian orientation, that predominated in Latin America. Peruvian eugenists assumed the mission of fighting hereditary and infectious diseases, malnutrition, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, criminality and everything that threatened the future of the ‘Peruvian race’. There were some enthusiastic advocates of ‘hard’ eugenic measures, such as forced sterilization and eugenic abortion, but these were never officially implemented in Peru (except for the compulsory sterilization campaign during the 1995–2000 period). Eugenics dominated scientific discourse during the first half of the twentieth century, but eugenic discourse did not disappear completely until the 1970s.
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Blaney, Tom. "Commentary: Leonard Darwin: politician, eugenist and protector of Darwin heritage." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx130.
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Kamrat-Lang, Debora. "Healing Society: Medical Language in American Eugenics." Science in Context 8, no. 1 (1995): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001940.
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The ArgumentAmerican eugenics developed out of a cultural tradition independent of medicine. However, the eugenicist Harry Hamilton Laughlin and some legal experts involved in eugenic practice in the United States used medical language in discussing and evaluating enforced eugenic sterilizations. They built on medicine as a model for healing, while at the same time playing down medicine's concern with its traditional client: the individual patient. Laughlin's attitude toward medicine was ambivalent because he wanted expert eugenicists, rather than medical experts, to control eugenic practice. In contrast, legal experts saw eugenics as an integral part of medicine, though one expert challenged basing the judicial system on eugenically minded medicine. All in all, the medicalization of American eugenics involved expanding the scope of medicine to include the mutilation of individuals for the benefit of society. The judicial system was medicalized in that an expanded medicine became the basis of legislation in the thirty states that permitted eugenic sterilizations
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Salanskis, Emmanuel. "Sobre o eugenismo e sua justificação maquiaveliana em Nietzsche." Cadernos Nietzsche, no. 32 (2013): 167–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2316-82422013000100008.
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A tese central deste artigo é que Nietzsche desenvolveu um projeto eugenista, justificando-o por considerações maquiavelianas. Por eugenismo, entendemos uma ideologia política preconizando o controle da reprodução a serviço de uma imagem normativa do homem. A primeira parte (I) procura estabelecer a pertinência histórica dessa definição. Em seguida, argumentamos em favor da existência de um eugenismo nietzschiano (II). Essa interpretação é fundamentada por textos publicados e póstumos, assim como pelas fontes eugenistas de Nietzsche, das quais priorizamos os autores contemporâneos, sem omitir Platão. Por fim, a terceira parte (III) coloca em evidência um certo maquiavelismo do eugenismo nietzschiano, segundo o qual seria preciso reprimir a compaixão em nome de um fim superior.
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Menzies, Robert. "Governing Mentalities: The Deportation of ‘Insane’ and ‘Feebleminded’ Immigrants Out of British Columbia From Confederation To World War II." Canadian journal of law and society 13, no. 2 (1998): 135–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005779.
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AbstractThis paper chronicles the role of British Columbian provincial authorities and medical practitioners in engineering the deportation of psychiatrically disordered and cognitively disabled immigrants out of the province between Confederation and 1939. Approximately 750 mental patients were removed from BC during the 1920s and 1930s alone, and more than 5000 had been deported from the country as a whole by the outbreak of World War II. With the use of provincial and federal government records and correspondence, institutional documents, print media clippings and patient files, I probe the professional practices and discourses that fuelled this movement to banish asylum inmates. Across these seven decades, medical authorities, in alliance with bureaucrats and various anti-immigration forces, succeeded in assembling a powerful and efficient system for screening out and expelling those new Canadians who ostensibly failed to meet the mental standards for Canadian citizenship. Bolstered by theories of eugenics and race betterment, and drawing on public fears about the unregulated influx of aliens and the associated scourge of madness, officials turned to deportation as an expedient means for ridding hospitals of their least desirable denizens. I argue more generally that the deportation of ‘insane’ and other ‘unfit’ immigrants was nourished by the flood ofnativist, rac(ial)ist, exclusionist, eugenist, and mental hygienist thinking that dominated British Columbian and Canadian political and public culture throughout this ‘golden age’ of deportation.
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Carvalho, Leonardo Dallacqua de. "Estatística, biologia evolutiva e eugenia: As publicações do jovem Ronald Fisher em The Eugenics Review (1914-1919)." Diálogos 23, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v23i2.43228.
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Este artigo analisa em perspectiva histórica a discussão eugênica do estatístico inglês Ronald Aylmer Fisher no início da sua trajetória profissional. Entre 1914 a 1919, Fisher publicou artigos e revisões de livros na revista especializada The Eugenics Review, na qual expunha a viabilidade do pensamento eugenista. Por meio de tais fontes investigo de que modo estatística e biologia evolutiva estavam ligadas às suas propostas eugênicas e qual era o contexto científico da eugenia nas primeiras décadas do século XX.
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Jacino, Ramatis, and Weber Lopes Goes. "Segregação ou miscigenação." Revista Aurora 15, no. 1 (October 18, 2022): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/1982-8004.2022.v15.n1.p131-154.
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O movimento eugenista nasceu no final do século XIX, na Inglaterra, tendo como principal protagonista Francis Galton (1822-1911); ao Brasil, chegou na passagem do século XIX para o XX, mas ganhou capilaridade a partir do protagonismo de Renato Kehl (1889-1974). Os partidários da eugenia acreditavam na sua efetivação para eliminar os grupos que apresentavam comportamentos anormais, por meio de políticas de controle de natalidade, criação de espaços de segregação, eliminação física e outros métodos. O presente artigo tem como finalidade discorrer sobre os fatores que, de acordo com a história da eugenia, propiciaram o seu nascimento na Europa e EUA. No Brasil, buscar-se-á demonstrar que embora a eugenia tenha tido receptividade por parte dos intelectuais, médicos e aqueles alinhados com os preceitos eugênicos, constata-se que ela foi um mecanismo fundamental para objetivar a segregação, a miscigenação e a eliminação dos negros/as no interior da sociedade brasileira. Tais ações foram realizadas para se constituir um povo brasileiro que, ao juízo dos eugenistas, deveria ser branco e, ao mesmo tempo, responder às transformações que o país estava sofrendo em um contexto de modernização. Dessa forma, o ideário dos eugenistas era reverberado nos artigos publicados nos “Boletins de Eugenia”, que tiveram ampla circulação no Brasil entre os anos de 1929 e 1933.
