Journal articles on the topic 'Eugenics United States History 20th century'
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1
Hartmann, Betsy. "Population Control I: Birth of an Ideology." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bl3n-xajx-0yqb-vqbx.
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Population control, as a major international development strategy, is a relatively recent phenomenon. However, its origins reach back to social currents in the 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in an organized birth control movement in Europe and the United States. The conflicts and contradictions in that movement's history presage many of today's debates over population policy and women's rights. Eugenics had a deep influence on the U.S. birth control movement in the first half of the 20th century. After World War II private agencies and foundations played an important role in legitimizing population control as a way to secure Western control over Third World resources and stem political instability. In the late 1960s the U.S. government became a major funder of population control programs overseas and built multilateral support through establishment of the U.N. Fund for Population Activities. At the 1974 World Population Conference, Third World governments challenged the primacy of population control. While their critique led population agencies to change their strategies, population control remained a central component of international development and national security policies in the United States.
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Rabins, Peter V. "The History of Psychogeriatrics in the United States." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005980.
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, elderly individuals with severe mental illness living in the United States were cared for in state-run facilities that went by various names (asylums, psychopathic hospitals, state hospitals, state mental hospitals, and medical centers). Since the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 20% of patients in state hospital facilities had brain diseases such as dementia, usually complicated by behavioral disorder.
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Bozeman, John M. "Eugenics and the Clergy in the Early Twentieth-Century United States." Journal of American Culture 27, no. 4 (December 2004): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2004.00147.x.
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GONZALES, ANGELA, JUDY KERTÉSZ, and GABRIELLE TAYAC. "Eugenics as Indian Removal: Sociohistorical Processes and the De(con)struction of American Indians in the Southeast." Public Historian 29, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2007.29.3.53.
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Although research on the history of the eugenics movement in the United States is legion, its impact on state policies that identified and defined American Indians has yet to be fully addressed. The exhibit, Our Lives: Contemporary Life and Identities (ongoing until September 21, 2014) at the National Museum of the American Indian provides a provocative vehicle for examining how eugenics-informed public policy during the first quarter of the twentieth century served to “remove” from official records Native peoples throughout the Southeast. One century after Indian Removal of the antebellum era, Native peoples in the American Southeast provide an important but often overlooked example of how racial policies, this time rooted in eugenics, effected a documentary erasure of Native peoples and communities.
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Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.
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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.
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Hubbard, Ruth. "Eugenics and Prenatal Testing." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1yke-php6-h69a-yrkv.
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Prejudices against people with disabilities, pool people, and immigrants during the nineteenth century generated a science of “race improvement” called eugenics. In the United States, a number of eugenic measures were enacted early in this century, but it was in Nazi Germany that eugenics flourished under the name of racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene). In the guise of furthering the health of the German people, German scientists and physicians initially designed programs of sterilization. Next came euthanasia and finally mass extermination of “lives not worth living.” Remembering this history, many German women oppose the new technical developments in prenatal diagnosis because they see them as yet another way to specify what kinds of people are and are not fit to inhabit the world. This paper tries to place the new technologies in the context of eugenics and to point out some of the ways in which the new, supposedly liberating, choices in fact limit women's control over our lives.
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Rosenberg, Gabriel N. "No Scrubs: Livestock Breeding, Eugenics, and the State in the Early Twentieth-Century United States." Journal of American History 107, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 362–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa179.
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Churchill, Scott D., Christopher M. Aanstoos, and James Morley. "The Emergence of Phenomenological Psychology in the United States." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 52, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 218–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341395.
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Abstract This essay strives to bring together the institutional history of phenomenological psychology within the American academy from the middle of the 20th century to the current moment. Although phenomenological psychology has always been a dynamically international and interdisciplinary movement, the scope of this essay is limited to the different ways in which this new field expressed itself in certain psychology departments and educational institutions across the United States. After presenting this institutional history, and some (but certainly not all) individual contributors, a brief commentary is offered.
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Crafts, Nicholas, and Alexander Klein. "Spatial concentration of manufacturing industries in the United States: re-examination of long-run trends." European Review of Economic History 25, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa027.
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Abstract We re-examine the long-run geographical development of US manufacturing industries using recent advances in spatial concentration measures. We construct spatially weighted indices of the geographical concentration between 1880 and 2007 taking into account industrial structure and checkerboard problem. New results emerge. Average spatial concentration was much lower in the late 20th than in the late 19th century, and it was the outcome of a continuing reduction over time. Spatial concentration did not increase in the early 20th century but declined, and we find no inverted-U shape pattern of long-run spatial concentration. The persistent tendency to greater spatial dispersion was characteristic of most industries.
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Cortez, Jonathan. "Ruminations on the Camp Space in the United States during the 20th Century." SHS Web of Conferences 136 (2022): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213604002.
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This paper is a brief stream of thought on the function of encampments in the United States during the 20th century. This work derives directly from my still-in-progress dissertation, “The Age of Encampment: Race, Surveillance, and the Power of Spatial Scripts, 19331950.” The dissertation charts a history of the creation of federally-funded camps and their lasting legacies beginning with the creation of New Deal-era liberal policies through the incarceration of enemies of the state during WWII. By revealing the history of federally-funded encampments in the US, I argue that camp spaces were racialized and classist projects dependent on a pathologized “other.” Further, the materialization of camp spaces became a tool used by the US government to surveille bodies deemed threatening to the local community and/or nation-state – a theory I call “spatial scripts.”
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De Ville, Kennethe. "Medical Malpractice in Twentieth Century United States: The Interaction of Technology, Law, and Culture." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 14, no. 2 (1998): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012198.
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AbstractAlthough medical malpractice litigation in the United States has generated extensive professional and scholarly attention, few analyses of the issue have explored its underlying causes. This essay develops and employs an historical framework to explain the late 20th century phenomenon and concludes that widespread medical malpractice suits are the result of a combination of short-term topical causes and long-term cultural changes that are ignored or left untouched by most reform efforts. Most importantly, however, the development and proliferation of new and improved medical technologies has played a pivotal role throughout the entire history of the litigation, an effect that has become most prominent and important in the last third of the 20th century.
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Semmelhack, Elizabeth. "From Lawn Tennis to Eugenics: A History of Women and Sneakers." Costume 53, no. 1 (March 2019): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2019.0097.
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Since the invention of sneakers in the middle of the nineteenth century, women have been significant in both their production and consumption. 1 Despite this long history, women's relationship with sneakers has been complicated by larger issues ranging from dissonance between female athleticism and ideals of female desirability to issues of exclusion related to the overt hyper-masculinity embedded in modern sneaker culture. This article will focus on the sociological forces at play in the relationship between women and sneakers, predominantly in the United States and Britain, from the popularization of lawn tennis in the 1870s through to the start of the Second World War, a period in which exercise, morality and ideal femininity became redefined through the lens of ‘fitness’, by which was often meant preparedness for motherhood or attractiveness to men.
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Skop, Emily, and Wei Li. "Diaspora in the United States: Chinese and Indians Compared." Journal of Chinese Overseas 6, no. 2 (2010): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325410x526131.
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AbstractIn recent years, the migration rates from both China and India to the U.S. have accelerated. Since 2000 more than a third of foreign-born Chinese and 40% of foreign-born Indians have arrived in that country. This paper will document the evolving patterns of immigration from China and India to the U.S. by tracing the history of immigration and racial discrimination, the dramatic transitions that have occurred since the mid-20th century, and the current demographic and socioeconomic profiles of these two migrant groups.
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Stroud, Irene. "Beautiful Babies." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 43, no. 2 (April 22, 2014): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v43i2.23.
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Baby shows and baby contests in the late nineteenth century United States, beginning as a form of entertainment at agricultural fairs, were co-opted in the early twentieth century as a public relations vehicle for the eugenics movement. This article connects this history of display of the infant body with white Protestant practices of bodily display in infant baptism as represented etiquette manuals, women's magazines, and works of art. The author argues that infants became unwitting participants in practices of display that marked them as members of affluent white society.
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Yamin, P. "Inventing the Modern American Family: Family Values and Social Change in 20th Century United States." Journal of American History 100, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat497.
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Warner, J. H. "The humanising power of medical history: responses to biomedicine in the 20th century United States." Medical Humanities 37, no. 2 (July 31, 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2011-010034.
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Warner, John Harley. "The Humanizing Power of Medical History: Responses to Biomedicine in the 20th-Century United States." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 77 (April 2013): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.090.
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Schmidt, Josef M. "Die Entwicklung der Homöopathie in den Vereinigten Staaten." Gesnerus 51, no. 1-2 (November 27, 1994): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0510102007.
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After an enormous spread in the United States of America during the 19th century homeopathy had almost completely vanished from the scene by the beginning of the 20th century. For the past two decades, however, it seems once again to experience a kind of renaissance. Major aspects of this development—in terms of medical and cultural history, sociology, politics, and economics—are illustrated on the basis of a general history of homeopathy in the United States. Using original sources, a first attempt is made to reconstruct the history of homeopathy in San Francisco which has some institutional peculiarities that make it unique within the whole country.
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Otsubo, Sumiko, and James R. Bartholomew. "Eugenics in Japan: Some Ironies of Modernity, 1883–1945." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 545–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003203.