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Susanne, C. "Eugenics and eugenism." Global Bioethics 10, no. 1-4 (January 1997): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11287462.1997.10800718.
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Kobayashi, Elisabete, Lina Faria, and Maria Conceição da Costa. "Eugenia e Fundação Rockefeller no Brasil: a saúde como proposta de regeneração nacional." Sociologias, no. 22 (December 2009): 314–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-45222009000200012.
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Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, a Fundação Rockefeller atuou de modo decisivo na implementação de ações voltadas para a saúde pública no Brasil, especialmente naquilo denominado de movimento sanitarista. Nesse mesmo período, a eugenia brasileira era equivalente ao sanitarismo, onde defendia-se a máxima de que "sanear era eugenizar". Vários trabalhos discutem o movimento sanitário, a questão da saúde pública no Brasil, a Fundação Rockefeller, a eugenia e seus ativistas. Entretanto, é escassa a discussão a respeito da Rockefeller e o movimento eugenista brasileiro. É necessário alertar que embora nos deparemos com questões ligadas à raça, teorias sobre genética ou evolução, este trabalho não tem como objetivo analisar tais assuntos com profundidade. O que buscamos construir foi o cenário no qual a eugenia de maneira geral, e a brasileira, especificamente, se desenrolou trazendo à tona as posturas de alguns eugenistas brasileiros.
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Roitberg, Guilherme Prado. "educação eugenista latino-americana." Diálogos Latinoamericanos 29 (March 29, 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v29i0.118042.
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A ciência do melhoramento racial ou eugenia foi criada no final do século XIX por Francis Galton. Baseada no darwinismo social, essa ciência popularizou-se entre a influente elite intelectual latino-americana, levando à criação de organizações comprometidas com o aperfeiçoamento racial da população através do sanitarismo e do combate às “ameaças degenerativas” representadas por negros, mestiços, estrangeiros e deficientes. Amparado pela perspectiva histórica, o artigo investiga o projeto utópico-racial do movimento eugenista na América Latina nas décadas de 1920-1930. Por meio de uma pesquisa documental sobre as correspondências e publicações dos eugenistas brasileiros e argentinos, analisamos as vicissitudes do campo intelectual que permitiram o desenvolvimento do racismo científico latino-americano através da institucionalização da educação eugenista. Dialogando com a bibliografia especializada, demonstramos de que maneira tais documentos consistem em fontes fundamentais na compreensão da conexão Brasil-Argentina vislumbrada pelo movimento eugenista, bem como a permanência dessa rede de apoio intelectual ao longo do século XX.
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Campos, Zuleica Dantas Pereira. "EUGENISTAS E CULTURALISTAS NO ESTUDO DAS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS EM PERNAMBUCO / EUGENISTS AND CULTURALISTS IN THE STUDY OF AFRO-BRAZILIAN RELIGIONS IN PERNAMBUCO." PARALELLUS Revista de Estudos de Religião - UNICAP 8, no. 17 (December 22, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.25247/paralellus.2017.v8n17.p153-171.
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Nosso trabalho tem como proposta problematizar o pensamento dos intelectuais que pensaram as religiões afro-brasileiras em Pernambuco na primeira metade do século XX. Dessa forma analisaremos o que fez as religiões de origem africana serem alvo de diferentes formas de relações, com os intelectuais, e que tipos de práticas e de saberes instituídos foram apropriados e reinterpretados por esses grupos religiosos no sentido de vencer resistências e fazer circular suas “práticas”. Os intelectuais são analisados através de duas vertentes: a primeira, formada por médicos psiquiatras que concebiam a questão do negro utilizando-se do aporte teórico eugenista; e a segunda, constituída por sociólogos, jornalistas, romancistas, antropólogos, entre outros, que pensaram essa problemática, numa perspectiva que tentava romper com a construção teórica, trocando o conceito de “raça” pelo de “cultura”.Palavras chave: intelectuais, religiões afro-brasileiras, teorias, história da psiquiatriaAbstractOur work has as proposal to problematize the thoughts of the intellectuals that scrutinized Afro-Brazilian religions in Pernambuco on the first half of the twentieth century. Henceforth we will analyze what made religions of African origin the target of different forms of relations with the intellectuals and what kinds of practices and knowledges were appropriated and reinterpreted by these religious groups in order to overcome resistance and circulate their " Practices. " The intellectuals are analyzed through two aspects: the first, formed by psychiatrists who conceived the question of black people using the eugenist theoretical contribution; and the second, made up of sociologists, journalists, novelists, anthropologists, among others, who thought of this problem, in a perspective that tried to break with the theoretical construction, changing the concept of "race" to "culture".Keywords: Intellectuals, Afro-Brazilian religions, theories, history of psychiatry
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Teixeira, Izabel Mello, and Edson Pereira Silva. "História da eugenia e ensino de genética." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces. ISSN 2178-2911 15 (May 5, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2017v15p63-80.
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ResumoEugenia pode ser definida como um movimento científico e social que foi iniciado por Francis Galton no final do século 19. Como ciência, seu foco era o estudo da herança biológica de características físicas e não físicas dos seres humanos. Sua má reputação vem, principalmente, dos movimentos sociais que se espalharam durante o século 20, especialmente o holocausto nazista. O ideário eugenista permanece vivo hoje em dia, especialmente devido à ideologia do determinismo biológico, que está presente nas modernas tecnologias relacionadas à reprodução humana, a chamada "reprogenética". Neste ensaio, a história da eugenia é discutida como uma possível ferramenta pedagógica para o ensino de biologia e, especialmente, da genética. A riqueza da história da eugenia oferece aos professores de biologia temas que podem ser usados em sala de aula para uma abordagem crítica do ensino da genética tais quais a relação entre ciência e sociedade, a natureza da ciência e implicações éticas e morais do trabalho científico.Palavras-chave: Eugenia; História da Ciência; Ensino de Genética.AbstractEugenics can be defined as a scientific and social movement that was initiated by Francis Galton in the late 19th century. As a science, its focus was the study of the biological inheritance of physical and non-physical characteristics of humans. Eugenics bad reputation came mainly from the social movements which became popular during the 20th century, and the Nazi holocaust was its worst episode. The eugenics ideology remains alive today, especially due to the ideology of biological determinism, which is present in modern technologies related to human reproduction, the so-called "reprogenetic". In this essay, the history of eugenics is discussed as a possible pedagogical tool for teaching biology and especially genetics. The interesting thing in using the history of eugenics in biology teaching is that it offers to the teacher topics that can be used in a critical manner in classroom specially in teaching of genetics, the relationship between science and society, the nature of science and the ethical and moral implications of scientific work.Keywords: Eugenics, History of Science, Teaching of Genetics.
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Santos, Luis Fernando Ferreira Macedo dos, and Rutiele Pereira da Silva Saraiva. "Eugenia e suas implicações: Peter Singer em defesa do princípio de igualdade. Considerações a partir da análise do filme Gattaca." Cadernos do PET Filosofia 2, no. 4 (October 10, 2011): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/cadpetfil.v2i4.635.
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A partir da temática abordada no filme Gattaca - a experiência genética, que trata de uma sociedade adepta da eugenia; mostraremos quais são as implicações morais que essa prática pode ocasionar em uma sociedade, bem como as diversas discriminações. Em contra-argumento a essa prática, abordaremos a teoria de Peter Singer em prol do princípio da igual consideração de interesses, demonstrando que dessa maneira teríamos sociedades menos discriminatórias. Enfim, queremos mostrar que caso não nos alertemos para as questões abordadas por Singer, nós, agentes morais, faremos emergir uma sociedade preconceituosa, tal como vemos no filme Gattaca.Abstract: From selected themes in the movie Gattaca - A genetic experiment that describes a eugenics society, we will show what are the moral implications of the eugenic practice to the society as well as its several kinds of discrimination. We will argue against such practice by appropriating Peter Singer’s theory on behalf of the principle of equal consideration of interests by showing that societies based on it would be less discriminatory. Finally, we show that if we do not consider the issues raised by Singer we, moral agents, will make emerge a prejudiced society similar to that narrated by the movie Gattaca. Key words: Moral, Equality, Eugenie, discrimination.
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Carvalho, Leonardo Dallacqua de. "Diferentes sentidos da eugenia galtoniana interpretados por Renato Kehl durante a campanha eugênica brasileira." Anos 90 28 (December 10, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1983-201x.101192.
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O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar como o conceito de eugenia proposto por Francis Galton transitou por diferentes entendimentos na interpretação do eugenista brasileiro Renato Kehl. Para tanto, trabalhamos com quatro obras a fim de, colocando-as lado a lado e compreendendo seus contextos de produção a partir das leituras de Kehl, analisar como o conceito elaborado por Galton foi reinterpretado pelo eugenista brasileiro em diferentes fases da campanha eugênica. Assim, Eugenia e Medicina Social (1922), Melhoremos e Prolonguemos a vida: a valorização eugênica do homem (1923), Lições de Eugenia (1929) e Aparas eugênicas: Sexo e civilização (1933), constituem as fontes principais desta pesquisa.
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Falk, Pedro Frederico. "Charles Wicksteed Armstrong and positive eugenics." Resgate: Revista Interdisciplinar de Cultura 27, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/resgate.v27i2.8656454.
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Charles Wicksteed Armstrong (1871-1963) was a British writer, schoolmaster, and eugenicist who lived most of his life in Brazil during three distinct periods. His experience in Brazil served to gain practical experience and knowledge to propose his positive eugenic measures in England or, especially, with Englishmen. Thus, using a variety of primary sources, with documentary and bibliographical analysis, this article seeks to show how Brazil served as an experimental eugenics’ laboratory for Armstrong. This made Armstrong confident that he possessed the necessary knowledge to fulfill his patriotic duty and to save England from racial suicide. In this context, the physical environment, health situation (mental, physical and intellectual) and heredity of an individual were important factors that could influence the survival of the people.
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Resta, Robert G. "Eugenic Considerations in the Theory and Practice of Genetic Counseling." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003124.
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The ArgumentIs genetic counseling a form of eugenics? To some extent, the answer depends upon how the terms “eugenics” and “genetic counseling” are defined. This paper reviews the eugenic implications of four models of genetic counseling. The complexities of slapping the eugenic label on genetic counseling are illustrated with three cases drawn from clinical practice. However, even though genetic counseling is not always a eugenic activity, genetic counselors work in a medical/ financial setting that has the net eugenic effect of, and profits from, reducing the number of people with genetic disorders.
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Harpin, Tina. "La violence et la culpabilité en partage : le destin national du thème de l’inceste dans la fiction sud-africaine." Études littéraires africaines, no. 38 (February 16, 2015): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028671ar.