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The ArgumentJapanese eugenic discourse and institution building contrast sharply with comparable movements elsewhere. As a social-intellectual phenomenon, Anglo- American eugenics considered the Japanese racially inferior to Western peoples; yet eugenic ideals and policies achieved a remarkable popularity in Japan. Most of mainstream Japanese genetics was derived from orthodox Mendelian roots in Germany and (to a lesser degree) the United States. But French-style Lamarckian notions of the inheritability of acquired characters held surprising popularity among enthusiasts of eugenics. Japanese eugenicists could condemn the actions of foreign eugenicists like Charles Davenport in the United States for their efforts to forbid Japanese immigration in the 1920s, yet appeal to these same eugenicists as a source of legitimacy in Japan.These paradoxes can partly be explained against a background of relative isolation in a period of profound social change. Few Japanese eugenicists had close personal contact with foreign eugenicists, and most of their knowledge was acquired through reading rather than direct exposure. The eugenic ideal of ethnic purity was attractive to a society long accustomed to monoracial self-imagery. The need to defend national independence in an era of high imperialism seemed to require the most up-to-date policies and ideas. And Japan's own acquisition of an overseas empire seemed to demand a population management philosophy ostensibly based on scientific principles. These and other forces supported the implementation of eugenic policies and prescriptions among the Japanese people in the first half of the twentieth century.
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Chireau, Yvonne. "Looking for Black Religions in 20th Century Comics, 1931–1993." Religions 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10060400.
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Relationships between religion and comics are generally unexplored in the academic literature. This article provides a brief history of Black religions in comic books, cartoons, animation, and newspaper strips, looking at African American Christianity, Islam, Africana (African diaspora) religions, and folk traditions such as Hoodoo and Conjure in the 20th century. Even though the treatment of Black religions in the comics was informed by stereotypical depictions of race and religion in United States (US) popular culture, African American comics creators contested these by offering alternatives in their treatment of Black religion themes.
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Altuntaş, Nezahat. "Religious Nationalism in a New Era: A Perspective from Political Islam." African and Asian Studies 9, no. 4 (2010): 418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921010x534805.
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Abstract Nationalism is an ideology that has taken different forms in different times, locations, and situations. In the 19th century, classical liberal nationalism depended on the ties between the nation state and its citizenship. That form of nationalism was accompanied by “the state- and nation-building” processes in Europe. In the 20th century, nationalism transformed into ethnic nationalism, depending on ideas of common origin; it arose especially after World War I and II and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Finally, at the beginning of 21st century, nationalism began to integrate with religion as a result of global political changes. The terrorist attack on the United States, and then the effects that the United States and its allies have created in the widespread Muslim geography, have added new and different dimensions to nationalism. The main aim of this study is to investigate the intersection points between religion and nationalism, especially in the case of political Islam.
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Blue, Ethan. "National Vitality, Migrant Abjection, and Coercive Mobility: The Biopolitical History of American Deportation." Leonardo 48, no. 3 (June 2015): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01027.
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The United States has one of the world’s most extensive systems of mass removal. Its historical roots draw on 19th century biopolitical traditions of border control and internal anti-immigrant policing. In the early 20th century, rail technologies enabled an economical assemblage of steel and law, of racism and politics, attempting national purification by expelling ‘undesirable aliens.’ The process differentiated between the categories of privileged citizenship and abject alienage. The possibilities of national cleansing through deportation allowed new modes of sovereign governance, defined territories, and controlled populations—foundational aspects of modern nationhood.
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Suttmeier, Richard P. "Chinese Scientists and Responsibility: Ethical Issues of Human Genetics in Chinese International Contexts. Edited by OLE DÖRING. [Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 1999. 257 pp. DM 38.00. ISBN 3-88910-227-1.]." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005280104.
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It has been more than 80 years since Chinese intellectuals, struggling with the complexities of “science and philosophy of life,” debated the challenges of finding the moral wisdom needed to apply new scientific knowledge in ethically responsible ways. Could a moral compass be found? Would it be discovered in Chinese culture, or would it come from the West?Advances in science and technology during the course of the 20th century have often outpaced progress in understanding “science and philosophy of life.” Nevertheless, the importance of the ethical dimensions of science and technology has increased in all countries, and there is little doubt that the new technologies of the early 21st century are already bestowing on us new moral conundrums. As advanced technologies and scientific research capabilities diffuse around the world, the ethical traditions which inform moral choice seemingly become more heterogeneous, and the need for reasoned, cross-cultural moral discourse increases. The Institut für Asienkunde in Hamburg is therefore to be congratulated for convening the “First International and Interdisciplinary Symposium on Aspects of Medical Ethics in China,” from which the 15 papers in this volume come.There is no easy way to summarize the diversity of views presented in this provocative conference report. The authors include practising scientists from China and students of bioethics from China, Malaysia, Germany and the United States. But, the theme of eugenics – especially the ways in which advances in human genetics affect our moral stance towards eugenics – link a number of the papers. The atrocities of Nazi Germany strongly condition the views of the Western authors. Reacting, perhaps, to China's 1994 Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the latter seem to be urging Chinese researchers, medical practitioners, ethicists and policymakers to take the German experience to heart – even as China embraces the promises of the new genetic technologies. Thus, historian Sheila Faith Weiss' “Prelude to the maelstrom,” an informative account of the origins of Nazi eugenics in the 19th and early 20th-century culture of German medicine, is not so subtly subtitled, “A cautionary tale for contemporary China?” The Chinese authors acknowledge this “cautionary tale,” but also speak to the ethical challenges of new genetic technologies from a tradition with its own understandings of how practical knowledge and moral purpose are related, and how individual and collective well-being are reconciled.