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Twenty years after the end of Apartheid, violence is still a serious problem in South Africa, despite the prosperity and democratic stability of the state. Sexual violence, in particular, has become a major concern. During the decades of transition, secrets of sexual crimes were disclosed more than ever, and it was made patent that they were intertwined with political violence. Incest thus became a new important fictional theme in South African literature. Actually, the issue was already a tacit burning question for politicians and scientists at the end of the 20th century. Given the racist and eugenist background of the country, incest has long been written in the gothic mode to express White communities’ anxieties, until Doris Lessing, Reza de Wet and Marlene van Niekerk came along. They integrated irony into the gothic and rethought the question of taboo in such a way that it was made available for critical thinking beyond local or racial boundaries. Since the end of the 90s, writing fictions involving incest contributes more than ever to reflect on the possibility or the impossibility of strengthening an extended national community against violence, which I demonstrate through my reading of the novels by Achmat Dangor and of a recent play by Paul Grootboom and Presley Chweneyagae.
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Binnebesel, Józef, Ditta Baczała, and Piotr Błajet. "Eugenika – aspekty historyczne, biologiczne i edukacyjne." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 52 (March 15, 2019): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2019.52.10.
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Eugenics is the selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations, typically in reference to humans. The article is about eugenics in historical, biological and educational aspects. The historical aspect is elaborated on and includes early eugenics, eugenics organizations, popular support for eugenics, and anti-eugenics sentiments. Despite the dropping of the term eugenics, eugenic ideas remained prevalent in many issues concerning human reproduction and genetic intervention. “New Eugenics” is a fact. “New Eugenics” includes education. Does it really?
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Sher, S. A., T. V. Yakovleva, and V. Yu Al’bitskiy. "About history and significance of the eugenic ideas." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 5 (December 15, 2018): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-855.
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Aim. To show the short history of the origin and development of the eugenic ideas at the beginning of the 20th century.
Methods. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used.
Results. The article presents the results of historical and medical research that demonstrated that close by the tasks to medicine eugenics studied inherited properties, their social manifestations and historical changes. Science eugenics gained wide circulation and recognition in 1920s in USSR. The ideas became popular that achievements of the Soviet health care, its preventive direction lead to creation of higher sanitary culture and realization of eugenic tasks for creation of the harmonious Soviet identity. Since the early 1930s in the Soviet Union the eugenics underwent severe criticism. The eugenic ideas were completely discredited by Nazi programs of fascist Germany in 1933-1945 when millions of people were exterminated. In the end of the 20th century interest in eugenics has renewed because of development of genetics.
Conclusion. Despite the ambiguous past, the eugenics had played a certain positive role as it allowed understanding genetic and anthropological human features, and served as an incentive for development of medical genetics and study of genetic diseases.
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Iredale, Rachel. "Eugenics and its Relevance to Contemporary Health Care." Nursing Ethics 7, no. 3 (May 2000): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300000700303.
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Recently there has been a revival of interest in the theory and practice of eugenics by both academics and lay people. The ongoing revolution in biology and the increasing ability to acquire genetic information has led to concerns about genetics being used again for sinister eugenic ends. Although the goals behind traditional eugenics - the minimization of disease and the improvement of human health - remain unchanged, the means by which these goals should be achieved have altered significantly. However, in debates about the impact of human genetic research, eugenics is sometimes viewed as a purely historical phenomenon and its relevance to the current situation is minimized. This article outlines the history of the eugenics movement, describes some eugenic practices, and explores why an appreciation of these historical debates is important for nurses.
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Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de. "Por uma nação eugênica." Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência 1, no. 2 (December 6, 2008): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v1i2.397.
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Este artigo analisa as idéias eugênicas e a forma como o movimento eugênico brasileiro se organizou durante os anos 1910 e 1920, quando o médico e eugenista Renato Kehl iniciou a campanha de divulgação da eugenia no Brasil. Procuro destacar a associação da eugenia com a higiene e as concepções neolamarckistas, bem como sua relação com as discussões sobre raça e identidade nacional. Argumento também que a eugenia brasileira desse período se caracterizou por um modelo de “eugenia preventiva”, cujo projeto visava contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da nacionalidade e para a reposição do Brasil no cenário internacional.
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Roitberg, Guilherme. "Crisis, end, or eclipse of reason? Max Horkheimer's Critical Theory contributions to an epistemology of eugenics." Cadernos de Filosofia Alemã: Crítica e Modernidade 27, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2318-9800.v27i1p69-85.
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This article investigates the epistemological foundations of Francis Galton's eugenics based on Max Horkheimer's Critical Theory. Grounded on a bibliographical research, we analyze the texts in which the English polymath structured the rationality of his science-religion, contrasting them with the theoretical-critical diagnosis of the crisis of reason. We conclude that Horkheimer’s argument denouncing the enlightened roots of eugenics, despite not having been explored in historiography, remains fundamental to the understanding of the eugenic scientific rationality, which we denominated eugenic reason.
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Dąbrowski, Przemysław. "Oddział wileński Polskiego Towarzystwa Eugenicznego Walki ze Zwyrodnieniem Rasy w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym — geneza, działalność i struktura prawna." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 39, no. 2 (September 8, 2017): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.39.2.2.
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VILNIUS BRANCH OF THE POLISH EUGENICS SOCIETY FIGHTING AGAINST BREEDING DEGENERATION DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD — GENESIS, ACTIVITY AND LEGAL STRUCTUREVilnius Branch of the Polish Eugenics Society played asignificant role in the development and propagation of eugenic ideas. Statutory goals were realized through the establishment of eugenic and premarital counseling. In addition, alot of attention has been devoted to numerous lectures. The Vilnius society with great approval accepted the establishment of anew institution, and some resistance came from local intelligentsia and doctors.
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Jędrysiak, Marcin. "Wpływ ustawodawstwa III Rzeszy na polskie projekty ustaw eugenicznych (1933–1939)." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 20, no. 1 (2021): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2021.20.01.03.