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Tatyana, Zvereva. "Francois Mitterrand as an Outstanding French Politician of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021281-8.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the life and professional path of the outstanding French politician of the twentieth century, the creator of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand. Special attention is paid to the study of France's domestic and foreign policy after his election as president in 1981. The specifics of his approach to international affairs were expressed in a combination of messianism and pragmatism. In relations with the United States, France adhered to the principle of “friend, ally, but not vassal”. In general, it is concluded that F. Mitterrand’s life and professional path reflects both the inner wealth and the complex and extremely contradictory nature of the French political tradition.
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McCawley, James D. "Syntactic concepts and terminology in mid-20th century American Linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 26, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.26.3.13mcc.
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Summary This paper deals with the notions and terminology that figure in the syntactic works of Bloomfield, Fries, Hockett, Gleason, and early Chomsky. Notwithstanding Bloomfield’s commitment to constituent structure and his profound influence on syntactic research in the United States, constituency had a surprisingly peripheral role in such works as Fries (1952) “Immediate constituents” (is the last of its syntactic chapters) and notions of dependency structure a much more central role. Many false generalizations by descriptivists (e.g., treatments of Therer-insertion as inversion) result from a failure to consider complex expressions as constituents of the various constructions. Notwithstanding descriptivists’ denunciations and generativists’ endorsements of traditional grammar, it is the descriptivists whose syntactic category notions came closer to those of traditional grammar. The unusual category scheme of Fries did not deviate all that much from traditional schemes, and its innovations were not applied consistently. 1960s generative syntax shared with Fries’s approach a conception of gender features and referential indices in English as borne by Ns rather than by NPs, and a failure to treat inter- and intra-saentential anaphora uniformly. Gleason (1965) is the most honorable exception to the dismal quality of this era’s literature on parts of speech.
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McDonald, Jason. "Making the World Safe for Eugenics: The Eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin's Encounters with American Internationalism." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2013): 379–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781413000212.
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Harry H. Laughlin's main claim to fame was as director of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, from which position he exerted considerable influence upon early twentieth-century campaigns to restrict immigration and to institute compulsory sterilization of the socially inadequate. Laughlin also had an absorbing fascination for the idea of a single world government. Over the course of forty years, he produced a voluminous body of mostly unpublished work on the subject. In examining Laughlin's musings on internationalism, this article provides a glimpse into how a leading American eugenicist would have projected onto the world stage the policies he was zealously endeavoring to implement at the domestic level. Laughlin sent samples of his work to many of America's leading internationalists. Their responses to Laughlin's ideas reveal much about the character of internationalism in the United States during the era of World War I, especially the extent to which his racist and imperialist assumptions were shared by other members of the internationalist movement. Consequently, this article provides yet another example of how liberal and conservative impulses were neither easily distinguishable nor mutually exclusive during the Progressive Era.
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Hamm, J. A., S. Rutherford, C. N. Wiesepape, and P. N. Lysaker. "Community Mental Health Practice in the United States: Past, Present and Future." Consortium Psychiatricum 1, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2712-7672-2020-1-2-7-13.
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Similar to trends in Europe, approaches to mental illness in colonial America and recorded in early United States history were commonly characterized by incarceration and the removal of individuals from communities. In the mid-20th century, a major shift began in which treatment was offered in the community with the aim of encouraging individuals to rejoin their communities. In this paper, we will provide a brief history of community mental health services in the United States, and the forces which have influenced its development. We will explore the early antecedents of community-based approaches to care, and then detail certain factors that led to legislative, peer and clinical efforts to create ‘Community Mental Health Centers.’ We will then provide an overview of current community mental health practices and evolving challenges through to the present day, including the development of services which remain focused on recovery as the ultimate goal.
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Blanck, Dag, and Mikael Börjesson. "Transnational Strategies in Higher Education and Cultural Fields: The Case of the United States and Sweden in the 20th Century." American Studies in Scandinavia 40, no. 1-2 (October 30, 2008): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v40i1-2.4682.
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Longhurst, James. "Reconsidering the Victory Bike in World War II: Federal Transportation Policy, History, and Bicycle Commuting in America." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 13 (August 26, 2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794288.
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The largest federal intervention in bicycle transportation policy in the 20th century damaged the popularity and prospects of adult cycling in the United States. But in contemporaneous publications and in historical accounts, the World War II “Victory Bike” program has been described positively and fondly, even by bicycle advocates. Using the methodology of the discipline of history, this paper contrasts published literature on the Victory Bike against the unpublished, archival records of the federal government’s Revised Ration Order 7 of July, 1942. A first-ever close analysis of month-by-month rationing demonstrates the deeply restrictive nature of that program, which contradicts both early promises and later accounts. By the end of the war, civilian bicycle production and sales had halted completely, the industry had been decimated, and adult cycling was increasingly associated with wartime sacrifice and deprivation. Recovering this 20th century policy history is a necessary part of understanding American bicycle culture in the 21st, partially explaining the comparative lack of adult bicycle commuting today.
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Lee, L. "27. Immigration and other evils: A profile of Dr. C. K. Clarke and the eugenics movement in Canada." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2787.
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Dr. C.K. Clarke (1857-1924) was one of Canada’s most prominent psychiatrists. He sought to improve the conditions of asylums, helped to legitimize psychiatry and established formal training for nurses.
At the beginning of the 20th Century, Canada experienced a surge of immigration. Yet – as many historians have shown – a widespread anti-foreigner sentiment within the public remained. Along with many other members of the fledgling eugenics movement, Clarke believed that the proportion of “mental defectives” was higher in the immigrant population than in the Canadian population and campaigned to restrict immigration. He appealed to the government to track immigrants and deport them once they showed signs of mental illness. Clarke’s efforts lead to amendments to the Immigration Act in 1919, which authorized deportation of people who were not Canadian-born, regardless of how many years that had been in Canada. This change applied not only to the mentally ill but also to those who could no longer work due to injury and to those who did not follow social norms.
Clarke is a fascinating example of how we judge historical figures. He lived in a time where what we now think of as xenophobia was a socially acceptable, even worthy attitude. As a leader in eugenics, therefore, he was a progressive. Other biographers have recognized Clarke’s racist opinions, some of whom justify them as keeping with the social values of his era. In further exploring Clarke’s interest in these issues, this paper relies on his personal scrapbooks held in the CAMH archives. These documents contain personal papers, poems and stories that proclaim his anti-Semitic and anti-foreigner views. Whether we allow his involvement in the eugenics movement to overshadow his accomplishments or ignore his racist leanings to celebrate his memory is the subject of ongoing debate.
Dowbiggin IR. Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada 1880-1940. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997.
McLaren A. Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada 1885-1945. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990.
Roberts B. Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada 1900-1935. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988.
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Tronchet, Guillaume. "Internationalization Trends in French Higher Education: An Historical Overview." International Higher Education, no. 83 (December 2, 2015): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.83.9089.
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For many policy makers in France, internationalization of higher education is a new subject. But people have short memories. They have forgotten—or simply do not know—that French universities were pioneers and leaders in internationalization between the end of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century, before being outshone by the United States and some other countries in Europe. Faced with today’s challenges of globalization, it is time for French universities to reclaim their own history.
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Paliszewska-Mojsiuk, Monika. "Historia imigracji Chińczyków do Stanów Zjednoczonych – trzecia fala." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 18 (2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.20.037.12874.
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The third wave of Chinese immigration to the United States of America This article offers an exploration of the history of the third wave of Chinese immigration to the USA which began after 1943. After a brief introduction to previous legislation promoting Chinese exclusion from America, the article provides a detailed description of immigration policies that influenced the influx of Chinese. Moreover, it considers background information relating to the socio-economic challenges that the Chinese faced in their new homeland. Chinese Americans also experienced cultural alienation, which they expressed, among other ways, in literature. After years of exclusion, since the second half of the 20th century, Chinese may finally immigrate to the United States on equal terms to those enjoyed by representatives of other nationalities.
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Moldovan, Raluca. "Bitter Harvest: A Comparative Look at the British and American Presence in Afghanistan from the Great Game to the 2021 US Withdrawal." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 66, no. 2 (December 2021): 279–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2021.2.11.
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"The present article is built on the premise that both the British Empire in the 19th century (during its rivalry with Russia, known as the Great Game) and the United States in the 20th century treated Afghanistan as a means to an end in their quest to fulfil their strategic interests, without much concern for the country’s people, history and traditions, which ultimately contributed to their failure: Britain was forced to accept Afghanistan’s independence in 1919 at the end of the third Anglo-Afghan war, while the US withdrew its troops in August 2021, putting an end to what proved to be an unwinnable war. The article’s main body examines the British and American presence in Afghanistan through the lens of a historical comparison meant to highlight the similarities and differences in their approaches, while the conclusion contains a few lessons the US should learn from Afghanistan that might, ideally, inform its future interventionist strategies. Keywords: Afghanistan, Taliban, United States, Britain, Great Game. "
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Magyar, John J. "Debunking Millar v. Taylor: The History of the Prohibition of Legislative History." Statute Law Review 41, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy018.