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The matter of development of the eugenic movement Has already been described in the Polish science. A lot has been written regarding both the law of the Third Reich, as well as the history of the Polish eugenic movement. However Polish project of eugenic laws have never been thoroughly analyzed from the legal point of view, despite this topic being an object to commentaries in the Interwar period. Up to this point no one attempted to analyze how strongly did the Nazi eugenic concepts influenced the Polish projects of eugenic laws. According to some authors such inspirations are easily noticeable. Thus the thesis that the German law strongly influenced the Polish projects shall be subjected to a critical analysis. The goal of the paper is to compare the German eugenic law with Polish concepts on that matter, especially projects made by Leon Wernic. Due to the use of the comparative legal analysis in the historical perspective, it was possible to indicate the similarities and dissimilarities between the Polish projects and the Nazi laws: Law for the Prevention of Hereditary and diseases of offspring; the Nuremberg Laws; the Law for the Protection of the Health of the German People. The Polish drafts include the Preventive Eugenics Act published in 1934, the drafts of four eugenics laws published in 1935; project of the law: ,,On the inhibition of reproduction of dysgenic individuals” created by Wernic; draft of the law ,,On the inhibition of undesirable reproduction” made by Witold Łuniewski and ,,Eugenics Laws” prepared by Bohdan Ostromęcki. The so-called „Eugenics Act” of 1938 has also been analyzed. The paper indicates that although Wernic explicitly pointed out his inspiration by German and Italian legislation, his concepts as well as concepts of other Polish eugenicists are original. Similarities with German legislation can be seen for example in the procedure of sterilization or a certain concordance of the catalog of diseases which qualified for sterilization. The Polish proposals, however, were not identical with the Nazi proposals. Neither were they racist or anti-Jewish in content. Moreover, the role of so-called positive eugenics was more strongly emphasized in Poland than in Germany.
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Chamarette, R. Michael. "Sir Francis Galton: A Historiographical Reassessment of British Psychology’s Eugenic Past, 1860–1940." History & Philosophy of Psychology 23, no. 1 (2022): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2022.23.1.18.
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Many people find it difficult to accept British psychology’s eugenic history. Much of the literature is unhelpful in its abstention from comprehensive and lucid accounts of the Galtonian eugenic origins of much published work on individual differences in intelligence and personality deemed as inherited, the multifaceted nature of eugenics itself, or the complexity of this legacy in the early 20th century. Despite some well researched accounts of highly specific aspects of eugenic influence, the wider picture often remains elusive. Yet as the implications of eugenics for studies of race, class, and the histories of institutions and academic disciplines are increasingly interrogated, this is ever more inappropriate. Its eugenic past forms part of the challenging history of British psychology. Though a single paper cannot address these issues in their entirety, this thematic reappraisal of Galton and his legacy in the early 20th century provides a crucial initial step.
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AGAR, NICHOLAS. "Why We Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180118000336.
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Abstract:This paper considers the relevance of the concept of “eugenics,”—a term associated with some of the most egregious crimes of the twentieth century—to the possibility of editing human genomes. The author identifies some uses of gene editing as eugenics but proposes that this identification does not suffice to condemn them. He proposes that we should distinguish between “morally wrong” practices, which should be condemned, and “morally problematic” practices that call for solutions, and he suggests that eugenic uses of gene editing fall into this latter category. Although when we choose the characteristics of future people we are engaging in morally dangerous acts, some interventions in human heredity should nevertheless be acknowledged as morally good. These morally good eugenic interventions include some uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. The author argues that we should think about eugenic interventions in the same way that we think about morally problematic interventions in public health. When we recognize some uses of gene editing as eugenics, we make the dangers of selecting or modifying human genetic material explicit.
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Fangerau, Heiner M. "Making Eugenics a Public Issue." Science & Technology Studies 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55179.
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During the 1920s, the world-wide eugenics movement reached a peak level of popularity. Historians have stressed the key role of the textbook “Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene” in the popularisation of eugenic thinking in Germany. In this textbook the well known scientists Erwin Baur (1875-1933), Eugen Fischer (1874-1967) and Fritz Lenz (1887-1976) tried to combine genetics, anthropology and racial hygiene to form a “Magna Carta” of eugenics. This paper aims at quantitatively reconstructing the book’s development into a standard work. 325 contemporary reviews of the book were analysed. More than 80% of the reviewers evaluated the book positively recommending it to a variety of readers. Most of the reviewers were Medical Doctors concentrating on the eugenic aspects of the book. The reception study makes the reciprocity of eugenics as an accepted science and academics forming it into science prevalent. Explanations for the uniform reaction of the scientific community are discussed. *Key words*: reception study, interwar years, eugenics
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Stefano, Waldir, and Aguiar Azambuja Pereira. "Gertrude Davenport e a eugenia." Filosofia e História da Biologia 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2178-6224v17i2p219-230.
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Gertrude Crotty Davenport (1866-1946), née Gertrude Anna Crotty, destacou-se por suas contribuições para a zoologia. Além disso, ela participou ativamente do movimento eugenista dos Estados Unidos juntamente com seu marido, Charles Benedict Davenport (1866-1944). O presente trabalho consiste em uma tradução comentada de um artigo que ela publicou em The Independent, em 1912. Neste artigo, Gertrude apresenta sua própria visão sobre a eugenia e discute sobre a situação em que se encontrava o movimento eugenista no início da década de 1910.
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Carlos, Anderson Ricardo, Fernanda Franzolin, and Márcia Helena Alvim. "fundamentação científica da proposta de seleção imigratória de Azevedo Amaral e as divergências sobre racismo entre mendelianos no Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia." Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência 12, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v12i2.57.