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Abstract The generally accepted belief about the rule prohibiting recourse to legislative history as an aid to statutory interpretation is that it began in the case of Millar v.Taylor in 1769, and it was followed thereafter in England and throughout the United States through to the 20th century. However, all four judges on the panel in Millar v.Taylor considered evidence from the Journal of the House of Commons and changes made to the relevant bill in their opinions. Meanwhile, the case was widely cited for several substantive and procedural matters throughout the 19th century, but it was not cited by a judge as a precedent for the rule against legislative history until 1887. A careful examination of the relevant cases and secondary literature from the 18th and 19th centuries reveals a much more nuanced and complex history to the rule. Its emergence becomes less clear because it is shrouded in judicial silence. Its beginnings must be inferred from a general and often unarticulated principle that lawyers felt free to disregard. Furthermore, the development, refinement, and decline of the rule followed a different timeline in England, the US federal courts and the state courts.
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Dişli, Gülşen. "Historic Preservation in Turkey and the United States: a Cross-Cultural Comparison." Prostor 30, no. 1(63) (June 28, 2022): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.30.1(63).7.
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The research examines and compares the various roles of governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Turkey and the United States, aiming to assess how they shaped the preservation field and their potential knowledge transfer values. The study was conducted in governmental archives, official websites of related organizations and through oral communication and literature surveys related to preservation foundations, NGOs, and waqfs in both countries - with different national, historic, religious, and cultural characteristics. The parameters used as cross-cultural comparison included primary actors and main legislations in preservation both in history and at present. The research has revealed that the waqf system in Turkey has a deep-rooted historic, religious, and socio-cultural context, and differs from the preservation foundations in the USA in many respects. Yet, the foundations established in and after the 20th century in Turkey and the preservation activities of foundations in both countries also share similar motives, stimuli, and objectives to preserve both natural/cultural heritage and cross-cultural comparisons suggest that they may learn from each other by knowledge transfer.
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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.
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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.
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Knox, Oliver. "THE RELIGION OF NO RELIGION: JUNG’S PSYCHOLOGY IN THE HISTORY OF ZEN BUDDHISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY." Phanês Journal For Jung History, no. 4 (December 4, 2021): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32724/phanes.2021.knox.
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In the 1930s, Zen Buddhism was hardly known outside Japan. By the 1960s, it had become by far the most popular form of Buddhism in Europe and the United States. Its popularity was born from the general belief that Zen responded to the psychological and religious needs of the individual without incurring the criticisms customarily levelled against religion. Zen was imagined as a practical spirituality that accepted all religions and religious symbols as expressions of a universal psychological truth. Zen was not itself a religion, but a ‘super-religion’ that had understood the inner mechanics of the psyche’s natural religion-making function. Three authors in particular, namely D. T. Suzuki, Friedrich Spiegelberg and Alan Watts, were pivotal in the formation of this narrative. Using Jung’s psychological model as their conceptual basis, they promoted a vision of Zen Buddhism that laid the foundations for the ‘Zen Boom’ of the 1950s and 60s. This article will examine the pivotal role played by Jung’s psychology in the formation of this narrative. KEYWORDS Zen Buddhism, D. T. Suzuki, Alan Watts, Friedrich Spiegelberg, The Religion of no Religion.
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Kussy, Edward V. A. "Surface Transportation and Administrative Law: Growing up Together in the 20th Century." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1527, no. 1 (January 1996): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152700101.
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The concurrent development of administrative law and America's modern transportation system is no accident. Both reflect the technological and societal changes that have defined what the United States is today. The importance of transportation is reflected by the fact that so many of the important events, statutes, and court decisions in the history of 20th century administrative law have involved transportation. The first really powerful administrative agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, was created to regulate railroads and, later, interstate trucking. The Federal-Aid Highway Program, which can trace its roots to 1893, has been the largest federal grant program for much of this century. The statutory framework for this program, established by the Federal Road Act of 1916 and the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1921, became the model for all federal grant programs. The Interstate system and other highway programs helped shape the great economic expansion that followed World War II. The effects of these vast new road systems were among the most important factors leading to the growth of modern environmental law in the 1960s and 1970s. In the years ahead, with the accelerating integration of new technology into the transportation system, further concurrent change in transportation and administrative law is inevitable.
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Katkov, Aleksei D. "The History of American Foreign Policy Thought: Debates about the US Sovereignty in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries." History 19, no. 1 (2020): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-1-43-59.
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In the 1990s the end of the Cold War and the US’s efforts to build a “new world order” actualized in scientific discourse the problem of understanding the principle of state sovereignty. Moreover, due to the WTO accession, the discussion among United States’ scholars intensified about the preservation of sovereignty of their own state. As a result, both the US authorities and most experts advocate the inviolability of the sovereignty of their country, noting, however, that it might be temporarily limited by different international obligations, first of all by economic agreements, but this does not affect it radically and the possibility of withdrawing from various kinds of contracts remains. At the same time, the last superpower’s foreign policy actions at the end of the 20th century (interference in the internal affairs of Grenada, Nicaragua, Panama, Haiti, Yugoslavia, etc.) clearly illustrate the disregard for the sovereignty of other states. In an attempt to explain this policy, they argued that sovereignty, while remaining a significant principle in general, can be lost, which opens up the legitimate path to the internationalization of a conflict. All in all, despite the fact that such an understanding of sovereignty as a conditional principle, is not new in itself, the United States took some steps to extend this understanding to the whole world, granting itself the right to single-handedly determine cases where and why sovereign rights are lost.