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Este artigo problematiza os divergentes posicionamentos sobre raça e etnia nas Atas e Trabalhos do Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia, associando-os às ideias de hereditariedade. Tal evento, ocorrido no Rio de Janeiro em 1929, foi considerado como a maior manifestação pública da eugenia no Brasil. Destacamos, por um lado, a fundamentação científica da proposta de seleção de imigração de Azevedo Amaral, e por outro lado, o posicionamento de outros eugenistas contrários à proposta, protagonizado por Edgard Roquette-Pinto. Portanto, este trabalho contribui por evidenciar a estreita e complexa influência do mendelismo na discussão de raça e etnia por eugenistas brasileiros.
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Mamarasulov, Andrei Ravkhatovich. "Definition of essential attributes of a person through criticism of positive eugenics." Философская мысль, no. 4 (April 2022): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2022.4.37744.
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The purpose of the work is to identify and comprehend the essential attributes of human existence, which are found to be conceptually opposite in relation to the eugenic doctrine of the foundation. The subject of the study are such attributes of human existence as universality, stability, self-existence, self-identity. The arguments put forward by eugenics as a positivist concept, on the contrary, are based on the idea of human nature as a biologically strictly determined and changeable material for the implementation of artificial transformation. The criticism of this premise undertaken in the work, as well as the criticism of the likely consequences of the use of positive eugenics, reveals the destructiveness of the eugenic doctrine. Applying the method of critical analysis, the author raises the question: "Is positive eugenics possible at all?" - and within the framework of philosophical anthropology answers it. The author comes to the conclusion that the implementation of the doctrine of positive eugenics threatens with distortions incompatible with the existence of man. The main conclusion of the study is: the essential moment of human existence is the fundamental basis that establishes the anthropological prohibition on the implementation of eugenic transformations. As a result, the attributes of a person's essential being - universality, stability, self-existence, self-identity - are revealed as quite effective conditions for human existence, which gives these attributes an additional degree of conceptual significance and cognitively concretizes their being. The results of the study of the causes of the failure of positive eugenics can be applied in the field of anthropology, ethics, bioethics, axiology.
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Lavery, Colm. "The Power of Racial Mapping: Ellsworth Huntington, Immigration, and Eugenics in the Progressive Era." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 21, no. 4 (October 2022): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781422000299.
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AbstractRacial mapping during the Progressive Era played into the political narratives of eugenic intervention and immigration restriction. This article argues that the racial cartographic work of the Yale geographer and prolific eugenicist Ellsworth Huntington was both developed within and contributed to this racist milieu. Huntington’s middle-class and educated upbringing, his familial history, and his expertise as a well-travelled geographer all conspired to shape his views on eugenics, race, and immigration. By applying the critical cartographic theories of John Brian Harley, Denis Wood, Heather Winlow, and others, I show that Huntington’s racial maps were a product of his cultural and political environment. The success of a map’s impact was often due to maps being seen as objective depictions of spatial variation. Indeed, for Huntington they performed an essential role in communicating and portraying racial information. But, as I argue, they were susceptible to bias, misunderstanding, and intentional manipulation. I show that Huntington’s maps are not accurate snapshots of reality, but rather cultural texts or rhetorical images intended to create a narrative and convince the reader of a particular subjective point of view.
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Silva, André Luiz Dos S. "Imperativos da beleza: corpo feminino, cultura fitness e a nova eugenia." Cadernos CEDES 32, no. 87 (August 2012): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-32622012000200007.
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Este texto se propõe a discutir os atuais imperativos da beleza feminina, evidenciando marcas de uma nova eugenia em meio à cultura fitness. Para tanto, utilizo textos de Renato Kehl, destacado eugenista brasileiro que, em meio a seus escritos, propõe a exercitação física como promotora de saúde e embelezamento. A história da eugenia nos indica que esta ciência, capaz de legitimar regimes políticos totalitários e atrocidades contra a humanidade, construiu, também, um totalitarismo corporal, na medida em que elegeu a beleza como representação, desumanizando os corpos feios. As mulheres representadas pela cultura fitness contemporânea materializam, igualmente, a magreza e a simetria, construindo, assim como a eugenia, um corpo uníssono.
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Giæver, Øyvind. "Marriage and Madness." Science & Technology Studies 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55156.
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This essay focuses on marriage regulation as a eugenic tool – a topic that has received little attention in the literature – in 20th century Norway. Although eugenics was very much the focus of expert discussions prior to the first Norwegian marriage act (1918), a marriage bar for the insane that was included in the act was not mainly motivated by eugenic concerns. In fact, an amendment prepared in the late 1950s brought such concerns more to the foreground. In a final round of revisions prepared in the 1970s and 80s, however, both the marriage bar and the eugenic arguments were firmly dismissed. The essay uses these developments to discuss the relative weight to be accorded technical versus political factors in explaining the decline of eugenics – a decline that came rather late as far as the history of Norwegian marriage laws goes.
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Boutlas, George, Dimitra Chousou, Daniela Theodoridou, Anna Batistatou, Christos Yapijakis, and Maria Syrrou. "Eugenics between Darwin’s Εra and the Holocaust." Conatus 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.21061.
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Heredity and reproduction have always been matters of concern. Eugenics is a story that began well before the Holocaust, but the Holocaust completely changed the way eugenics was perceived at that time. What began with Galton (1883) as a scientific movement aimed at the improvement of the human race based on the theories and principles of heredity and statistics became by the beginning of the 20th century an international movement that sought to engineer human supremacy. Eugenic ideas, however, trace back to ancient Greek aristocratic ideas exemplified in Plato’s Republic, which played an important role in shaping modern eugenic social practices and government policies. Both positive (prevention and encouragement of the propagation of the fit, namely without hereditary afflictions, i.e. socially acceptable) and negative (institutionalization, sterilization, euthanasia) eugenics focused on the encouragement of healthy and discouragement of unhealthy reproduction. All these practices were often based on existing prejudices about race and disability. In this article, we will focus on the rise of eugenics, starting with the publication of Origin of Species to the Holocaust. This examination will be multidisciplinary, utilizing genetics, legal history and bioethical aspects. Through this examination, we will discuss how provisional understandings of genetics influenced eugenics-based legislation. We will also discuss the rise of biopolitics, the change of medical ethos and stance towards negative eugenics policies, and the possible power of bioethical principles to prevent such phenomena.
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Björkman, Maria. "The Emergence of Genetic Counseling in Sweden: Examples from Eugenics and Medical Genetics." Science in Context 28, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889715000216.
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ArgumentThis paper examines the intertwined relations between eugenics and medical genetics from a Swedish perspective in the 1940s and 1950s. The Swedish case shows that a rudimentary form of genetic counseling emerged within eugenic practices in the applications of the Swedish Sterilization Act of 1941, here analyzed from the phenomenon of “heredophobia” (ärftlighetsskräck). At the same time genetic counseling also existed outside eugenic practices, within the discipline of medical genetics. The paper argues that a demand for genetic counseling increased in the 1940s and 1950s in response to a sense of reproductive responsibility engendered by earlier eugenic discourse. The paper also questions the claim made by theoreticians of biopolitics that biological citizens have emerged only during the last decades, especially in neoliberal societies. From the Swedish case it is possible to argue that this had already happened earlier in relation to the proliferation of various aspects of eugenics to the public.
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Carvalho, Leonardo Dallacqua de. "Sanear é eugenizar: a eugenia “preventiva” de Belisário Penna a serviço do saneamento do Brasil, 1920-1930." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 29, no. 3 (September 2022): 645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000300004.
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Resumo Discute o modelo de eugenia empregado pelo médico-sanitarista Belisário Penna durante a campanha do saneamento do Brasil nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. São abordados dois conceitos fundamentais para o seu pensamento: “raça brasileira” e eugenia “preventiva”. A maneira como Penna avaliava a questão racial brasileira era fundamental para aderir à concepção eugênica aliada à medicina social e ao seu projeto de “consciência sanitária”. O texto oferece uma perspectiva de como foi bordada a concepção eugênica de Penna e o diálogo estabelecido com o movimento eugênico brasileiro, em especial com o eugenista Renato Kehl. Assim, a defesa de uma eugenia classificada como “preventiva” estabelecia coerência para um projeto reformista social via o saneamento defendido por Penna.
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Kern, Gustavo Da Silva. "A educação eugênica nos Annaes de Eugenía." Revista Linhas 21, no. 45 (May 4, 2020): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/1984723821452020301.
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Este artigo tem como propósito problematizar as relações entre eugenia e educação no Brasil, tomando como objeto de análise algumas das proposições científicas encontradas nos Annaes de Eugenía, documento que reúne os registros das atividades realizadas da Sociedade Eugênica de São Paulo, fundada em 1918. Através da análise dos postulados eugenistas formulados por Renato Kehl (1889-1974) e Fernando de Azevedo (1894-1974), interessa evidenciar como, muito precocemente, os teóricos eugenistas locais elegeram a educação como uma forma privilegiada de promoção do melhoramento racial da população brasileira, buscando com isso compreender a forma como o nascente movimento social em favor da ciência do melhoramento racial definiu os preceitos da chamada educação eugênica.Palavras-chave: Eugenia. Educação. Educação eugênica.
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Temoukale, Mabandine Djagri. "Eugenics in Brave New World: A New Historicist Reading." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 5 (2022): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.75.36.
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In Brave New World, eugenics translates into a practice that not only enhances the performance of certain social classes but also encourages sterilization, discrimination, and standardization of citizens on the assumption that anti-social behaviors are genetically inherited. However, a new historicist reading of the novel attempts to show that the eugenic practices of the leaders of the World State are inspired by classical eugenic methods. It argues that the social problems such as delinquency, alcoholism, and poverty that leaders in Brave New World seek to control stem from social injustice. The analysis, therefore, reveals that negative eugenics (eliminating the bad genetic stock responsible for anti-social behaviors) using technoscience cannot be a solution to a problem caused by social injustice. Nevertheless, the paper argues that the survival instinct pushes humans to practice eugenics in order to pass on to their descendants a genetic stock that allows them to adapt and survive in an ever-changing world.
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Weindling, Paul. "The ‘Sonderweg’ of German Eugenics: Nationalism and Scientific Internationalism." British Journal for the History of Science 22, no. 3 (September 1989): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400026182.
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The history of eugenics has become a classic arena for examining how the interplay of culture, social interests and social structures affects the advancement of science. At the same time eugenics demonstrates how in the first half of the twentieth century, the expectation arose that science could offer the solution of social problems; for biology intruded into many areas of social policy during the 1920s and 30s. Historians of science have been struck by the coincidence between the rise of genetics and eugenics after 1900. Genetics underpinned techniques of family reconstruction, which were deployed for the screening of population groups. Areas of social policy such as the prediction of potential criminals and other types of social deviancy relied on eugenic rationales. This poses intriguing problems concerning the extent to which genetic research was motivated by eugenic ideals, particularly in the field of human genetics. At the same time, it is important to recognize that eugenics was a heterogenous agglomeration of sciences: in addition to genetics, a prominent place was taken by anthropology, clinical medicine, statistics, and psychology. These diverse constituents were welded together by cultural and social movements peculiar to respective national contexts.
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Wilker, Daniel. "Eugenic Values." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003148.