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Brierley-Jones, Lyn. "Talking therapy: The allopathic nihilation of homoeopathy through conceptual translation and a new medical language." History of the Human Sciences 34, no. 3-4 (March 15, 2021): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120967872.
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The 19th century saw the development of an eclectic medical marketplace in both the United Kingdom and the United States, with mesmerists, herbalists and hydrotherapists amongst the plethora of medical ‘sectarians’ offering mainstream (or ‘allopathic’) medicine stiff competition. Foremost amongst these competitors were homoeopaths, a group of practitioners who followed Samuel Hahnemann (1982[1810]) in prescribing highly dilute doses of single-drug substances at infrequent intervals according to the ‘law of similars’ (like cures like). The theoretical sophistication of homoeopathy, compared to other medical sectarian systems, alongside its institutional growth after the mid-19th-century cholera epidemics, led to homoeopathy presenting a challenge to allopathy that the latter could not ignore. Whilst the subsequent decline of homoeopathy at the beginning of the 20th century was the result of multiple factors, including developments within medical education, the Progressive movement, and wider socio-economic changes, this article focuses on allopathy’s response to homoeopathy’s conceptual challenge. Using the theoretical framework of Berger and Luckmann (1991[1966]) and taking a Tory historiographical approach (Fuller, 2002) to recover more fully 19th-century homoeopathic knowledge, this article demonstrates how increasingly sophisticated ‘nihilative’ strategies were ultimately successful in neutralising homoeopathy and that homoeopaths were defeated by allopaths (rather than disproven) at the conceptual level. In this process, the therapeutic use of ‘nosodes’ (live disease products) and the language of bacteriology were pivotal. For their part, homoeopaths failed to mount a counter-attack against allopaths with an explanatory framework available to them.
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Ian Shin, K. "The Chinese Art “Arms Race”." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 23, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02303009.
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Interest in Chinese art has swelled in the United States in recent years. In 2015, the collection of the late dealer-collector Robert Hatfield Ellsworth fetched no less than $134 million at auction (much of it from Mainland Chinese buyers), while the Metropolitan Museum of Art drew over 800,000 visitors to its galleries for the blockbuster show “China: Through the Looking Glass”—the fifth most-visited exhibition in the museum’s 130-year history. The roots of this interest in Chinese art reach back to the first two decades of the 20th Century and are grounded in the geopolitical questions of those years. Drawing from records of major collectors and museums in New York and Washington, D.C., this article argues that the United States became a major international center for collecting and studying Chinese art through cosmopolitan collaboration with European partners and, paradoxically, out of a nationalist sentiment justifying hegemony over a foreign culture derived from an ideology of American exceptionalism in the Pacific. This article frames the development of Chinese art as a contested process of knowledge production between the United States, Europe, and China that places the history of collecting in productive conversation with the history of Sino-American relations and imperialism.
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Cohen, Joshua. "Stages in Transition." Journal of Black Studies 43, no. 1 (November 7, 2011): 11–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934711426628.
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Les Ballets Africains, the first globally touring African performance company, debuted in the United States as a private Paris-based troupe in 1959 and toured again in 1960 as National Ballet of the newly independent Republic of Guinea. Although rarely considered in scholarship, Les Ballets Africains’ history during these years—encompassing the company’s first U.S. appearances and reflecting the influence of its founder, Fodéba Keita—are significant in relation to 20th-century trajectories of staged African dance, convergences between African and American performing arts practices and liberation struggles, and cultural transformations in Guinea under president Sékou Touré.
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Gerasimov, Nikolai I. "History of mystical anarchism (problem of periodization)." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-1-161-175.
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The article explores the problem of periodization of mystical anarchism. The author suggests that most of the disagreements between modern researchers of the creative heritage of the 20th century anarchist-mystics is related to the absence of any historical and philosophical reference point or scheme. The article suggests viewing the whole history of the development of this phenomenon as an evolution of communities of thinkers who were equally close to anarchist and mystical ideas. Three periods are distinguished: 1) 1905–1907; 2) 1917–1930; 3) 1924–1939. In each period, the author analyzes the ideological principles of a particular community of mystical anarchists, their ability to influence the cultural landscape of their era, and their conceptual relationship with their predecessors/successors. The terms “mystical anarchist” and “anarcho-mystic” are used synonymously in this text. Particular attention is paid to the emigrant period in the history of mystical anarchists (the study is based on the analysis of periodicals of the Russian diaspora in the United States).