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The ArgumentEugenics is generally regarded as evil; but what was its sin? Racism, class bias, and violation of reproductive freedom, which tainted objectionable eugenic interventions, are not part of the core notion of eugenics. A number of candidates have been suggested as the wrong inherent in eugenics, ranging from statism to the impossibility of consensus on the ideal human being. It is most plausible to view eugenics as sharing moral dilemmas with much of public health, and the critical issues as those of distributive justice.
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Holtzman, Neil A. "Eugenics and Genetic Testing." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003100.
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The ArgumentPressures to lower health-care costs remain an important stimulus to eugenic approaches. Prenatal diagnosis followed by abortion of affected fetuses has replaced sterilization as the major eugenic technique. Voluntary acceptance has replaced coercion, but subtle pressures undermine personal autonomy. The failure of the old eugenics to accurately predict who will have affected offspring virtually disappears when prenatal diagnosis is used to predict Mendelian disorders. However, when prenatal diagnosis is used to detect inherited susceptibilities to adult-onset, common, complex disorders, considerable uncertainty is inherent in the prediction. Intolerance and the resurgence of genetic determinism are current pressures for a eugenic approach. The increasing use of carrier screening (to identify those at risk of having affected offspring) and of prenatal diagnosis could itself generate intolerance for those who refuse the procedures. Genetic determinism deflects society from social action that would reduce the burden of disease far more than even the maximum use of eugenics.
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Holowate, Isaias. "Eugenia negativa em Ponta Grossa? Uma análise das representações sobre a eugenia no discurso de José martins Pinto." Epígrafe 3, no. 3 (October 30, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2318-8855.v3i3p35-56.
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A eugenia surgiu no final do século XIX como a ciência do aprimoramento da espécie humana. Seus defensores acreditavam que, através da seleção dos indivíduos considerados como eugenicamente superiores e da restrição à reprodução dos indivíduos não-eugênicos, seria possível promover um melhoramento da espécie. Os discursos eugenistas foram apropriados por pensadores de diversas regiões do mundo, sendo ressignificados para atender às necessidades das culturas locais. Em Ponta Grossa, no Paraná, os pressupostos eugenistas foram defendidos por um grupo de pensadores proveniente da burguesia urbana, que colaboravam com o periódico Diário dos Campos, havendo uma multiplicidade de representações sobre a eugenia defendidos na publicação. A pesquisa busca analisar a representação sobre a eugenia produzida pelo colaborador do jornal José Martins Pinto, que apresentava diversas aproximações com princípios defendidos pela eugenia negativa. A partir das investigações, busca-se refletir sobre as características da representação produzida por esse personagem em relação ao discurso de outros colaboradores do periódico, e embasados na teoria das representações do historiador Roger Chartier, compreender as ressignificações produzidas por esse indivíduo e as aproximações com os discursos produzidos sobre o tema no meio nacional e internacional.
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Testart, Jacques. "The New Eugenics and Medicalized Reproduction." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 3 (1995): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006058.
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We know today that classical eugenics, of an essentially negative nature, was not only an aggressive and brutal practice but, like its positive counterpart, inefficient as well. In fact, numerous biological, sociological, and psychological events beyond our control arise to prevent the realisation of any eugenic plan. Thus, like all human beings, individuals whose procreation is encouraged by positive eugenics suffer unexpected mutations that are transmitted to their offspring by their gametes. Gene distribution among the gametes at meiosis is the result of an uncontrollable, natural lottery. As an effect of this lottery, positive eugenics could allow the birth of defective babies whereas negative eugenics precludes the birth of normal babies.
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Via, J., M. I. Arriortua, L. E. Ochando, M. M. Reventos, J. M. Amigó, and J. Bastida. "Structure of eugenine, an alkaloid from Narcissus eugeniae." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 45, no. 12 (December 15, 1989): 2020–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270189007973.
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Adams, Mark B. "The politics of human heredity in the USSR, 1920–1940." Genome 31, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-155.
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After the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, Iurii Filipchenko (in Petrograd) and Nikolai Koltsov (in Moscow) created centers of genetic research where eugenics prospered as a socially relevant part of the new "experimental" biology. The Russian Eugenics Society, established in 1920, was dominated by research-oriented professionals. However, Bolshevik activists in the movement tried to translate eugenics into social policies (among them, sterilization) and in 1929, Marxist geneticist Alexander Serebrovsky was stimulated by the forthcoming Five-Year Plan to urge a massive eugenic program of human artificial insemination. With the advent of Stalinism, such attempts to "biologize" social phenomena became ideologically untenable and the society was abolished in 1930. Three years later, however, a number of eugenicists reassembled in the world's first institute of medical genetics, created by Bolshevik physician Solomon Levit after his return from a postdoctoral year in Texas with H. J. Muller. Muller himself moved to the Soviet Union in 1933, where he agitated for eugenics and wrote Stalin in 1936 to urge an artificial insemination program. Shortly thereafter, Muller left Russia, several of his colleagues were shot, and the Institute of Medical Genetics was disbanded. During the next three decades, Lysenkoists regularly invoked the Soviet eugenic legacy to claim that genetics itself was fascist.Key words: Russia, eugenics, human genetics, medical genetics, Lysenkoism, history, politics.
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Roll-Hansen, Nils. "Geneticists and the Eugenics Movement in Scandinavia." British Journal for the History of Science 22, no. 3 (September 1989): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400026194.
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Two questions will receive special attention in this account, namely the political location of eugenics and the role of genetic science in its development. I will show that moderate eugenic policies had broad political support. For instance, the Scandinavian sterilization laws which were introduced in the 1930s were supported by the Social Democratic Parties, who were partly in position of government. I will argue that the effect of genetic research was to make eugenics more moderate, mainly because the fears and hopes were shown to be exaggerated. Degeneration was much slower than feared at first, if it took place at all, and the expectation of rapid and large effects of eugenic policies on the gene pool likewise proved to be quite unrealistic.