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Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Jared C. Woollacott. "Trade Disputes between China and the United States: growing pains so far, worse ahead?" Brazilian Journal of International Relations 2, no. 1 (May 10, 2013): 48–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2013.v2n1.p48-111.
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This study covers the history of Sino-US trade relations with a particular focus on the past decade, during which time each has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Providing a brief history of 19th and 20th century economic relations, this paper examines in detail the trade disputes that have arisen between China and the United States over the past decade, giving dollar estimates for the trade flows at issue. Each country has partaken in their share of protectionist measures, however, US measures have been characteristically defensive, protecting declining industries, while Chinese measures have been characteristically offensive, promoting nascent industries. We also cover administrative and legislation actions within each country that have yet to be the subject of formal complaint at the WTO. Thisincludes an original and comprehensive quantitative summary of US Section 337 intellectual property rights cases. While we view the frictions in Sino-US trade a logical consequence of the rapid increase in flows between the two countries, we caution that each country work within the WTO framework and respect any adverse decisions it delivers so that a protracted protectionist conflict does not emerge. We see the current currency battle as one potential catalyst for such conflict if US and Chinese policymakers fail to manage it judiciously.
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Minns, Chris. "Income, Cohort Effects, and Occupational Mobility: A New Look at Immigration to the United States at the Turn of the 20th Century." Explorations in Economic History 37, no. 4 (October 2000): 326–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2000.0746.
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West, John B. "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1501.
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Human spaceflight was one of the great physiological and engineering triumphs of the 20th century. Although the history of the United States manned space program is well known, the Soviet program was shrouded in secrecy until recently. Konstantin Edvardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) was an extraordinary Russian visionary who made remarkable predictions about space travel in the late 19th century. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966) was the brilliant “Chief Designer” who was responsible for many of the Soviet firsts, including the first artificial satellite and the first human being in space. The dramatic flight of Sputnik 1 was followed within a month by the launch of the dog Laika, the first living creature in space. Remarkably, the engineering work for this payload was all done in less than 4 wk. Korolev's greatest triumph was the flight of Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934–1968) on April 12, 1961. Another extraordinary feat was the first extravehicular activity by Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov (1934–) using a flexible airlock that emphasized the entrepreneurial attitude of the Soviet engineers. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet program was overtaken by the United States program and attempts to launch a manned mission to the Moon failed. However, the early Soviet manned space program has a preeminent place in the history of space physiology.
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Latypova, Nataliya. "Discussion on the Causes of the American Civil War (1861–1865): Periodization of Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.1.
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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the “confrontational” (second half of the 19th century); the “socio-economic” (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the “industrial” (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.
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Anduaga, Aitor. "The formation of ionospheric physics – confluence of traditions and threads of continuity." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-57-2021.
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Abstract. This paper examines how ionospheric physics emerged as a research speciality in Britain, Germany, and the United States in the first four decades of the 20th century. It argues that the formation of this discipline can be viewed as the confluence of four deep-rooted traditions in which scientists and engineers transformed, from within, research areas connected to radio wave propagation and geomagnetism. These traditions include Cambridge school's mathematical physics, Göttingen's mathematical physics, laboratory-based experimental physics, and Humboldtian-style terrestrial physics. Although focused on ionospheric physics, the paper pursues the idea that a dynamic conception of scientific tradition will provide a new perspective for the study of geosciences history.
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Varão, Rafiza. "A first glance at the work of Dorothy Blumenstock Jones." Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medcom.19325.
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Despite having occupied an important position in the United States Office of War Information (OWI) and having actively participated in a decisive period of Communication Research, Dorothy Blumenstock Jones is a name almost forgotten in the history of the field of communication. All we know about her biography is like some puzzle pieces, although she made significant contributions to the study of movies in the 20th century. This paper seeks to portray not only biographical data about Jones but especially to map her work and its proposals related to the development of film analysis and content analysis - and to place her on the list of pioneers of communication studies.
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Patrono, Mario. "Protection of Fundamental Rights by Constitutional Courts - A Comparative Perspective." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 31, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v31i2.5952.
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"Man", said Benjamin Franklin, "is a tool-making animal". A major contribution of 20th century Western legal thought to tool-making was possibly the publication in 1914 of Reichgesetz und Landesgesetz nach der österreichen Verfassung1 by Hans Kelsen, a Czech lawyer, but Austrian by adoption. Kelsen is noted for his "pure theory of law". By conferring upon a special constitutional court the exclusive power to rule on the constitutionality of legislation and to refuse to enforce legislation that in its judgment violated the constitution, Kelsen found a way for the United States pattern of constitutional adjudication (as established in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v Madison) to work in countries which have (as in the United States) a written and "rigid" Basic Law, and even where the doctrine of precedent does not operate.This is a very short history of the development of that Kelsen "tool" and an evaluation of it.